APPENDIKS B
NERACA PANAS
Kapasitas
Suhu Reference
Waktu operasi
Satuan
Basis waktu
=
=
=
=
Asumsi :
50000
Kiloliter/tahun
25 0C, 1 atm
300 hari/tahun ; 24 jam/hari
Kkal
1 hari
30
Cp (kkal/kg C)
o
45
60
75
0.9987
0.99895
1.0001
1.0021
30
45
60
80
0.1521
0.1522
0.1522
0.1523
30
45
60
80
0.3198
0.3342
0.3486
0.3678
90
100
1.0050
1.0076
(Geankoplis, hal 856, 1993)
* Cp CaCl2
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal/kg C)
o
95
105
0.1523
0.1524
(Perry, edisi keenam)
* Cp Dekstrin
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal/kgoC)
* Cp Enzim
95
105
0.3822
0.3918
(Perry, edisi keenam)
* Cp Glukosa
Data Cp Glukosa untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal/kg C)
o
0.2770
20
30
0.3
60
0.3115
80
85
0.3460
0.3690
0.3748
(Perry edisi ketujuh,tabel 2-197)
* Cp H2SO4
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal/kg C)
o
30
45
60
80
0.1847
0.1850
0.1854
0.1858
30
45
60
80
95
105
0.1862
0.1864
(Perry edisi keenam)
* Cp Pati
Suhu (oC)
95
105
B-2
Cp (kkal/kg.oC)
0.3198
0.3467
* Cp Protein
0.25
* Cp Serat
Cp abu =
* Cp Maltosa
0.32
0.3468
0.3678
kkal/kgoC
0.32
0.3822
0.3918
(Perry edisi keenam)
(Lange, tabel 8-9)
kkal/kg C
kkal/kgoC
Air Proses
Roll Mill
)C-114(
Ca (Cl)2
4
Reaktor Liquifikasi
)E-118(
30
Cp
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
(oC)
( kkal )
279110.69
95695.09
3987.30
7974.59
11961.89
0.9987
0.3198
0.25
0.32
0.32
5
5
5
5
5
1393739.21
153016.45
4984.12
12759.35
19139.02
339325.03
0.32
542920.04
46.37
738100.95
0.1521
2.68
35.27
2126593.45
30
T
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
279110.69
95695.09
3987.30
7974.59
0.999
0.320
0.250
0.320
5
5
5
5
1393739.21
153016.45
4984.12
12759.35
B-3
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
Total
351286.91
46.37
738100.95
0.320
0.152
2.36
5
5
562059.06
35.27
2126593.45
(kkal)
1393739.21
153016.45
4984.12
12759.35
562059.06
35.27
2126593.45
E. Amylase
steam
(148 oC)
Jet Cooker
)E-118(
8
Reaktor Likuifikasi
)R-110(
Tangki Pendingin
)F-122(
steam
condensat
30
Massa
Cp
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
279110.69
95695.09
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
0.9987
0.3198
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
5
5
5
5
5
5
1393739.21
153016.45
4984.12
12759.35
562059.06
35.27
B-4
a-amilase
Total
38.2780
738139.23
0.5054
2.87
96.73
2126690.19
Aliran <9>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Total
Reaksi yang terjadi :
(C6H10O5)1000+400H2O
Starch
95
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
276303.63
32536.33
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
38.28
31579.38
13333.52
21052.92
738139.23
1.0063
0.3822
0.25
0.320
0.320
0.152
0.505
0.382
0.320
0.38057
4.019
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
19463103.93
870477.01
69777.67
178630.84
7868826.88
493.75
1354.29
844874.74
298670.76
560849.80
30157059.67
-amylase
Air
Dekstrin
=
=
=
Maltosa
=
-68317.4
-94051.8
4177
4108
1348900
673000
162000
1620
342
180
18
63158.76
0.164
kkal/kmol
kkal/kmol
kkal/kg
kkal/kg
kkal/kmol
kkal/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg
=
2807.06
31579.38
13333.52
21052.92
kg
kg
kg
kg
=
=
=
=
Glukosa
=
=
676674000
6654960
0.390
kmol
155.948
19.493
38.987
116.961
kmol
kmol
kmol
kmol
kkal/kmol
kkal/kmol
B-5
dimana
a = jumlah atom C
b = jumlah atom H
Hf pati
=
=
676674000
-240401800
hfdekstrin
=
=
6654960
-2404018
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
60 ) -
34158.7
hfmaltosa
=
=
1348900
-531213
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
12 )
34158.7
hfglukosa
=
=
673000
-301215.2
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
6 )
34158.7
H reaksi25C =
=
- (
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
x 6000 ) -
34158.7
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
((mol x Hf)dekstrin + (mol x Hf)maltose+ (mol x Hf)glukose) ((mol x Hf)pati+ (mol x Hf)H2O)
-46862591.8606707
+ -20710342.443428 + -35230331.00375
-93725183.7213413
- -10653931.653364
=
1575850.07
Dari perhitungan diketahui bahwa reaksi yang terjadi adalah reaksi endotermis,
maka dibutuhkan steam.
Menghitung jumlah steam yang dibutuhkan
Suhu bahan yang masuk dipertahankan sampai suhu 95oC
dengan menggunakan steam saturated 148oC
(vanness Tabel F.1 hal 691)
Kpa
T (C)
Hv(kkal/kg)
HL (Kkal/kg)
(Kkal/kg)
451.64
148
656.46
25.09
631.37
H masuk
= H keluar
Hin + Qsupply
= Hout + Hreaksi + Qloss
Asumsi
:
Q loss
= 5 % Qsuplay
sehingga
:
Q suplay
= Hproduk +Hreaksi -Hreaktan + 0,05 Qsuplay
ms x = Hproduk +Hreaksi -Hreaktan + 0,05 (ms x )
631.37
ms
= Hproduk +Hreaksi -Hreaktan
+
31.57
ms
599.80
ms
=
29606219.55
ms
=
49359.97 kg
Q supply
Qloss
=
=
=
=
=
ms x
49359.97
x
631.37
31164441.6274093 kkal
0,05 x Qsupply
1558222.08137047 kkal
Keluar
Aliran <9>
(kkal)
B-6
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
Aliran <8>
a-amilase
1393739.21
153016.45
4984.12
12759.35
562059.06
35.27
Q supply
31164441.63
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
96.73
2126690.19
Total
19463103.93
870477.01
69777.67
178630.84
7868826.88
493.75
1354.29
844874.74
298670.76
560849.80
30157059.67
1558222.08
1575850.07
33291131.82
Q loss
Hreaksi
Total
33291131.82
Tangki Pendingin
)F-122(
Reaktor Sakarifikasi
)R-120(
10
Air pendingin
(45 oC)
Perhitungan Entalpi Bahan Masuk
Produk yang Keluar dari Tangki Likuifikasi T(oC) =
Massa
Cp
Komponen
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
Aliran <9>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Total
1.0063
0.3822
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
0.5054
0.3822
0.3200
0.3806
4.02
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
19463103.93
870477.01
69777.67
178630.84
7868826.88
493.75
1354.29
844874.74
298670.76
560849.80
30157059.67
(kg/hari)
276303.63
32536.33
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
38.28
31579.38
13333.52
21052.92
738139.23
95
o
B-7
Produk yang masuk ke Tangki Pendingin T(oC)
Massa
Komponen
(kg/hari)
Aliran <10>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Total
276303.63
32536.33
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
38.28
31579.38
13333.52
21052.92
738139.23
=
Cp
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
1.0063
0.3822
