LOAD MASTER

BASIC LOADING UNLOADING & WEIGHT AND BALANCE

1 by.akhyar dani h
 INTRODUCTION
 The weight of a loaded airplane and the distribution
of the load within the airplane are of vital importance
to the air transport pilot. If the airplane is improperly
loaded, the negative effects of this loading can be
slower cruising speeds, poor landing characteristic,
and possible dangerous situations at low landing or
takeoff speeds. A properly loaded airplane provides
for more efficient and more economical operations
and enhances safety.

2 by.akhyar dani h
 SOP Pelaksanaan Loading Unloading

Perhatian khusus harus dilakukan untuk mencegah kerusakan

yang mungkin disebabkan karena :

 Melebihi batas kemampuan cargo floor menahan beban.

 Kurangnya tali pengikat, kesalahan dalam mengencangkan
jaring pengaman / pemisah.
 Memuat kargo bukan pada tempatnya (misal dibawa kedalam
cabin pesawat).
 Kesalahan dalam membuka/menutup pintu pesawat atau
proses membuka/menutup pintu kargo.
 Kesalahan dalam proses pelayanan (handling).

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 Penempatan GSE tidak boleh menghalangi pergerakan naik/turun
fuselage pesawat yang mungkin terjadi selama proses loading /
unloading.

 Untuk menghindari kerusakan pintu pesawat, diharuskan untuk selalu

berhati-hati dalam melaksanakan loading / unloading atau dalam
rnembuka pintu.

 Apabila pintu pesawat dilengkapi dengan pelindung doorsill maka

pelindung tersebut harus dipasang.

 Diharuskan untuk berhati-hati pada saat memindahkan barang-barang

yang berat atau besar agar tidak merusak lantai pesawat.

 Pada saat memuat pallet atau kontainer, yakinkan bahwa ujung

pallet/kontainer sudah terpasang tepat pada rel atau sudah dalam kondisi
terkunci.

 Penanganan pallet/kontainer secara manual harus dilakukan dengan

hati-hati karena benturan keras antara pengunci dengan stopper dapat
menimbulkan kerusakan pada keduanya.
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 Segera laporkan secepatnya jika ditemui adanya tumpahan larutan
asam atau cairan lain pada saat proses loading / unloading karena
dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan pada lantai pesawat atau
sistim kabel.
 Apabila ditemukan kerusakan atau kebocoran pada kemasan barang-
barang yang tergolong berbahaya, segera laporkan ke unit yang
bertanggungjawab terhadap penanganannya.
 Segera laporkan ke Supervisor apabila ditemukan tumpahan paket
kargo basah atau pengiriman binatang hidup yang mengotori pesawat.
 Segera laporkan kepada unit terkait seandainya terjadi tumpahan di
daerah ramp berupa fuel (bahan bakar), oli, cairan hidrolik, dll.
 Penanganan terhadap paket dengan kemasan yang tidak sempurna
harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati dan dijaga agar isinya tidak
tumpah atau melukai seseorang.
 Permukaan apron harus dijaga tetap bersih dari komponen peralatan
yang lepas, serpihan atau benda lainnya yang dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan pada pesawat / engine.
 Sebelum pesawat berangkat lakukan visual inspeksi untuk
menyakinkan bahwa semua pintu kargo dan pintu panel/service dalam
keadaan tertutup dan terkunci.
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 Naroow body atau
wide body ya ?...

Narow body (1 aisle)  Wide


Pesawat non ULD, pesawat
yang proses loadingnya
hanya bersifat bulk loading
body (2 aisle)
pesawat dimana dalam
proses loadingnya selain
bulk system juga
menggunakan load
devices seperti container,
pallet dll

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 WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Lateral or longitudinal unbalance

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 WEIGHT AND BALANCE
The airplane is
balanced when
weight and
5 pounds X 10 inches =
50 inch/pounds
5 pounds X 10 inches =
50 inch/pounds
distance is equal
from the center
of gravity balance
point

If one of the
weights is
shifted, an
5 pounds X 5 inches =
25 inch/pounds
5 pounds X 10 inches =
50 inch/pounds imbalance will
also exist.
Cont’d
14.03.2023
 If one of the
weights is
increased, an
10 pounds X 10 inches 5 pounds X 10 inches = imbalance
occurs
= 100 inch/pounds 50 inch/pounds

Shifting the
weight will
return the
10 pounds X 5 inches = 5 pounds X 10 inches =
plane to a
50 inch/pounds 50 inch/pounds balanced
condition.

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The importance of the CG should have become
apparent in the discussion of stability,
controllability, and performance.
The black line at the nose is
the Datum. The colored arm
lines locate the concentration
of weight for each item listed
on the chart above. Once the
total weight and loaded C.G.
is determined, the figures are
plotted on the graph to the
right. If the point of intersect
of the two lines fall within
the red lines, the airplane is
safe to fly. The acceptable
CG range is illustrated in the
pink portion of the airplane
below

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Jangan sampe …………..

