Geographic Information System (GIS) atau Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) diartikan
sebagai sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk memasukkan, menyimpan, memangggil
kembali, mengolah, menganalisis dan menghasilkan data bereferensi geografis atau
data geospatial, untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan dalam perencanaan dan
pengelolaan penggunaan lahan, sumber daya alam, lingkungan transportasi, fasilitas
kota, dan pelayanan umum lainnya.
Komponen utama SIG adalah sistem komputer, data geospatial dan pengguna, seperti
diperlihatkan pada Gambar 1.1.
Sistem komputer untuk SIG terdiri dari perangkat keras ( hardware), perangkat lunak
(software) dan prosedur untuk penyusunan pemasukkan data, pengolahan, analisis,
pemodelan (modelling), dan penayangan data geospatial.
Sumber-sumber data geospatial adalah peta digital, foto udara, citra satelit, tabel
statistik dan dokumen lain yang berhubungan.
Data geospatial dibedakan menjadi data grafis (stau disebut juga data ggeometris) dan
data atribut (data tematik), lihat Gambar 1.2. Data grafis mempunyai tiga elemen :
titik (node), garis (arc) dan luasan (poligon) dalam bentuk vector ataupun raster yang
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mewakili geometri topologi, ukuran, bentuk, posisi dan arah.
Fungsi pengguna adalah untuk memilih informasi yang diperlukan, membuat standar,
membuat jadwal pemutakhiran (updating) yang efisien, menganalisis hasil yang
dikeluarkan untuk kegunaan yang diinginkan dan merencanakan aplikasi.
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Dan begitu SIG diterapkan, didapat keuntungan berikut.
- penanganan data geospatial menjadi lebih baik dalam format baku
- revisi dan pemutakhiran data menjadi lebih mudah
- data geospatial dan informasi lebih mudah dicari, dianalisis dan
direpresentasikan
- menjadi produk bernilai tambah
- data geospatial dapat dipertukarkan
- produktivitas staf meningkat dan lebih efisien
- penghematan waktu dan biaya
- keputusan yang akan diambil menjadi lebih baik
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1.3. Yang Diharapkan dari SIG
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Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu, berikut adalah daftar yang
harus dipenuhi oleh SIG (lihat Tabel 1.2)
a. Perangkat Keras
Terdiri dari beberapa komponen.
Memory
Memory Utama:adalah bagian paling esensi pada komputer seluruh data
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dan program berada pada memori utama untuk akses yang lebih cepat.
Dibutuhkan setidaknya memori berkapasitas 64 MB untuk SIG berbasis PC.
b. Perangkat Lunak
Terdiri atas sistem operasi, compiler dan program aplikasi.
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Compiler : menerjemahkan program yang ditulis dalam bahasa komputer
pada kode mesin sehingga CPU mampu menjalankan program yang harus
dieksekusi. Bahasa kompiler yang biasa digunakan adalah C, Pascal,
FORTRAN, BASIC, dll.
SIG sebagai ilmu multi displin terpadu terdiri atas beberapa disiplin ilmu
berikut.
Geografi Statistika
Operations
Kartografi
Research
Penginderaan
Ilmu Komputer
Jauh
Fotogrammetri Matematika
Ilmu Ukur Tanah Perencanaan Sipil
Perencanaan Kota,
Geodesi
dll.
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Hubungan antara disiplin ilmu tersebut dijelaskan pada Tabel 1.4.
SIG kini menjadi disiplin ilmu yang independen dengan nama "Geomatic",
"Geoinformatics", atau "Geospatial Information Science" yang digunakan
pada berbagai departemen pemerintahan dan universitas.
Pengelolaan Fasilitas
Peta skala besar dan akurat, dan analisis jaringan (network analysis)
digunakan untuk pengelolaan utilitas kota. AM/FM biasanya digunakan pada
tujuan ini.
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Jaringan Jalan
Untuk fungsi jaringan jalan digunakan peta skala besar dan menengah, dan
analisis keruangan yang digunakan untuk rute kendaraan, lokasi perumahan
dan jalan, dll.
Informasi menjadi isu utama dalam era komputer sekarang ini, karena
informasi memberikan kontribusi pada kualitas hidup seperti tertulis di
bawah ini.
