Pengenalan

Komunikasi
Nir-kawat

ET-5163 Komunikasi
Nir-kawat
Iskandar

Bab 1
2010

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Sekolah Teknik

Materi
Mereview
sejarah
komunikasi
wireless (nir-kawat)
Visi sistem wireless
Isu teknis
Sistem wireless saat ini
Spektrum
Badan Standard Sistem Wireless
Perkembangan Komunikasi Radio
Bergerak
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Sejarah Komunikasi Nir-kawat

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Awal Munculnya Radio

1800s: Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry, Hans
Oersted

Percobaan arus induksi

1864: James Maxwell

Teori arus listrik menghasilkan medan elektromagnetik,

berkecepatan sama dg cahaya, cahaya tampak bagian
dari spektrum elektromagnetik

1873: Maxwell publis 4 persamaan populernya

Tentang persamaan diferensial parsial yang bisa

menggambarkan perubahan ruang-waktu medan EM

1888: Heinrich Hertz

Membangun pemancar dan penerima radio pertama

untuk mengukur gelombang EM (memverifikasi teori
maxwell).
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Awal Munculnya Radio

1895: Guglielmo Marconi

Membangun sistem telegraf tanpa kabel pertama

1901: Guglielmo Marconi

Pengiriman pesan pertama transmisi transatlantic

1906: Reginald Fessenden

Transmisi voice melalui radio (dari Boston ke kapal di

samudera Atlantic)

1918: Edwin Armstrong

Menciptakan radio superheterodyne

1933: Armstrong

Menemukan modulasi frekuensi

ditemukan modulasi amplitudo

sebelumnya

sudah

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Awal Munculnya Radio

1946: AT&T

Memperkenalkan layanan telepon bergerak pertama

menggunakan FM dengan bandwidth 120 kHz per kanal.

Pertengahan-1960s: AT&Ts

IMTS
(Improved
Mobile
Telephone
Service)
menggunakan 30 kHz kanal suara, narrowband FM dan
direct dialing.
Telepon bergerak generasi pertama

Akhir 1940s: AT&T

Mengembangkan
frekuensi reuse

telepon

selular

dengan

konsep

1971: AT&T

Propose telepon bergerak kapasitas tinggi ke FCC

1979: US standardizes

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) di 800-900 MHz

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range

Awal Munculnya Radio

1985: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) di
Scandanavia, Total Access Communications
System (TACS) di UK, C450 di Jerman Barat

Total ada 6 teknologi telepon analog

kompatibel di Eropa
Memotivasi Eropa ke Generasi ke-2 (2G)

Second generation digital cellular

1989: Europe

Membuat
standar
Global
Communications (GSM)

1992: GSM diluncurkan

1990: Jepang

System

Standar Japanese Digital Cellular

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

yang

for

(JDC)

tdk

Mobile

sekarang

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1990: Eropa membuat standar Digital Cellular

Awal Munculnya Radio

1993: DCS 1800 diluncurkan

1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) digelar di US
1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA di US
1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) di Jepang,
first widespread low-tier PCS, sukses di Jepang

1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major US

cities

Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km),

smaller/lighter portable handsets, cheaper access
points

1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd

generation cellular
mid-2000s:
UMTS,
cdma2000, EDGE,...
2010-?: 4th generation?

Self organizing, ad hoc?

IMT-2000,

W-CDMA,

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Visi Sistem Wireless

Mewujudkan suatu sistem komunikasi
yang:
Memiliki mobilitas tinggi
Kapasitas besar
Layanan
beragam (voice, data, video, dan
multimedia)
Aman / secure
Kinerja / QoS baik
Flexibel terhadap perubahan

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Isu Teknis
Terdapat banyak isu teknis sebagai
tantangan dalam mewujudkan visi
sistem wireless:
Kanal (fading, frekuensi selective, shadowing,
doppler, efek atmosfir, dll).
Perangkat (kecil,
ringan, murah, multimode,
batere, low power)
Spektrum (terbatas, perijinan, efisiensi)
Infrastruktur
Jaringan
(protokol,
media,
availability, integrated, dll)
Standard

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Sistem Wireless Saat Ini

Terdapat banyak sistem wireless saat
ini, diantaranya adalah:
Telepon selular (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, ?G)
Cordless phones (CT-2, DECT, PHS)
WLAN (IEEE802.11a/b/g/n)
Wide
Area Wireless Data Services (CDPD,
Mobile data)
Broadband
wireless access (LMDS, MMDS,
spektrum di atas 28 GHz)
Broadband
wireless access (WiMAX, LTE,
spektrum 2 GHz)
Satelit
Low cost low power (bluetooth, zigbee)
Ultra wideband (UWB)
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Spektrum
Metoda alokasi spektrum, dilakukan
dengan melalui badan regulasi di
masing-masing negara.
internasional
alokasi
Secara
dilakukan oleh ITU.
Setiap negara mempunyai badan
masing-masing:
Indonesia Ditjen Postel (Kominfo)
US (FCC, OSM)
Eropa (ETSI)
Jepang (ARIB)

