xa
( x a) 2
( x a ) n (n)
f ' (a ) +
f " (a) + ... +
f (a ) + ... + Rn ( x)
1!
2!
n!
n
f (k )
( x a ) k } + Rn ( x).....................................(5.1)
k!
k =1
Tn ( x)disebut deret Taylor dan untuk n , Rn ( x ) 0. Rn ( x) disebut remainder.
= Tn ( x ) + Rn ( x ) = { f ( a) +
Rn ( x) =
( x a ) n +1 ( n +1)
f
(c), a < c < x
(n + 1)!
x n +1 ( n +1)
f
(c), 0 < c < x .
(n + 1)!
Contoh 1.
Uraikan fungsi f ( x ) = e x kedalam deret Maclaurin.
Jawab :
f ( x) = e x f (0) = 1
f ' ( x ) = e x f ' (0) = 1
.
.
.
f ( n ) ( x) = e x f ( n) (0) = 1
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
x
x2
x n (n)
f ' (0) +
f " (0) + ... +
f (0)
1!
2!
n!
x 2 x3
xn
= 1+ x +
+ + ... +
2! 3!
n!
f ( x) = M n ( x) = f (0) +
f (0)
2!
f (0)
3!
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( n ) (0) n
x +
x + .....+
x + ......
2!
3!
n!
Contoh:
1. Perderetkan f(x) = ex dalam deret Maclaurin.
Jawab:
f(x) = f'(x) = f''(x) = f'''(x) = ....... = f(n)(x) = ex
f(0) = f'(0) = f''(0) = f'''(0) = ...... = f(n)(0) = 1
........................................................................
Maka ex = 1 + x +
x2
x3
+
+ .....
2!
3!
f'(0) = 1
f''(x) = -sin x
f''(0) = 0
f'''(x) = -cos x
f'''(0) = -1
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
f'(iv)(x) = sin x
f'(iv)(0) = 0
f(v)(x) = cos x
f(v)(0) = 1
..................................................
Maka sin x = x -
x3
x5
+
.....
3!
5!
f'(0) = 0
f''(x) = -cos x
f''(0) = -1
f'''(x) = sin x
f'''(0) = 0
f'(iv)(x) = cos x
f'(iv)(0) = 1
f(v)(x) = - sin x
f(v)(0) = 0
..................................................
Maka cos x = 1 -
x2
x4
+
- .....
2!
4!
f'(0) = 1
f''(x) = -(1+x)-2
f''(0) = -1 = 1 !
f'''(x) = 2(1+x)-3
f'''(0) = 2 = 2 !
f'(iv)(x) =-6(1+x)-4
f'(iv)(0) = - 3 = - 3!
f(v)(x) = 24(1+x)-5
f(v)(0) = 24 = 4!
..................................................
Maka ln (1 + x) = x -
x2
x3 x4
x5
+
+
- ...............
2
3
4
5
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
Rangkuman
1. ex
=1+x+
2. sin x = x -
x2
x3
+
+ ...............
2!
3!
-<x<
x 3 x5 x 7 x 9
+
+
..........
3!
5! 7! 9!
3. cos x = 1 -
-<x<
x2
x4 x6 x8
+
+
..........
2!
4! 6! 8!
-<x<
x2
x3 x4
+
+ ...........
2
3
4
4. ln (1+x) = x -
-1<x1
5. tan x
x 3 2 x 5 17 x 7
=x+
+
+
......................| x | < /2
3
15
315
6. cot x
= 1/x -
7. sinh x = x +
8. cosh x = 1+
x x 3 2x 5
+ ....................... 0 < | x | <
3 45 945
x3 x5 x7
+
+
..
3! 5! 7!
........
-<x<
x2
x4 x6 x8
+
+
+
.................... - < x <
2!
4! 6! 8!
f'(0) = n
f''(x) = n(n-1)(1+x)n-2
f''(0) = n(n-1)
f'''(x) = n(n-1)(n-2)(1+x)n-3
f'''(0) = n(n-1)(n-2)
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x +
x + .... - 1 < x < 1
2!
3!
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x x + .... - 1 < x < 1
2!
3!
9.
1
1 x
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .................
-1<x<1
10.
1
1+ x
= 1 - x + x2 - x3 + x4 - ...................
-1<x<1
11.
1
= 1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3 + 5x4 - ........... - 1 < x < 1
(1 + x ) 2
12.
1
= 1 - 3x + 6x2 - 10x3 + 15x4 - ....... - 1 < x < 1
(1 + x ) 3
13.
1
1
1.3 2 1.3 3
x+
x x + .......
1/ 2 = 1 (1 + x )
2
2.4
2.4.6
-1<x<1
14.
1
1
1.4 2 1.4.7 3
x+
x x + .......
1/ 3 = 1 (1 + x )
3
3.6
3.6.9
-1<x<1
15. (1 + x)1/2 = 1 +
1
1 2 1.3.5 3
xx x + ...... - 1 < x < 1
2
2.4
2.4.6
16. (1 + x)1/3 = 1 +
1
2 2 2.5 3
xx x + ....... - 1 < x < 1
3
3.6
3.6.9
1 3 1.3 5
x x + ..........
2.3
2.4.5
|x|<1
1 3 1.3 5
xx + ..).. |x|<1
2.3
2.4.5
x3
x5
x7
19. arctan x = x +
...............
3
5
7
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
x2 x3
+ ...............
2! 3!
21. a x = e xlna = 1 + x ln a +
22. e sin x = 1 + x +
-<x<
( x ln a ) 2 ( x ln a ) 3
+
+ ..... -<x<
2!
3!
x2
x4
x5
...........
2
4
15
23. ex ln(1+x) = (1 x+
-<x<
x2
x3
x2 x3 x4
+
+ ..)(x+
+..)
2!
3!
2
3 4
x2
x3
x4
+
+
+ ......
2
3
4
koefisien : (1 5 10 10 5 1)
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
x +
x + .....
2!
3!
y=f(x)
P
f(h)
f(a)
x
h
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
h +
h + .....
2!
3!
menjadi y = F(x+a)
f(a)
f(a+h)
h
sekarang menjadi f(a).
Di titik P: F(a+h) = F(a) + F '(a) h +
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II
x 1
2x + 1
g). sin x
e 2x
3x + 2
e).
h). cos x
i). tan x
5. Buktikan jabaran
cos x
x2 x3
13x 4
=1x+
+
- ........
1+ x
2
2
24
6. Tunjukkan
1
sin 2 x x 2 cos x
x2
=
+
(sebagai pendekatan)
6
360
x4
7. Buktikanlah bahwa:
a).
x
x
x2
x4
=
1
+
+ ....
e x 1
2
12 720
b).
x
x
x2
x4
=
+
+ ....
ex +1
2
4
48
Zakaria S.Fis.
KALKULUS II