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Infrastruktur informasi SIG dijelaskan pada Gambar 1.6.
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Untuk mendapatkan infrastruktur informasi SIG, isu-isu seperti pada
Gambar 1.7 harus dipecahkan dan dikembangkan.
Standarisasi
Standar untuk struktur dan format data harus dibangun untuk
memungkinkan transfer data dan pertukaran data geospatial.
Pertukaran Data/Informasi
Untuk penghematan waktu dan biaya dalam digitasi, pertukaran data harus
dikembangkan. Untuk mendukung pekerjaan dengan data geospatial,
informasi dan pengalaman harus dipertukarkan antar sesama pengguna.
Jaringan
Sistem komputer yang tersebar antar instansi harus dihubungkan dengan
jaringan untuk peningkatan akses dan pelayanan.
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Prosedur Interoperable
SIG harus dapat dihubungkan dengan prosedur komputer lain seperti CAD,
komputer grafis, DEM, dll.
SIG bisa menjadi alat yang sangat penting pada pengambilan keputusan untuk pembangunan
berkelanjutan, karena SIG memberikan informasi pada pengambil keputusan untuk analisis dan
penerapan database keruangan seperti diperlihatkan pada Gambar 1.8.
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Pengambilan keputusan termasuk pembuatan kebijakan, perencanaan dan pengelolaan dapat
diimplementasikan secara langsung dengan pertimbangan faktor-faktor penyebabnya melalui
suatu konsesus masyarakat. Faktor penyebab itu bisa berupa pertumbuhan populasi, tingkat
kesehatan, tingkat kesejahteraan, teknologi, politik, ekonomi dll. yang kemudian ditentukan target
dan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup.
Faktor penyebab dari manusia, elemen kuci dimensi manusia pada pengambilan keputusan, akan
memberikan akibat pada lingkungan seperti peningkatan pemakaian sumber daya alam,
urbanisasi, industrialisasi, konstruksi, konsumsi energi, dll. Akibat yang terjadi pada manusia ini
akan berpengaruh pada perubahan lingkungan, seperti perubahan penggunaan tanah, perubahan
gaya hidup, degradasi tanah, polusi, perubahan iklim, dll. Perubahan lingkungan itu dapat
dipantau untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan publik. Penginderaan jauh dapat sangat berguna
untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik atas akibat pada manusia dengan perubahan lingkungan, selain
pengineraan jauh juga membangun database.
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MAP INFO
2. Menampilkan Data
a. Mengatur Letak Data
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b. Membuka Tabel
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d. Info Tool
e. Menyimpan Workspace
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f. Menampilkan data dari sumber lain
Data Dbase,Ms. Excel,Ms. Access
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g. Menyimpan Data Eksternal ke file MI
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a. Membuat Duplikat Window peta
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b. Clipping Peta
c. Layer Control
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Mengubah model tampilan
Zooming layer
Arah garis, Node dan geocentroid
d. Layer cosmetik
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4. Memilih Data
a. Dari Layar
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b.Dgn Query
Select
Sql select
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c. Menghitung nilai statistik
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d.Pencarian data
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5. Melabeli
a. Label otomatis
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b. Label interaktif
c. Menghapus Label
6. Mengelola Tabel
a. Membuat Tabel Baru
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b.Mengganti Nama Tabel
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c. Menambah Record dari Tabel lain
d.Menambah Kolom
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e. Memilih field untuk ditampilkan
f. Redistrik
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g. Menghapus Data
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8. Registrasi Data
a. Pemetaan titik X,Y (Creating Point)
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b.Convert DMS to Decimal Degree
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9. Analisis Geografis
a. Menggabungkan Objek yg Terpilih
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b.Membagi Objek dgn Polygon
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c. Membagi Objek dgn Polyline
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d.Konversi polyline ke polygon
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10. Pemetaan Tematik
a. Peta Nilai Individu
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11. Lay Out
a. Legenda
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b.Window Lay out
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c. Pengaturan kertas dan printer
d.Pengaturan zoom
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e. Skala peta
f. Arah Utara
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g. Membuat Grid
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h.Menambahkan logo
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i. Menyimpan peta
j. Mencetak peta
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Using MapInfo for Spatial Analysis
Urban planners are constantly analyzing the spatial distribution of characteristics in the process of
formulating problems and devising solutions. Geographic information systems (GIS) technology
assists planners in doing this kind of analysis. Desktop mapping software is less powerful than
GIS software, but is adequate for many ordinary situations. In this tutorial, you will learn to use a
desktop mapping program, MapInfo, to analyze the distribution of characteristics in space.
