Embriologi muskuloskeletal

Lapisan pembentuk
muskuloskeletal
A. Mesoderm
 Lapisan paraksial
Lapisan lateral :
1. Lapisan somatik/parietal
2. Lapisan visceral/spanlknik
B. Ektoderm
 Neural crista
 Embriologi skeltal
• Dibentuk oleh 3 bagian:
1. Mesoderm parakasial
2. Mesoderm parietal
3. Krista neuralis
• Nantinya somit akan berdeferensiasi menjadi :
1. Sklerotom
2. Dermomiotom
3. Ventromedial
4. Dorsolateral
• Pada akhir minggu ke-4
sel sklerotom akan mengalami kehilangan
episial dan menjadi polimorfik yag tersusun
longgar yaitu mesenkim / jar.ikat embrional
Nantinya mesenkim akan berdeferansiasi
menjadi: fibroblast,kondroblast,osteblast
2. Mesoderm lateral
akan membentuk tlg gelang
bahu,pelvis,sternum
3. Sel krista neural
terlertak di regio kepala. Akan berdeferensiasi
menjadai :
• Mesenkim
• Pembentuk tulang wajah
 Tengkorak
Dibagi olah 2 bagian :
1. Neurokranium
• Bagian membranosa
• Bagian kartilaginosa/kondrokranium
2. Viserokranium
• Arkus faring pertama
• Arkus faring kedua + ba.dorsal prosesus
mandibularis
Osifikasi intramembranosa
Oksifikasi endokondral
 Vetebral dan Kolumna Vetebratalis

Vetebrata
Pada minggu ke - 4
• Terjadi Resegmentasi ,yaitu terjadi ketika
separuh kaudal setiap skelrotom tumbuh ke
dalam dan menyatu dengan separuh sefalik
 Iga dan Sternum
Tulang iga berasal dari sel-sel sklerotom yang tersisa
di mesoderm paraksial dan yang tumbuh keluar dari
prosesus kostalis vertebra
toraks.
Kartilago kostalis terbentuk oleh sel-sel
sklerotom yang bermigrasi melewati perbatasan
somitik lateral ke dalam mesoderm lempeng
lateral di dekatnya.
 Sternum berkembang
secara independen di dalam lapisan parietal
mesoderm lempeng lateral di dinding tubuh
ventral.
Dua pita sternum terbentuk di lapisan parietal
(somatik) mesoderm lempeng lateral di setiap sisi
garis tengah, dan kemudian menyatu untuk
membentuk model kartilaginosa manubrium,
sternebrae dan prosesus xifoideus.
 Myogenesis
• Smooth muscle – some cells originate
from undifferentiated splanchnic
mesoderm mesenchymal cells. Smooth
muscle surrounding blood vessels
originates fromsomatic mesoderm.
Others (iris of the eye, myoepithelial
cells in mammary and sweat glands)
originate from ectoderm. Differentiate
to express smooth muscle actin and
myosin for contraction but remain
mononuclear

• Skeletal muscle ‐ cells originate from the

paraxial mesoderm. Myoblasts undergo
frequent divisions and then fuse to form
multinucleated, syncytial myotubes that
mature to form adult muscle fibres.

• Cardiac muscle ‐ cells originate from the

prechordal splanchnic mesoderm. Discussed
later
 Myogenesis

Maturation hypertrophy
to increase size and
Proliferative phase expression of adult
myofilament genes =
mature muscle fiber
Myogenic Myoblasts Myotube
progenitors
Muscles, muscle fibres and
myofibrils
 The origin of embryonic myoblasts in the chick

Epaxial Dermamyotome
Wnt
Somite
Neural
tube
Hypaxial

Notochord Shh Sclerotome Pax3-expressing

myoblasts migrate
into limb-bud
Myogenesis in the mouse
(for example)
Formation of the myotome

• Muscle progenitors delaminate

from the edges of the
dermamyotome to form the
myotome.
• Some cells migrate into the limb
buds. At E10.5 the dermamyotome
disintegrates centrally and the
main myotome is formed
• Expression of the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) gene
MyoD
 Epaxial and hypaxial components of the
myotome E11.5 mouse embryos.

Eloy-Trinquet S , Nicolas J Development 2002;129:111-122

 Differentiation of primary myotubes in the mouse hind-limb (12-14
dpc) and the beginning of fibre type patterning

Fusion of myoblasts is ordered and synchronous.

Nerve is not required for fusion or Myosin Heavy Tendon formation from
Chain Slow expression sclerotome-derived cells
– marked by expression
of Scleraxis (Scx).
Induced by the
myotome.

MyHC expression
1. Embryonic
2. Neonatal
3. Slow
 Secondary myotube formation – mouse hindlimb 14dpc - birth and
continuing fibre type patterning

14-16 dpc - Pioneer motor Secondary myotubes form Late fetal stage- clusters
axons contact primary in Clusters around disperse.
myotubes. Necessary for primaries. MyHC gene expression
survival of myotube and 1.
MyHCEmbryonic
gene expression Primaries – slow MyHC
secondary myotube cluster 2. Neonatal Secondaries - neonatal
formation MyHC
EM sections of developing iliofibularis muscle in chick embryos

Secondary myogenesis
Primary myogenesis