Tumbuh Kembang Anak

Usia Prasekolah
Oleh:
Reny Mareta Sari 101614153005
Amalia Dwi Aryanti 101614153008
Melsa Oktavia 101614153039
 Pendahuluan
Menurut teori Erikson (dalam Nursalam, 2005),
pada usia prasekolah anak berada pada fase
inisiatif vs rasa bersalah (initiative vs guilty).
Pada masa ini, rasa ingin tahu (courius) dan
adanya imajinasi anak berkembang, sehingga
anak banyak bertanya mengenai segala sesuatu
di sekelilingnya yang tidak diketahuinya.
 Anak juga akan mengidentifikasi figur atau
perilaku kedua orang tuanya sehingga
kecenderungan untuk meniru tingkah laku
orang dewasa disekitarnya.
Pada masa usia prasekolah anak mengalami
proses perubahan dalam pola makan dimana
pada umunya anak mengalami kesulitan
untuk makan.
 Definisi
Anak usia prasekolah adalah anak usia 3-5
tahun saat dimana sebagian besar sistem
tubuh telah matur dan stabil serta dapat
menyesuaikan diri dengan stres dan
perubahan yang moderat (Wong, 2008)
Anak usia prasekolah merupakan masa
kanak-kanak awal, yaitu berada pada usia tiga
sampai enam tahun (Potter & Perry, 2005).
Ciri-Ciri Anak Usia Prasekolah
 Pertumbuhan usia 3-6 th
Tinggi badan
Pada usia 3 tahun lebih kurang 90-95 cm
Pada usia 4 tahun lebih kurang 95-100 cm, 2 x
TB lahir
Pada usia 5 tahun lebih kurang 100-105 cm
Pada usia 6 tahun lebih kurang 105-110 cm, 2,5
x TB lahir
diperkirakan anak bertambah tinggi lebih
kurang 6-8 sentimeter setiap tahunnya
Grafik Tinggi Badan
 Berat badan
Berat badan mengalami kenaikan pertahunnya
rata-rata 2 kg
Rata-rata BB
3 th 4 th 5 th 6 th

14,6 kg 16,7 kg 18,7 18 kg - 23,6 kg

 Gigi
Pada usia 3 tahun gigi susu juga sudah lengkap
(20 gigi) keadaan ini memungkinkan anak
untuk mengunyah dengan baik sehingga
dapat mengunyah apa saja. Gigi tetap mulai
ada ketika anak mencapai usia 6 tahun.
 Otak
Pada usia 3 tahun otak sudah mencapai tiga perempat
ukuran otak orang dewasa
Pada usia 5 tahun sudah sembilan persepuluh ukuran
otak orang dewasa
 Lingkar kepala
Untuk memonitoring kecepatan pertumbuhan
otak
3 th : + 2,5 cm (49,5 52,1cm)
5 th 6 th : 1,25 cm / th
Grafik Pertumbuhan Lingkar Kepala
 Mata
Kematangan pengelihatan pada usia
prasekolah
Pada akhir masa usia prasekolah (6 tahun)
otot-otot mata sudah berkembang
sedemikian rupa sehingga memungkinkan
anak menggerakkan matanya secara efisien
untuk melihat sederetan huruf-huruf
Perkembangan Usia 3-6 th
Windows of Opportunity Perkembangan Anak pada Usia 0 - 7 Tahun

(Sumber : The worlds chidren 2001, Source : M.McCain and F. Mustard, Reversing the real brain
drain : Early years study, Ontario, April 1999, p.31, adapted from Doherty,1997)
 Physical Development
3 Years 4 Years 5 Years

Gross Motor Gross Motor Gross Motor

Balances on one foot (15 seconds) Runs smoothly, varying speeds Balance on one feet

Hops on one foot (3 times) Hops on one foot (49 times) Skips smoothly

Shows lack of coordination (3 Balances on one foot (8 10 Uses roller skates

years) stumbling, falling seconds)
Turns somersaults. Bounces ball with beginning control Rides bicycle with training wheels

Catches large ball, arms flexed Throws ball overhand Balances on tiptoes

Fine Motor Handles stairs with alternating feet Fine Motor

using rail
Copies circle Fine Motor Handedness firmly established

imitates cross Copies cross and square Colors within lines

Builds with Legos, bristle blocks, Attempts to cut on straight line Cuts on line
etc.
Builds tower of 10 cubes Has established hand dominance Copies circle, square, and triangle

