LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM.

SEL VOLTA LEWAT KENTANG

KELAS 12 MIPA 2

KELOMPOK 5 (LIMA)

Nama :Mariam Malendes

Nama : Debora Najoan

Nama : Geishya Pareda

Nama : Agnesia Tungka

Nama : Daniel Poli

Energi listrik merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak energi yang memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan.
Bahkan manusiapun menjadikan energi listrik sebagai kebutuhan pokok setelah pangan, hal itu dikarenakan
peranan listrik sangat penting dalam menopang segala sendi kehidupan.

Penggunaan energi listrik di dunia dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Sementara itu, suplai energi listrik yang
bersumber dari minyak bumi, gas bumi, dan batu bara memiliki keterbatasan. Hal ini dikarenakan bahan-bahan
tersebut bersifat tidak dapat diperbaharui. Walaupun disisi lainnya banyak sumber-sumber energi listrik seperti
tenaga surya, angin, aliran air dan lain-lain. Namun semua itu belum dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal.

Banyak sumber-sumber listrik yang dapat diperbaharui dan ramah lingkungan salah satu jenis umbi-umbian yang
merupakan salah satu larutan elektrolit. Larutan elektrolit adalah larutan yang dapat menghantarkan arus listrik.
Adanya listrik pada kentang dapat diamati melalui menyalanya lampu LED (light emitting diode) Ketika
dihubungkan pada kentang.

Kentang dapat menjadi elektrolit karena kentang mengandung garam dan air. Garam apabila bereaksi dengan air.
Akan menjadi larutan garam yang dapat menhasilkan listrik atau disebut dengan larutan elektrolit. Berikut ini
laporan percobaan alternative menyalakan lampu menggunakan kentang.
Perumusan masalah praktikum sel volta

1. Bagaimana cara untuk mengaplikasikan kentang dalam praktikum sel volta….

2. Factor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kerja sel volta pada kentang…….

Tujuan praktikum sel volta

1. Mengetahui cara melakukan praktikum sel volta dengan bahan kentang

2. Mengetahui teori-teori dalam praktikum sel volta dengan pengaplikasikan kentang sebagai pengganti
baterai

Alat /bahan :

3 koin logam

1 lampu led kecil

3 paku

4 kabel capit buaya (hitam dan merah)

3 buah kentang

Langkah-langkah pengerjaan

1. Pasangkan koin logam ke salah satu sisi kentang

2. Pasangkan paku di sebelah koin logam
3. Capitkan kabel berwarna merah pada koin, sedangkan kabel berwarna hitam dicapitkan ke paku. Lakukan
pada kentang yang berbeda dengan mencapit koin dan paku secara selang seling
4. Capitkan kedua ujung kawat buaya yang berbeda muatan pada kaki lampu led kecil dan lihat hasilnya.

Hasil percobaan :

1. Pada percobaan menghubungkan antara satu,dua, buah kentang dengan kabel yang telah dipasang lampu
led, yang terjadi lampu tidak menyala. Hal itu terjadi karena kuat arus satu,dua buah kentang tidak cukup
untuk menyalakan satu buah lampu.
2. Pada saat menghubungkan tiga buag kentang lampu menyala redup,
3. Pada saat menghubungkan lampu dengan lima buah kentang ternyata lampu menyala terang

No Jumlah kentang Kondisi lampu

1. 1 buah kentang Tidak menyala
2. 2 buah kentang Tidak menyala
3. 3 buah kentang Menyala redup
 4. 4 buah kentang Menyala terang
Hasil pengamatan praktikum sel volta :

Hasil pengamatan yang kita dapatkan Ketika alat dan bahan sudah siap digunakan, Ketika logam emas dan paku di
tancapkan pada kentang dan dihungkan dengan kawat penjepit buaya dan di hubungkan dengan lampu LED dan
lampu itu telah menyalah, karena kentang dapat menghantarkan listrik, bagaimana bisa. Karena kentang
mempunyai aliran air dan juga garam nahhh apabila air dan garam bereaksi membuat sebuah air dan garam maka
larutan air dan garam dapat disebut elektrolit yang dapat menghantarkan listrik mengandung listrik pada kentang
juga terjadi karena reaksi ionisasi pada kentang secara aktif dan bebas yang dapat menghantarkan listrik sehingga
didukung juga oleh logam emas dan paku yang merupakan konduktor yang dapat menghantarkan listrik dengan
baik. Di simpulkan juga semakin sedikit kentang yang di gunakan maka lampu LED tersebut tidak akan menyalah
atau tidak akan berjalan secara efisien dan juga kalua semakin banyak digunakan kentang maka lampu LED akan
semakin menyalah atau berjalan secara efisien.

