EL5060

Sistem Komunikasi Nirkabel

Bab 1 – Pengenalan Komunikasi

Nirkabel

Program Studi S2 Teknik Elektro

Opsi Teknik Telekomunikasi
Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
 Materi
Sejarah Singkat

Karakteristik dan Isu Teknis

Sistem Wireless Saat Ini

Spektrum

Badan Standard

Perkembangan

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Sejarah Singkat

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 Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless
• 1800s: Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry, Hans Oersted

Percobaan arus induksi
• 1864: James Maxwell
 Teori arus listrik menghasilkan medan elektromagnetik, berkecepatan sama dg
cahaya, cahaya tampak bagian dari spektrum elektromagnetik
• 1873: Maxwell publis 4 persamaan populernya
 Tentang persamaan diferensial parsial yang bisa menggambarkan perubahan
ruang-waktu medan EM
• 1888: Heinrich Hertz
 Membangun pemancar dan penerima radio pertama untuk mengukur gelombang
EM (memverifikasi teori maxwell).

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 Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless ...
• 1895: Guglielmo Marconi
 Membangun sistem telegraf tanpa kabel pertama
• 1901: Guglielmo Marconi
 Pengiriman pesan pertama transmisi transatlantic
• 1906: Reginald Fessenden
 Transmisi voice melalui radio (dari Boston ke kapal di samudera Atlantic)
• 1918: Edwin Armstrong
 Menciptakan radio superheterodyne
• 1933: Armstrong
 Menemukan modulasi frekuensi sebelumnya sudah ditemukan modulasi
amplitudo

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 Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless ...
• 1946: AT&T
 Memperkenalkan layanan telepon bergerak pertama menggunakan FM dengan
bandwidth 120 kHz per kanal.
• Pertengahan-1960s: AT&T’s
 IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) menggunakan 30 kHz kanal suara,
narrowband FM dan direct dialing.
 Telepon bergerak generasi pertama
• Akhir 1960s: AT&T
 Mengembangkan telepon selular dengan konsep frekuensi reuse
• 1971: AT&T
 Propose telepon bergerak kapasitas tinggi ke FCC
• 1979: US standardizes
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) di 800-900 MHz range
• 1983: AT&T meluncurkan AMPS di Chicago 6 / 30
 Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless ...
• 1985: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) di Scandanavia, Total Access
Communications System (TACS) di UK, C450 di Jerman Barat
 Total ada 6 teknologi telepon analog yang tdk kompatibel di Eropa
 Memotivasi Eropa ke Generasi ke-2 (2G)

Second generation digital cellular

• 1989: Europe
 Membuat standar Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
• 1992: GSM diluncurkan
• 1990: Jepang
 Standar Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) sekarang Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
• 1990: Eropa membuat standar Digital Cellular System di 1800 MHz (DCS
1800, sekarang diberi nama GSM 1800)
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 Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless ...
 1993: DCS 1800 diluncurkan
 1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) digelar di US
 1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA di US
 1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) di Jepang, first widespread low-tier
PCS, sukses di Jepang
• 1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major US cities
 Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km), smaller/lighter portable
handsets, cheaper access points
• 1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd generation cellular
• mid-2000s: UMTS, IMT-2000, W-CDMA, cdma2000, EDGE,...
• 2010: 4th generation, 2020: 5th Generation.
 Self organizing, ad hoc?

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Karakteristik dan Isu Teknis

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Karakteristik Mobile Wireless
Mobilitas
Tinggi

Biaya Kapasitas
Terjangkau Besar

Fitur
Flexible Komunikasi
Layanan
Terhadap Bergerak Beragam
Perubahan

Performan
Secure
-si Bagus

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 Isu Teknis

Kanal Perangkat Spektrum Infrastruktur Standard

• Slow Fading • Kecil • Terbatas • Protokol • ITU
• Multipath • Ringan • Perijinan • Media • ETSI
• Doppler • Murah dan lisensi • Availability • FCC
• Atmosfir • Multimode • Efisiensi • Integrated • CEPT
• Baterei • Dll...
• Low Power

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Spektrum

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Spektrum Elektromagnetik

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 Spektrum
• Secara internasional alokasi dilakukan oleh ITU.
• Metoda alokasi spektrum, dilakukan dengan melalui badan regulasi
di masing-masing negara.
• Setiap negara mempunyai badan regulasi masing-masing:
 Indonesia: SDPPI - Kominfo
 US: NTIA, FCC, ANSI
 Eropa: ETSI, CEPT
 Jepang: ARIB

