Taxonomi Penelitian

Epidemiologi
 Taxonomi Penelitian Epidemiologi

1.Berdasarkan tujuan:
2.Berdasarkan bingkai waktu
3.Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan
4.Berdasarkan penelusuran sebab-akibat
5.Berdasarkan pengambilan informasi faktor
sebab & akibat
 Berdasarkan tujuan
• Descriptive studies
– Mendeskripsikan kejadian suatu outcome
– Menjelaskan distribusi masalah kesehatan
terutama berdasarkan faktor orang, tempat dan
waktu
• Analytic studies
– Mendeskripsikan asosiasi antara exposure dan
outcome
– studi mengenai determinants dari masalah
kesehatan
 Berdasarkan tujuan

1. Diskriptif:
a. Laporan kasus
b. Seri kasus
c. Studi kros-seksional
d. Studi ekologi

2. Analitik:
a. Kasus-kontrol
b. Kohort
c. Studi intervensi
 Berdasarkan bingkai waktu
(outcome dgn mulainya penelitian)
 Timeframe of Studies
• Prospective Study - looks forward,
looks to the future, examines future
events, follows a condition, concern or
disease into the future

time

Study begins here

 Timeframe of Studies
• Retrospective Study - “to look back”,
looks back in time to study events that
have already occurred

time

Study begins here

 Prospective cohort study
Disease
Exposure Study starts occurrence

time

Disease
Study starts Exposure occurrence

time
 Retrospective cohort studies

Disease
Exposure occurrence Study starts

time

Case study
Salmonella in Belfast
 Case control study

Exposure
? Disease
? Controls

Retrospective nature
 Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan

• Experimental
– Peniliti mempunyai kontrol terhadap pemaparan

• Observational
– Peneliti mengamati pemaparan yg terjadi secara
secara alamiah (Peneliti tidak memanipulasi
pemaparan)
Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan

a. Penelitian observasional:
1. Penelitian diskriptif
2. Kasus-kontrol
3. Studi kohort

b. Penelitian intervensi:
1. Trial/eksperimental
2. Penelitian kuasi eksperimental
Berdasarkan penelusuran sebab-akibat

a. Tak ada:
- Penelitian diskriptif

b. Ada:
1. Ke depan (forward looking): dari exposure ke
outcome
a. Kohort prospektif
b. Kohort retrospektif
c. Studi intervensi

2. Ke belakang (backward looking) dari outcome ke

exposure
Kasus-kontrol
Berdasarkan pengambilan informasi
faktor sebab & akibat
1. Informasi status sebab & akibat pada saat
yang sama: Studi kros-seksional

2. Informasi status sebab & akibat pada saat

yang berbeda (sebab yg terjadi waktu yg
lalu atau sedang berjalan):
Studi longitudinal:
a. Studi kasus-kontrol
b. Studi kohort
c. Studi intervensi
 Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional
• Consider effect of smoking on lung cancer
• Longitudinal study
– Investigator classifies people into smokers (E+) and
non-smokers (E-) as of 1970
– Investigator compares incidence of lung cancer in E+
and E- group accrued between 1980 and 2000

• Cross-sectional study
– Investigator classifies people into ever-smokers (E+)
and never-smokers (E-)
– Investigator compares incidence or prevalence of lung
cancer in E+ and E- group
Study Design Exercise

DZ
-

DZ

Cross-Sectional Study
 Defined Population

Gather data on exposure and disease

Exposed, Not Exposed,

Exposed, Not Exposed,
Do not have Do not have
Have disease Have disease
disease disease
 Study Design

Disease
(Outcome)_
+

Exposure +
(Risk Factor)
_
Study Design Exercise

DZ
E

E -

DZ

Case-Control Study
 Case control study

Exposure
? Disease
? Controls

Retrospective nature
Study Design Exercise

DZ

E
DZ

DZ
DZ
E

- DZ

Cohort Study
 Cohort studies

exposed

unexposed
 Cohort studies

exposed

Incidence among
exposed

unexposed

Incidence among
unexposed