Dokter pembimbing :
Dr. dr. Diana Samara, MKK
Kelompok 5:
Dahniar Rachmi Aji Ningtias 03014042
Bionardo 03015046
Farah Jihan S 03015075
Ismail Fattahillah Elang P 03015089
Kholifatul Ulya 03015099
Prinastiti Setiawati 03015152
Rosmanita Cahyani 03015169
Maruyama K, Yorifuji T, Tsuda T, Sekikawa T, Nakadaira H, Saito H. Methyl mercury exposure at Niigata, Japan: Results of neurological examinations of 103 adults. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:8–10.
Epidemiologi
Amin-zaki L, Majeed MA, Clarkson TW, Greenwood MR. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraqi children: clinical observations over two years. Br Med J. 1978 Mar 11. 1(6113):613-6.
ALUR PAPARAN MERKURI
Ceccatelli S, Dare E, Moors M. methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute,
Sweden, Chemico-biological interactions 2010, 301-308
Kematian Sel diinduksi oleh Metilmerkuri
• Metilmerkuri menginduksi apoptosis kaspase-independen di sel granula
serebelar, sel astrositoma D384 dan sel hipokampus HT22
• Sel saraf punca metilmerkuri menginduksi apoptosis melalui jalur
mitokondria klasik dan pelepasan sitokrom c dari ruang antarmembran
mitokondria
Kematian Sel diinduksi oleh Metilmerkuri
• Dalam sitosol, sitokrom c berinteraksi dengan apoptotic protease-activating
factor-1 (Apaf-1) aktivasi procaspase-9 sehingga membelah dan
mengaktifkan procaspase-3
• Calcium-regulated proteases calpains diaktifkan dalam sel saraf punca yang
terpapar methylmercury meningkatkan kalsium intrasel
• Aktivasi kalpain juga terdeteksi pada sel granula serebelar yang terpapar
metilmerkuri
Kematian Sel diinduksi oleh Metilmerkuri
• Sel terpapar metilmerkuri translokasi Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) dari
ruang antarmembran mitokondria ke dalam nukleus menghasilkan kondensasi
kromatin dan degradasi DNA skala besar fragmen dengan berat molekul tinggi
ciri apoptosis
• Lisosom apabila terinduksi metilmerkuri sensitif dan labil apoptosis
(kemungkinan melalui proses oksidatif yang dikatalisasi besi intralisosom )
SISTEM TARGET AKUT KRONIS
Kardiovaskuler Hipertensi, jantung berdebar, kejut Hipertensi, takikardi
hipovolemik, pingsan
Paru paru Nafas pendek, pneumonitis, edema,
GEJALA KLINIS emfisema, pneumatocele, sakit dada
pleuritik, batuk, fibrosis interstitial,
KERACUNAN RDS
MERKURI Saluran Nausea, muntah, sakit perut parah, Konstipasi, diare, generalized
pencernaan diare, pendarahan di sistem distress
pencernaan
Sistem syaraf Tremor, gangguan iritabilitas, Tremor, insomnia, rasa malu,
pusat kelesuan, kebingungan, refleks hilang ingatan, depresi,
berkurang, konduksi syaraf, dan anoreksia, sakit kepala,
gangguan pendengaran ataksia, dysarthria, berjalan
tidak stabil, gangguan visual
dan vasomotor, neuropati,
Permenkes Ri No. 57 Tahun 2016 paresthesias
tentpajanan merkuri tahun 2016-
2020 tentang Rencana aksi nasional
pengendalian dampak Kesehatan
akibat pajanan merkuri tahun 2016-
2020
SISTEM TARGET AKUT KRONIS
O ReillyS, Bernaudat L, Siebert U. Sign and Symptoms of Mercury - Exposed Gold Miners. International Journal of Occupational Medicine
and Environmental Health. 2017; 30(2):249-269
Analisa Kadar Hg pada Rambut
• Sampel rambut diambil dengan menggunakan sarung tangan non powder dan
gunting
• Sampel rambut yang diambil >3cm dengan ujungnya dibuang dan hanya
bagian proksimalnya saja yang digunakan (1cm)
• Setiap sampel rambut, sekitar 20 mg, disimpan tertutup dan diberi label
• Analisis hg dilakukan dengan teknik uap dingin menggunakan alat analisa
merkuri Portable Zeeman Lumex (RA915+/RP-91C).
Tatalaksana
• Pengobatan toksisitas menghilangkan paparan pada pasien, perawatan suportif, dan terapi khelasi.
Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012.
Tatalaksana 1. DMSA > aman, efektif
Dosis : Dosis awal 10 mg / kg
• Anti-dotum Merkuri atau 350 mg / m² setiap 8 jam
selama 5 hari.
2. Penicillamine
Dosis : Dewasa 1-2 gram, Anak
20 mg/kg bb dalam dosis yang
Khelasi dibagi.
3. Dimercaprol Alergi
penisilin
Dosis : (IM) dewasa dan anak
2,5-3 mg/kg bb tiap 4 jam/2
hari.
• Kosnett MJ. The Role of Chelation in the Treatment of Arsenic and Mercury Poisoning. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(4):347–54.
• Mikirova N, Casciari J, Hunninghake R. Efficacy of oral DMSA and intravenous EDTA in chelation of toxic metals and improvement of the number of stem/progenitor cells in circulation. Transl Biomed. 2011;2(2):1–8.