At the end of this class you will have learned to import maps created using computer-aided
drafting software, to link elements in a map to data in spreadsheets, to conduct simple spatial
analyses, and to produce maps displaying the results of these analyses. To follow the instructions
in this tutorial, you must have access to three files on a floppy disk: THEMAP.DXF, INFO.XLS,
and STATUS.XLS.
MapInfo creates a number of files for each component that you work with. Do not attempt to
delete, rename, or copy any of these files outside MapInfo. Use commands available in MapInfo
itself. I recommend that you keep all files related to one set of data in one directory. Save your
workspace to this location also.
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new window opens displaying the objects you imported. [For some
reason, Microstation exports polygons as shaded black with no
boundary lines. Use the following steps to correct this:
Using the tool, click on any element in the map window, the
corresponding line in the browser table will be highlighted. The
reverse is also true.
Double-click on an element in the map to get information about the
element.
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To enter data into fields in the Browser Table, choose the
tool from the tool box, click on the field, type in the
data.
2. Importing a spreadsheet file as a data table. (Import the Excel file INFO.XLS)
o Choose File|Open...
o Choose the Excel file format in the resulting dialog box, and identify the
file to open. Click on Open. [INFO.XLS has 4 rows and 4 columns. The
first row contains field names.]
o In the next dialog box, select the range to read in. If you have used the first
row as column headings, then choose the Named Range 'Other...' and
type in the range without the first row (A2:D4) and check the box to select
the row above as column headings.
o Click on OK. A new browser window will open with the appropriate
number of fields and records containing data from the spreadsheet.
o To modify and otherwise work with the new table, choose File|Save Copy
As..., create a new table, use File|Close Table.. to close the original table,
open the new table, and work with it.
o You cannot map the imported spreadsheet because it does not contain any
graphic elements. First, it has to be linked to the table containing graphic
elements.
3. Viewing multiple tables:
o Import another table; another layer from a map, for instance. Each table is
displayed on a different layer in a map. [Import the STREETS layer from
THEMAP.DXF.]
o Choose Map|Layer Control... (A map window must be open and active
for this choice to present itself.)
o In the resulting dialog box you can control a number of characteristics, in
particular whether the layer is editable, selectable, or visible. [Set the new
layer to be only visible.]
To make changes to a layer, such as adding a new object, choose
Editable. An editable layer can then be drawn on using the various
drawing tools, and line and font types selected from the Drawing
Tool palette.
To highlight objects in that layer, choose Selectable. (A base map
layer, for instance, would not be selectable.)
If the contents of the layer are to appear in the map, choose
Visible.
o To add a layer, choose Add.... In the resulting dialog box, add a table by
picking it from the drop list. (Remove a table using the Remove... button.)
o The Cosmetic Layer is where all text and graphic entities not in any
database are drawn.
o To change characteristics of a layer, highlight it and click on Display...
To override the style of individual elements, set the Display Mode.
To implement intelligent zooming, set Zoom Layering.
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o To label graphic elements in a layer, highlight it and click on Label.... In
the resulting dialog box, set the column to be used to label the elements, as
well as other parameters presented.
o Change the order of the layers as necessary by clicking on Up or Down.
4. Relating data in two tables
o Combining tables that share a common field; the field contents need to be
the same, the field names can be different, each field must be indexed.
This will add columns from the second table to the first table. Only one
column can be added at a time; repeat the following steps for each column
in the non-graphic table. [Combine the ZONES table and the INFO table.
Make sure the ZONE field in both tables are indexed.]
Choose Table|Update Column...
