PENGEMBANGAN
MASYARAKAT
Tipologi Modal Sosial menurut Woolccock (2001)
Some aspects of the concept, such as inter-personal trust, are clearly desirable in
themselves while other aspects are more instrumental (Bankston and Zhou 2002).
Optimism, satisfaction with life, perceptions of government institutions and political
involvement all stem from the fundamental dimensions of social capital (Narayan and
Cassidy 2001).
1. facilitation of higher levels of, and growth in, gross domestic product
(GDP);
2. facilitation of more efficient functioning of labor markets;
3. lower levels of crime; and
4. improvements in the effectiveness of institutions of government
(Aldridge et al. 2002; Halpern 2001; Kawachi et al. 1999b; Putnam et
al. 1993).
The same orchestrating mechanisms that reduce transaction costs in market exchange can have negative
consequences (Carroll and Stanfield 2003); Erickson (2002) supports this identifying the following paradox:
'every feature of social structure can be social capital in the sense that it produces desired outcomes, but
also can be a liability in the sense that it produces unwanted results'.
Social capital can become a constraint to individuals' actions and choices (Wall et al. 1998). For example,
there is a particularly high risk of negative social capital in urban poverty situations (Small 2002).
A stock of social capital is simultaneously productive and perverse. Simplistically speaking, the make up of
these types determines the structure of the overall social capital present. As this is highly context specific
further research is required to understand the causal relationships that determine the realization of
productive, or perverse, social capital.