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
0.5054
0.3822
0.3200
0.3806
4.02
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
9731551.96
435238.50
34888.84
89315.42
3934413.44
246.88
677.14
422437.37
149335.38
280424.90
15078529.83
Q dilepas bahan
= H feed - H produk
Q yang diserap air pendingin
=
= H feed - H produk
=
30157059.67
=
15078529.83
kkal
H air pendingin masuk :
= M x Cp x T
= M
x
0.999
=
4.9935
M kkal
H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x T
Mx
=
0.999
x
=
19.9790 M
kkal
Q diserap air pendingin
15078529.834
15078529.834
M
Jadi
=
=
=
=
15078529.83
x (30-25)
(45-25)
60
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.9935 M
4.9935
x
1006207.99
5024499.5980
kkal
19.9790 M
19.9790
x
1006207.99
20103029.43 kkal
Keluar
H Aliran <10>
(kkal)
B-8
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Total
19463103.93
870477.01
69777.67
178630.84
7868826.88
493.75
1354.29
844874.74
298670.76
560849.80
30157059.67
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
9731551.96
435238.50
34888.84
89315.42
3934413.44
246.88
677.14
422437.37
149335.38
280424.90
15078529.83
15078529.83
30157059.67
Qserap
Total
30157059.67
10
11
steam
(148 oC)
12
E.Glukoamylase
13
steam
condensat
Perhitungan Entalpi Bahan Masuk
Produk yang Keluar dari Tangki Pendingin T(oC)
Massa
Cp
Komponen
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
Aliran <10>
Air
276303.63
1.0063
Starch
32536.33
0.3822
Protein
3987.30
0.2500
Fiber
7974.59
0.3200
Impurities
351286.91
0.3200
Ca(Cl)2
46.37
0.1521
amylase
38.28
0.5054
(C6H10O5)10
31579.38
0.3822
C12H22O11
13333.52
0.3200
C6H12O6
21052.92
0.3806
Aliran <11>
60
( C)
(kkal)
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
9731551.96
435238.50
34888.84
89315.42
3934413.44
246.88
677.14
422437.37
149335.38
280424.90
Cooler
)E-126(
B-9
H2SO4
Aliran <12>
E. Glukoamilase
Total
15.48
0.1854
35
100.46
1.80
738156.51
0.5054
4.71
35
31.84
15078662.14
(kkal/kgC)
60
(oC)
(kkal)
Aliran <13>
Air
269375.29
1.0063
35
Starch
650.73
0.3822
35
Protein
3987.30
0.2500
35
Fiber
7974.59
0.3200
35
Impurities
351286.91
0.3200
35
Ca(Cl)2
46.37
0.1521
35
amylase
38.28
0.5054
35
(C6H10O5)10
631.59
0.3822
35
C12H22O11
14343.23
0.3200
35
C6H12O6
89804.95
0.3806
35
H2SO4
15.48
0.1854
35
E. Glukoamlase
26.03
0.5054
35
Total
738180.75
4.7096
Perhitungan hidrolisa menjadi Glukosa oleh enzim Glukoamylase
1. Perubahan dekstrin menjadi glukosa
Reaksi yang terjadi :
Glukoamylase
(C6H10O5)10 +
10 H2O
10 C6H12O6
M
R
S
Dekstrin
air
19.49344467
19.10357577 191.03575773
0.389868893 191.03575773
Pati
0.19682472
0.190919978
0.005904742
Glukosa
191.035758
191.035758
Glukoamylase
1000 C6H12O6
air
Glukosa
190.91997849
190.91997849
9487532.27
8704.77
34888.84
89315.42
3934413.44
246.88
677.14
8448.75
160644.14
1196201.97
100.46
460.46
14921634.54
190.9200
190.9200
Glukoamylase
1000C12H22O11
B-10
M
R
S
Pati
0.005904742
0.005904742
0
Hf H2O
Hf CO2
Hf Pati
Hf Dekstrin
Hf Maltosa
Hf Glukosa
BM pati
BM dekstrin
BM maltosa
BM glukosa
Reaksi 1 :
H reaksi pd 25C
air
2.9523708013
2.9523708013
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Reaksi 3 :
H reaksi pd 25C
2.9524
2.9524
=
=
=
Reaksi 2 :
H reaksi pd 25C
Maltosa
=
=
=
=
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
((mol x DHf)glukosa) - ((mol x Hf)dekstrin+ (mol xHf)H2O)
-57542873.9727976
- -45925340.023457
1433532.33
kkal
-13051066.27537
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
((mol x DHf)glukosa) - ((mol x Hf)pati+ (mol xHf)H2O)
-57507999.5037231
- -45897506.484049
1432663.52
kkal
-13043156.53823
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
((mol x Hf)maltosa) - ((mol x Hf)pati+ (mol xHf)H2O)
-1568337.75048868
-1419510.509816
52871.06
kkal
H reaksi total
=
2919066.90
kkal
Dari perhitungan diketahui bahwa reaksi yang terjadi adalah reaksi endotermis,
maka dibutuhkan steam.
Menghitung jumlah steam yang dibutuhkan
Suhu bahan yang masuk dipertahankan sampai suhu 60oC
dengan menggunakan steam saturated 148oC
Kpa
T (C)
Hv(kkal/kg)
451.64
148
656.46
H masuk
Hin + Qsuplai
Asumsi :
= H keluar
= Hout + Hreaksi + Qloss
Q loss
= 5 % Qsuplay
-201698.2969830
B-11
sehingga :
Q suplay
ms x
631.37
599.80
ms
ms
ms
Q suplay
Qloss
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ms x
4604.917
x
2907409.7903219 kkal
631.37
0,05 x Qsuplay
0.05 x
2907409.7903219
145370.49
kkal
Keluar
H Aliran <13>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
(kkal)
9487532.27
8704.77
34888.84
89315.42
3934413.44
246.88
677.14
8448.75
160644.14
1196201.97
100.46
E. Glukoamlase
460.46
14921634.54
Qsupply
31.84
15078662.14
2907409.7903
Qloss
H reaksi
145370.490
2919066.90
Total
17986071.93
Total
17986071.93
H Aliran <12>
E. Glukoamilase
Buffer Tank
)F-127(
Cooler
)E-126(
13
14
B-12
14
13
Qmasuk
=
=
air pendingin
(45 oC)
Massa
(kg/hari)
Cp
(kkal/kgC)
Komponen
Aliran <14>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Total
269375.29
650.73
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
38.28
631.59
14343.23
89804.95
15.48
26.03
738180.75
0.9989
0.3377
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.1522
0.5054
0.3294
0.32
0.323
0.1845
0.5054
4.55
40
T
(oC)
H
(kkal)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
4036063.38
3296.26
14952.36
38278.04
1686177.19
105.85
290.20
3120.67
68847.49
435105.00
42.85
197.34
6286476.63
30
B-13
8635157.913
8635157.913
M
Jadi
=
=
=
19.9790
M
14.9855
M
576234.221
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.9935 M
4.9935
x
2877425.58
19.9790 M
19.9790
x
11512583.49
Keluar
H Aliran <14>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Total
Qserap
Total
576234.22
kkal
576234.22
kkal
(kkal)
4036063.38
3296.26
14952.36
38278.04
1686177.19
105.85
290.20
3120.67
68847.49
435105.00
42.85
197.34
6286476.63
8635157.91
14921634.54
kg
14921634.54
4.9935
Udara keluar
dan CO2
18
20
Fermentor
)R-210(
15
19
17
Udara
Nutrien
30
T
(oC)
(kkal)
B-14
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Aliran <18>
Yeast
Aliran <19>
Udara
Aliran <20>
Nutrient
Total
26937.53
65.07
398.73
797.46
35128.69
4.64
3.83
63.16
1434.32
8980.50
1.55
2.60
0.9987
0.3198
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
0.5054
0.3198
0.3200
0.3115
0.1847
0.5054
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
