Teguh Santoso
Head Injury
• Penyebab:
– Kecelakaan lalu lintas (tersering)
– Luka tembak di kepala
– Terjatuh
– Pereklahian
– Luka akibat olahraga
– Kecelakaan saat aktivitas
Head Injury
• Memiliki prognosis yang buruk
• Kematian pada cedera kepala dapat
terjadi pada:
– Langsung pasca kejadian
– 2 jam pasca kejadian
– 3 minggu pasca kejadian
ANATOMI
Components of the Brain
Fig. 55-1
17/04/2019 8
KLASIFIKASI CEDERA KEPALA (ATLS, 2004)
KLASIFIKASI CEDERA KEPALA
Tipe Cedera kepala
• Skull (Cont…)
– Lokasi fraktur dapt menentukan
perubahan dari manifestasi klinis
pasien
– Facial paralisis
– Battle’s sign
Tipe cedera kepala
= 85 mmHg (Normal)
Fig. 55-4
Head Injury
Complications
• Epidural hematoma
– Pengumpulan darah diantara tengkorak dg
duramater. Biasanya berasal dari arteri yg pecah
oleh karena ada fraktur atau robekan langsung.
– Gejala (trias klasik) :
1. Interval lusid.
2. Hemiparesis/plegia.
3. Pupil anisokor.
Head Injury
Complications
• Subdural hematoma
– Perdrhan yg mengumpul diantra korteks serebri dan
duramater regangan dan robekan vena-vena drainase yg
tdpt di rongga subdural ant. Permk. Otak dg sinus
duramater.
– Gjl klinik biasany tdk terlalu hebat kecuali bila terdapat
efek massa.
– Berdsrkan kronologis SDH dibagi mjd :
1. SDH akut : 1- 3 hr pasca trauma.
2. SDH subakut : 4-21 hr pasca trauma.
3. SDH khronis : > 21 hari.
Epidural and Subdural Hematomas
Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Head Injury
Pemeriksaan penunjang
• CT scan
• MRI
• Cervical spine x-ray
• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
• Craniotomy
• Craniectomy
• Cranioplasty
• Burr-hole (subdural hematom)
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
– GCS score
– Neurologic status
– Presence of CSF leak
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnoses
– Overall goals:
• Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion
• Remain normothermic
• Be free from pain, discomfort, and
infection
• Attain maximal cognitive, motor, and
sensory function
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Nursing implementation
Health Promotion
• Prevent car and motorcycle accidents
• Wear safety helmets
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Nursing implementation
Acute Intervention
• Maintain cerebral perfusion and
prevent secondary cerebral ischemia
• Monitor for changes in neurologic
status
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Nursing implementation
Ambulatory and Home Care
• Nutrition
• Bowel and bladder management
• Spasticity
• Dysphagia
• Seizure disorders
• Family participation and education
Head Injury
Nursing Management
Evaluation
Expected Outcomes
• Maintain normal cerebral perfusion
pressure
• Achieve maximal cognitive, motor, and
sensory function
• Experience no infection, hyperthermia,
or pain
Dong ora???