KESIMPULAN :

1. Kentang mengandung listrik dari larutan dari larutan garam dan air yang mengandung didalamnya atau
larutan elektrolit
2. Semakin banyak larutan elektrolit suatu benda, semakin mudah dan semakin maksimal lampu LED dapat
menyalah.
 MAKALAH B.INGGRIS

DISUSUN OLEH :

1. Mariam Malendes (berapa bintang)

2. Debora Najoan
3. Geishya Pareda
4. Schwarz Liow
Unit 1 LET ME HELP YOU

A. The expression of offering help

Asking and offering for help is one of the expressions in English that states we ask and give help to
someone.usually, the asking/offering for help sentence begins with the capital auxiliaries in the form of
can,may,will,shall,should,may,might,and must. In this unit, we will especially learn about offering for help and the
responses, offering help is a sentence or expression shows that we help someone who needs help. Let us consider
the example of the sentence, as follows.

Offering Help Accepting an offer

- May I help you ? - Yes. Please, that would be lovely
- Can I help you? - Thank you.
- What can I do for you? - Yes, please.
- How can I assist you? - I’d like it very much
- Let me help you. - Yes please. I really appreciate it.
- How can I help you? Rejecting an offer
- Do you want me to help you? - No, I really won’t, thank you
- Shall l….? - Don’t worry, I will do it myself
- What shall I do for you - That’s alright, I will manage it on my own

Conversation about tom and ana

Tom : “Hi, Ana. You look so busy, ana. What are you doing”?

Ana : “Yeah, as you can see, my nephew. I am moving the things from my bedroom.?

Tom : “Oh, I see. Why are you moving all those things”?

Ana : “I’m going to move to another room because my little sister wants to have her own room now.”

Tom : “marie is not a child anymore now, isn’t the? She is growing fast.”

Ana : “Yeah as you know. Actually, I love this room, but that’s okay. I’d like to try another room.”

Tom : “ Yeah, as an older sister, you have to succumb to your little sister.”

Ana : “Yes, tom. So that’s why I move. I have moved all the small and light things. The rest are a bit heavy.”

Tom : “ would you like some help, Ana? I’m free. So, maybe I can help you with those heavy things.”

Ana : “Oh, that’s very kind of you, Tom. Thanks. I need your help to move my desk.”

Tom : “Alright, let’s do it then.”

Ana : “okay, tom.”

B . Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence play an important role in grammar. They describe a condision and the result that
follows. Conditional sentences are made up of two parts : the if – clause (condition) and the main clause (the result
that follows). Have a look at the example, as follows.

If- clause Main clause

If it rains we will take an umbrella

There are three types of conditional sentences, as follows.

Type Condition
I (First conditional sentence) Condition possible to fulfill
II (Second conditional Sentence ) Condition in theory possible to fulfill
III (Third conditional sentence) Condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

The forms of each type, as follows.

Type If-clause Main clause

I Simple present Will-future or (modal + infinitive)
II Simple past Would + infinitive
III Past perfect Would + have + past participle

The following examples with if-clause at the beginning.

Type If-clause Main-clause

I If I read many books, I will have good knowledge.
II If I read many books, I would have good knowledge.
III If I had read many books, I would have hed good knowledge.

The following are the examples of if-clauses at the end.

Type If-clause Main clause

I I will have good knowledge. if I study.
II I would have good knowledge. if I studied.
III I would have had good knowledge. if I had studied.

Conditional sentences can also be used in affirmative and negative sentences. Pay attention on the table below!

Type Examples
Long forms Short/Contracted forms
I + If study, I will have good knowledge If I study. I’II pass the exam.
- If I study. I will not fail the exam. If I study. I won’t fail the exam.
II + I would have good knowledge. If I studied. I’d pass the exam.
- If I studied. I would not fail the exam. If I studied. I wouldn’t fail the exam.
III + I would have had good knowledge. If I had studied. i’d have passed the
 exam
- If had studied. I would not have failed the If I’d studied. I wouldn’t have failed the
exam exam.
- If had studied. I would not have failed the
exam.

Arya :”We had a great time at drew’s house sunday. Why didn’t you come?”

Husein : “I had to study for chemistry exam.”

Arya : “If you had come with us, you would have seen an awesome movie.”

Husein : “Yeah? What?”

Arya : “We rented ‘Back to the future’. It’s about a kid whom time travels back to his parents’ high school days. He
changes his own future. In the end, his parents……”

Husein : “Wait-don’t tell me. If you tell me the ending, you will spoil it for me. I want to see myself.”