134512.55
104.05
498.41
1275.93
56205.91
3.53
9.67
100.99
2294.92
13987.12
1.43
6.58
0.02
0.5054
0.04
6.43
0.22
7.08
107.77
73932.29
0.44
5.67
237.09
209245.29
30
T
(oC)
(kkal)
5
5
5.59
1.49
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
134518.26
104.05
498.41
1275.93
56205.91
3.53
9.67
100.99
2294.92
13983.42
1.43
6.58
1.58
272.27
209245.29
B-15
Masuk
H Aliran <15>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
(kkal)
26937.53
65.07
398.73
797.46
35128.69
4.64
3.83
63.16
1434.32
8980.50
1.55
2.60
Aliran <18>
Yeast
Aliran <19>
Udara
Aliran <20>
Nutrient
Total
0.02
6.43
107.77
73932.29
Keluar
H Aliran <20>
udara
CO2
Aliran <22>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Nutrient sisa
(kkal)
5.59
1.49
0.00
134518.26
104.05
498.41
1275.93
56205.91
3.53
9.67
100.99
2294.92
13983.42
1.43
6.58
1.58
272.27
Total
73932.29
Suhu
Waktu tinggal
23
Buffer Tank
)F-127(
Seeding Tank
)R-212(
=
=
30 oC
72 jam
Antifoam
air pendingin
(15 oC)
24
16
Fermentor
)R-210(
Broth T
)F-216
25
21
22
Urea dan
(NH4)H2PO4
air pendingin
(20 oC)
= 30
H
B-16
Komponen
Aliran <21>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Nutrient sisa
Aliran <22>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Aliran <23>
Antifoam
Aliran <24>
Urea
(NH4)H2PO4
Total
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
(oC)
(kkal)
242437.758
585.654
3588.566
7177.132
316158.223
41.736
34.450
568.429
12908.904
80824.457
13.936
23.426
0.626
107.735
0.9987
0.3198
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
0.5054
0.3198
0.3200
0.3115
0.1847
0.5054
0.3198
0.3198
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1210612.94
936.46
4485.71
11483.41
505853.16
31.74
87.06
908.92
20654.25
125884.09
12.87
59.20
1.00
172.27
26938.672
65.073
398.730
797.459
35128.691
4.637
3.828
63.159
1434.323
8978.119
1.548
2.603
0.9987
0.3198
0.2500
0.3200
0.3200
0.1521
0.5054
0.3198
0.3200
0.3115
0.1847
0.5054
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0.00
104.05
498.41
1275.93
56205.91
3.53
9.67
100.99
2294.92
13983.42
1.43
6.58
7383.283
0.83
30640.62
33.676
6.735
745711.57
0.44
0.44
8.96
5
5
74.09
14.82
1986397.45
=
T
35
H
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
(oC)
Aliran <24>
CO2
42257.10
0.125
10
52821.38
Aliran <25>
C2H5OH
43891.01
0.464
10
203654.28
(kkal)
B-17
C3 H 8 O 3
CH3COOH
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Antifoam
Total
Reaksi :
C6H12O6
1147.48
0.309
10
3545.71
374.18
269264.18
650.73
3987.30
7974.59
351286.91
46.37
38.28
631.59
14343.23
2245.06
15.48
26.03
148.77
7383.28
745711.57
0.346
0.9988
0.3288
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.1522
0.5054
0.3294
0.32
0.31725
0.1848
0.5054
0.3198
0.32
6.42
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1294.65
2689410.60
2139.59
9968.24
25518.69
1124118.13
70.57
193.47
2080.45
45898.33
7122.47
28.61
131.56
475.78
23611.74
4192084.23
S.Cerevisiae
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
S.Cereviciae
2C6H12O6 + H2O
Hf Glukosa
Hf H2O
-301215.2
kkal/kmol
-68317.4
kkal/kmol
Hf CO2
-94051.8
kkal/kmol
-Hc C2H5OH
326700
kkal/kmol
-Hc C3H8O3
396270
kkal/kmol
-Hc CH3COOH
208340
kkal/kmol
-Hc (CH3CHO)
284980
kkal/kmol
BM C2H5OH
46
kg/kmol
BM C3H8O3
92
kg/kmol
BM CH3COOH
60
kg/kmol
BM CH3CHO
=
=
44 kg/kmol
180 kg/kmol
BM glukosa
=
=
( Hougen pers. 17 )
326700
- (
94051.8
-66355.8
Kkal/kmol
2 )
- (
34158.7
B-18
Hf (CH3COOH)
=
=
208340
-116398.4
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
Hf (C3H8O3)
=
=
396270
-159155.0
94051.8
Kkal/kmol
3 ) -
Reaksi 1 :
C6H12O6
M
R
S
S. Cerevisiae
498.90
473.96
24.95
Hreaksi25C =
=
=
=
(
(
34158.7
34158.7
2CO2
947.92
947.92
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
((mol x Hf)etanol+ (mol xHf)CO2)- ((mol x DHf)glukosa)
-62899730.4097297
+
-9289577.67
kkal
24.95
12.47
12.47
S. Cerevisiae
-89153214.407027
-142763367.1458
6.24
6.24
H reaksi25C =
947.92
947.92
Reaksi 2 :
2C6H12O6 + H2O
M
R
S
2C2H5OH
) -
12.47
12.47
954.15
954.15
6.24
6.24
Hf produk - Hf reaktan
=
((mol x Hf)propanol)+(mol x Hf)asam asetat)+(mol x Hf)etanol)+(mol x Hf)CO2) ((mol x Hf)glukosa+ (mol x Hf)H2O)
-1985073.48847159
+
-90326283.017646
-152167817.28
kkal
-725894.18472719
-3756930.7143644
+
-
-63313544.42558
-426047.1224319
H reaksi total =
-161457394.95
kkal
Dari perhitungan diketahui bahwa reaksi yang terjadi adalah eksotermis, maka dibutuhkan air
pendingin.
nilai Q yang diserap
=
=
=
10
-161457395.0
B-19
= M
x
0.999
=
4.9935
M
kkal
H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x T
M
=
x
0.999
=
19.98
M
kkal
Q diserap air pendingin
159251708.17
159251708.17
M
Jadi
=
=
=
=
(10-5)
x x (10-5)
11483.41
505853.16
31.74
87.06
908.92
20654.25
125884.09
12.87
59.20
1.00
172.27
0.00
0.00
104.05
498.41
1275.93
56205.91
3.53
9.67
100.99
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.9935 M
4.9935
x
53066190.97
19.9790 M
19.9790
x
212317899.1
10627053.36
kkal
10627053.36
kkal
Keluar
H Aliran <24>
CO2
Aliran <25>
C2H5OH
(kkal)
203654.28
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Antifoam
3545.71
1294.65
2689410.60
2139.59
9968.24
25518.69
1124118.13
70.57
193.47
2080.45
45898.33
7122.47
28.61
131.56
475.78
23611.74
52821.38
4192084.23
B-20
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Aliran <23>
Antifoam
Aliran <24>
Urea
(NH4)H2PO4
H reaksi
Total
2294.92
13983.42
1.43
6.58
0.00
30640.62
0.00
74.09
14.82
1986397.45
161457394.950541 Qserap
163443792.40
Total
159251708.17
163443792.40
steam
(148 oC)
Tangki Penampung
Filtrat (F-311)
Beer Still
)D-310(
Heater (E-313)
30
steam
condensat
31
30
T
H
(kkal)
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
(oC)
43607.422
1140.063
371.760
267524.415
46.074
14250.553
2230.559
15.384
7335.578
336521.81
0.464
0.309
0.346
0.9987
0.1521
0.32
0.3115
0.1847
0.32
3.41
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
101169.219
1761.398
643.144
1335883.164
35.040
22800.885
3474.095
14.206
11729.590
1477510.741
=
Cp
80.00
T
(kg/hari)
(kkal/kgC)
( C)
(kkal)
43607.422
0.584
55.00
1400670.398
B-21
C3 H 8 O 3
CH3COOH
Air
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Antifoam
Total
1140.063
0.309
55
19375.376
371.760
267524.415
0.346
0.10522
55
55
7074.589
1548190.539
46.074
14250.553
2230.559
15.384
7335.578
336521.81
