ADJECTIVE meaning

Adjective atau kata sifat adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan,
menggambarkan, atau membatasi kata ganti (pronoun) atau kata benda (noun) yang
masih general.

Car: general
Black car: specific
Fancy black car: more specific
The fancy black sports car: very specific

Ketika seseorang menyebut car, kita belum tau seperti apa mobil yang dimaksud.
Karena masih terlalu umum. Namun, dengan menambahkan adjectives seperti fancy,
black, dan sports, mobil menjadi spesifik dan mudah dikenali. Dalam hal ini, semakin
banyak adjective yang disematkan, semakin spesifik noun yang dimaksud. Adjective
dipakai untuk memberikan batasan terhadap noun atau pronoun yang masih umum
seperti ini.

TYPE’S OF ADJECTIVE

A. Descriptive Nouns
Descriptive adjective adalah adjective yang menggambarkan atau menjelaskan
keadaan noun atau pronoun yang meliputi ukuran, bentuk, warna, bau, rasa,
dan sebagainya. Cha, Qu – Si – A, T – Pa – Sha – Co
 Character and quality
Kind, friendly, humble, arrogant, charitable, careful, helpful, greedy,
lazy, beautiful, pretty, handsome, smart, brilliant, bad, ugly, …
 Size
Small, big, short, long, low, high, tall, huge, thin, thick, narrow, wide,
near, far, …
 Age and temperature
Young, old, ancient, modern, warm, hot, cold, …
  Participles (V-ing dan V3)
Boring, bored, tiring, tired, confusing, confused, interesting,
interested, scaring, scared, amazing, amazed, …
 Shape
Cube, oval, square, triangle, circle, …
 Color
Black, white, blue, green, crimson, purple, yellowish, reddish, …
Examples :

A handsome tall young smiling white man

Two large old abandoned houses
Her small round pink face
A valuable old gold watch
A symphatetic beautiful young English teacher

B. Limiting Adjective
1. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjective adalah adjective kepemilikan yang harus diikuti oleh
noun.
MY my pleasure
YOUR your shoes
YOUR your play
OUR our team
THEIR their cars
HER her address
HIS his overtime work
ITS its name
 2. Possessive Proper Adjective
Possessive proper adjective adalah kepemilikan yang menggunakan noun
sebagai adjective-nya.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Singular noun Possessive form

(a) the girl the girl’s Untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan,
(b) Tom Tom’s tambahkan apostrophe (‘) and –
(c) my wife my wife’s s pada singular noun (kata benda
(d) a lady a lady’s tunggal). Contoh:
(e) Thomas Thomas’s/ Thomas’ The girl’s book is on the table.

Jika kata benda tunggal telah

berakhiran dengan –s, ada dua
cara:
1. Tambahkan apostrophe dan –
s: Thomas’s book2. Atau
tambahkan apostrophe
saja: Thomas’ book

Plural noun Possessive form

(f) the girls the girls’
(g) their wives their wives’ Tambahkan apostrophe saja pada
(h) the ladies the ladies’ plural noun (kata benda jamak)
(i) the men the men’s yang berakhiran dengan –s:
(j) my children my children’s The girls’ books are on the table.

Tambahkan apostrophe dan –

s pada plural noun yang tidak
berakhiran dengan –s:
The men’s books are on the table.
3. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative Adjective adalah kata tunjuk yang diikuti oleh noun.

DEMONSTRATIVE
NOUN ADJECTIVE

This This house is mine.

(ini) singular, uncountable This ink is blue.

That car is hers.

That That water is rather
(itu) singular, uncountable hot.

These
(ini) Plural I read these books.

Those Those people helped

(itu) Plural me yesterday.

