Minggu 5

16 -17 Mac 2017

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Nyatakan H0 dan Ha

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Pengujian Hipotesis

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Nilai Kritikal

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 Nilai Statistik Pengujian
• Ini adalah nilai yang dikira dan dijadikan
bukti sama ada hipotesis sifar benar atau
salah.
• Jika nilai statistik pengujian masuk dalam
kawasan kritikal maka H0 adalah salah,
ditolak dan Ha gagal ditolak.
• Jika nilai statistik pengujian masuk dalam
kawasan tidak kritikal maka H0 adalah
benar, maka gagal menolak H0.

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 TABURAN PERSAMPELAN

Hipotesis tak berarah

Hipotesis berarah +ve Hipotesis berarah -ve

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NILAI-NILAI KRITIKAL BAGI
UJIAN-Z

UJIAN 0.01 0.05

1% 5%
TIDAK BERARAH 2.58 1.96

BERARAH 2.33 1.64

POSITIF
BERARAH 2.33 1.64
NEGATIF
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8
LANGKAH PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS

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 Statistik Pengujian

Z kira =

t kira =

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 Ujian-Z dan Ujian-t
(membanding satu kumpulan dengan “norms”)
Digunakan bagi skor-skor yang bertabur secara
normal (juga dipanggil skor-skor piawai – skor z)
dan dengan itu pengujian hipotesis ini dinamakan
ujian-z

ZI kritikal
=
α digunakan untuk membanding sesuatu kumpulan
dengan “norm” bagi sesuatu populasi. Bilangan
sampel bagi penggunaan ujian-z lazimnya adalah
lebih besar daripada 30.

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DISEBALIKNYA, jika taburan
Ujian-z skor-skor adalah
dan Ujian-t
normal tetapi bilangan
(membanding satusampel
kumpulanyang digunakan
dengan “norms”)
adalah kecil (n<30) maka UJIAN-t digunakan pakai
dan statistik pengujiannya berubah menjadi………..

t kritikal =
oleh G.W. Gossett di bawah nama samaran ia itu,
Student t, dengan itu ujian tersebut dinamakan ujian-
t.

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One Sample Z-test

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 One Sample Z-test
• If the calculated Z falls outside of the “likely”
zone of our distribution, we reject the null
hypothesis.
• The area in the distribution that falls outside of
the “likely” zone is called the “region of rejection”
the probability of making a Type 1 error
• Typically a is set at .05

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A sampling distribution for H0 showing the region of
rejection for  = .05 in a 2-tailed z-test.

2-tailed regions

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A sampling distribution for H0 showing the region of
rejection for  = .05 in a 1-tailed z-test.

1-tailed region, above mean

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A sampling distribution for H0 showing the region of rejection for
 = .05 in a 1-tailed z-test where a decrease in the mean is
predicted.

1-tailed region, below mean

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Contoh 1

Seorang pensyarah telah membuat rekod markah

pencapaian pelajar untuk subjek KP2 dan didapati min
populasi adalah μ, is 72. Kumpulan 36 orang pelajar yang
mendaftar untuk semester berikutnya mempunyai
pencapaian dengan min markah ialah 75.2. Apakah
terdapat perbezaan pencapaian pelajar semester tersebut
jika dibandingkan dengan pencapaian keseluruhan
populasi.

Use α = 0. 05 and σ = 12
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Use α = 0. 05 and σ = 12
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Hipotesis Nol
H0 :Tidak terdapat perbezaan pencapaian antara sampel
pelajar dengan populasi

Ha: Terdapat perbezaan pencapaian antara sampel

pelajar dengan populasi
TEST STATISTIC Z

X  0 75.2  72
z 
*
  1.60
 12
n 36

TEST CRITERIA
  0.05
z  z0.05  ________ 22
Kawasan penolakan dan
p-value

0 1.60

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Kesimpulan
Keputusan: ?
 Computing Confidence Interval

• We seek the highest and lowest µ that are not

significantly different from the sample mean.

• You are calculating interval that the μ of the

population that you are studying will fall on
AND you are K% sure of this interval.

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 Confidence Interval Estimation of Population
Mean, μ, when σ is known
Assumptions
– Population standard deviation σ is known
– Population is normally distributed
– If population is not normal, use large sample

(where Z is the normal distribution’s critical value for a probability of α/2

in each tail)

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• Consider a 95% confidence interval:
1    .95   .05  / 2  .025

α .475 .475 α
 .025  .025
2 2

Z
Z= -1.96 0 Z= 1.96
Lower Upper
Confidence Point Estimate Confidence
Limit Limit

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 Two-tailed hypothesis
• If we take a sample of 30 students and find their average
IQ to be 106.58, we can test whether the population from
which our sample came had an average IQ of 100
H0: m=100 (average IQ)
Ha:m ≠ 100

• Convert our sample mean to Z statistics

(106.58-100)/2.74 = 2.4

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Z=-2.4 Z= 2.4

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 The t Distribution
We use t when the population variance is unknown (the usual case)
and sample size is small. If you use a stat package for testing
hypotheses about means, you will use t.

The t distribution is a short, fat relative of the normal. The shape of t depends on
its degree of freedom (n-1). As N becomes infinitely large, t becomes normal.
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One-Sample T-test

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 One-Sample T-test
• After calculating t-statistic, we find associated
p-value
• SPSS does this for us
• T is about the same as Z in large samples.
• For this class we will always use T

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Making a decision

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 One sample t-test

As sample size increases, the

results from a t-test approximate a
z-test

SPSS only does one sample t-tests

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Formula for one sample t -test

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Confidence interval for one sample t
test

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 Summary : Confidence Interval
(1 - )% confidence interval for a population parameter

P ( C. I. encloses true population parameter ) = 1 - 

Note:  = P(Confidence Interval misses true population parameter )

“Proportion of times such a CI misses the population parameter”

Margin of Error
Point critical Std. dev. of
estimate
± value · point estimate

sample statistic standard deviation of

or sampling distribution
ex: X z / 2 t / 2 (aka “Standard Error”) 38
Contoh

ID Skor ID Skor
1 83 11 127
2 122 12 115
3 126 13 98
4 110 14 136
5 114 15 87
6 129 16 138
7 106 17 84
8 82 18 93
9 112 19 111
10 131 20 148
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 Latihan
Purata skor Matematik pada peperiksaan
yang lepas ialah 75.5. Seramai 200 orang
pelajar mengambil peperiksaan tersebut min
skor Matematik ialah 78 dan sisihan piawai
ialah 6.7. Uji sama ada prestasi skor sampel
adalah lebih baik dari prestasi skor populasi
pada aras signifikan 0.05.

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