In the resulting dialog box, identify the Table to Update (the one
with graphic information), and the Column to Update (the
indexed field that will be used in matching). Next, identify the Get
Value from Table (the one from which the column will be added),
and click on Join...
In the resulting dialog box, select the column from each table that
will be used to match records. Click on OK to return to the
previous dialog box.
Set Calculate to Value, and identify the Column that will be
added to the first table.
Click on OK in the Join Tables dialog box. A new browser
window is opened for the table, and the new column is visible.
When all columns have been added, use File|Save Copy As... to
save a copy of the expanded table under a new name. Close the old
table, and open the new one.
o Deriving information in one table from another table based on relationship
between graphic elements. [Identify the ZONE in which each line in
STREETS is located.]
Follow all the steps listed above, making sure you choose the right
two tables.
In the Join dialog box, select the where object from table option,
and choose the appropriate geometric relationship from the drop-
down list. [ZONE objects must contain STREETS objects.]
In the Update Column dialog box assign the value that must be
transferred from the first table to the second. [Choose the VALUE
of the ZONE column.]
Examine the contents of the new table browser.
5. Computing a new field. The column must already be created. [Calculate the space
index, the amount of area in each zone per person, in a column called
SP_INDEX.]
o Choose Table|Update Column...
o Choose the name of the table to work with.
o Choose the column to compute
o Identify the formula used to calculate the new values
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Click on Assist...
Type or paste in the expression using a combination of column
names, predefined operators, and functions. [Compute the space
index using the formula Area(object, "sq ft")/Population: divide
the area of the zone in square feet (use "sq mi" for square miles) by
the number in the Population column. You can also compute with
text. For instance, the formula Zone + " " + Type would combine
the text in the Zone column, a blank space, and the text in the Type
column.]
Click on Verify and correct syntax errors.
Click on OK.
o Choose column in which to store the new values.
o Click on OK.
o The browser vanishes, and must be selected again using Window|New
Browser Window... If more than one table is open, the table must be
selected from a drop down list.
6. Conducting spatial analysis:
o To select and highlight objects by a particular characteristic, choose
Query|Select.... [Identify ZONES that have TAX REVENUE greater than
$500,000.]
Identify the table from which the records will be selected.
Enter the decision rule used to select a record
Choose Assist...
Type or paste in the expression using a combination of
columns, operators, and functions. [For instance, Tax_Rev
> 500000.]
Choose Verify to see if the expression is syntactically
correct.
If correct, then click OK
If you want the results sorted specify the indexed column by which
to sort.
Choose OK.
A new browser window for the table is created, and the results are
highlighted in the map window of the table.
o To create thematic maps, choose Map|Create Thematic Map....
Thematic maps use color codes or hatch patterns to differentiate between
elements based on values of a certain characteristic. A map window must
be open and active. [Create a thematic map showing revenue income in
different zones.]
In the resulting dialog box, choose the type of thematic map to
create. Choose Next.
In the next dialog boxt choose the the table from which to get the
data, and the column in the table that contains the data. Choose
Next.
In the next dialog box, set Ranges, Styles, and Legend as desired.
Click on OK.
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The thematic map appears on a separate layer, and can be
manipulated just like the other layers.
Choose Map|Modify Thematic Map... to make any changes.
o To graphically select objects. An object is selected if its centroid falls
within the selection region.
MapInfo presentation maps are called layouts. If you want to save a layout to work on
later, it must be open (it may be minimized), and you must save your workspace using
File|Save Workspace As... You later open the workspace instead of individual tables.
All layouts must be open (they may be minimized) when the workspace is saved, if you
want to retrieve the layout. Since a lot of effort goes into creating a layout, I suggest you
save all layouts.
A layout contains a number of frames. Each frame can display one map,
browser, or legend. In addition, you can add graphics and text as desired
using the tools in the Drawing palette.
To set the appearance of the frame, select it, and choose the
tool. Change the settings in the resulting dialog box.
To resize a frame, click on one of its handles and drag. The
contents are scaled accordingly.
To move a frame, click inside it and drag to its new location.
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To adjust the part of the map that shows in the frame, adjust the
map in its own window. Changes will reflect in the frame.