Load Planner and Loadshetter

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Mencegah tipping
(a tail support stanchion or nose tether )

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 Balance
(centre of gravity)

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 Boeing 737- 400

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 Fwd cargo compt

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 Aft cargo compt

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 Seat capacity

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 Limitations

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19
B747- 400 F

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 Loading sequence

 Loading, forward first and then after

 Unloading after first and then forward
In certain cases, a tail support
stanchion or nose tether ca be used
as recommended or required by
aircraft manufactures

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 Document
LDM (load distribution messages)
CPM (container pallet messages)
DO (delivery order form)
Informasi lainnya

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 Empty post office mails bags
 

Staff baggage (unaccompanied

Loading and unloading priority

or excess)
Company stores
 

Un booked general /
Consolidated cargo
Reduced rate passengers (sub


load)
Company stores
 

Unaccompanied passengers
baggage
Booked general /Consolidated


cargo
Post officer mails
            

Electronic cargo
Perishable cargo
Live animals
Valuable cargo
Radio active shipments
Express cargo
Human remain
Passenger excess baggage
Reduced rate passengers (firm)
Post office mail (LC ? Express)
Full rate passengers
AOG spares

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 VARIOUS WEIGHT LIMITATION
- LOADING LIMITATION
The strength limitation, problems concern with package
dimensions and compartment load limitation. Having checked
that a package can be accommodated within a compartment it
is necessary to consider whether the package, when placed
upon the compartment floor, will exceed the compartment
loading limitation. For all practical purposes, apply equally to
load on pallets and containers.

- DIMENSIONS
The size of cargo must be compared with the compartment
door size.

- AREA LOAD LIMITATION

The area limit is 732 kg/m2, this means that on one meter of
the floor, not more than a total amount of 732 kg may be
loaded, with one or several pieces of cargo.

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 yardan

240 kg
40 cm

60 cm

In this case the area to take into account the crate’s or the
surface of its feet but area S = L X defined by external contour of
its contact point;

S = 0.4 X 0.6 = 0.24m2

Weight / Surface = 240 / 0.24m2 = 1000 kg/m2 > 732 kg/m2

If the resulting figure is higher than the limitation, the load

cannot be accepted . It is necessary to provide a spreader floor
to be place under the load.
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 SPREADER
To determine the area required the following calculation is made :
divide the weight of the piece of cargo by the hold area load
limit.

0 cm
5
240 kg

70 c
m

240 kg : Xm2 = 732 kg : 1m2

X = 240 / 750 = 0.32 m2
Minimum surface defined by the external contour of the contact
points of the spreader floor is 0.32 m2 weight of spreader = 10 kg

240 + 10 / 715 kg/m2 < 732 m2 0.35

26 by.akhyar dani h
 SPECIAL LOAD
REGULATION
 Day old chicken DOC

Day old chicken are extremely sensitive to temperature and pressure conditions.
Adverse weather condition, such as direct sunlight, rain or cold, are particularly
Harmful to these animals.
- Cooling air not be blown directly towards the chicken
- Boxes not contact with walls and floor compartment
- At least 20 cm from compartment ceiling
- A space of approximately 10 cm for air circulation
- If no other load, the highest allowable gross weight is : 500 kg for wide body
aircraft
300 kg each for compartment 1 and 4
of B737
If the respective compartment is filled to not more than 80% of its volume. The
highest allowable gross weight is :
300 kg for wide body aircraft
100 kg each for compartment 1 and 4 of B737

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 Cont’d

PERISHABLE CARGO

 Food EAT
 Hatching eggs HEG
 Flowers and plants PEF
 Meat and meat products PEM
 Fruits and vegetables PEP
 Fish and seafood PES
 Other perishable foods PER

For perishable cargo which requires with special attention during

flight, e.g. recommended temperatures or ventilation, an
information shall be entered in the special load info on the
NOTOC.

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29
  THE CATEGORIES OF DANGEROUS GOODS,
RECOGNIZE THE HIDDEN D/G
   There are four categories of Dangerous Goods. These are
PERMITTED, FORBIDDEN, EXEMPTED and EXCEPTED.

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 PERMITTED as cargo must bear a
Dangerous Goods Label indicating the
class of dangerous goods to which
they belong.

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 Recognition of the Hidden Dangerous Goods:
Occasionally, hazardous articles might be found within baggage or cargo
without any declaration to airlines. Whenever suspicious items are
apparent, staff must check the items against the class definitions of
dangerous goods.

Typical examples of dangerous items are listed below (1)

Items Harzardous Articles Might Be Involved

Aircraft on Ground (AOG) Spare Explosive, chemical oxygen generators, gas, paints, aerosol etc.

Automobile Parts Magnetic material, wet battery, explosive substances, etc.,

Breathing Apparatus Cylinders of compressed air or oxygen, chemical oxygen generators etc.