0.1523
0.32
0.3825
0.1863
0.3198
2.71
55
55
55
55
55
386.015
250809.731
46921.820
157.603
129025.485
3402611.556
T (oC)
148
Hv (Kkal/kg)
655.84
Hl (Kkal/kg) (Kkal/kg)
149.04
506.74
(Geankoplis edisi ketiga, A.2-9 hal 858)
Qsupply
=
=
=
Qloss
Qsupply
2026421.910
Ms
H keluar - H masuk
0.95
3402611.56
0.95
2026421.910
kkal
=
=
=
=
=
=
1477510.74
5 % x Qsupply
5%
x
2026421.910
101321.096
kkal
Ms x
Ms
x
506.74
3998.908
kkal
Antifoam
Qsupply
Total
1761.398
643.144
1335883.164
35.040
22800.885
3474.095
14.206
11729.590
1477510.741
2026421.910
3503932.652
(kkal)
1400670.40
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Antifoam
Qloss
Total
19375.38
7074.59
1548190.54
386.01
250809.73
46921.82
157.60
129025.49
3402611.56
101321.096
3503932.652
B-22
Rectifying Column
)D-320(
35
Entalphi masuk
Cpv
Massa
Komponen
T =
91.07
T
(kg/hari)
(kcal/kgoC)
Hv
Aliran <33>
C2H5OH (LK)
H2O (HK)
CH3COOH
39464.72
25414.82
1.46
64881.00
jumlah
0.460
0.6
0.500
1.100
66.07
66.07
66.07
Entalphi keluar
T = 82
\
Massa
Cp
(kg/hari)
(kcal/kg C)
Aliran <35>
H2 O
39464.72
C2H5OH
CH3COOH
Komponen
jumlah
Neraca Panas :
H masuk
25712211.18
Q serap
=
=
=
(kkal)
1.005
57
2260736.31
25414.82
0.584
57
846008.51
1.46
64881.00
0.346
1.935
57
28.81
3106744.82
30
45
220.45
582.55
92.64
(30-25)
B-23
H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x T
M
=
x
0.999
=
19.9790 M
kkal
Q diserap air pendingin
22605466.362
22605466.362
M
=
=
=
=
xx
(45-25)
keluar
H Aliran <35>
H2 O
2260736.31
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
846008.51
15812985.58
CH3COOH
183.56
Total
25712394.74
CH3COOH
(kkal)
28.81
3106773.63
22605466.36
25712394.74
Qserap
Total
Open Steam :
steam
(148 oC)
Tangki Penampung
Filtrat (F-311)
33
P (Kpa)
451.64
T (oC)
148.00
34
Hv (kJ/kg)
2743.00
Hl (kJ/kg)
104.80
Entalphi Feed
Komponen
Aliran <30>
C2H5OH (LK)
H2O (HK)
T
Massa (kg)
Cp (kcal/kgoC)
43607.422
267524.415
0.584
1.008
C3 H 8 O 3
1147.477
0.309
CH3COOH
371.760
46.074
15.384
0.346
0.152
0.186
14250.553
2230.559
7335.578
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
Hs (kJkg)
2638.20
=
T
80
H
Hs (Kkal/kg)
656
Enthalpi (kkal)
55
55
55
32.12
55.42
1400670.397533
14825668.00516
17
19501.37791564
19.03
8.378
10.24
7074.588596540
386.016141790
157.534393645
0.32
55
55
55
55
17.6
250809.7313275
0.395
0.320
55
55
21.73
17.59
48458.88720751
129025.4850576
B-24
336529.222
Entalphi Distilat
Komponen
Aliran <33>
H2 O
C2H5OH
CH3COOH
Total
182
T
Massa (kg)
Cpv (kcal/kg C)
T ( C)
C
Hv
25414.819
0.600
61.07
619.20
39464.717
0.460
61.07
248.54
1.461
0.500
61.07
123.17
64880.997
0.960
Massa (kg)
T
Cp (kcal/kgoC)
Entalphi Bottom
Komponen
Aliran <34>
C2H5OH (LK)
H2O (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
4142.705
242109.595
1147.477
370.299
46.074
Ca(Cl)2
15.384
H2SO4
C12H22O11
14250.553
C6H12O6
2230.559
7335.578
Antifoam
Total
271648.225
F Hf +
S Hs
=
61082193.36
+ 656.64 S =
-17094785.9
S
=
=
91.07
o
867.73
=
100.20
T
70.20
0.584
41
70.20
1.008
70.73
70.20
0.309
21.69
70.20
0.346
24.29
70.20
0.152
10.69
70.20
0.186
13.07
70.20
0.32
22.46
70.20
0.395
27.73
70.20
0.320
22.45
3.620
232
D Hd
+ B Hb +
Qloss
56299371.7
+ 21877607.577506
+
0.05
S
-586.39 S
29152.5876666176 kg steam
Q steam
Total
61082193.35573
keluar (kcal)
H Aliran <33>
H destilat
56299371.66
H Aliran <34>
H bottom
21877607.578
78176979.238
19137624.3099784 Qloss
80219817.666
80219817.666
Total
80219817.666
Enthalpi (kkal)
169826.4458034
17124133.89679
24889.20723072
8993.676904048
492.664456275
201.057904029
320103.297597
61847.0802983
164672.5708068
62928079.62315
+
B-25
air pendingin
(30 oC)
41
Condenser Rectifying
Column (E-321)
36
Blower
)G-331(
air pendingin
(45 oC)
40
Entalphi masuk (V1)
Komponen
Aliran <36>
H2 O
C2H5OH
jumlah
Massa (kg)
Cpv (kcal/kgoC)
T = 85
Hv
25414.82
0.600
60
582.55
39464.72
64879.54
0.460
1.060
60
220.45
T=
Komponen
Aliran <41>
H2 O
Massa (kg)
Cpv (kcal/kg C)
C
Hv
2077.090
0.600
55
582.55
C2H5OH
39464.717
41541.807
0.46
1.060
55
220.45
jumlah
Entalphi Refluk( Lo )
T=
Komponen
Aliran <40>
H2 O
C2H5OH
jumlah
80.00
79.20
Massa (kg)
Cp (kcal/kgoC)
Enthalpi (kcal)
242109.595
1.002
54.20
13149896.97
4142.705
246252.300
0.584
1.586
54.20
131128.216
13149896.97
1278560.191
1291967.649
kkal
13149896.97
30
45
(30-25)
Qcondenser
B-26
H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x T
M
=
x
0.999
=
19.9790 M
kkal
Q diserap air pendingin
1291967.649
1291967.649
M
=
=
=
=
Total
xx
(45-25)
keluar (kcal)
H Aliran <41>
H destilat
1278560.19
H Aliran <40>
H Refluk (Lo)
13149896.972
14428457.16
Qcondenser
1291967.649
Total
15720424.812
15720424.812
steam
(148 oC)
Rectifying Column
)D-320(
Limbah ca
Reboiler (E-323)
38
37
steam
condensat
T=
Massa (kg)
Cp (kcal/kgoC)
Enthalpi (kcal)
23337.729
1.005
65.5
1536264.357
0.000
23337.73
0.584
1.589
65.5
0.000
1536264.357
Massa (kg)
Cpv (kcal/kg C)
23337.729
0.600
73
582.55
0.000
23337.729
0.46
1.060
73
220.45
90.50
T = 98
Hv
Enthalpi (kcal)
B-27
0.95
=
=
H keluar + Q loss
V x HV
+
Qreboiler
Qreboiler
13769898.188537 kcal
=
=
0.05 Qreboiler
Q loss
Q loss
Menghitung massa steam :
Kpa
T (C)
451.64
148
Hv(kkal/kg)
656.46
Q steam
ms x
13769898.1885365
ms
ms
Qsteam
Total
14617667.64
688494.90942683 kcal
HL (Kkal/kg)
25.09
(Kkal/kg)
631.37
x
631.37
21809.530
kg
0.05 Qreboiler
keluar
H Aliran <38>
H2 O
(kkal)
14617667.636
C2H5OH
0.00
1536264.36
13769898.1885365 Qloss
15306162.55
Total
0.000
14617667.636
688494.909
15306162.55
Air pendingin
(30 oC)
Molecular Sieve
)D-330(
Cooler
)E-332(
44
Etanol Storage
Tank (F-334)
45
Air pendingin
(45 oC)
121.78
0.9987
35
=
Hv
60
Enthalpi
(kkal)
220.45
582.55
488887.64
4256.80
B-28
Total
24039.963
1.5827
493144.44
35
Cp
(kkal/kgC)
0.5840
0.9987
121.78
( C)
(kkal)
15
15
209523.27
1824.34
211347.62
30
45
(Azaz Black)
Q dilepas bahan
= Q diserap air pendingin
Q dilepas bahan
= H feed - H produk
Q yang diserap air pendingin
= H feed - H produk
=
493144.44
211347.62
=
281796.82
kkal
H air pendingin masuk :
= M x Cp x T
M
=
x
0.999
x (30-25)
=
4.9935
M
kkal
H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x T
Mx
=
0.999
x (45-25)
=
19.9790 M
kkal
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.9935 M
4.9935
x
93900.93
19.9790 M
19.9790
x
375697.75
Keluar
H Aliran <45>
18804.63
kkal
18804.63
