2
PENGERTIAN SYOK SUDAH BERUMUR
3
• ADANYA SILENT EPIDEMIC KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS
1980 AN • LANDASAN DOKTRIN TIME SAVING IS LIFE SAVING
- 2000 (WAKTU ADALAH NYAWA)
• PARADIGMA GLOBAL PENANGGULANGAN SYOK
PENDEKATAN SISTIM, FUNGSI, TERPADU DAN KOMPREHENSIF
LANDASAN PEMIKIRAN
PADA SITUASI NORMAL CUKUP PERFUSI ATAU OKSIGENASI
METABOLISME AEROBIK
GLUKOSA + O2 H2O + CO2 + 38 ATP
PADA SYOK GANGGUAN PERFUSI ATAU OKSIGENASI
METABOLISME ANAEROBIK
GLUKOSA (TANPA O2) ASAM LAKTAT + 2 ATP
ARAH TINDAKAN
BAGAIMANA MEMPERBAIKI PERFUSI / OKSIGENASI
JARINGAN SECEPATNYA
10 14 20 13 6
100
% MORTALITY RATE
80
60
40
20
140 SURVIVED
120 +
LACTATE mgm %
+ + +
100
80
60
+
40
20
100
Percent
survival
80
60
40
20
0
0 30 60 90
Minutes
From: Stene JK, Grande CM, Gieseke A, 1991 8
9
UNSUR2 PEMBEDA PADA SHOCK UNSUR YANG
SAMA PADA
SYOK
SYOK SYOK SYOK SYOK - COMMON
HIPOVOLEMIA KARDIOGENIK ANAFILACTIC SEPTIK TERMINAL
- PERDARAHAN PATH WAY
- KEHILANGAN
CAIRAN
10
Bagan 6
PERTOLONGAN PADA SYOK PENDEKATAN TERPADU
BERORIENTASI FUNGSI / SISTIM
PARU
JAN
O2 TUNG
AIRWAY CIRCULATION
(A) BREATHING (C)
(B) BRAIN
2. TAHAP KEDUA
TETAPKAN DIAGNOSA DAN TERAPI DEFENITIF
11
Bagan 9
4. PARADIGMA : PADA SYOK KARENA PERDARAHAN PERFUSI
DAN OKSIGENASI JARINGAN DAPAT DIPERBAIKI
DENGAN TERAPI CAIRAN (HEMODILUSI) UNTUK
MENGEMBALIKAN VOLUME DARAH DAN
MENINGKATKAN CARDIAC OUTPUT (1964)
13
PENGGUNAAN = CARDIAC X ISI O2 ISI O2
OKSIGEN OUTPUT DARAH DARAH
ARTERI VENA
ANTAR RS
PENDANAAN
PARU
JAN
O2 TUNG
AIRWAY CIRCULATION
(A) BREATHING (C)
(B) BRAIN
2. TAHAP KEDUA
TETAPKAN DIAGNOSA DAN TERAPI DEFENITIF
18
Bagan 9
MODEL PENDEKATAN TERPADU
BERORIENTASI SISTIM / FUNGSI
PENYEBAB
PERDARAHAN
POST PARTUM GANGGUAN
SISTIM / FUNGSI OBGIN
PECAHNYA
VARICESS EVOPHAGUS SYOK PERTAMA KEDUA PENY.
KARENA LIFE SUPPORT DIAGNOSA DALAM
FRAKTUR FEMUR PERDA - DAN
TERBUKA RAHAN PENGGANTIAN TERAPI BEDAH
VOLUME DEFENITIV
ORIENTASI FUNGSI /
SISTIM
19
Bagan 10
IMMEDIATE : CNS injury or heart
and great vessel injury
50
EARLY : Major hemorrhage
40
LATE : Infection and
multiorgan
30 failure
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4hr 1,2 5,6 weeks
Bagan 12
MILD HEMORRHAGE
(<15% BV)
Stage I : vasoconstriction
Stage II
II a : Transcapillary refill ISF IVF
II b : Activation Renin–angiotensin– aldosteron
Sodium + water retension
21
CELLULAR / METABOLIC RESPONSE
Blood Loss
Inadequate
Perfusion
Cell injury
Further volume
alteration
Membrane changes
Fluid disturbance
change
Anaerobic
metabolism
Further circulation Organ Lactic
changes dysfunction acid Î
22
ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT
Circulation
Assess (Class I, II, III, IV)
Control Haemorrhage
Prompt Treatment
23
ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT
24
CLASSIFICATION OF HEMORRHAGE
Class I – IV
Not absolute
Only a clinical guide
Subsequent treatment determined by patient
response
25
Table 1. ESTIMATED FLUID AND BLOOD LOSSES *)
Based on Patient’s Initial Presentation
(For a 70 kg man)
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV
Blood Loss (mL) Up to 750 750 – 1500 1500 – 2000 < 2000
Blood Loss
Up to 15% 15 – 30 % 30 – 40 % < 40 %
(% Blood Vol)
Pulse Rate < 100 < 100 < 120 < 140
Anxious, Confiused,
CNS / Mental Status Slightly anxious Mildly anxious
confused lethargic
Intraosseous
Obtain blood for crossmatch
27
MANAGEMENT FLUID THERAPY
28
THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS
29
Table 2. RESPONSES TO INITIAL FLUID RESUSCITATION
*)
Rapid Transient No
Response Response Response
Transient improve-
Vital Signs Return to normal ment; recurrence of Remain abnormal
BP and HR
Emergency blood
Blood Preparation Type and crossmatch Type – specific
release
Need for Operative
Possibly Likely Highly likely
Intervension
Early Presence of
Yes Yes Yes
Surgeon
MONITOR :
Vital signs
CNS Status
Skin perfusion
Urinary output
Pulse oximetry
End Tidal CO2
Oxygen Extraction
Acid base
31
RESUSCITATION / EVALUATION
Urinary output :
Adults : 0,5 ml/kg/hour
Child : 1 ml/kg/hour
Infant : 2 ml/kg/hour
Inadequate output suggests inadequate
resuscitation
32
SaO2 SvO2 SaO2 – SvO2
33
AVOIDING COMPLICATION
Fluid overload
Invasive monitoring (ICU)
CVP
Pulmonary artery catheter
Other problems :
Resuscitation induced haemorrhage
Post resuscitation injury
No – Reflow phenomenon
Reperfusion injury
34
CVP MONITORING
35
36
37
38
FLUID CHALLENGE TEST
( Rule 2 – 5 )
CVP
Kenaikan C V P
Recognize shock
Stop the bleeding !
Resplenish intravascular volume
Restore organ perfussion
40
THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS
Rapid Response
41
THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS
Transient Response
42
THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS
Minimal to No Response
43
44
45
46
47