Camping Equipment Flammable gas, flammable liquid, matches, etc.,

Chemicals Various dangerous goods.

Comat (Company Material) Aircraft parts, compressed gases, flammable liquids, corrosives etc.

Consolidated Shipments Various dangerous goods.

Cryogenic Liquid Refrigerated liquefied gas

Cylinders Compressed or liquefied gas

Dental Apparatus Flammable resin or solvents, compressed or liquefied gas etc.

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 Typical examples of dangerous items
are listed below (2)

Items Harzardous Articles Might Be Involved

Diagnostic Specimens Infectious substances

Diving equipment Diving lamp, cylinders.

Drilling and mining equip. Explosives, etc.

Dry shipper Free liquid nitrogen

Electrical equipment Magnetized materials or mercury

Electrically powered apparatus Wet battery

Expeditionary equipment Explosives(flares), flammable gas/liquids. etc.,

Film crew or media equipment Wet batteries, fuel, heat producing items etc.

Frozen embryos Refrigerated liquefied gas or dry ice.

Frozen fruit, vegetable Dry ice (Carbon dioxide, solid)

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 Typical examples of dangerous items
are listed below (3)

Items Harzardous Articles Might Be Involved

Fuel Flammable liquid, flammable solids or flammable gases

Fuel control units Flammable liquid

Hot air balloon Cylinder with flammable gas, fire extinguishers, batteries etc.

Household goods Paint, aerosols, bleaching powder, matches etc.

Instruments Barometer, manometers, mercury switches, thermometer etc.

Laboratory/testing various dangerous goods

equipment

Machinery parts Flammable liquid, wet and lithium batteries, mercury, cylinders of compressed or liquefied
gas etc.

Magnets Magnetized materials

Medical supplies Dangerous goods as flammable liquids or solid, oxidizers, toxic or corrosive substances,
etc.

Metal construction material Magnetized materials

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 Typical examples of dangerous items
are listed below (4)

Items Harzardous Articles Might Be Involved

Parts of automobile Wet batteries

Passenger baggage Fireworks, flammable household liquids, corrosive oven or aerosols .

Pharmaceuticals Dangerous goods as radioactive material, flammable liquids or solid, oxidizers,

toxic or corrosive substances, etc.

Photographic supplies Dangerous goods as heat producing devices, flammable liquids or solid,
oxidizers, toxic or corrosive substances, etc.

Racing car team equipment Flammable liquid, wet battery.

Refrigerators Liquefied gas or ammonia solution

Repair kits Organic peroxides and flammable adhesives, paints, resins, etc.

Sample for testing Infectious substances, or other dangerous chemical

Semen Dry ice or refrigerated liquefied gas

Show, motion pictures, stage and Flammable substances, explosives or other dangerous goods
special effects equipment

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 Typical examples of dangerous items
are listed below (5)

Items Harzardous Articles Might Be Involved

Swimming pool chemicals Oxidizing or corrosive substances

Switches in electrical equipment or Mercury

instruments

Tool boxes Explosives, flammable gas/liquid, compressed gas, etc.

Torches Flammable gas

Unaccompanied passenger Dangerous goods, such as aerosols, bleach, camping stove cylinders,
baggage/personal effects matches, fireworks, etc.

Vaccines Dry Ice

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 The second category are dangerous goods which
are FORBIDDEN for transport by air as either
baggage or cargo. These include high explosives
and some corrosives

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 The third category are dangerous goods that are
normally forbidden but have been EXEMPTED
by the governments of the exporting and
importing countries.
Acceptance of EXEMPTED dangerous goods is
at the discretion of the airline.

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 In the fourth category are items normally
considered dangerous, but EXCEPTED
from the regulations when carried on board
by passengers or crew in small quantities.

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 COMPLATION OF LOADING

Loading may only be considered as

being completed after the load has been
secured and the compartment doors
have been closed properly. Door safety
nets / compartment separation nets
shall be installed properly; this also
applicable when there is no load in the
compartment or when no unit load
devices are carried.
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WEIGHT & BALANCE LIMITATION: - CG LIMITS

by.akhyar dani h 41
 KUL OK-TVD 2/5
PEN MH1430 16C 150Y 03 / 09 / 05

62731
7000 2500

41938 69731 79015 68860

68860
7000 48938

48938 19922

05
PAX 05C / 81Y
734 58 676 20
PAD / 0 / 0 / 3
PEN 86 0 2 115 115 22
114 114
24

20
58

905

02 03

86 0 2 963 58 905
19922
6245
7208 7208
41938 12714
19.8
49146 23.0
20.9
62731 42.3
7000

TOW
56146
05 20 22 24 20
LAW
2500

53646 ZFW

86 02
by.akhyar dani h 42
by.akhyar dani h 43
 Thank you for
your attention

44 by.akhyar dani h