kkal
(kkal)
B-29
C2H5OH
Air
Total
488887.64
4256.80
493144.44
493144.44
C2H5OH
Air
Qserap
Total
209523.27
1824.34
211347.62
281796.82
493144.44
B-30
100
120
1.0076
1.0089
ankoplis, hal 856, 1993)
105
120
0.1524
ry, edisi keenam)
0.1524
105
120
0.3918
ry, edisi keenam)
0.4062
120
0.395
uh,tabel 2-197)
105
0.1864
ry edisi keenam)
105
120
0.1868
120
B-31
0.3918
ry edisi keenam)
0.412
Reaktor Liquifikasi
)E-118(
B-32
Tangki Pendingin
)F-122(
B-33
Glukosa
kkal/kmol
kkal/kmol
B-34
10000 )
100 )
22 )
12 )
B-35
Reaktor Sakarifikasi
)R-120(
B-36
B-37
Cooler
)E-126(
B-38
B-39
-13051066.275371
-13043156.538235
-201698.29698301
B-40
Buffer Tank
)F-127(
B-41
B-42
Fermentor
)R-210(
B-43
B-44
CO2
Broth Tank
)F-216(
B-45
B-46
6 )
B-47
x
4 )
8 )
960.39
960.39
-161457395.0
B-48
B-49
Beer Still
)D-310(
B-50
B-51
Rectifying Column
)D-320(
H
(kkal)
9899225.60
15812985.58
183.56
25712211.18
B-52
Hs (Kkal/kg)
Enthalpi (kkal)
1400670.3975333
14825668.005164
19501.377915647
7074.5885965403
386.0161417905
157.5343936453
250809.73132753
48458.887207516
129025.48505766
Pra Desain Pabrik Bioetanol dari Ketela Gendruwo
B-53
61082193.355738
H (kkal)
16667990.94
10917107.47
224.51
56299371.66
Enthalpi (kkal)
169826.44580345
17124133.896798
24889.207230727
8993.6769040488
492.6644562752
201.0579040294
320103.2975975
61847.08029839
164672.57080683
62928079.623158
70.200
B-54
Blower
)G-331(
H (kkal)
15720424.81
9789032.22
15720424.812
H (kkal)
1278560.19
9698263.37
1278560.191
B-55
Limbah cair
Enthalpi (kcal)
14617667.636
0.000
14617667.636
B-56
Etanol Storage
Tank (F-334)
Enthalpi
(kkal)
488887.64
4256.80
Pra Desain Pabrik Bioetanol dari Ketela Gendruwo
B-57
493144.44
B-58
B-59
B-60
B-61
B-62
B-63
B-64
B-65
B-66
B-67
B-68
B-69
B-70
B-71
B-72
B-73
B-74
B-75
B-76
B-77
B-78
B-79
B-80
B-81
B-82
B-83
B-84
B-85
Condenser Rectifying
Column (D-320)
29
Reboile
)E-323
B-86
B-87
B-88
B-89
B-90
B-91
B-92
B-93
B-94
B-95
B-96
B-97
B-98
B-99
B-100
B-101
B-102
B-103
B-104
B-105
B-106
B-107
B-108
B-109
B-110
B-111
B-112
B-113
B-114
steam
(148 oC)
29
Reboiler
)E-323(
29
B-115
B-116
A-117
APPENDIKS A
NERACA MASSA
Kapasitas Produksi
50000
Kiloliter ethanol/tahun
166.6654715 Kiloliter ethanol/hari
39464.71699 Ton/tahun
131.5490566 Ton/hari
300
hari/tahun
0.7893
kg/liter
300
hari
24
jam
435770.0
kg/hari
435.8
ton/hari
143804 ton/tahun
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Waktu Operasi
Densitas Ethanol
1 Tahun
1 Hari
Cassava yang dibutuhkan
A.1. Peeler
Peeler
belt conveyor
Washer
fungsi:
untuk mengupas kulit cassava
berat kulit cassava sebesar 8.5% berat total
(www.google.com)
Aliran masuk
Aliran <1>
=
cassava
435770 kg/hari
Aliran Keluar
Aliran <2 >
Kulit
37040.45 kg/hari
Aliran <3>
Cassava
398730 kg/hari
Keluar (kg)
Massa (kg)
Komponen
Massa (kg)
aliran <3>
435770.000
398730
Cassava
Aliran <2>
Kulit
Total
435770
37040.45
Total
435770
A-118
Bucket Elevator
Roll Mill
10
Keluar (kg)
Komponen
Massa (kg)
aliran <8>
cassava
Komponen
aliran <9>
Potongan cassava
398730
Total
398730
Massa (kg)
398730
Total
398730
Roll Mill
Tangki Mixing
10
Fungsi :
untuk menghancurkan cassava yang telah dipotong
Aliran masuk
Aliran <9>
Potongan Cassava =
398729.55 kg
Aliran Keluar
Aliran <10>
Tepung cassava
=
398729.55 kg
Tabel A.3 Komposisi Cassava
Komponen
% Berat
Air
70
Starch
24
Protein
1
Fiber
2
Impurities
3
Total
100
Tabel A.4 Neraca massa pada Roll Mill
Masuk
Komponen
Massa (kg)
Aliran <3>
Cassava
398729.55
Total
398729.55
Komposisi (kg)
279110.685
95695.092
3987.296
7974.591
11961.887
398729.550
Keluar
Komponen
Aliran <4>
Tepung Cassava
Total
Massa (kg)
398729.55
398729.55
A-119
Air
Ca(Cl)2
11
10
Roll mill
Tangki
Mixing
Jet
Cooker
12
Fungsi : 1. untuk mengencerkan padatan yang berupa tepung dan penambahan Ca(Cl) 2
sebagai co-faktor
Kondisi Operasi :
Suhu =
30 oC
Waktu tinggal =
10 menit
398729.550
338920.1175
kg
kg/hari
2. Penambahan Ca(Cl)2
Penambahan Ca+2 sebanyak 60ppm
CaCl2
Ca2+
+
2 ClDalam proses digunakan CaCl2 1 M, maka kebutuhan CaCl2 :
ppm =
w
+
wo
ppm
wo
10
+6
ppm
60.0
279110.685
10
60.000
w
w=
w=
+6
w=
16.747646
dimana,
kg
16.74764596
0.4178554 kmol
BM Ca
40.08
Banyaknya Ca(Cl)2 (kg) dalam larutan yang ditambahkan =
2+
mol Ca(Cl)2
=
=
0.4178554381
46.3735965195
x
x
kg
BM Ca(Cl)
110.98
A-120
V=
417.8554381
1
417.85544 L
417.8554380928
Massa Ca(Cl)2
46.3735965195
kg
Keluar
Komponen
Aliran <7>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
279110.685
95695.092
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.37
Total
738100.951
Massa (kg)
E. amilase
15
Reaktor Liquifikasi
Tangki Pendingin
14
Fungsi :
Reaktor Sakarifikasi
16
Kondisi Operasi :
Suhu =
Waktu tinggal =
Dalam Perencanaan ini dipilih :
Dosis Enzym =
0.4% berat pati
Reaksi yang terjadi :
95 oC
2-3 jam
(Uhlig,1998)
A-121
amylase
(C6H10O5)n+aH2O
n = 1000
m(C6H10O5)x+bC12H22O11+cC6H12O6
(Shreve's, 567)
amylase
(C6H10O5)1000+400H2O
50(C6H10O5)10+100C12H22O11+300C6H12O6
pati
air
Dengan konversi sebesar 66%
BM (C6H10O5)1000
BM (C6H10O5)10
BM C12H22O11
BM C6H12O6
dextrin
=
=
=
=
162000
1620
342
180
(C6H10O5)1000 mula-mula
95695.092
162000
(C6H10O5)1000yang bereaksi
=
=
=
H2O mula-mula
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(C6H10O5)10yg terbentuk
=
=
=
(C12H22O11)1000yg terbentuk
maltosa
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
0.5907
66
x
100
0.38987
0.5907
0.20084
32536.33128
279110.7
18
15506.1491666667
400
x
1
155.9475573
kmol
kg
2807.056032
15506.14917
15350.202
276303.63
50
1
19.49344467
31579.38036
=
=
100
1
38.98688933
13333.51615
300
glukosa
kg
kg/kmol
kmol
0.5907
kmol
0.38987
kmol
kg
kg
kg/mol
kmol
0.38987
155.94756
kmol
kg
0.38987
kmol
kg
x
0.38987
kmol
kg
x
0.38987
A-122
1
116.960668
21052.92024
=
=
kmol
kg
amylase
(C6H10O5)1000+400H2O
pati
M=
R=
S=
50(C6H10O5)10+100C12H22O11+300C6H12
air
0.5907
maltosa
155.948
15350.202
19.493
38.987
19.493
38.987
glukosa
15506.15
0.38987
0.20084
dextrin
738139.229
Total
Massa (kg)
276303.629
32536.331
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.374
38.2780368
31579.38
13333.5
21052.92
738139.229
Tangki Pendingin
Fungsi :
17
19
18
Glukoamylase
Sterilisasi
Reaktor Sakarifikasi
15
Tempat terjadinya reaksi pemutusan ikatan a-1,4 dan a-1,6 pada sisa pati dari reaksi 1
dengan hidrolisa enzim Glukoamylase.
