ARTICLE

Dalam TOEFL, penggunaan kata sandang (article) a, an, dan the merupakan salah satu
aspek yang paling sering ditanyakan. Di lain pihak, penggunaan article sering kita
remehkan, walaupun harus kita akui bahwa penggunaannya sering membingungkan,
khususnya dalam menentukan perlu tidaknya kita menambahkan article di depan noun.

Apakah anda ingin mengetahui sejauh mana pemahaman anda tentang penggunaan article
a, an, dan the sebelum melanjutkan membaca tulisan ini? Jika ya, silakan langsung
kerjakan Practice test 3. Nanti anda putuskan sendiri apakah anda perlu melanjutkan
membaca tulisan ini atau tidak. Good luck!

Perbedaan penggunaan article A vs AN.

Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article
ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari
noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya,

 an apple = sebuah apel

 a lady = seorang wanita
 a tiger = seekor harimau
 a leaf = sehelai daun, dst.

Penggunaan A dan AN

1. a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), tetapi tidak pernah
secara langsung diikuti oleh uncountable nouns (benda tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu,
akan INCORRECT jika anda menulis,

 I need a water. (water: uncountable noun)

 I just ate a bread. (bread: uncountable noun)
 She just heard a bad news about her parents. (news: uncountable noun)

Kalimat ini akan menjadi benar jika article a dihilangkan atau jika di depan uncountable
nouns (i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang berfungsi
untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns tersebut.

 I need water. Atau I need a glass of water.

 I just ate bread. Atau: I just ate a big slice of bread.
 She just heard bad news about her parents. Atau: She just heard a piece of bad
news about her parents.

Kapan kita gunakan a dan kapan kita gunakan an dapat dibaca pada topik Noun (part 2):
Countable. Selain itu, noun yang tergolong ke dalam uncountable noun juga harus
diketahui, sebab article a dan an tidak digunakan jika diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

2. a dan an digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in
general).

Contoh:

1. A football is usually made of leather. ( leather = kulit. Note: dalam konteks ini,
jangan gunakan kata skin. Leather adalah animal skin yang sudah diolah).
2. An artist should keep a good relationship with fans.

3. a dan an digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah
disebutkan sebelumnya.
Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night.

2. My company just built a new skyscraper. (skyscraper = gedung pencakar langit)

Penggunaan article THE

Ada beberapa rules yang harus anda pahami dalam penggunaan article the.

1. The umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan
sebelumnya. Dengan adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Noun
tersebut bisa countable, bisa juga uncountable noun. Jika countable noun, noun tersebut
bisa singular, bisa juga plural. Dalam hal ini, the dapat berarti tersebut atau itu, atau
kadang-kadang ini.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night. The guy asked my number and whether I would go out for a
date. (number = nomor telepon, date = kencan). Dalam kalimat ini, the bisa
digantikan dengan that.
2. The water in my well is contaminated. (well = sumur, contaminated =
terkontaminasi). Dalam kalimat ini, the tidak pas kalau digantikan dengan that,
karena “water” di kalimat ini sudah diterangkan oleh “in my well“. Coba
terjemahkan, terasa janggal bukan?
3. Three students didn’t perform well in my exam. The (three) students hadn’t studied
hard enough before the exam. Dalam kalimat ini, kata three adalah optional: bisa
digunakan, bisa juga dihilangkan, karena maknanya sudah dipahami oleh lawan
bicara atau pembaca. Di kalimat ini, the dapat digantikan dengan those/these. Jika
anda masih ragu dalam penggunaan those/these, akan lebih aman jika anda gunakan
the.
4. There are many persons named Agnes Monica on Facebook. You will have hard
time to find the Agnes Monica who sings Matahariku.

Sebaliknya, the tidak digunakan jika kita membicarakan uncountable nouns atau plural
nouns secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. Water needs to be conserved. (Air perlu dikonservasi/dilindungi).

2. Sugar is sweet. (Gula (rasanya) manis).
3. Durians are very smelly. (Duarian-durian sangat bau/baunya keras).
4. Lazy students hardly get good grades. (Murid-murid yang malas hampir tidak
pernah mendapat nilai-nilai bagus).

2. Kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper (= dinner), school, church, home, dan
college pada umumnya tidak membutuhkan article. Tetapi, jika noun ini dirujuk, barulah
article the diperlukan.

