GANGGUAN

SYSTEM
DISTRIBUSI
PENDAHULUAN
 Dalam operasi sistem tenaga listrik sering terjadi gangguan – gangguan
yang dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya penyaluran tenaga
listrik ke konsumen.
 Gangguan adalah suatu keadaan dari sistem penyaluran tenaga listrik
yang menyimpang dari kondisi normal.
 Suatu gangguan di dalam peralatan listrik didefinisikan sebagai
terjadinya suatu kerusakan di dalam jaringan listrik yang
menyebabkan aliran arus listrik keluar dari saluran yang seharusnya.
 Kita tidak dapat mengeliminasi semua gangguan, akan tetapi ketika
terjadi gangguan kita dapat mengurangi dampak dari gangguan.
DEFINISI GANGGUAN
 Fault: A physical condition that causes a device, a component, or an
element to fail to perform in a required manner; for example, a short
circuit or a broken wire. (ANSI/IEEE Std. 100-1992)
 Gangguan hampir selalu ditimbulkan oleh hubung singkat antar fase
atau hubung singkat fase ke tanah.
 Suatu gangguan hampir selalu berupa hubung langsung atau
melalui impedansi.
 Istilah gangguan sering identik dengan hubung singkat.
HUBUNG SINGKAT
 Short circuit: An abnormal connection (including an arc) of relatively
low impedance, whether made accidentally or intentionally, between
two points of different potential.
 Hubung singkat merupakan suatu hubungan abnormal (termasuk busur
api) pada impedansi yang relatif rendah baik terjadi secara
kebetulan atau disengaja antara dua titik yang mempunyai potensial
yang berbeda.
TUJUAN ANALISIS
GANGGUAN PADA SISTEM
DISTRIBUSI
1. menentukan arus maksimum dan minimum hubung singkat tiga fasa
2. menentukan arus gangguan tak simetris bagi gangguan satu dan dua
line ke tanah, gangguan line ke line, dan rangkaian terbuka.
3. Penyelidikan operasi rele-rele proteksi
4. Untuk menentukan kapasitas pemutus dari circuit breaker
5. Untuk menentukan distribusi arus gangguan dan tingkat
tegangan busbar selama gangguan.
PENYEBAB GANGGUAN
 Petir
 Pohon
 Kegagalan peralatan
 Hewan
 Angin
 Galian
 Aktifitas konstruksi
 Lainnya
PENYEBAB GANGGUAN

(Sumber : Sort, 2004)

JENIS GANGGUAN
Klasifikasi gangguan pada system distribusi
 Berdasar jenis gangguan

1. Gangguan dua fasa atau tiga fasa melalui hubungan tanah

2. Gangguan fasa ke fasa
3. Gangguan dua fasa ke tanah
4. Gangguan satu fasa ke tanah atau gangguan tanah
 Berdasar lama gangguan

1. Gangguan permanen
2. Gangguan temporer
STATISTIK GANGGUAN
BERDASAR JENIS

Hampir 80%
gangguan adalah
gangguan 1 phase

(Sumber : Sort, 2004)