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 Spektrum ...
• Alokasi spektrum untuk sistem sekarang

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Standard

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 Badan Standard

• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

 An agency of United Nations for communications standards and treaty-based
spectrum management
 Up to 1993, composed of 4 groups
– CCITT (Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephone):
recommendations for wired networks
– CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio): study groups for radio spectrum
usage and interworking of wireless systems
– International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB): allocated international frequencies
and organized 1987 and 1992 World Administrative Radio Conferences (WARCs) settling
international questions about spectrum for PCS and satellite services
– General Secretariat

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 Badan Standard ...
 1985 Study Group 8 started work on future public land mobile telecommun. systems
(FPLMTS): 3rd generation wireless or PCS
 1993 Reorganized into 3 sectors
– Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formerly CCIR and IFRB): world conferences, radio
regulations
– Telecommun. Standardization Sector ITU-T (formerly CCITT): all wireline and wireless
standards
– Telecommun. Development Sector (new): promote development of telecommun. in
developing countries
• Conference of European Posts and Telecommunication Administrations
(CEPT)
 Post/telecom administrations of most European nations
 Traditionally coordinated European support of ITU
 Supplanted by ETSI

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 Badan Standard ...

• European Telecommun. Standards Institute (ETSI)

 Established by the European Community for pan-European systems
 Covers GSM, HIPERLAN (wireless LAN)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Project 802 studies LANs
 802.11 wireless LAN standard

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 Badan Standrad ...
• FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates licenses for US
radio spectrum
 1979 Single nationwide standard allowed roaming in first generation cellular
systems (AMPS)
– slowed push for second generation digital
 1981 Decision to license two (20 MHz) wireless providers per market: (1) local
telephone company (2) non-wireline company
 Letting market decide among various 2nd generation technologies, constrained to
share frequency bands with 1st generation
 1994 Auction of PCS spectrum in 1900 MHz range

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 Badan Standrad ...
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 T1 committee for US standards supporting ITU
– T1A1 Performance and signal processing
– T1E1 Network interfaces
– T1M1 Interwork operations, administration, maintenance
– T1P1 Systems engineering, standards planning
– T1S1 Services, architecture, signaling
– T1X1 Digital hierarchy, synchronization
 T1E1 and T1P1 subcommittees are working on PCS
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 Telecommun. Industry Assoc. (TIA) is a branch representing equipment vendors to
develop cellular standards
 1988 TR45 Committee on Digital Cellular Standards began 2nd generation cellular
standards
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 Badan Standrad ...
 1992 EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) defined air interface based on TDMA (dual
mode with AMPS)
 1993 TR45.5 subcommittee publishes EIA/TIA IS-95 based on CDMA
 TR45.4 subcommittee is working on PCS
• FCC is letting market decide among various technologies
 TDMA (IS-136)
 CDMA (IS-95)
 digital AMPS (IS-54-B), also TDMA
 narrowband analog AMPS (N-AMPS)
 narrowband extended TDMA (E-TDMA)

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 Badan Standrad ...
 2005+ timeframe
 ITU-R studies of FPLMTS (future public land mobile telecommunications system)
- now called IMT-2000
 ITU standards on UPT (universal personal telecommunications)
 ETSI group on UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system)
 T1S1, T1E1, T1M1, T1P1 committees, TIA (Telecom Industry Assoc.), IEEE 802
committee are developing US standards for PCS

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Perkembangan

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Teknologi Seluler

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 Sistem Wireless Saat Ini
Wifi
Cordless Phone
5G Cellular
Vehicle to Everything
Long Range Wireless Power
Long Power Wide Area Network
Wireless Sensing Network
Enhanced Wireless Location Tracking
Millimeter Communication
Software Defined radio
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Teknologi Seluler dan Wifi

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 Teknologi Satelit

Sputnik-1 (1957) Explorer-1 Echo-1 Courier-1B

Telstar-1 Syncom-2 Intelsat-1

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 Teknologi Satelit ...

Palapa-A (1976) Palapa-B Palapa-C Palapa-D

Telkom-1 Cakrawarta Garuda 29 / 30

Teknologi Satelit ...

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High Altitude Platform

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HAPS Study di 38 – 39.5 GHz

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HAPS Study di 27.9-28.2 (D) dan 31-31.3 (U) GHz

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HAPS Study Cellular System

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