4. Article Adjective
Article adjective adalah kata sandang yang diletakkan di depan noun.:
Article adjective is an article that is placed in front a noun. Consisting of:
A. A dan An
A atau an digunakan untuk singular noun (kata benda tunggal) yang
masih bersifat umum (belum jelas). A or an are used for singular noun
that are still general in nature.
Examples :
 A baseball is round.
(Yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah bola base secara umum)
 I saw a boy in the street.
(Kita tidak tahu anak laki-laki yang mana yang dimaksud)
  She wear a pants
 look at a man overthere
A = is used for words with a consonant sound
An = is used for words with vowel sound

So te se of articles a and an is not based on writing but on the sound of

pronunciation of words.
Examples :
a horse (hɔːs) a house (haʊs)
an hour (aʊər) an honor (ɒn.ər)
an umbrella (ʌmˈbrel.ə) a university (ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti)

untuk kata-kata yang merupakan singkatan, penggunaan article a and an

nya ditentukan dari pelafalan huruf pertama.
Examples :
an L-Plat (el) an SOS (es)
an MP (em) a VIP (viː)

Jika kata-kata yang mempunyai bunyi awal vowel tersebut didahului oleh
kata lain yang memiliki bunyi konsonan, maka penetuannya adalah kata
yang didepannya itu.
Examples :
an umbrella (ʌmˈbrel.ə) a white (waɪt) umbrella
an hour (aʊər) a whole (həʊl) hour
B. The
Article the dapat digunakan untuk kata benda singular, plural, maupun
uncountable. Article the digolongkan kedalam definite article (kata
sandang jelas) karena telah mengandung arti: ini, itu, tersebut, tadi, …
nya, dsb. Dengan kata lain, benda yang dimaksudkan sudah jelas
Examples :
I know the man.
(Pembicara dan pendengar paham secara pasti orang yang dimaksud.)
She formed a complex sentence. The sentence contained adverbial
clause.
(Kata sentence menggunakan article the karena telah disebutkan
sebelumnya.)
USE THE WITH DON’T US THE WITH
 Oceans, rivers, seas,  Singular lakes
gulfs, plural lakes Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
The Red sea, the Atlantic  Mounts
ocean, the Persian gulf, Mount Vesuvius, Mount
the Great Lakes McKinley
 Mountains  Planets, constellations
The Rocky mountains, the Venus, Mars, Earth,
Andes Orion
 Earth, moon  Schools, colleges,
The earth, the moon universities when the
 Schools, colleges, phrases begin with a
universities when the proper noun
phrases begin with Santa Fe Community
school, etc. College, Cooper’s Art
The university of Florida, School, Stetson
 the college of Art and University
sciences  Cardinal numbers after
 Ordinal numbers before nouns
nouns World War One, Chapter
The first World war, the Three
third chapter.  Countries preceded by
 Wars (except world New or an adjective
wars) such as a direction
The Crimean War, the New Zealand, South
Korean War Africa, North Korea
 Certain countries or  Countries with only
groups of countries with one word
more than one word French, Sweden,
(except Great Britain) Venezuela
The United States, the  Continents
United Kingdom, the Europe, Africa, South
Central African Republic America
 Historical documents  States
The Constitution, The Florida, Ohio,
Magna Carta California
 Ethnic groups  Sports
The Indians, the Aztecs Baseball, basketball
 Abstract nouns
Freedom, happiness
 General areas of
subject matter
Mathematics, sociology
  Holidays
Christmas, Thanksgiving

5. Exclamatory Adjective
Exclamatory adjective is an adjective used in exclaiming. Atau yang
digunakan dalam berseru.
What + a/ an + N/ NP (S + V)!
Examples :
 The student is bright. He can solve the difficult problems.
What a bright boy (the student is)! (Betapa pandainya dia!)
 She has received a reward for studying overseas. It will cover all
her tuitions during the study, flight fare from and to the university
that grants it, and living expenses.
What a well-deserved reward (it is)! (Betapa berharganya
penghargaan itu!)
What a lucky girl (she is)! (Betapa beruntungnya dia!)
 Today is nice. The sun shines and the sky is cloudless. The wind
blows lightly.
What a nice day! (Betapa indahnya hari ini!)
 What a funny way to park a car! (Betapa anehnya cara dia
memarkirkan mobil!)
 What a dreadful idea! (Betapa buruknya rencana itu!)
6. Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative adjective adalah adjective yang digunakan untuk bertanya.
Patterns:
WHAT+N
WHICH+N
WHOSE+N
Examples :
Interrogative Noun
what time is it?
which book are you reading?
whose house does he live in?