Kondisi Operasi:
Suhu = 60oC
Waktu tinggal =
Dalam Perencanaan ini dipilih :
Dosis enzym glukoamylase = 0,8 % dari sisa pati
Konversi Dekstrin menjadi Glukosa = 98%
Konversi Pati menjadi Gula = 98%, antara lain :
48 jam
(Uhlig, H. 1998)
A-123
Tabel A.8. Perhitungan volume campuran untuk menghitung kebutuhan H2SO4 98%
Komponen
Massa (kg)
Fraksi
s.g
Fraksi x s.g
Air
276303.6
0.374
1.00
0.3743
Starch
32536.3
0.044
1.53
0.0674
Protein
3987.3
0.005
1.460
0.0079
Fiber
7974.6
0.011
1.46
0.0158
Impurities
351286.9
0.476
1.7
0.7867
Ca(Cl)2
46.4
0.000
1.08
0.0001
amylase
38.278
0.000
0
0.0000
Dextrin
31579.4
0.043
1.038
0.0444
Dextrose
21052.92
0.029
1.55
0.0442
Maltose
13333.5
0.018
1.533
0.0277
Total
738139.2
1
1.368
air
larutan
=
=
=
998.9
kg/m3
(fraksi x s.g) x air
1.368
=
Volume larutan =
=
x
1367.0
0.999
kg/Liter
998.9
kg/m3
m/
=
539.96
m3
=
539957.5
Liter
Aumsi pH awal = 6
pH = - log [H+]
6 = - log [H+]
M1 =
0.000001
mol/L
Volume larutan (V1) =
539957.549 L
pH yang diinginkan = 5
pH = - log [H+]
5 = - log [H+]
M3 =
0.00001
mol/L
konsentrasi H2SO4 98% (M2) =
x % x 10
Dengan menggunakan rumus =
M1V1
M2V2
+
BM
(Untuk mencari H2SO4 yang diperlukan (V2))
M3V3
x % x 10
BM
1.7976
17.976
x
M
+
x
+
98
x
98
Diencerkan sampai dengan 5%
V2
0.51
539957.5
0.00001
A-124
0.51
V2
V2
=
=
4.859617941
9.52884947
2
x
98
=
2
x
98
=
0.00322449 Liter
Massa H2SO4 98% yang dibutuhkan =
=
0.158
=
15.484
V
0.158
V2 x
x
98
0.999
kg
kg/liter
Glukoamylase
10 H2O
10 C6H12O6
Glukosa
Glukoamylase
2)
3)
BM Glukosa
BM Maltosa
BM Pati
BM Dekstrin
(C6H10O5)1000
Pati
2(C6H10O5)1000
Pati
=
=
=
=
1000 H2O
1000 H2O
1000 C6H12O6
Glukosa
Glukoamylase
1000 C12H22O11
Maltosa
180 kg/kmol
342 kg/kmol
162000 kg/kmol
1620 kg/kmol
A-125
Glukosa terbentuk =
mol glukosa
191.0357577333
=
34386.436392
kg
H2O yang dibutuhkan untuk reaksi =
mol H2O
191.0357577333
=
3438.6436392
kg
Dekstrin sisa =
mol Dekstrin sisa
0.3898688933
=
631.5876072
x
x
BM glukosa
180
x
x
BM H2O
x
x
BM Dekstrin
1620
18
kg
x
x
kg
x
x
kg
BM glukosa
180
BM H2O
18
A-126
0.005904742
kmol
Glukoamylase
1000 H2O
1000 C12H22O11
Maltosa
2.9523708013
2.9523708013
2.9523708013
2.9523708013
x
x
BM Maltosa
342
BM H2O
18
kg
reaksi 1
+
34386.43639 +
68752.03252 kg
reaksi2
34365.596
reaksi3
53.142674
Massa (kg)
269375.286
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.374
38.278
631.6
14343.23
89805.0
15.484
26.029065024
A-127
0.003
Aliran <14>
E. Glukoamlase
Total
26.029065024
738180.746
Total
738180.746
23
Cooler
Buffer Tank
21
22
Fungsi :
Tangki seeding
Fermentor
Untuk menampung hasil dari Reaktor Sakarifikasi sebelum dialirkan ke tangki seeding
dan fermentor.
Kondisi Operasi :
Suhu =
30oC
Aliran massa keluar dari buffer tank dialirkan 10 % ke tangki seeding dan 90 %
ke fermentor
(shreve's, 585)
Tabel A.10. Neraca massa pada Buffer Tank
Masuk
komponen
massa (kg)
aliran <15>
Air
269375.286
Starch
650.727
Protein
3987.296
Fiber
7974.591
Impurities
351286.914
Ca(Cl)2
46.374
amylase
38.278
(C6H10O5)10
631.588
C12H22O11
14343.227
C6H12O6
89804.953
H2SO4
15.484
E. Glukoamlase
26.029
Keluar
komponen
aliran <16>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
aliran <17>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
massa (kg)
26937.529
65.073
398.730
797.459
35128.691
4.637
3.828
63.159
1434.323
8980.495
1.548
2.603
242437.758
585.654
3588.566
7177.132
316158.223
41.736
34.450
A-128
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Total
738180.75
Total
568.429
12908.904
80824.457
13.936
23.426
738180.75
25
22
23
Buffer
Tank
Fermentor
Tangki Seeding
24
26
Udara
Aliran masuk
Aliran <16>
Komponen
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Total
Larutan =
27
Nutrien
Masuk (kg)
26937.529
65.073
398.730
797.459
35128.691
4.637
3.828
63.159
1434.323
8980.495
1.548
2.603
73818.1
fraksi
0.365
0.001
0.005
0.011
0.476
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.019
0.122
0.000
0.000
1
s.g
1.00
1.53
1.46
1.46
1.65
1.08
0
1.04
2
2
1.584
0
1.404
=
Vol larutan =
=
Asumsi :
Saccharomyces C. =
52.63
998.9
1402.7
73818.1
kg/m3
kg
1402.7
kg/m3
kg/m3
m3
0.08
volume media
fraksi x s.g
0.3649
0.0013
0.0079
0.0158
0.7866
0.0001
0
0.00089
0.0388610
0.18784
0.0000
0
1.404
A-129
Saccharomyces C. =
0.08
52.63
0.004
m3
= 4.21004962 m3
Asumsi :
Saccharomyces C. =
massa Saccharomyces C.