GANGGUAN TEMPORER VS
PERMANEN
 Gangguan temporer : belangsung tidak lama, hilang dengan sendirinya.
 Pada kasus gangguan temporer, dilakukan pemutusan sesaat dari
sumber tegangan bagian yang mengalami gangguan kemudian
dilanjutkan dengan penutupan kembali peralatan hubung.
GANGGUAN TEMPORER VS
PERMANEN
 Gangguan permanen : bersifat tetap tidak akan dapat hilang sebelum
penyebab gangguan dihilangkan terlebih dahulu.
 Gangguan yang bersifat permanen dapat disebabkan oleh
kerusakan peralatan, sehinggga gangguan ini baru hilang setelah
kerusakan ini diperbaiki atau karena ada sesuatu yang mengganggu
secara permanen.
 Contoh : adanya kawat yang putus, terjadinya gangguan hubung
singkat, dahan yang menimpa kawat phasa dari saluran udara.
GANGGUAN PADA KONDISI
TEGANGAN NORMAL VS
TEGANGAN LEBIH
 Gangguan pada kondisi tegangan normal terjadi dikarenakan
pemerosotan dari isolasi dan kejadian-kejadian tak terduga dari benda
asing.
 Gangguan pada kondisi tegangan lebih salah satunya disebabkan
sambaran petir yang tidak cukup teramankan oleh alat-alat pengaman
petir.
DAMPAK GANGGUAN
 Interupsi
 Voltage sag
 Mempengaruhi stabilitas system
 Dapat merusak peralatan akibat busur api, overheating, atau stress
mekanis.
PERHITUNGAN ARUS
HUBUNG SINGKAT
 The magnitude of fault current is limited only by the system impedance
and any fault impedance.
 The system impedance includes the impedances of wires, cables, and
transformers back to the source.
 For faults involving ground, the impedance includes paths through the
earth and through the neutral wire.
 The impedance of the fault depends on the type of fault.
GANGGUAN 1 FASE KE
TANAH
GANGGUAN FASE KE FASE
GANGGUAN 3 FASE
GANGGUAN FASE KE FASE KE
TANAH
FAULT CURRENT
 The three-phase fault current is almost always the highest magnitude.
 The maximum current for a line-to-line fault is 86.6% of the maximum
three-phase fault current.
 On most circuits, the zero-sequence impedance is significantly higher
than the positive-sequence impedance.
 One important location where the line-to ground fault current may be
higher is at the substation.
NEUTRAL REACTOR
 In order to reduce fault currents for line-to-ground faults, a neutral
reactor on the station transformer is sometimes used.
 A common value for a neutral reactor is 1 Ω
NEUTRAL REACTOR
NEUTRAL REACTOR
FAULT PROFILE
 Fault profiles show fault current with distance along a circuit.
 Determining where thermal or mechanical short-circuit limits on
equipment may be exceeded, helping select or check interrupting
capabilities of protective equipment, and coordinating protective
devices are important uses of fault profiles.
GROUND FAULT PROFILE
(EXAMPLE)
THREE PHASE FAULT
PROFILE (EXAMPLE)
GENERAL TRENDS
 Distance — The fault current drops off as the inverse of distance (1/d).
 Ground faults — On overhead circuits, the ground fault current falls off
faster than the three-phase fault current
 System voltage — On higher-voltage distribution systems, the fault
current drops off more slowly.
 Cables — Underground cables have much lower reactance than
overhead circuits, so the fault current does not fall off as fast on
underground circuits.
 Profiles — The three-phase and ground-fault profiles of underground
cables are similar.
EFFECT OF X/R RATIO
 In a reactive circuit (high X/R ratio), it is naturally more difficult for a
protective device such as a circuit breaker to clear a fault. Protective
devices clear a fault at a current zero.
 Within the interruptor, dielectric strength builds up to prevent the arc
from reigniting after the current zero.
 In a resistive circuit (low X/R ratio), the voltage and current are in
phase, so after a current zero, a quarter cycle passes before the voltage
across the protective device (called the recovery voltage) reaches its
peak.
FAULT LOCATION
CALCULATION
 If we know the voltages and currents during a fault, we can use these to
estimate the distance to the fault.

 V = voltage during the fault, V

 I = current during the fault, A
 Zl = line impedance, W/length unit
 d = distance to the fault, length unit such as mi
LIMITING FAULT CURRENT
 Limiting fault current has many benefits, which improve the safety and
reliability of distribution systems
 Failures — Overhead line burndowns are less likely, cable thermal failures
are less likely, violent equipment failures are less likely.
 Equipment ratings — We can use reclosers and circuit breakers with less
interrupting capability and switches and elbows with less momentary and
fault close ratings. Lower fault currents reduce the need for current-limiting
fuses and for power fuses and allow the use of cutouts and under-oil fuses.
 Shocks — Step and touch potentials are less severe during faults.
 Conductor movement — Conductors move less during faults (this provides
more safety for workers in the vicinity of the line and makes conductor
slapping faults less likely).
 Coordination — Fuse coordination is easier. Fuse saving is more likely to
work.
EQUIPMENT FAULTS
 Equipment failures — transformers, capacitors, splices, terminations,
insulators, connectors — cause faults.
 When equipment fails, it is almost always as a short circuit and rarely as
an open circuit.
 Equipment failure rate