Add text and graphics as necessary using the drawing and text
tools.
o To print a layout, choose File|Print...
o To export the contents of a window in a format that can be inserted in
word-processing and desktop publishing programs, choose File|Save
Window As....
Specify the size of the output image or use Same as Window.
Choose Save...
Choose the desired file format. Windows metafile is
recommended because it can be scaled up and down without losing
quality.
Enter the name of the file and choose Save.
8. Geocoding new data:
Geocoding is the process by which one data table, that does not have spatial attributes, is
linked to another data table that has these attributes. Data in the first table is mapped to
the centroid of matching elements in the second table. Geocoding will assign the location
of the data in the first set by the location of data in the second based on data in matching
columns; it will not add the graphic elements in the second data set to the first.
The two tables must each have a column that contains the same information about each
row. There does not have to be the same number of rows in each table. In each table, the
column must be indexed using Table|Modify Structure...
o Choose Table|Geocode...
o In the resulting dialog box, identify the table to be geocoded--this does not
have spatial attributes. [Select STATUS.]
o Identify the column that will be used to compare rows. The column will
not appear if it has not be indexed. [Select ZONE.]
o Identify the table in which to search--this has spatial attributes. [Select
ZONES.]
o Identify the column that will be used to compare rows. The column will
not appear if it has not be indexed. [Select ZONE.]
o To choose the symbol that will be displayed at the location of the new
data, click on the Symbol button and make changes in the resulting dialog
box.
o Choose Automatic, and choose OK.
o In the resulting message box, review the statistics to see if any records
have not been geocoded.
o If there are records not geocoded, go through all the above steps once
again, choose Interactive instead of Automatic. You will be asked to find
a match in a scrolling list.
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o To see the geocoded locations on a map, add newly geocoded table to the
map.
o To undo a geocoding operation, open the table structure dialog box,
uncheck Table is Mappable, and click OK.
9. File operations:
o Choose File|Save Workspace... to save the entire set up, including all
Layout windows. Save your workspace often.
The workspace file is a text file containing a number of scripts. If in moving from
one computer to another you cannot locate a table or map file, then edit the
workspace file using any text editor (Windows Notepad, for instance), and set the
correct directories. The first few lines of a typical workspace file looks like this:
!Workspace
!Version 300
!Charset WindowsLatin1
Set Window Legend
Position (7.23958,4.85417) Units "in"
Width 1.86458 Units "in" Height 0.9375 Units "in"
Open Window Legend
Open Table "c:\ustation\out\dwgordxf\streets" As STREETS
Interactive
Open Table "zones3" As ZONES3 Interactive
Open Table "status" As STATUS Interactive
Open Table "c:\ustation\out\dwgordxf\themap2" As THEMAP2
Interactive
Add Column "STREETS" (Name Char (10)) From ZONES3 Set To
Name Where intersects Dynamic
Add Column "ZONES3" (Condn Char (4)) From STATUS Set To
Condn Where COL2 = COL1 Dynamic
...
o To rename a table, choose Table|Maintenance|Rename Table... rather
than rename the file in DOS.
o To copy a table, choose File|Save Copy As... rather than copy the file in
DOS.
o To resume working on a group of tables, maps, and layouts, choose File|
Open Workspace... rather than opening each file independently.
Open Program :
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Tampilan Awal
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Icon di Map Info :
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Open File
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layer
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PROGRAM PELATIHAN
MapInfo (GIS)
TUJUAN
Setelah menyelesaikan kursus, peserta mampu menggunakan program GIS (Geologi
Information System) MapInfo v6.
MANFAAT
Dapat dengan mudah membuat suatu system informasi manajement asset dilapangan
serta dengan mudah membuat peta baca meter, ganguan pelanggan.
PESERTA
Terampil perencanaan distribusi atau petugas lainnya yang ditunjuk oleh atasannya.
MATERI
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3. Drawing and Editing 4 Jam
4. Managing Table 4 Jam
5. Geocoding 4 Jam
6. Tematik Map 8 Jam
7. Geographic Analisys 16 Jam
8. Raster Image 16 Jam
9. Labeling 8 Jam
10. Lay Out (Plotting/Printer) 8 Jam
Jumlah 76 Jam
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