7. Numeral Adjective
Numeral Adjective adalah bilangan atau hitungan yang difungsikan
sebagai adjective. Consist of:
a. Cardinal Number
Consist : one, two, three, four, five,..
Pattern : cardinal + noun
Examples : One year, two years, three years,..
One person, two people, six people
b. Ordinal Number
Consist : first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), forth (4th), fifth (5th) ,..
Pattern : the + ordinal number + noun
Examples : the frist line (=line 1)
The fifth edition (=edition 5)
The seventh picture (=picture 7)
 c. Multiplication
Consist : a) single, double, triple,…
Single room, single process
Double star, double degree
Triple block, triple cord
Examples : b) twofold, threefold, fourfold,…
Twofold increase, threefold price
c) a pair, a dozen,…
a pair of sandals, two dozen roses

8. Adjective of Indentifinite Quantity

Indentifinite quantity adalah jumlah tak jelas yang difungsikan sebagai
adjective. Consist :

Banyak many + plural many mistakes

a large/great number of +
plural a large number of victims

much + uncountable much money

a large/great deal of +
uncountable a large deal of water

a large/great amount of +
uncountable a great amount of fund

a large/great quantity of +
uncountable a great quantity of information

a wealth of + uncountable a wealth of gold

plenty of + plural/ uncountable plenty of ink

a lot of + plural/ uncountable a lot of people

 (a) few* + plural (a) few mountains
Sedikit (a) little + uncountable (a) little time

some** + plural some books

Beberapa several + plural several days

enough enough time

sufficient sufficient evidence
Cukup adequate adequate research

each + singular each class

Setiap every + singular every group

Kebanyakan most + plural/ uncountable most jewelry

a majority of*** + plural a majority of birds

the majority of + plural the majority of the voters

Semua all + plural/ uncountable all participants

Sejumlah/
sebagian a number of**** + plural a number of accidents

Note :

Few and little tanpa a menunjukkan kelangkaan atau ketiadaan dan hampir
mempunyai arti negative. Few lebih sedikit daripada a few, dan little lebih sedikit dari
pada a little.

Examples :

 There was little time for consultation. (Hampir tak ada waktu untuk
berkonsultasi.)
 Few towns have such splendid trees. (Jarang sekali ada/ sedikit sekali kota
yang memiliki pohon-pohon rindang.)
*Selain memiliki arti “beberapa ” atau “sebagian”, some bisa diartikan “sekedar”,
khususnya dalam kalimat Tanya yang mengharapkan jawaban “ya”. *

Examples :

 They bought some honey. (Mereka membeli [sekedar] madu.)

 Do you want some bread? (Apakah kamu mau [sekedar] roti?)

* A majority of menggunakan singular verb (is, was, has, does, takes, ..) dan the
majority of menggunakan plural verb (are, were, have, do, take, ..).

Examples :

 A majority of two hundred votes was enough to win.

 The majority of the two hundred votes were for peace

* A number of menggunakan plural verb (are, were, have, do, take, …).

 A number of the applicants have already been interviewed. (Sebagian

pelamar telah diinterview.)

Selain yang telah menggunakan of di tabel di atas, indefinite quantity lainnya juga
dapat ditambahkan dengan of. Namun penggunaan of tersebut mempunyai aturan

Tanpa Of Nonspecific noun

Many books are written in english

Most books have an index.

A few books are good

Indefinite quantity tanpa of digunakan untuk menunjukkan kata benda yang sifatnya
umun (tidak spesifik), pada contoh ini, buku pada umumnya. Bedakan dengan
contoh dibawah ini.

Dengan of specific noun

Many of my books are written in English.

Most of those books have an index.
A few of the books on the shelf are good.

Indefinite quantity dengan of HANYA digunakan ketika noun yang dijelaskan telah
jelas (specific noun), contoh: my books, your books, those books, these books, the
books on the table, the books I bought yesterday, dll. Dan noun dikatakan jelas ketika
diikuti oleh:

a. possessive dan posessive proper adjectives (kepemilikan)

my, our, their, her, John’s, Alex’s, the girls’, the men’s

b. demonstative adjectives

this, that, these, those

c. definite article
the
FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE
1. Subjective complement (penjelas subjek)

His idea is brilliant.

2. Objective complement (penjelas objek)

Let’s make it possible.

3. Modifier of noun phrase (penjelas noun phrase)

Full-scare economic war

4. Head of adjective phrase (inti adjective phrase)

Completely new
5. Comparison degrees (perbandingan)
This version is better than the previous one.