OLEH :
ABDULLAH PAWIT
1001125001
DWI NOVIYANTI
1001125051
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
pada daerah
f ( n) ( z o)
zz o )n yang analitik
(
n!
b.
Teorema
Teorema Taylor
Jika fungsi f analitik pada daerah terbuka
f ( zo ) +
n=1
f (n )(z o )
( zz o)n
n!
Bukti :
Diambil lintasan
Karena
1
1
=
tz ( tz o )(zz o )
1
zz
o
( tz o ) 1 tz
o
)
n
( zz o )
zz o (zz o )2
( z z o)n1 (tz o)n
1
1+
+
++
+
n1
tz o
tz o (tz o )2
zz o
(tz o)
1
tz o
f (t)
1
dt .
2 i c tz
n1
zz o ( zz o )
( z z o)
(zz o )
1
+
+
++
+
2
3
n
n
tz o (tz o ) (tz o )
(tz o )
( tz o ) ( t z)
maka,
f ( z )=
1
2 i
f (t)
1
dt
2 i C tz
f (t)
f (t)
f (t)
f (t )
1
2
n1
dt+(
zz
)
dt+(zz
)
dt++(zz
)
dt +
(zz
tz
o
o
o
2
3
n
2 i
o
C
C (tz o)
C (tz o)
C ( zz o )
z o (C) ,
f (t)
1
f ( zo ) =
dt
2 i C tz o
f (t )
n!
n
f ( zo )=
dt
dan
2 i C (t zo )n1
dengan Rn=
zz o dt
1
f (t)
(1)
2 i C
tz o tz
( )
Akan dibuktikan
lim R n=0.
z z
1
dt
|Rn|= 2 i f ( t ) t z o t z
o
C
( )
untuk setiap
z C C
| |
berlaku
1
1
1
=
( tz1 )=|tz1 |=|(tz )(zz
)| |tz ||zz | r|zz |
o
M > 0 sehingga
| |
f ( t ) dt Ml ( C ) , dengan M =maks|f ( z )|
Mr
|zz o|
r
|zz o|
Karena
1
r ( zz o)
dengan
|zz o|
r
k=
<1 , maka
Mr
r |zz o|
lim
n
|zz o|
r
=0 . Jadi
f ( zo ) +
n=1
(n )
f (z o )
n
( zz o )
n!
2. Deret Maclaurin
a.Pengertian
Deret Maclaurin merupakan deret Taylor pada saat Z0 = 0
b.
Teorema
Teorema
zn
z2
( a ) e z = =1+ z+ + ,|z|<
2!
n=0 n!
(1 )n 2n +1
z3 z5
( b ) sin z=
z =z + ,|z|<
3! 5!
n=0 ( 2n+ 1 ) !
(1 )n 2n
z2 z4
( c ) cos z=
z =1 + ,|z|<
2! 4 !
n=0 ( 2n ) !
z 2 n+1
z3 z5
=z + + + ,|z|<
3! 5 !
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) !
( d ) sinh z =
( e ) cosh z=
n=0
z2 n
z2 z4
=1+ + + ,|z|<
2! 4!
( 2 n) !
(f )
1
= z n=1+ z + z 2+ z 3 + ,|z|<1
1z n=0
( g)
1
n n
2
3
= (1) z =1z+ z z + ,|z|<1
1+ z n=0
Bukti (a) :
z
Fungsi f ( z )=e adalah fungsi utuh, analitik pada C. Jadi jari-jari kekonvergenan deret
MacLaurinnya adalah
= . Karena
f ( z )=e =f ( 0 )+
z
n=1
1+
n=1
f n ( 0) n
z ,| z|<
n!
zn
zn
=
n! n=1 n!
zn
z2
z
e = =1+ z+ + ,|z|<
2!
n=1 n!
Bukti (b) :
f ( z )=sin z , f ( 0 )=0
f ' ( z )=
zz 0
z0
(cos z 0 ), f ' ( 0 )=
(cos 0)
1
1
''
f (z)=
( z z0 )
2!
( zz 0 )
3!
( z 0 )2
(sin 0)
2!
( z0 )3
(cos z 0), f ' ' ' ( 0 ) =
(cos 0)
3!
......
Sehingga
sin z=
n=0
(1 )n 2n +1
z3 z5
z =z + ,|z|<
3! 5!
( 2n+ 1 ) !
Bukti (c) :
f ( z )=cos z , f ( 0 ) =1
f ' ( z )=
zz 0
z0
(sin z0 ) , f ' ( 0 )=
(sin 0)
1
1
''
f (z)=
( z z0 )
( z0 )2
(cos z 0) , f (0)=
(cos 0)
2!
''
2!
( zz 0 )
3!