Arya : “Ok. But have you ever thought about that?”

Husein : “About what?”

Arya : “about how things could be different. You grew up here in Haleyville, and you’re almost an adult now. But
what would your childhood have been like if you had been born in a different family?”

Husein : “You just don’t study enough. If you study more, you will pass this course easily this semester.”

Arya : “That’s easy for you to say. You always get perfect score.”

Husein : “Sometimes I don’t. it’s not automatic. I don’t get A’s unless I study hard.”

Arya : “I suppose you’re right.”

Husein : “If I were you, I would try to do better on the next test.”
Unit 2 How to write application letter?

A. Application letter

1. Definition ao application letter

The application letter functions much as the resume does: to convince employers of your ability as a
potential employee. However, the application letter gives an opportunity to communicate more fluidly,
and to communicate with the employer in a less structured and frustrating document. Completing a
successful application letter reguires you to lay out much of the same evidence as in the resume, but it’s
the manner in which this is relayed that is important.
2. Structure of application letter
The structure of application letter, as follows.

The Urban Development Coorporation

Bandung

Seeking to appoint a secretary.

- Male or female not more than 28 years old.
- Academy graduate, minimum 2 years experience in a relevant job.
- Fluent in both written and spoken English.
- Master in computer system is an advantage.
- Application in English supported by CV, recent photograph, education background and
experience.

Send all of the attachment within 2 weeks to:

PERSONEL MANAGER
PO BOX 343 BDG
BANDUNG 10000
 July 12th, 2023

False Nine, Inc.

694 Rockstar Lane
Durham, NC 27708

Dear Human Resource Director,

I just read an article in the news and observer about nine’s new computer center just
north of durham. I would like to a position as an entry-level programmer at the center. I understand
that taylor produces both in-house and custumer documentation. My technical-writing skills, as
described in the enclosed resume, are well suited to your company.
I am a recent graduate of devry institute of technology in atlanta with an associate’s degree in
computer science. In addition to having taken a broad range of courses, I served as a computer
consultant at the college’s computer center where I helped train computer users on new systes. I will
be happy to meet with you at your convenience and discuss how my education and experience
match your needs. You can reach me at my home address, at (919) 233-1552, or at krock
@devry.alumni.edu.

Sincerely,

Raymond Krock
 B. Caption

1. Definition and purpose of caption

Caption text is a short text used to complement an image. Caption text usually apprears under
images, photos, graphs, posters and even tables. The caption also can be defined as a statement that
draws the attention of the reader and describes the image. However, some photos do not use captions
because sometimes caption are not needed to explain the image. The function of the caption is to help
readers of viewers to understand more information that might not be in photos or videos.

2. Rules of writing a caption

a. Supply specific information (answering 5W1H question).
b. User present tense on the first sentence.
c. The caption is written in complete sentences.
d. Clearly identify the people and location in the photo.
e. Identify the person from left to right.

3. How to a write a caption text

a. Observe the picture or video you will give the caption.
b. Find out the message that will be sent from the picture before you write a caption.
c. Write a sentence or phrase under the picture.

How to write caption text

1. Accuracy
You have to know what you know what you want to convey. Do not write or make judgments about
the mood or mood of the people in the picture.

In fact, you can write the emotion or mood of the subject in the picture, but you have to confirm it
directly with the source. Apart from that. Pay attention to the actions taken by the subject or those
around the subject.

2. Don’t be too real

Avoid expressions that tell the reader about very obvious actions, such as shaking hands, looking,
gestures, chatting and so on. This can of course be seen by readers. Caption text that is too real such as,
‘director A and director B shake hands’, or ‘high school principal J is looking at the computer pointed at by
teacher B’.

3. Avoid clichés
Avoid clichés or trite words. Avoid using words that describe actions with feelings, such as happy,
rejoicing, jumping happily, clapping happiliy, etc.

4. Show the subject of the photo

 Don’t show the subject of the photo in a way that speaks to the subject like “Hey Joe, what are you
doing in front of that building?” Hey Jane, where are you right now?” and so forth.

5. Language style
Actually, the language style can be adjusted to suit the images displayed. For example, a photo with a
funny style can be given a funny text caption too. Photos with a serious style or such as tables and graphs
must be given serious text captions too.

Types of caption text

1. Identification
This type of caption text is usually used to explain or identify each person in the photo, but does
not explain a story. The focus in this type of identification caption text is on clarity.

2. Group Caption
Group captions are usually used to explain multiple images. This caption should have at least two
sentences image and include a guote whenever possible. Group captions must be clear about which
image each caption describes.