Contoh:

1. We go to school everyday. Starting next week, however, the school will be

bulldozed by the government. (be bulldozed = diratakan dengan tanah dengan
menggunakan bulldozer).
2. Jenny and I just finished having lunch at the cafetaria. I thanked her because she
paid for the lunch.
3. I am very tired. I’d like to go home.
3. Rules yang lain dalam menentukan apakah the digunakan atau tidak, dapat dilihat pada
tabel berikut. Note: the yang digunakan pada nouns di tabel berikut pada umumnya tidak
berarti “tersebut”, olehnya itu, tidak dapat digantikan dengan that.

Gunakan THE untuk: Jangan gunakan THE untuk:

Nama samudra, laut, sungai, teluk, Nama danau

plural lakes (nama danau yang terdiri Contoh: Lake Toba, Lake Batur, Lake
dari 2 danau atau lebih). Erie
Contoh: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific
Ocean, the Java Sea, the Persian Gulf,
the Great Lakes, the Citarum River
Nama pegunungan Nama gunung
Contoh: the Rocky Mountains, the Contoh: Mount Merapi, Mount Semeru,
Andes, the Bukit Barisan Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Everest.
Earth, moon, sun Nama planet (selain bumi), rasi bintang
Contoh: the earth, the moon, the sun Contoh: Mars, Venus, Orion,
Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika
sekolah, universitas, college sekolah, universitas, college
ditempatkan di depan. ditempatkan di belakang.
Contoh: the School of Cooper’s Art, the Contoh: Cooper’s Art school, Gadjah
University of Gadjah Mada, the college Mada University, Sante Fe Community
of Arts and Sciences. College.
Ordinal number sebelum nouns Cardinal number setelah nouns
Contoh: the Second World War, the Contoh: World War Two, Chapter three.
third chapter
Nama perang (kecuali perang dunia)
Contoh: the Korean War, the Crimean
War, the Civil War
Nama negara yang terdiri dari 2 kata Nama negara jika hanya terdiri dari
atau lebih (kecuali Great Britain) satu kata
Contoh: the United States of America, Contoh: Indonesia, China, Canada,
the Central African Republic France
Nama benua
Contoh: Asia, Europe, South America.
Nama state/province
Contoh: Florida, Ohio, California,
Manitoba, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara.
Dokumen bersejarah
Contoh: the constitution, the Magna
Carta
Nama Olahraga
Contoh: basketball, football, tennis
Noun abstract
Contoh: freedom, happiness
Bidang ilmu
Contoh: mathematics, Economics,
sociology
Nama hari raya
Contoh: Christmas, Thanksgiving, Idul
Fitri, Independence day

Contoh:

1. Bryan Adams was born in Canada, but he lives in Great Britain. Celine Dion is
also a Canadian born singer, but she lives in the United States now.
2. The Great Lakes consist of five lakes one of which is Lake Ontario.
3. The earth travels around the sun, and so does Mars.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu
yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja
itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif
menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada
sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek
tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk
tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif Pasif

John bites Mary Mary is bitten by John

John doesn’t bite Mary Mary isn’t bitten by John

Does John bite Mary? Is Mary bitten by John?

What does John do? What is done by John?

Who bites Mary? Who is Mary bitten by?

Who does John bite? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif Pasif

John is biting Mary Mary is being bitten by John

John isn’t biting Mary Mary isn’t being bitten by

John
Is John biting Mary?
Is Mary being bitten by
What is John doing? John?

Who is biting Mary? What is being done by

John?
Who is John biting?
Who is Mary being bitten
by?

Who is being bitten by

John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif Pasif

John has bitten Mary Mary has been bitten by John

John hasn’t bitten Mary Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has John bitten Mary? Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has John done? What has been done by John?

Who has bitten Mary? Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has John bitten? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

 Aktif Pasif

John has been biting Mary Mary has been being bitten by John

John hasn’t been biting Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John
Mary
Has Mary been being bitten by John?
Has John been biting
Mary? What has been being done by John?

What has John been doing? Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been biting Who has been being bitten by John?
Mary?

Who has John been biting?

5) Simple past

Aktif Pasif

John bit Mary Mary was bitten by John

John didn’t bite Mary Mary wasn’t bitten by

John
Did John bite Mary?
Was Mary bitten by John?
What did John do?
What was done by John?
Who bit Mary?
Who was Mary bitten by?
Who did John bite?
Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif Pasif

John was biting Mary Mary was being bitten by John

John wasn’t biting Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Mary
Was Mary being bitten by John?
Was John biting Mary?
What was being done by John?
What was John doing?
Who was Mary being bitten by?
Who was biting Mary?
Who was being bitten by John?
Who was John biting?

7) Past perfect

Aktif Pasif

John had bitten Mary Mary had been bitten by John

John hadn’t bitten Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Mary
 Had John bitten Mary? Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had John done? What had been done by John?