0.004
=
=
kg/m3
4.21004962
0.016840198 kg
aliran <18>
Perhitungan biomass
Volume media
=
BM biomass (CH1,8O0,.5N0,2) =
52.63
biomass
2.93
24.6
=
=
=
Volume biomass =
71.84
=
=
(max)
m3
kg/kgmol
kg/lt
4 kg yeast kering/1000 lt media
0.004
x
52625.62
210.5
kg
lt
0.07184385 m3
laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum
1.55
jam-1
Ks
=
=
170.6
kg/m3
Konstanta jenuh substrat
=
Monod equation
=
=
0.025
kg/m3
170.6
0.025
=
1.550
jam-1
Menghitung kecepatan tumbuh bakteri (Rv)
Xvo
=
konsentrasi bakteri mula-mula
=
=
Rv
Rv
=
=
=
0.0168
kg
52.70
m3
0.00032
x
1.550
x
0.00032
=
0.0005
Pertumbuhan bakteri dilakukan selama 24 jam
Xvt
=
24
x
=
24
x
biomass akhir
=
=
kg/m3
0.01188603 kg/m3
Xvt
x
kg/m3.jam
Rv
0.0005
volume total
170.6
lliter
A-130
=
=
0.01188603
x
0.626
kg biomass
52.697
Biomass akhir
0.626
24.6
0.025461936 kmol
1
x
1.929
0.013199552 kmol
2.375919362 kg
=
Gula terkonsumsi
=
=
=
gula sisa
=
Kebutuhan oksigen dari reaksi
8978.119
=
CO2 terbentuk
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
massa H2O
=
=
=
3.198
1.929
0.042212167
1.350789354
0.025461936
0.626363621
0.025461936 kmol
4.813
x
1.929
0.063529444 kmol
1.143529989 kg
0.025461936 kmol
100
21
0.136
x
1.929
0.001795139 kmol
0.030517364 kg
0.0254619
kmol
kg
kmol
kg
4.098
x
1.929
0.054091764 kmol
2.380037622 kg
=
=
Aliran <19>
Asumsi : Tidak ada reaksi samping
massa udara masuk =
kmol
kg
=
0.025
0.0254619 kmol
A-131
Aliran <20>
Urea
(NH4)H2PO4
massa nutrien
nutrien sisa
6.432330259 Kg
=
=
=
=
1 % dari glukosa
0,2 % dari glukosa
massa urea + massa (NH4)H2PO4
=
=
107.77
Kg
Massa (kg)
5.082
2.380
26938.672
65.073
398.730
797.459
35128.691
4.637
3.828
63.159
1434.323
8978.119
1.548
2.603
0.626
107.735
73933
Antifoam
28
22
CO2
Fermentor
10%
Tangki seeding
29
27
Broth Tank
A-132
Kondisi Operasi :
Suhu
Waktu tinggal
30 C
72 jam
o
=
=
Reaksi
Saccharomyces Cerrivisae
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2C6H12O6 + H2O
Untuk reaksi (1):
Asumsi :
Konversi glukosa menjadi ethanol
C6H12O6 total (yang tersedia)
=
=
=
C6H12O6 bereaksi
95% mol
89802.577
180
498.9032046675
kg
kg/kmol
kmol
=
=
=
0.95
x
473.9580444 kmol
85312.45
=
=
=
=
=
89802.6
4490.128842 kg
2
x
947.9160889 kmol
43604.14009 kg
85312.45
=
=
=
2
x
947.9160889 kmol
41708.30791 kg
473.95804 kmol
H2O mula-mula
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5%
mol
4490.128842 kg
180
kg/kmol
24.94516023 kmol
0.5
x
12.47258012 kmol
2245.064421 kg
4490.128842
2245.064421 kg
269376.430
18
14965.35721 kmol
0.5
x
C6H12O6 sisa
C2H5OH terbentuk
CO2 terbentuk
Untuk reaksi ( 2 )
Asumsi :
Konversi glukosa menjadi ethanol =
C6H12O6 total (sisa yang tersedia) =
C6H12O6 bereaksi
C6H12O6 sisa
498.9032 kmol
kg
473.95804 kmol
24.94516 kmol
2245.0644 kg
kg
kg/kmol
12.47258 kmol
A-133
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
C2H5OH terbentuk
CO2 terbentuk
6.236290058 kmol
14965.35721
14959.12092 kmol
269264.18 kg
0.5
6.236290058 kmol
286.8693427 kg
1
12.47258012 kmol
548.7935251 kg
1
12.47258012 kmol
1147.477371 kg
0.5
6.236290058 kmol
374.1774035 kg
6.2362901 kmol
12.47258 kmol
12.47258 kmol
12.47258 kmol
12.47258 kmol
Aliran <23>
Antifoam yang ditambahkan = 10 ppm
=
10
mg
x massa media masuk fermentor
kg
=
10
mg
x
738328.286
kg
kg
=
7383282.9
mg
=
7383.28
kg
Aliran <24>
Asumsi:
Urea
=
0,5 % dari glukosa
massa nutrient yang dibutuhkan:
Urea
=
0.005
x
(
4490.13
+
=
33.6759663 kg
(NH4)H2PO4
=
0,1 % dari glukosa
(NH4)H2PO4
=
0.001
x
6735.193
=
6.74 kg
Aliran keluar
Aliran <19>
CO2 terbentuk
CO2 dari reaksi 1 dan 2
=
=
41708.30791
+
548.7935251
=
42257.10144 kg
Aliran <20>
C2H5OH terbentuk =
=
=
2245.1
A-134
Masuk
Komponen
Aliran <17>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Nutrient sisa
Aliran <22>
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Aliran <23>
Antifoam
Aliran <24>
Urea
(NH4)H2PO4
Keluar
Massa (kg)
242437.758
585.654
3588.566
7177.132
316158.223
41.736
34.450
568.429
12908.904
80824.457
13.936
23.426
0.626
107.735
Komponen
Aliran <25>
CO2
Massa (kg)
42257.101
Aliran <26>
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Antifoam
26938.672
65.073
398.730
797.459
35128.691
4.637
3.828
63.159
1434.323
8978.119
1.548
2.603
43891.009
1147.477
374.177
269264.177
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.374
38.278
631.588
14343.227
2245.064
15.484
26.029
148.773
7383.283
7383.283
33.676
6.735
745711.569
Total
Total
745711.569
32
Sludge
Tangki penampung
filtrat
A-135
Fungsi :
Memisahkan ampas dan biomass serta zat - zat lain yang tidak terkonversi menjadi
ethanol
Aliran masuk
Aliran <27> Broth Tank
Komponen
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Antifoam
Komponen Liquid
Komponen
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Antifoam
Komponen Cake
Komponen
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
amylase
Massa (kg)
43891.009
1147.477
374.177
269264.177
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.374
38.278
631.588
14343.227
2245.064
15.484
26.029
148.773
7383.283
703454.468
Massa (kg)
43891.009
1147.477
374.177
269264.177
46.374
14343.227
2245.064
15.484
7383.283
338710.273
Massa (kg)
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
38.278
A-136
(C6H10O5)10
631.588
26.029
148.773
364744.195
E. Glukoamylase
Biomass
Sebelum Pencucian
Filtrat yang terikut cake 10 - 15% dari cake
Filtrat yang terikut cake =
12 %
=
43769.30341 kg
Filtrat :
Komponen
Massa (kg)
fraksi
C2H5OH
43891.009
0.129582753
C3H8O3
1147.477
0.003387784
CH3COOH
374.177
0.001104712
Air
269264.177
0.794969029
Ca(Cl)2
46.374
0.000136912
C12H22O11
14343.227
0.042346596
C6H12O6
2245.064
0.006628274
H2SO4
15.484
4.5715E-005
Antifoam
7383.283
0.021798225
338710.273
1
Filtrat yang keluar rotary vacuum filter =
=
=
=
=
=
=
338710.273
294940.969
0.129583
0.003388
0.0011047
0.795
0.0001369
0.042
0.007
0.0000457
0.022
43891
1147.477
374.177
269264.18
46.374
14343
2245.064
15.484
7383
364744.195
kg
kg
43769.303
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
43769.30341
Jumlah
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5671.747
148.281
48.352
34795.24
5.99
1853.48
290.11
2.001
954.093
43769.3
5671.747
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
38219.2626196288
999.1964083563
325.8249157684
234468.935941101
40.3810412882
12489.7459716684
1954.9494946102
13.4831044006
6429.1897220188
148.281
48.352
34795.241
5.993
1853.48
290.115
2.001
954.093
A-137
Jumlah
Setelah Pencucian
Air pencuci yang digunakan sekitar 100 - 150 % dari cake (Hugot, 1986)
Air pencuci
=
125 %
x
=
455930.2438 kg
Effisiensi Pencucian
=
95 %
Cake kering
Filtrat terikut :
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Antifoam
Filtrat keluar
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Antifoam
364744.20
364744.195
kg
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
294940.969218841
5671.747
148.281
48.352
34795.241
5.993
1853.481
290.115
2.001
954.093
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
5671.747
148.281
48.352
34795.24
5.993
1853.481
290.11
2.001
954.093
283.587
7.414
2.418
1739.76
0.300
92.674
