RANDOM VARIABLES AND

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
PEUBAH ACAK (RANDOM VARIABLES)
Suatu fungsi yang mengaitkan bilangan real dengan setiap elemen
dalam ruang sampel.
• Peubah acak dilambangkan huruf Kapital.
• nilai peubah acak dilambnagkan huruf kecil
Contoh :
Dua bola diambil berturut-turut tanpa Ruang Sampel y (nilai peubah)
pengembalian dari sebuah guci yang berisi MM 2
4 bola merah dan 3 bola hitam. MH 1

Kemungkinan hasil dan nilai y dari peubah HM 1

HH 0
acak Y, dimana Y adalah banyaknya bola
merah, adalah 𝑌 = 0,1,2
 JENIS VARIABEL RANDOM
1. Variabel Random Diskret
 Variabel acak X dikatakan variabel acak
diskrit jika banyak nilai-nilai yang
mungkin dari X (yaitu ruang hasil R)
berhingga dapat dihitung.
 ruang sampel berisi kemungkinan-
kemungkinan yang jumlahnya terbatas
(berhingga) atau sederatan anggota
yang banyaknya sebanyak bilangan
bulat
2. Variabel Random Kontinyu
 Variabel acak X dikatakan variabel acak
diskrit jika nilai-nilai yang mungkin dari X
(yaitu ruang hasil R) merupakan sebuah
interval pada garis bilangan real.
 Jika suatu ruang sampel memuat
kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang
jumlahnya tak terhingga sama dengan
banyaknya titik pada suatu ruas garis
CONTOH

1. Lamanya waktu pertandingan futsal dinyatakan dalam peubah acak T dengan t

merupakan distribusi peluang (Diskret/Kontinyu)?
2. Jumlah kecelakaan di kota Surabaya merupakan peubah acak
…..(Diskret/Kontinyu) Kontinyu

Diskret
 Discrete Probability Distributions
❖ PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION (PMF), PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION (PDF)
OR PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (FUNGSI PELUANG)
CONTOH 1
A shipment of 20 similar laptop computers to a retail outlet contains 3 that
are defective. If a school makes a random purchase of 2 of these computers,
find the probability distribution for the number of defectives.

Solusi :
Let X be a random variable whose values x are the possible numbers of
defective computers purchased by the school. Then x can only take the
numbers 0, 1, and 2
 D  N − D 
  
−
f ( X = x ) =   
x n x
N 
 
n
dim ana :
N  N!
  =
 n  n ! ( N − n )!
  D  N − D 
  
 x  n − x 
f ( X = x) =
N 
 
n
dim ana :
N  N!
  =
 n  n ! ( N − n )!
CONTOH 2

Roll a fair four-sided die twice, and let X be the maximum of the two outcomes. The
outcome space for this experiment is S0 = {(d1, d2) : d1 = 1, 2, 3, 4; d2 = 1, 2, 3, 4},
where we assume that each of these 16 points has probability 1/16. Then P(X = 1)
= P[(1, 1)] = 1/16, P(X = 2) = P[{(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}] = 3/16, and similarly P(X = 3) =
5/16 and P(X = 4) = 7/16. That is, the pmf of X can be written simply as
x 1 2 3 4
f(x) 1/16 3/16 5/16 7/16
LATIHAN
 Discrete Probability Distributions
❖ CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (CDF)
CONTOH 1
If a car agency sells 50% of its inventory of a certain foreign car equipped with
side airbags, find a formula for the probability distribution of the number of cars
with side airbags among the next 4 cars sold by the agency.
LATIHAN
Roll a fair four-sided die twice, and let X be the maximum of the two outcomes. The
outcome space for this experiment is S0 = {(d1, d2) : d1 = 1, 2, 3, 4; d2 = 1, 2, 3, 4},
where we assume that each of these 16 points has probability 1/16. Then P(X = 1)
= P[(1, 1)] = 1/16, P(X = 2) = P[{(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}] = 3/16, and similarly P(X = 3) =
5/16 and P(X = 4) = 7/16. That is, the pmf of X can be written simply as and find
CDF….!!!
TUGAS INDIVIDU

Gambarkan line paragraph, histogram dari pdf dan cumulative

(CDF)
 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
❖ probability mass function (PMF), probability DENSITY FUNCTION (PDF) or
Probability distribution
CONTOH 1
❖Cumulative Distribution Function , F(x)
CONTOH 1

Tentukan cdf
CONTOH 2
Misal fungsi distribusi dari peubah acak X berbentuk :
F(x) = 0 ;x <-1
Hitunglah
125
= ; −1  x  1 a) P(0  X  3)
216
b) P(X  0)
200
= ; 1 x  2 c) P(X  1)
216
d) P(-1  X<0)
215
= ; 2x 3 e) P(X = 1)
216
= 1; 3  x
Penyelsaian:
125
a) P(0  X  3) = Fx (3) − Fx (0) = 1 − = ....
216
125
b) P(X  0) = F(0) =
216
200
c) P(X  1) = 1-P(X  1) = 1-Fx (1) = 1 −
216
d) P(-1  X<0)= Fx (0) − Fx ( −1)
200 125
e) P(X = 1) = Fx (1) − Fx ( −1) = −
216 216
LATIHAN
LATIHAN

2. The proportion of people who respond to a certain mail-order

solicitation is a continuous random variable X that has the density
function

(a)Show that P(0 <X< 1) = 1.

(b)Find the probability that more than 1/4 but fewer than 1/2 of the people
contacted will respond to this type of solicitation
3) Misal fungsi distribusi dari peubah acak X berbentuk :
F(x) = 0 ; x <0 Hitunglah
x a) P(0,5  X  1,1)
= ; 0  x 1
2 b) P(X  0,7)
= x − 0,5; 1  x  1,5 c) P(1,1  X  2)
= 1; 1,5  x e) P(X  1,4)
LATIHAN
 TUGAS
1. continuous random variable X that can assume values between x = 1 and x = 3 has a
density function given by
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
2

(a) Show that the area under the curve is equal to 1.

(b) Find P(2 <X< 2.5). (c) Find P(X ≤ 1.6).

2. continuous random variable X that can assume values between x = 2 and x = 5

has a density function given by
2 1+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
27
Find
(a) P(X < 4);
(b) P(3 ≤ X < 4).