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Spektrum
Alokasi

spektrum

untuk

sistem

sekarang

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Badan Standar Sistem

Wireless

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ITU
International

Telecommunication

Union (ITU)
An
agency
of
United
Nations
for
communications standards and treaty-based
spectrum management
Up to 1993, composed of 4 groups

CCITT (Consultative Committee on International

Telegraph and Telephone): recommendations for

wired networks
CCIR (Consultative Committee on International
Radio): study groups for radio spectrum usage and
interworking of wireless systems
International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB):
allocated international frequencies and organized
1987 and 1992 World Administrative Radio
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ITU

1985 Study Group 8 started work on future public land

mobile telecommun. systems (FPLMTS): 3rd generation
wireless or PCS
1993 Reorganized into 3 sectors
Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formerly CCIR
and IFRB): world conferences, radio regulations
Telecommun. Standardization Sector ITU-T (formerly
CCITT): all wireline and wireless standards
Telecommun. Development Sector (new): promote
development of telecommun. in developing
countries

Conference

of
European
Posts
and
Telecommunication Administrations (CEPT)

Post/telecom administrations of most European nations

Traditionally coordinated European support of ITU
Supplanted by ETSI

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ITU
European

Telecommun.
Institute (ETSI)

Standards

Established by the European Community for

pan-European systems
Covers GSM, HIPERLAN (wireless LAN)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE)
Project 802 studies LANs
802.11 wireless LAN standard

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ITU
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
regulates licenses for US radio spectrum
1979 Single nationwide standard allowed
roaming in first generation cellular systems
(AMPS)
slowed push for second generation digital
1981 Decision to license two (20 MHz) wireless
providers per market: (1) local telephone
company (2) non-wireline company
Letting
market decide among various 2nd
generation technologies, constrained to share
frequency bands with 1st generation
1994 Auction of PCS spectrum in 1900 MHz
range

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ITU
American

National

Standards

Institute

(ANSI)

T1 committee for US standards supporting ITU

T1A1 Performance and signal processing
T1E1 Network interfaces
T1M1 Interwork operations, administration,
maintenance
T1P1 Systems engineering, standards planning
T1S1 Services, architecture, signaling
T1X1 Digital hierarchy, synchronization

T1E1 and T1P1 subcommittees are working on

PCS

Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

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Telecommun. Industry Assoc. (TIA) is a branch

ITU

1992 EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) defined air

interface based on TDMA (dual mode with AMPS)
1993 TR45.5 subcommittee publishes EIA/TIA IS-95
based on CDMA
TR45.4 subcommittee is working on PCS

FCC is letting market decide among various

technologies

TDMA (IS-136)
CDMA (IS-95)
digital AMPS (IS-54-B), also TDMA
narrowband analog AMPS (N-AMPS)
narrowband extended TDMA (E-TDMA)

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ITU

2005+ timeframe
ITU-R studies of FPLMTS (future public land mobile
telecommunications system) - now called IMT2000
ITU standards on UPT (universal personal
telecommunications)
ETSI
group
on
UMTS
(universal
mobile
telecommunication system)
T1S1, T1E1, T1M1, T1P1 committees, TIA (Telecom
Industry Assoc.), IEEE 802 committee are
developing US standards for PCS

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Perkembangan Komunikasi
Radio Bergerak

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Penetrasi Komunikasi Radio

Bergerak (KRB)
Telepon bergerak selular berkembang paling
pesat dibandingkan dengan jenis komunikasi
lainnya.

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Perkembangan KRB di Dunia

KRB di North
America

AMPS adalah Telepon

selular pertama di Amerika
(Tahun 1983).

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Perkembangan KRB di Dunia

KRB di Eropa

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Perkembangan KRB di Dunia

KRB di Jepang

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Komunikasi Radio Bergerak

Beberapa Terminologi

Base Station; Control Channel; Forward Channel;

Simplex; Half Duplex; Full Duplex; Handoff; Mobile
Station; Mobile Switching Center; Page; Reverse
Channel; Roaming; Subscriber; Transceiver.

Contoh KRB

Sistem Paging
Message bisa berupa
numerik, alphanumerik,
atau voice.
Simpleks

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Komunikasi Radio Bergerak

Contoh KRB

Sistem Telepon Cordless

Sifatnya full dupleks
Awalnya digunakan untuk mengganti kabel
telepon rumah (PSTN).
Berkembang penggunakaanya menjadi
outdoor..

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Komunikasi Radio Bergerak

Contoh KRB

Sistem Telepon Selular

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Perbandingan KRB
Mobile Station

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Perbandingan KRB
Base Station

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Trend Sistem Selular

1G:
Voice

NMT-450

2G: Fokus
pada
kapasitas
dan
Coverage

3G: Fokus pada

data (higher
speed)

B3G: Fokus pada broadband wireless

multimedia services

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