Spektrofotometri

InfraRed (IR)
 TEORI
 Dasar analisis :
– Absorbsi radiasi infra merah (IR) oleh suatu
molekul
– Radiasi Infra merah:
 Panjang gelombang λ : 2500 - 16000 nm,
 Frequency (v) : 1.9x 1013 to 1.2 x1014 Hz
 Pembagian berdasar bilangan gelombang:
– Far infrared (4 ~ 400cm-1)
– Mid infrared (400 ~ 4,000cm-1)
– Near infrared (4,000 ~ 14,000cm-1)
 TEORI

Posisi radiasi IR dal;am spektrum sinar

 TEORI
 Akibat absorpsi radiasi IR oleh molekul :
– Energi radiasi IR 1 to 15 kcal/mole :
 Tidak cukup kuat untuk mengeksitasi elektron
 Hanya menginduksi getaran/vibrasi iktan kovalen antar
atom maupun dalam gugus fungsi
– Ikatan kovalen dalam molekul tidak kaku seperti
tongkat atau batang kayu tetapi elastis seperti pegas
yang dapat diregangkan dan dibengkokkan
 Gambar gerakan
– OKI, gugus fungsi menyerap radiasi IR pada bilangan
gelombang yang sepesifik, yang tidak tergantung
pada molekul keseluruhan
– Gerakan ikatan kovalen antara 2 atom : osilasi
harmoni sederhana

m1 : massa atom 1
m2 : massa atom 2
m1<m2
 TEORI
 Ketika molekul menyerap radiasi IR, ke-2 atom bergerak
/osilasi, sehingga ikatan bergetar ke dapan-ke belakang,
dengan frekuensi yang besarnya tergantung pada massa
ke 2 atom dan kekuatan ikatan tersebut
 Setiap atom mempunyai massa yang berbeda satu
dengan yang lain
 Ikatan tunggal mempunyai kekuatan(stiffness) yang
berbeda dengan ikatan rangka 2, dan ikatan rangkap 3
 Setiap kombinasi atom dan ikatan mempunyai frekuensi
yang karakteristik
 A simple harmonic oscillator

 A sphere with a small mass is lighter and easier

to move around than one with a large mass.
 Therefore, smaller masses oscillate at a higher
frequency than larger masses.
 A very stiff spring, like a bedspring, is hard to
deform and quickly returns to it's original shape
when the deforming force is removed. On the
other hand, a weak spring is easily deformed
and takes much longer to return to it's shape.
Therefore, a stiffer spring will oscillate at a
higher frequency than a weak one.
 Hukum Hooke
Consider a bond and the connected atoms to be a spring with two
masse attached.
Using the force constant k (which reflects the stiffness of the spring)
and the two masses m1 and m2, then the equation indicates how the
frequency, u, of the absorption should change as the properties of the
system change.
 General Trends:
– Stretching frequencies are higher than corresponding
bending frequencies. (It is easier to bend a bond than
to stretch or compress it.)

– Bonds to hydrogen have higher stretching frequencies

than those to heavier atoms.

– Triple bonds have higher stretching frequencies than

corresponding double bonds, which in turn have
higher frequencies than single bonds.
 .
 Spektra Infra Red : hubungan antara bilangan gelombang
dengan % Transmitansi

 Hubungan frekuensi dengan bilangan gelombang

 Icreasing bond strength comparison
 CC bonds:
 C-C (1000 cm-1)
 C=C (1600 cm-1)
 CºC (2200 cm-1)
 CH bonds:
 C-C-H (2900 cm-1)
 C=C-H (3100 cm-1)
 CºC-H (3300 cm-1)
 Infra Red spectrum
The general regions of the infrared spectrum in which various
kinds of vibrational bands are observed, that are outlined in
the following chart. Note that the blue colored sections above
the dashed line refer to stretching vibrations, and the green
colored band below the line encompasses bending vibrations.
 Stretching Vibrations Bending Vibrations

Functional Class Range (cm-1) Intensity Assignment

Alkanes 2850-3000 str CH3, CH2 & CH

2 or 3 bands

Alkenes 3020-3100 med =C-H & =CH2 (usually sharp)

1630-1680 var C=C (symmetry reduces intensity)

1900-2000 str C=C asymmetric stretch

Alkynes 3300 str C-H (usually sharp)

2100-2250 var C≡C (symmetry reduces intensity)

Arenes 3030 var C-H (may be several bands)

1600 & 1500 med-wk C=C (in ring) (2 bands)
(3 if conjugated)

Alcohols & Phenols 3580-3650 var O-H (free), usually sharp

3200-3550 str O-H (H-bonded), usually broad
970-1250 str C-O
 The complexity of infrared spectra in the 1450 to
600 cm-1 region, makes it difficult to assign all
the absorption bands, and because of the
unique patterns found there, it is often called
the fingerprint region.
 Absorption bands in the 4000 to 1450 cm-1
region are usually due to stretching vibrations of
diatomic units, and this is sometimes called the
group frequency region.
 Instrumentasi

 The light sources : tungsten lamps, Nernst glowers, or

glowbars.
 Monochromator : grating to select wavelengths 
commonly used when a single wavelength is desired
 Detector : thermal
Spektrometer IR
 Teknik analisis
 The solid sample is accomplished by
casting a film on a sodium chloride (table
salt) salt plate, or by grinding the material
up with potassium bromide, KBr, and
making a pellet out of it.
 These salts are used because they are
invisible to IR light.
Spektra IR secara umum
Spektra IR dari berbagai molekul