Who had bitten Mary? Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had John bitten? Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif Pasif

John had been biting Mary Mary had been being bitten by John

John hadn’t been biting Mary hadn’t been being bitten by

Mary John

Had John been biting Had Mary been being bitten by

Mary? John?

What had John been What had been being done by John?
doing?
Who had Mary been being bitten
Who had been biting by?
Mary?
Who had been being bitten by
Who had John been biting? John?

9) Future

Aktif Pasif

John will bite Mary Mary will be bitten by John

John won’t bite Mary Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will John bite Mary? Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will John do? What will be done by John?

Who will bite Mary? Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will John bite? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif Pasif

John will be biting Mary Mary will be being bitten by John

John won’t be biting Mary won’t be being bitten by

Mary John

Will John be biting Will Mary be being bitten by

Mary? John?

What will John be What will be being done by

doing? John?
 Who will be biting Who will Mary be being bitten
Mary? by?

Who will John be Who will be being bitten by

biting? John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif Pasif

John will have bitten Mary Mary will have been bitten by
John
John won’t have bitten
Mary Mary won’t have been bitten by
John
Will John have bitten
Mary? Will Mary have been bitten by
John?
What will John have done?
What will have been done by
Who will have bitten John?
Mary?
Who will Mary have been bitten
Who will John have bitten? by?

Who will have been bitten by

John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif Pasif

John will have been biting Mary
John won’t have been biting
Mary
Will John have been biting
Mary?
What will John have been doing?
Who will have been biting Mary?
Mary will have been being bitten by
John
Mary won’t have been being bitten by
John
Will Mary have been being bitten by
John?
What will have been being done by
John?

Who will John have been biting? Who will Mary have been being bitten
by?

Who will have been being bitten by

John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya
adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis
bila
dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah
Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, yang dapat menunjukkan kuantitas
atau jumlah, contohnya kata benda pen dapat dihitung one, two, atau three pens.

Contoh kata benda yang dapat dihitung: cat, dog, man, baby, person, animal, bottle, box,
coin, cup, plate, table, chair, bag, glass, book, house, etc. Benda-benda yang ada di sekitar
kita umumnya adalah benda yang dapat dihitung.

Contoh countable nouns dalam kalimat:

- We could see a ship in the distance.
- I have to brothers, John and Mark.
- I've got a problem with the car.
- Do you like these photos?
- I'm going out for five minutes.

Uncountable nouns (disebut juga mass nouns) adalah kebalikan dari countable nouns, yaitu
kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, contohnya kata benda water. Kata benda tersebut
tidak bisa dikatakan a water atau two water, tetapi lebih tepat digunakan bersama dengan
kata benda lainnya yang dapat dihitung, misalnya a glass of water atau two glass of water.

Contoh kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung: sand, air, rice, sugar, cheese, tea, coffee,
advice, assistance, fun, money, music, art, love, etc.

Contoh uncountable nouns dalam kalimat:

- Can I have some water?
- Shall we sit on the grass?
- The money is much better in my new job.
- I love music.
- Would you like some coffee?

Perhatikan beberapa catatan mengenai countable dan uncountable nouns di bawah ini.

Much dan many yang sama-sama berarti banyak, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan
jumlah pada countable dan uncountable nouns. Many digunakan untuk countable nouns
dan terletak mendahuluinya, sedangkan much digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
- How many years have you lived in Surabaya?
- She didn’t have much fun at the Tunjungan Plaza.
- I haven't got many pens.
- I haven't got much rice.

Number dan amount mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu jumlah atau sejumlah. Number
digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan amount untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
- My teacher gives me a large number of assignments.
- My teacher gives me a large amount of homework.
- We have been friends for a number of years.
-They give us an amount of money.

Few dan little mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Few digunakan untuk countable
nouns, sedangkan little digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
- The party has attended by a few men.
- There is only a little milk on the table.
- I've got a few dollars.
- I've got a little money.
- Few people understand the difference.

Fewer dan less mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Fewer digunakan untuk countable
nouns, sedangkan less digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
- This kind of job will give you fewer dollars.
- He pays me less money than I thought.
- Fewer birds came this year.
- Doctors recommend eating less salt.

Some dan any mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu beberapa, biasa digunakan untuk
menyatakan jumlah tak tentu pada countable nouns (plural) atau uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
- I've got some money.
- Have you got any rice?
- I've got some dollars.
- Have you got any pens?

Countable nouns dapat berbentuk singular maupun plural.

- My cat is playing.
- My cats are hungry.

Countable nouns yang singular dapat didahului dengan kata this, that, every, each, either,
dan neither, sedangkan yang plural biasanya didahului kata these, those, some, any,
enough, dan zero article. Lihat juga catatan dan contoh di atas.

