Metode Numerik

Pendahuluan

Achmad Hidayatno / Enda

Wista S.
Jurusan Teknik Elektro
Undip Semarang
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 Standar Kompetensi
Setelah menyelesaikan Mata Kuliah
ini mahasiswa Teknik Elektro
Semester IV akan mampu
menyelesaiakan/ menghitung (C3)
problem hitung numerik dengan
berbagai metoda secara manual

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 Buku Rujukan
Chapra, S.C. dan Canale, R.P.,
Numerical Method for Engineer 4th
Ed, Wiley , 2005.
Munir, R., Metode Numerik,
Informatika, Bandung, 2013
Rosloneic, S., Fundamentals
Numerical Methods for Electrical
Engineering, Springer, 2008

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 Aturan Perkuliahan
Busana mahasiswa sopan rapi
(mahasiswa tidak boleh :1. Pakai kaos
tanpa kerah, 2. Sandal)
Toleransi terlambat 15 menit dari
jadwal
Tidak boleh mengenakan jaket
Tidak boleh menggunakan
HP/SmartPhone/Gadget/dan sejenisnya
selama kuliah berlangsung.
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 Bobot penilaian
UTS : 40%
UAS : 40%
Tugas : 20%
Rentang Nilai:
80 :A
70 79 :B
56 69 :C
45 55 :D
< 44 :E
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 Pokok bahasan (Paruh
Pertama)
Pendahuluan
Deret Taylor dan Analisis Galat
Solusi persamaan nonlinear
Solusi Persamaan Linear Simultan
Interpolasi dan Regresi I
Interpolasi dan Regresi II

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 Pokok bahasan (Paruh
Kedua)
Integral Numerik I
Integral Numerik II
Diferensiasi Numerik
Solusi Persamaan Diferensial Biasa I
Solusi Persamaan Diferensial Biasa II
Solusi Persamaan Diferensial Biasa
III

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 Kompetensi Dasar
Setelah menyelesaikan pokok
bahasan ini, mahasiswa Jurusan
Teknik Elektro, semester IV akan
mampu menjelaskan perbedaan
penyelesaian persamaan matematik
secara analitik dan numerik dengan
tingkat kebenaran 90 %

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Why are Numerical Methods so
widely used in Engineering?

Engineers use mathematical modeling (equations and data)

to describe and predict the behavior of systems.
Closed-form (analytical) solutions are only possible and
complete for simple problems (geometry, properties, etc.).
Computers are widely available, powerful, and (relatively)
cheap.
Powerful software packages are available (special or
general purpose).

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 Why study Numerical
Methods?
Numerical Analysis is a Discipline:
Need to understand concepts and theory
- Know what problems can be solved.
- Know what problems cannot be solved, or when problems will be
troublesome.
Need to understand methods and techniques
- Know why methods work, or judge when they are working.
- Be able to create or modify tools (software) as needed.
- Evaluate errors, convergence, and stability of arithmetic approximations.

Use of Numerical Methods is an Art:

- Numerical methods are approximate.
- The most appropriate method(s) is not always obvious.
- Evaluating precision and accuracy is an essential part of the process.

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 A Simple Mathematical
Model
A mathematical model can be broadly
defined as a formulation or equation that
expresses the essential features of a
physical system or process in
mathematical terms.
Models can be represented by a functional
relationship between dependent variables,
independent variables, parameters, and
forcing functions.

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 Model Function
Dependent independent forcing
f ,parameters,
variable variables functions

Dependent variable - a characteristic that

usually reflects the behavior or state of the
system
Independent variables - dimensions, such as
time and space, along which the systems
behavior is being determined
Parameters - constants reflective of the systems
properties or composition
Forcing functions - external influences acting
upon the system Kuliah 1: TKE1233 _ Metode
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 Model Function Example
Assuming a bungee jumper is in mid-
flight, an analytical model for the
jumpers velocity, accounting for
drag, is
gm gcd
vt tanh t
cd m

Dependent variable - velocity v

Independent variables - time t
Parameters - mass m, drag coefficient
cd
Forcing function - gravitational
acceleration g Kuliah 1: TKE1233 _ Metode 15
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 Model Results
Using a computer (or a calculator), the model can
be used to generate a graphical representation of
the system. For example, the graph below
represents the velocity of a 68.1 kg jumper,
assuming a drag coefficient of 0.25 kg/m

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 Numerical Modeling
Some system models will be given as implicit
functions or as differential equations - these can be
solved either using analytical methods or numerical
methods.
Example - the bungee jumper velocity equation
from before is the analytical solution to the
dv
differential equation c
g d
v 2

dt m
where the change in velocity is determined by the
gravitational forces acting on the jumper versus the
drag force.

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 Numerical Methods
To solve the problem using a
numerical method, note that the
time rate of change of velocity can
be approximated as:

dv v vti1 vti

dt t ti1 ti

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 Euler's Method
Substituting the finite difference into
the differential equation gives
dv cd 2
= v
g
dt m
v(ti+1) v(ti) cd
ti+1 ti = g v 2
m
Solve for
cd
v(ti+1) = v(ti) + g v(ti)2 (ti+1 ti)
m
new = oldKuliah+1: TKE1233slope
_ Metode
step
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 Numerical Results
Applying Euler's method in 2 s intervals yields:

How do we improve the solution?

Smaller steps

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 Contoh Soal
23,4 x 7 1,25 x 6 120 x 4 15 x 3 120 x 2 x 100 0

1 (120 x 2 x )
2
1
27,8e cos
5x

x 17 x 65
x y=f(x)
2,5 1,4256
3,0 1,7652
3,5 2,0005
4,4 2,8976
6,8 3,8765
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 Metode Analitik vs Metode
Numerik
Metode Analitik
Disebut juga metode sejati karena
memberikan hasil sejati (exact solution),
galatnya nol
Terapannya terbatas
Metode Numerik
Disebut juga metode aproksimasi
(penghampiran), ada nilai galat
Cara berhitung dengan angka-angka dengan
operasi aritmetika biasa (tambah, kurang,
kali, bagi)
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 Tahapan Pemecahan Masalah
secara Numerik
Pemodelan
Penyederhanaan Model
Formulasi Numerik
Penentuan Metode Numerik, berdasar:
Ketelitian
Kecepatan
Kepekaan
Pemrograman
Operasional
Evaluasi

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 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to how closely a computed or
measured value agrees with the true value,
while precision refers to how closely individual
computed or measured values agree with each
other.
a) inaccurate and imprecise
b) accurate and imprecise
c) inaccurate and precise
d) accurate and precise

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 Analisis Numerik
Adalah kajian baru tentang analisis
galat dan kecepatan konvergensi suatu
metode.
Para analis numerik bertugas:
Mengembangkan metode numerik
Membuktikan konvergensi suatu metode
Menganalisis batas galat
Mengidentifikasi sumber galat
Menjamin ketelitian hasil
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Ringkasan Materi Metode
Numerik

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