3. Story- Telling
Story-telling captions are the ideal type of caption and can be used whenever possible. This type of
caption will tell a story behind the image. By using this type of caption it will usually be more
interesting to read.

4. Summary
For the summary caption type, it usually contains an explanation of the subject in the picture, the
activity carried out in the picture, the time of the incident, the location of the incident and the reason
why the activity was carried out.

5. Quote
Quote caption means it contains a quoted sentence from someone in the picture.

6. Cutline
Cutline type captions are the ones most often found in images and writing in newpapers and
media, both offline and online. The cutline caption explains the subject in the image and what the
subject is doing.

7. Expanded
The expanded caption type is the type of caption with the most complete information. As the
name of the type suggests, this expanded caption text is a development of the previous text,
especially the summary caption.

4. Example of caption
 The findings also sugest that drinking green tea was linked
with around a 25 percent lower risk of the incident heart disease
and stroke, fatal heart disease and stroke, and all-cause death,
however, no significant associations were found for black tea.

“The only person who can define you is you”

Unit 3 What are you talking about?

A. NEWS ITEM

1. Definition of news item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered
newsworthy or important. It means if there is an important event that should be known by many
people.
2. Purpose of news item
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
3. Generic structure of news item
The generic structure of a news item consists of:
a. Newsworthy event (s) : It tells the primary event which is considered newsworthy. In a
summary form.
b. Background event (s) : it elaborates what happened or explains detailed information of what
caused the incident, event. It can be include background, participant,
time, and place relating to the news.
c. Sources of information : It contains comments, which can be from participants in witness, the
Official authorities, or experts in the event.
4. Linguistic feature of news item
For the first point, the main event should really newsworthy. There are so many common traits
news item text; most prominent feature of the language is concise and straightrofward. There are
five language feature of news item, as follows

a. Focusing on circumstances
b. Using material process
c. Using action
d. Using saying verbs
e. Using adverb of time, verbs adverb of place, adverb of manner.
 5. Example of news item
The following is the example of news item text!

President Samier Launches New program to improve education

Wakanda, September 30,2023-president samier officially

launched the “Excellent Education 2023” program with the aim of
improfing the quality of education throughout the country. This
program will focus on innovative curriculum development and
teacher training to improve student learning outcomes.

B. Reported speech : Direct & indirect speech

1. Definition of reported speech

When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between guotation marks (“_”)
and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that’s being said now (for
exsample, a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation. Indirect
speech is also know as reported speech, indirect narration or indirect discourse.

Change the meaning. Direct and indirect sentences are divided into three, namely statements,
commands and guestions.

- Imperative sentence
 In command sentences, direct sentences are divided into positive command sentences and negative
command sentences. In command sentences you need to add to at the front the sentence.

Consider the following example :

positive command sentence :

(blt itm) He asked me, “Open the door!”

He asked me to open the door.

Negatife command sentences :

(blt itm) She told me, “don’t’ eat that food!”

She told me not to eat that meal

- Statement sentence
In statement sentences, the word that is often used as a link between the introducetory sentence and
the reported sentence.

Look at the following example sentences:

(blt itm) Direct sentence : He told his friend, “I have a new car”
Indirect speech: He told his friend that he had a new car.

(blt itm) Direct sentence : She said, “I work in a factory”

Indirect speech : She said that she worked in a factory.

- Question
In interrogative sentences, interrogative words such as where, when, why, what, who, how, etc, are
used as connecting words.

Example :

(blt itm) That girl asked me, “Where do you live?”

That girl asked me where I lived.

(blt itm) Jane asked me, “When didi you get back from your trip?”
Jane asked me when I got back from my trip.

If an interrogative sentence reguires a yes or no answer, the words we use are if or whether.

Example :

(blt itm) The teacher asked me, “Have you finished your homework?”
The teacher asked me if I had finished my homework.

(blt itm) John asked me, “Did you see jane at the party yesterday?”
John asked me whether I saw jane at the party yesterday.
2. Basic rules of reported speech
Before proceeding ahead, it is mandatory to memorize these rules

a. Changes in person of pronouns

1) 1st person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the subject of
the reporting speech.
2) 2nd person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the object of
the reporting speech.
3) 3rd person pronouns in reported speech are not changed.

b. Changes in adverb of time

Direct Indirect
Now Then
Tomorrow The following day
Yesterday The day before
Next week The following week
Tonigh/Today That night/ That day

Direct Indirect
Here There
This That
These Those

c. Changes in verbs

Direct Indirect
Simple Present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Simple future Past future
Can Could
Imperative To infinitive

d. Changes in sentence form