( z0 )3
(sin0)
3!
......
Sehingga
cos z=
n=0
(1 )n 2 n
z2 z4
z =1 + ,|z|<
2! 4!
(2 n) !
Bukti (d) :
f ( z )=sinh z , f ( 0 )=0
f ' ( z )=
''
zz 0
z0
(cosh z0 ) , f ' ( 0 )=
(cosh 0)
1
1
f (z)=
( z z0 )
2!
( z0 )2
(sinh z 0) , f (0)=
(sinh 0)
2!
( zz 0 )
3!
''
......
( z0 )3
(cosh 0)
3!
Sehingga
sinh z=
n=0
z 2n +1
z 3 z5
=z+ + + ,|z|<
3! 5!
( 2n+ 1 ) !
Bukti (e) :
f ( z )=cosh z , f ( 0 )=1
f ' ( z )=
zz 0
z0
(sinh z 0), f ' ( 0 )=
(sinh 0)
1
1
''
f (z)=
( z z0 )
2!
( z 0 )2
(cosh z 0) , f (0)=
( cosh 0)
2!
( zz 0 )
''
3!
( z0 )3
( sinh 0)
3!
......
Sehingga
z2 n
z2 z 4
cosh z =
=1+ + + ,|z|<
2! 4 !
n=0 ( 2 n ) !
Bukti (f) :
f ( z )=
Misalkan
1
f
1z . Titik singular dari fungsi
f ' ( z )=
''
adalah
1
, f ' ( 0 )=1
( 1z )2
f (z)=
2
''
, f (0)=2
3
( 1 z )
6
, f ' ' ' ( 0 ) =6
( 1z )4
......
adalah
f n ( z )=
n!
, f n ( 0 )=n !
n+1
( 1z )
f ( z )=
1
1z
adalah
f n ( 0) n
1
=f ( 0 )+
z ,|z|<1
1z
n=1 n !
1+
n=1
n! n
n
z =1+ z
n!
n=1
zn
n=0
1
n
2
3
= z =1+ z+ z + z + ,|z|<1
1z n=0
Bukti (g) :
Misalkan
f ( z )=
1
f
1+ z . Titik singular dari fungsi
1
, f ( 0 )=1
1+ z
1
, f ' ( 0)=1
2
( 1+ z )
2
, f ' ' (0)=2
3
( 1+ z )
6
, f ' ' ' ( 0)=6
4
( 1+ z )
......
n!
f n ( z )=
, f n ( 0 ) =n !
n+1
( 1+ z )
adalah
f ( z )=
f ( z )=
1
1z
adalah
f ( 0) n
1
=f ( 0 ) +
z ,|z|<1
1+ z
n=1 n!
n! n
n
1+
z =1+ z
n=1 n !
n=1
(1)n z n
n=0
1
n n
2
3
= (1) z =1z + z z + ,| z|< 1
1+ z n=0
B. Contoh soal
f ( z )=
1
1+ z
disekitar i !
Penyelesaian :
f ( z )=
1
1
, f ( i )=
1+ z
1+i
f ' ( z )=
1
1
, f ' ( i )=
2
(1+ z )
( 1+ i )2
f n ( z )=
6
1
, f ' ' ' ( i )=
4
( 1+ z )
( 1+i )4
(1 )n . n ! n
(1 )n . n !
,
f
(
i
)
=
(1+ z)n +1
(1+ i)n+1
f ( z )=
1
1+ z
disekitar
z=i adalah
2
( 1+i )3
f ( z )=
1
1+ z
f ( i )+
n=1
f ( n) ( i )
n
( zi )
n!
(1 )n
1
+
( zi )n
1+i n=1 ( 1+i )n+1
(1)n
n
( zi )
n +1
n=0 (1+i)
f ( z )=
2. Uraikan
1z
1+2 z
disekitar
Penyelesaian :
1
1 1
=
1+2 z 2 1
+z
2
( )
( )
1
1
2 3
+( z1)
2
1
3
1
z1
1+
3
2
( ( ))
1
n z1
(1 )
3 n=0
3
2
n=0
( )
(1 )n 2n ( z1 )n
3n+1
Jadi diperoleh
f ( z )=
(1 )n 2n ( z1 )n+1
1z
=
1+2 z
3 n+1
n=0
z=1 .
n=0
(1 )n 2n ( z1 )n +1
3 n+1
3. Hitunglah
(1 )n n z n
n=0
Penyelesaian :
(1 ) n z n= z ( (1 ) n z n1 )
n=0
n=0
z (1 )
n=0
d ( n)
z
dz
d
n n
z (1 ) ( z )
dz n=0
d 1
dz 1+ z
1
( 1+ z )2
( )
z
( 1+ z )2