Diagnosis Banding
• vertigo
• ensefalopati metabolik
• Parkinson
• alcohol or drug withdrawal
• Stroke
Komplikasi
Jumlah merkuri yang tinggi dan jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan beberapa
kelainan neurologi bervariasi.
• Pada anak-anak (kesulitan perkembangan, gangguan belajar)
• Pada dewasa kerusakan otak, disfungsi neurologis dan ginjal
• Komplikasi pada otak ataksia cerebellar, disartria dan penyempitan bidang
visual (triad hunter-russel)
Prognosis
• Prognosis paparan merkuri sangat bervariasi tergantung pada tingkat
paparan.
• Eksposur yang signifikan dapat menyebabkan koma dan kematian.
• Gejala minor bisa hilang seiring waktu.
• Gejala neurologis yang dapat tertunda dalam presentasi dapat bertahan
selama beberapa dekade.
• Janin dan anak-anak kematian, defisit neurologis permanen, atau
keterbelakangan mental
Rencana Aksi
Nasional
manajamen
risiko dan
dampak
merkuri
• UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch, WHO Department of Food Safety Z and FD. Guidance for Identifying Populations At Risk From Mercury Exposure. IOMC (Inter-Organization Program Sound Manag Chem Acooperative Agreem among UNEP, ILO, FAO, WHO,
UNIDO, UNITAR OECD [Internet]. 2008;(August):176. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/.../IdentifyingPopnatRiskExposuretoMercury_ 2008Web.pdf?..
Daftar Pustaka
1. O ReillyS, Bernaudat L, Siebert U. Sign and Symptoms of Mercury - Exposed Gold Miners. International Journal of Occupational
Medicine and Environmental Health. 2017; 30(2):249-269
2. Posin SL, Kong EL, Sharma S. Mercury Toxicity. Treasure Island(FL): StatPearls Publishing.2020
3. Permenkes Ri No. 57 Tahun 2016 tentpajanan merkuri tahun 2016-2020 tentang Rencana aksi nasional pengendalian dampak Kesehatan
akibat pajanan merkuri tahun 2016-2020
4. Maruyama K, Yorifuji T, Tsuda T, Sekikawa T, Nakadaira H, Saito H. Methyl mercury exposure at Niigata, Japan: Results of
neurological examinations of 103 adults. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:8–10.
5. Amin-zaki L, Majeed MA, Clarkson TW, Greenwood MR. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraqi children: clinical observations over two
years. Br Med J. 1978 Mar 11. 1(6113):613-6.
6. S. Ceccatelli, R. Bose, K. Edoff, N. Onishchenko & S. Spulber. Long-lasting neurotoxic effects of exposure to methylmercury during
development. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2013, 273; 490–497
7. Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012.
8. Kosnett MJ. The Role of Chelation in the Treatment of Arsenic and Mercury Poisoning. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(4):347–54
9. Mikirova N, Casciari J, Hunninghake R. Efficacy of oral DMSA and intravenous EDTA in chelation of toxic metals and improvement of
the number of stem/progenitor cells in circulation. Transl Biomed. 2011;2(2):1–8
10. UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch, WHO Department of Food Safety Z and FD. Guidance for Identifying Populations At Risk From
Mercury Exposure. IOMC (Inter-Organization Program Sound Manag Chem Acooperative Agreem among UNEP, ILO, FAO, WHO,
UNIDO, UNITAR OECD [Internet]. 2008;(August):176. Available from:
https://wedocs.unep.org/.../IdentifyingPopnatRiskExposuretoMercury_ 2008Web.pdf?
Daftar Pustaka
• J. D. a. Z. W. Park, "Human Exposure and Health Effects of Inorganic and Elemental
Mercury," Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, vol. 45, pp. 344-352, 2012.
• E. F. M. A. M. J, "Recent Advances in Mercury Research," Curr Envir Health Rpt, vol. 1,
pp. 163-171, 2014.
• C. C. a. Z. R. K. Bridges, "Transport of Inorganic Mercury and Methylmercury in Target Tissues
and Organs," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,, vol. 13, pp. 385-410, 2010.
• K. Yurdakok, "Lead, mercury, and cadmium in breast milk," Journal of Pediatric and
Neonatal Individualized Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015.
• S. L. Posin, E. L. Kong and S. Sharma, "Mercury Toxicity," StatPearls Publishing, 8
September 2020. [Online]. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499935/#_article-
30351_s11_. [Accessed 24 Oktober 2020].
• Ceccatelli S, Dare E, Moors M. methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis. Department of
Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, Chemico-biological interactions 2010, 301-308
Daftar Pustaka
• Tariq M. Toxicity of mercury in human : A review. J Clin Toxicol. 2019;9(5):1–4.
• Block LS. The toxicology of mercury. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(9).
• Jackson AC. Chronic Neurological Disease Due to Methylmercury Poisoning. Can J
Neurol Sci. 2018;45(6):620–3.
• Ye BJ, Kim BG, Jeon MJ, Kim SY, Kim HC, Jang TW, et al. Evaluation of mercury
exposure level, clinical diagnosis and treatment for mercury intoxication. Ann
Occup Environ Med. 2016;28(1).
• Olson AD, MD. Mercury Toxicity Clinical Presentation.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1175560-clinical#b3