Umumnya, uncountable nouns tidak dapat dibuat menjadi plural, kecuali jika disertai oleh
jenis kata lainnya.
- There are new wines being introduced every day.
- The waters of the Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.
- The Dutch are famous for their cheeses.

Countable nouns dapat diawali oleh a, an (indefinite article) untuk singular dan the
(definite article) untuk singular maupun plural.

Jika countable nouns berbentuk singular, maka penggunaan kata seperti a, an, the, my, this,
dsb. harus digunakan.
- I want an orange. (tidak bisa dikatakan I want orange.)
- Where is my bottle? (tidak bisa dikatakan Where is bottle?)

Tetapi, jika countable nouns berbentuk plural, maka kata benda itu dapat berdiri sendiri:
- I like oranges.
- Bottles can break.

Terkadang uncountable nouns diperlakukan singular yang akhirnya juga menggunakan

verba singular.
- This news is very important.
- Your luggage looks heavy.

Indefinite article a, an tidak umum dipakai pada uncountable nouns.

- a piece of news (bukan a news)
- a bottle of water (bukan a water)
- a grain of rice (bukan a rice)

Jadi, harus diberi kata keterangan di depannya. Perhatikan contoh lainnya berikut ini.
- There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
- He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
- They've got a lot of furniture.
- Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?

Uncountable nouns juga sering digunakan tanpa article (zero article)

- Poetry is beautiful.
- Sugar is sweet.
- Experience is the best teacher.

Uncountable nouns dapat didahului dengan kata some, any, enough, this, that, dan much.
Dan karena bukan countable nouns maka tidak dapat didahului dengan kata these, those,
every, each, either, and neither. Lihat lagi catatan dan contoh di atas.

Merupakan hal yang penting untuk mengetahui apakah suatu kata benda itu termasuk dalam
countable nouns atau uncountable nouns. Hal ini akan memudahkan kita untuk mengenali
jenis kata apa saja yang dapat diletakkan di sekitarnya.
Prepositions of Place

Prepositions of place adalah kata depan atau preposisi yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
suatu letak, tempat atau posisi suatu nomina. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah at, in,
dan on.

Prepositions of place (at, in, on):

- at untuk menunjukkan posisi, letak, alamat yang jelas (point)
- in untuk menunjukkan tempat (dalam ruang), nama kota, negara dsb. (enclosed space)
- on untuk menunjukkan tempat di atas permukaan atau nama jalan (surface)

at (point): at the corner, at the door, at the the top of the page, at the entrance, at the
crossroads, at 123 Majapahit Road in Surabaya etc.

in (enclosed space): in Surabaya, in the garden, in a box, in my pocket, in a building etc.

on (surface): on the wall, on the door, on the cover, on the menu, on a page, on Majapahit
Road etc.

Contoh prepositions of place dalam kalimat:

- Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
- My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
- When will you arrive at the office?
- Do you work in an office?
- I have a meeting in New York.
- The author's name is on the cover of the book.
- There are no prices on this menu.
- I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

Berikut di bawah ini frase preposisi at, in, on yang menunjukkan lokasi (prepositions of
locations) yang sering digunakan.
at: at home, at work, at school, at university, at the top, at reception, at class, at the office
etc.
in: in a car, in a lift, in the newspaper, in the sky, in a row, in Oxford street, in bed, in the
bedroom, in (the) class, in the library etc.
on: on a bus, on a train, on a bicycle, on a horse, on the radio, on television, on the left, on
the way, on the plane etc.
Prepositions of place and direction
Preposition Use Examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

from one side to the other You mustn't go across this road here.
across
side There isn't a bridge across the river.

The cat ran after the dog.

after one follows the other
After you.

against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

in a line; from one point to

along They're walking along the beach.
another

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.

behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket.

below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.

beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

Our house is between the supermarket and the

between sth./sb. is on each side
school.

by near He lives in the house by the river.

close to near Our house is close to the supermarket.

down from high to low He came down the hill.

from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

the part that is in the

in front of Our house is in front of the supermarket.
direction it faces

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle.

into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.

near close to Our house is near the supermarket.

next to beside Our house is next to the supermarket.

off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.

past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office.

round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

 going from one point to the
through You shouldn't walk through the forest.
other point

I like going to Australia.

to towards sth./sb.
Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa.

towards in the direction of sth. We ran towards the castle.

under below sth. The cat is under the table.

up from low to high He went up the hill.

TUGAS
BAHASA INGGRIS II
 NAMA : AGUS ABDULLAH MUKTI

NIM : C.431.07.0023

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEMARANG