magnetnya.
Berdasarkan perumusan matematik oleh Biot-Savart maka besarnya kuat medan magnet disekitar
kawat berarus listrik dirumuskan dengan :
Tanda silang
Keterangan gambar:
I = arus listrik
B = medan magnet
Tanda panah biru menunjukkan arah arus llistrik
Contoh :
Sebuah kawat lurus panjang dialiri arus 5 miliampere berada diruang hampa . Tentukan besarnya
induksi magnetic pada titik yang berada sejauh 10 cm disebelah kanan kawat, bila kawat
vertikal ?
Jawab :
Diketahui : I = 5 miliampere = 5 . 10 3 Ampere
a = 10 cm = 0,1 meter
Ditanya : B = .?
Dijawab :
Sebuah kawat berada pada sumbu x dialiri arus listrik sebesar 2 A searah dengan sumbu x
positif . Tentukan besar dan arah medan magnet dititik P yang berada pada sumbu y berjarak 4
cm dari pusat koordinat 0 ( lihat gambar) ?
Dijawab :
Dketahui : I = 2 A
a = 4 . 10 2 m
Ditanya : Besar dan arah B .. ?
Dijawab :
Keterangan:
= sudut antara sumbu kawat dan garis hubung P ke titik pada lingkaran kawat dalam
derajad ()
dimana
Apabila kawat melingkar tersebut dialiri arus listrik dengan arah tertentu maka disumbu pusat
lingkaran akan muncul medan magnet dengan arah tertentu. Arah medan magnet ini ditentukan
dengan kaidah tangan kanan.
Dengan aturan sebagai berikut:
Apabila tangan kanan kita menggenggam maka arah ibu jari menunjukkan arah medan magnet
sedangkan keempat jari yang lain menunjukkan arah arus listrik
Keterangan gambar :
Sebuah kawat melingkar dialiri arus listrik sebesar 4 A (lihat gambar). Jika jari-jari lingkaran 8
cm dan arak titik P terhadap sumbu kawat melingkar adalah 6 cm maka tentukan medan magnet
pada :
a. pusat kawat melingkar ( O )
b. dititik P
Jawab :
Diketahui : I = 4 A
a = 8 cm = 8 . 10 2 m
x = 6 cm = 6 . 10 2 m
sin = a / r = 8 / 10 = 0,8
Ditanya : a. Bo = . ?
b. BP = . ?
Dijawab :
Jawab :
Diketahui : I = 0,5 A
L = 2 meter
N = 800 lilitan
Ditanya : a. Bo = ............ ?
b. BP = .......... ?
Dijawab :
Besarnya medan magnet ditengah-tengah Toroida ( pada titik-titik yang berada pada garis
lingkaran merah ) dapat dihitung
a = rata-rata jari2 dalam dan jari-jari luar toroida dengan satuan meter ( m )
a = ( R 1 + R2 )
Pada gambar anda anak panah merah adalah arah arus sedang tanda panah biru arah medan
magnet.
Contoh Soal :
Sebuah Toroida terdiri dari 6000 lilitan dialiri arus listrik sebesar 10 A . Jika jari-jari dalam dan
luar berturut-turut 2 dan 4 meter . Tentukan besarnya induksi magnet ditengah toroida !
Jawab :
Diketahui : N = 6000 lilitan
I = 10 A
R1 = 2 meter
R2 = 4 meter
a=(2+4)=3m
Ditanya : Bo = ?
Dijawab :
http://fisika12.blogspot.com/2010/08/medan-magnet.html
Medan Magnet pada Solenoida
SOLENOIDA adalah kumparan kawat berbentuk tabung panjang dengan lilitan yang sangat
rapat
Sebuah kawat dibentuk seperti spiral yang selanjutnya disebut kumparan , apabila dialiri arus
listrik maka akan berfungsi seperti magnet batang.
Solenoid
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Solenoid.
Solenoid adalah salah satu jenis kumparan terbuat dari kabel panjang yang dililitkan secara rapat
dan dapat diasumsikan bahwa panjangnya jauh lebih besar daripada diameternya.[1] Dalam kasus
solenoid ideal, panjang kumparan adalah tak hingga dan dibangun dengan kabel yang saling
berhimpit dalam lilitannya, dan medan magnet di dalamnya adalah seragam dan paralel terhadap
sumbu solenoid.[1]
Kuat medan magnet untuk solenoid ideal adalah:[1]
di mana:
Jika terdapat batang besi dan ditempatkan sebagian panjangnya di dalam solenoid, batang
tersebut akan bergerak masuk ke dalam solenoid saat arus dialirkan.[2] Hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan
untuk menggerakkan tuas, membuka pintu, atau mengoperasikan relai.[2]
Catatan kaki
1.
2.
Referensi
Halliday, 2001 (Inggris) Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jearl. Fundamentals of
Physics (in Inggris) (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9971-51-330-7.
Pranala luar
Teori
(Inggris) Interactive Java Tutorial: Magnetic Field of a Solenoid National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory
medan magnet
Posted by keep.crazy in Dec 14, 2010, under Uncategorized
Induksi Magnet
Pada suatu titik ada medan magnet bila muatan yang bergerak pada titik tersebut mengalami gaya magnet. Medan
magnet ini dikenal juga sebagai induksi magnet. Induksi magnet dapat dilukiskan sebagai garis-garis yang arah
singgungnya pada setiap titik pada garisgaris induksi magnet menunjukkan arah vektor induksi magnet di
titiktitik tersebut.
Banyaknya garisgaris induksi magnet yang melalui satuan luas bidang dinyatakan sebagai besar induksi magnet di
titik tersebut. Banyaknya garisgaris gaya dinamakan fluks magnet (
magnet persatuan luas dinamakan rapat fluks magnet (B).
Fluks magnet dan rapat fluks magnet dapat dinyatakan dalam persamaan sebagai
Dalam sistem MKS, satuan fluks magnet adalah Weber (W), sedang satuan rapat fluks magnet adalah Weber/m2
(W/m2) atau dikenal denga Tesla (T). Untuk sistem CGS satuan fluks magnet adalah Maxwell (M), sedang satuan
rapat fluks magnet adalah Maxwell/cm2 (M/cm2). Satuan Maxwell/cm2 disebut juga dengan nama Gauss (G).
Hubungan satuan sistem MKS dan sistem CGS adalah 1 T = 104 G. Contoh soal 11.1:
Medan magnet menembus bidang empat persegi panjang ukuran 20 cm x 25 cm secara tegak lurus terhadap bidang.
Fluks magnet serba sama pada seluruh bidang adalah sebesar 104 Weber. Tentukan rapat fluks magnet dalam sistem
MKS/SI.
Gambar 11.3 Pengaruh arus listrik terhadap penunjukan arah jarum kompas
Hubungan antara besarnya arus listrik dan medan magnet di nyatakan oleh Biot Savart, yang kemudian dikenal
dengan Hukum Biot Savart.
Intuksi magnet oleh kawat dengyang panjangnya tertentu seperti pada Gambar 1.4 adalah
adalah sudut-sudut yang terbentuk antara ujung-ujung kawat dengan garis yang menghubungkan ujung
kawat dan titik P. 1
Ditinjau suatu kawat arus berbentuk lingkaran jari-jari R, akan dihitung rapat fluks magnetik/induksi magnet suatu
titik di sumbu lingkaran yang jaraknya dari pusat lingkaran x (Gambar 11.8).
Kawat melingkar berarus menyebabkan induksi magnet dan dilukiskan seperti pada Gambar 11.8. Vektor dB adalah
sebagian kecil dari induksi magnet B yang disebabkan oleh elemen kawat ds yang arahnya tegak lurus dengan r dan
ds. Bagian kecil induksi magnet dB diuraikan ke sumbu lingkaran yaitu dBy dan ke arah tegak lurus sumbu dBx.
Dengan pertimbangan simetri, komponen total ke arah yang tegak lurus sumbu lingkaran ( kearah sumbu y) adalah
0. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam arah sumbu y komponen-komponen saling meniadakan, sehingga yang ada hanya
komponen ke arah sumbu lingkaran .
Medan magnet pada sumbu lingkaran kawat berarus pada jarak x dari pusat lingkaran dan berjari-jari R adalah
Jika kawat lingkaran disusun sedemikian hingga berupa kumparan tipis (tebalnya jauh lebih kecil dari x), besarnya
induksi magnet pada sumbu kumparan
Untuk solenoid yang panjang tak berhingga, maka induksi manet ditengah-tengah solenoid sepanjang solenoid
adalah
11.6 Induksi magnet oleh Toroida. Suatu toroida adalah bangun berbentuk seperti ban yang dililiti dengan kawat
sedemikian hingga tiap lilitan berbentuk lingkaran
seperti diperlihatkan dalam Gambar 11.10
Toroida dianggap seperti solenoida sangat panjang yang dilengkungkan sehingga ujung-ujungnya berimpit, sehingga
induksi magnet oleh toroida dapat diperoleh dari rumus (11.10).
http://ardhanapriadi.blog.com/2010/12/14/91/
Tubular Solenoids
Tubular solenoids are tube shaped solenoids in which the coil portion is covered by a metal case. They are designed
to obtain maximum force over a wide range of long or short strokes. two types of push and pull tubular solenoid
are available to meet your application needs.
Small Push-Pull Solenoids
Small push-pull solenoids fulfill the need for miniaturizing, while maintaining output and cost efficiency. These
small push-pull solenoids are suitable for space conscious, low-cost applications.
Push-Pull Solenoids
Push-pull solenoids have coil covered by a metal case with a flange as an auxiliary magnetic pole, so that even a
small size solenoid can generate a large force. The standard pole configuration is conical type that is designed for
medium stroke application. It is acceptable to modify pole configuration to be flat or other angles. Please consult to
Sun magnet for further information.
Rotary
Rotary solenoids are designed to provide direct rotary motion. In order to convert the linear force of a push-pull
solenoid into rotary motion, the case and armature are provided with specially designed spiral grooves, called "ball
races". If you use a cam or a crank lever to convert a linear force into rotary motion, please consider using our rotary
solenoids in your unit for a simpler, more reliable application.
shaped.
Precision specification
The outline specification tolerance base on forge production is small and stable while the tolerance on lathe process
is unstable.
High strength
The forge technology can combine above two different kinds material and produced base on integrity parts that
constitution strength is hundreds times better than normally lathe process that parts are combined after processes.
Meterial Variety
Highly permeable magnetic coefficient material for forge production, it can use the material of highly permeable
magnetic coefficient (The lower carbon percentage in material, the easier for forge production) but the material
used in lathe process is limitation that has to easier for cutting.
Competitive cost
The forge production cost is much lower than lathe process.
Tubular Solenoid
Above photo illustrates sun magnet's typical shape of forge parts. The current available diameter of forge parts are in
100mm. It is not always any kinds of shape those can be produced by forge integrity directly. However, it can be
produced by forge integrity firstly to get roughly shape and then lathe secondary process to meet customer's
specification required. It also can make cost down a lot through this way. It is base on rated quantity for forge
production. If you have special requirements, please consult to Sun Magnet for further information.
Duty Cycle
Duty cycle is the term used to define the heating factors of a solenoid to prevent thermal damage. Duty cycle is
normally expressed as a percentage and is defined as: the solenoids on time divided by the sum of the on time
plus the off time:
on time
Duty Cycle(%)=
X 100%
on time + off time
Duty cycle is important because a product of applying electrical power to the coil is heat. This excess heat can
thermally damage the coil. Thus the term duty cycle is used to assure that only the safe maximum amount of
electrical energy is applied to the solenoids. As an example, if a solenoid is rated at 7 watts continuous duty, this
means that the solenoid coil can operate continuously (100% on time) with an input power lever of 7 watts with no
thermal damage. The continuous duty rating is tested by lab. However, if increased energy output is required, then
this can be accomplished by increased power input but it will cause temperature rised and lead to permanent thermal
damage in the coil. To prevent this, the solenoid must be operated in anonandoff mode. Therefore if the input
power level is increased to 14 watts ( double the continuous duty rating ) the solenoid's duty cycle must be dropped
to 50% to prevent thermal damage. Additionally, the maximumon time needs to be considered.
Maximum on Time
When a solenoid is actuated, current is applied to the coil. A product of this is temperature rise in the coil. When a
solenoid is energized continuously, heating of the coil increases until a saturation level is reached which is equal to
the ambient heat radiation. When a solenoid is operated in an intermittent (on-off) matter, theontime becomes
critical if higher voltages ( thus currents ) are applied to the coil. These higher currents cause higher coil
temperatures that can exceed the cooling capacity of the solenoid through ambient radiation. This heat rise can
thermally destroy the solenoid's coil. To avoid such a catastrophic failure, there is a maximumontime, which is the
longest time the solenoid can be energized without thermal damage. The maximumontime has been determined
for each duty cycle, and is shown in the coil data.
Ampere Turn
Ampere turn describes the electro-motive force that causes a solenoid to actuate. Ampere tum is the product of the
applied current to the coil, multiplied by the number of turns of magnet wire, as shown in the formula below:
Voltage
Ampere Turns=
Energy output of a solenoid is proportional to the number of ampere turns. The larger the number of ampere turns,
the larger the mechanical energy output. However, the ampere turns should not below to 10% duty cycle, as all
solenoids reach magnetic saturation at 10% level duty cycle, increasing ampere tums will not obviously increase
energy output. If you have special requirements, please consult to Sun Magnet for further information.
Plunger Configuration
the shape of the infernal end of the plunger influences the force-stroke characteristic of a given solenoid. This shape
can be varied to meet specific requirements. In DC applications a conical shaped plunger is most commonly used. A
comparison graph of four solenoids is equivalent in every way with the exception of the shape of the plunger. The
flat plunger face will provide a large force through a short stroke while a conical shaped plunger will provide more
force at longer stroke. For conical shaped plunger, the smaller plunger angle has, the larger starting force solenoid
provides but holding force will be smaller. Please refer to Fig. 1 that illustrates the influence of various plunger
shapes on the slope of the force-stroke curve.
Heat Sink
In order to reduce coil heating and to enable a larger ampere turn to be employed, a heat sink should be attached to a
solenoid. Coil data of rotary solenoids, push-pull solenoids and tubular solenoids are measured and tested with a
standard heat sink attached. Without a heat sink, a lower voltage than specified on the coil data charts, or lower duty
cycle, must be used to avoid thermal damage to the coil. The coil data of small push-pull solenoids, self-holding
solenoids and open frame solenoids, is shown without use of a heat sink.
Safety Factor
To reduce potential problems due to energy less through temperature rise in the coil and voltage fluctuation, a safety
factor of 1.5 is recommended (required output *1.5). It is possible to use a smaller
safety factor, but precise application testing should be performed under all possible conditions.
t
R1
R2
t1
t2
Response Time
The response time for solenoids is the time from when a voltage is applied to the coil until a given stroke has been
achieved. The data in this catalogue Uses a coil temperature of 20C as a reference point, without any load.
Response time will become longer when a load is applied to the solenoid.
Arc Suppression
The solenoid coil is an inductive load that has a high inductance. As such, caution should be taken in the form of arc
suppression when energizing and de-energizing the coil.
Power Supply
All of our standard solenoids are DC type. if the power supply available is AC, then a rectifier is required to convert
AC to DC. The rectifier should be a full wave rectified type. Consult to Sum Magnet for recommendation.
E1
E2
1
2
2.When circumstances preclude the grounding of the positive (+) lead of the power supply, or require the grounding
of the negative (-) lead of the power supply, install a switch in the positive (+) lead of the power supply and connect
the negative (-)lead to the coil.
Conversion of Units
1 N ( Newton) = 0.102 (kgf) =102 (gf)
1 kgf
= 9.807 (N)
1 Nm
= 10.197 (kgf cm)
1 MPa
= 10.197 (kgf / cm2)
2
1 kgf / cm
= 0.098 (MPa)
1 inch
= 25.4mm
1C
= 5/9 ( F -32)
1 ounce
= 28.35 g
1N
= 3.6 ounces
1 Pound
= 16 ounces
http://www.tai-shing.com.tw/technical/solenoid.htm
Panjang
B = kuat medan magnetik (T)
a = jarak titik dari kawat (m)
i = kuat arus listrik (A)
o = 4 x 107dalam satuan standard
Glossaries
T = tesla
A = ampere
m = meter
Wb = weber
Glossaries
1 Wb / m2 = 1 T
Source :
Undergraduate Theses, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Faculty of Industrial
Technology RSM 629.227 5 Nur p