Spontaneously draws Writes on page at random Is not adept at pasting or gluing

Handedness may shift May try to print own name Draws within small areas

Imitates snipping with scissors Draws personarms and legs Ties knot in string after
directly from head demonstration
 Cognitive/ language Development
3 Years 4 Years 5 Years

Receptive Language
Follows two unrelated Understands opposite analogies
commands
Identifies same versus Follows 3-stage commands
different with pictures
Responds to verbal limits Listens eagerly to stories
and directions
Identifies 2-3 colors Follows directions with
prepositions (e.g., above,
under)
Listen attentively to
short stories
Choose objects that are
hard/ soft, heavy/ light,
big/ little
 3 Years 4 Years 5 Years

Expressive Language

Converses in sentences Uses all parts of speech correctly

Answers simple yes/no questions Has vocabulary of 2,000- plus words
Rote counts to 5 Uses color names
Repeats nursery rhymes Defines words in terms of use (e.g., car, pencil)

Counts 23 items Asks many questions (e.g., why, what, how)

Has 5075% articulation of consonants Has 100% production and use of consonants

Has vocabulary of 1,500 words Corrects own errors in pronunciation of new words

Tells age using fingers Has sense of humor and self-laughing

Loves silly songs, names

Increasing use of imagination

Enjoys dress-up play

Is interested in time concepts (e.g., yesterday, hour,

minute)

Identifies several capabilities

Rote counts to 10

Counts 4 items
Categorize animals, toys, food

Matches geometric form

Identifies missing part

 3 Years
Cognitive
Uses words for ordering
perceptions and experiences
Understands past versus
present
Shows curiosity; asks endless
questions
Matches colors (2 or 3)
Completes 6-piece puzzles
Tells a simple story
Answers sensibly to Why
do we have stoves? etc
4 Years 5 Years
Is often ready to enter
kindergarten
Appreciate past, present, and
future
Can count objects when asked
how many?
Matches 10-12 colors
States address, age, name, and
age of siblings
Acts out stories
Learn left from right
Begin to enjoy humorous
stories and slapstick humor
Predict what will happen next
 Cognitive/ Language Development
(5 years)
School Milestone
1. Prints first name and simple word
2. Writing in mostly capital letters
3. Frequently copies left to right
4. Reversals are common (e.g., write b as d)
5. Read letters in sequence
6. Recognize first name
7. Recognize several or all numeral on clock, phone, calendar
8.Counts and points to 13 objects
9. Adds and substracts using 5 fingers
10.Is capable of self-critism
 Psychosocial Development
3 Years
Is ready to conform to spoken
word
Begins to take turns
Plays simple group games
Shows fear (visual fears, heights,
loss of parents, nightmares)
Toilets self during the day
Uses language to resist
Is able to bargain with adults.
Tries to please
May have imaginary playmates
4 Years
Is dogmatic and dramatic
Shows urge to conform/ please is
diminished
May have control issues
May be physically aggressive
Is self-sufficient in own home
Has nightmares
May argue, boast, and make alibis
Calls attention to own performance Fears parental loss, thunder, and
scary animals
Bosses and criticizes others
Rarely sleeps at nap time
Separates from mother easily
Often has special friend
Prefers peers to adults
Washes face, brushes teeth, and
dresses self
Uses bathroom unassisted
5 Years
Enjoys small group cooperative play
often noisy
Listens and participates in 20-
minute group activity
Knows when certain events occur
Accept adult help and supervision
In serious, businesslike, and self-
assured
Wants to help and please adults
Enjoys competitive exercise games
More conscious of body, wants
Respects peers and their property
 Tugas Perkembangan Pada Masa Usia
Pra Sekolah
Belajar berjalan
Belajar memakan makanan padat
Belajar berbicara
Belajar buang air kecil dan buang air besar
Belajar mengenal perbedaan jenis kelamin
Mencapai kestabilan jasmaniah fisiologis
Membentuk konsep-konsep (pengertian) sederhana
kenyataan sosial dan alam
Belajar mengadakan hubungan emosional dengan orang
tua, saudara / orang lain
Belajar mengadakan hubungan baik dan buruk
(mengembangkan kata hati).
Terimakasih