14.506
0.100
47.705
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5388.1594704487
140.867
45.935
33055.4786022538
5.693
1760.807
275.6
1.901
906.388
Masuk (kg)
Aliran <27>
C2H5OH
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Air
Starch
Protein
Fiber
Impurities
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
43891.009
1147.477
374.177
269264.177
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
46.374
38.278
631.588
Keluar (kg)
Cake
Aliran <26>
283.587
7.414
2.418
457670.006
650.727
3987.296
7974.591
351286.914
0.300
38.278
631.588
Filtrat
Aliran <27>
43607.422
1140.063
371.760
267524.415
46.074
A-138
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamlase
Biomass
Antifoam
Air Pencuci
14343.227
2245.064
15.484
26.029
148.773
7383.283
92.674
14.506
0.100
26.029
148.773
47.705
14250.553
2230.559
15.384
7335.578
Aliran <25>
455930.243825489
822862.904
336521.807
1159384.712
1159384.712
Tangki Penampung
Filtrat
Beer Still
35
37
steam
Fungsi :
Memisahkan ethanol dari impuiritis sehingga didapat ethanol 50 % berat
Neraca massa :
F x xFi
D x xDi
B x xBi
=
+
Penentuan Tin menggunakan T Bubble Point
FEED
Komponen
Massa (kg)
xFi
C2H5OH (LK)
43607.422
267524.415
1147.477
371.760
46.074
15.384
14250.553
2230.559
7335.578
336529.222
0.129579898
0.794951515
0.003409741
0.001104688
0.000136909
4.57E-05
0.042345663
0.006628128
0.021797745
1
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
351.50
373.20
563.00
18.91
18.30
17.24
3803.98
3816.44
4487.04
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
Jumlah
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
C
-41.68
-46.13
-140.20
A-139
CH3COOH
391.10
611.00
423.00
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
FEED
Kondisi Operasi: P =
T trial
16.81
-
760
=
Ki = Pisat / P
371.03
Ln Pisat =
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
A-
yi = xi . Ki
= Ki / Kheavy key
Trial Suhu
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
-56.34
-
mmHg
98.03
3405.57
-
B
T+C
Ln Pi
7.362
6.557
-2.200
5.986
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
BM
46
18
92
60
110.98
98
342
180
422
Pi
1574.886
704.222
0.111
397.827
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Ki
2.072
0.927
0.00015
0.523
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
massa (kg)
43607.422
Air (HK)
267524.415
C3H8O3
1147.477
CH3COOH
371.760
Ca(Cl)2
46.074
H2SO4
15.384
C12H22O11
14250.553
C6H12O6
2230.559
Antifoam
7335.578
Total
336529.222
Menentukan distribusi komponen pada distilasi dan bottom produk
i
2.24
1.00
0.0002
0.56
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Kmol
947.987
14862.467
12.473
6.196
0.415
0.157
41.668
12.392
17.383
15901.139
xFi
0.059618
0.934679
0.000784
0.000390
0.000026
0.000010
0.002620
0.000779
0.001093
1
A-140
CH3COOH
0.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
-0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
log (AirD/AirB)
log [(C2H5OH)D/(C2H5OH)B]
=
=
=
=
log i air
log i C2H5OH
0.905 feed
0.905 feed
-0.979
0.979
0.000
0.350
log D/B
0.500
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400
-0.500
series 2
series 1
log i
-1.000
-1.500
untuk distribusi komponen dalam distilat (produk atas) dan bottom (produk bawah) dengan membuat
persamaan garis antara heavy key dan light key dengan absis log aij dan ordinat log (D/B)
diperoleh sebagai berikut :
m log () + c
log (D/B)
=
m
5.66
c
=
1.00
perhitungan distribusi untuk aliran komponen
contoh H2O
log (AirD/AirB)
(AirD/AirB)
(Air)D
=
=
=
-0.979
0.376
0,376 (Air)B
A-141
(Air)D + (Air)B
0,376 (Air)B + (Air)B
1,376 (Air)B
(Air)B
(Air)D
=
=
=
=
=
1411.934
komponen
log D/B
D/B
C2H5OH (LK)
0.979
-0.979
-22.528
-2.404
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
(Air)F
14862.467
14862.467
13450.533
Distilat
xD
Mole
9.526
0.105
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Bottom
xB
Mole
0.378
90.059
0.622
13450.533
0.000
12.473
0.000
6.172
0.000
0.415
0.000
0.157
0.000
41.668
0.000
12.392
0.000
17.383
1.000
13631.251
857.929
1411.93
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2269.89
komponen
Distilat
Bottom
C2H5OH (LK)
39464.717
25414.819
0.000
1.461
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
64881.00
4142.705
242109.595
1147.477
370.299
46.074
15.384
14250.553
2230.559
7335.578
271648.225
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
91.07
364.07 oK
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Ln Pi
7.113
Pi
1227.320
Ki
1.615
xD.Ki
0.610
0.007
0.987
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.001
1.000
A-142
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
6.300
-2.804
5.741
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
buble point dari distilat =
544.546
0.061
311.454
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
91.070
0.717
0.00008
0.410
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.446
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.056
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
87.00
360.00 oK
Ln Pi
6.962
6.144
-3.175
5.593
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Pi
1055.452
466.053
0.042
268.520
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
87.00
Ki
1.389
0.613
0.00005
0.353
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
yiKi
0.272
1.014
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.287
100.11
373.11 K
o
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
buble point dari bottom =
Ln Pi
7.434
6.632
-2.026
6.057
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Pi
1693.281
758.859
0.132
427.125
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
100.110
Ki
2.228
0.998
0.00017
0.562
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
xB.Ki
0.015
0.985
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.000
A-143
T trial
100.11
373.11 K
Ln Pi
7.434
6.632
-2.026
6.057
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
Pi
1693.281
758.859
0.132
427.125
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
100.11
komponen
Masuk (kg)
C2H5OH (LK)
43607.422
267524.415
1147.477
371.760
46.074
15.384
14250.553
2230.559
7335.578
336529.222
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Ca(Cl)2
H2SO4
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
Antifoam
Jumlah
Ki
2.228
0.998
0.00017
0.562
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Keluar (kg)
Distilat
39464.717
25414.819
0.000
1.461
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
64880.997
Beer
Still
38
36
Rectifying Column
39
FEED
Komponen
Massa (kg)
xFi
C2H5OH (LK)
39464.717
25414.819
0.60826311
0.391714378
Air (HK)
yiKi
0.003
0.988
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.992
Buttom
4142.705
242109.595
1147.477
370.299
46.074
15.384
14250.553
2230.559
7335.578
271648.225
A-144
CH3COOH
1.461
64880.997
Total
2.2512E-005
1
23337.729
41541.807
Masuk (kg)
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
39464.717
25414.819
Jumlah
64879.536
Keluar (kg)
Distilat
Buttom
39464.717
2077.090
41541.807
0.000
23337.729
23337.729
64879.536
Rectf.
Column
Molecular Sieve
Tangki Penampung
41
38
BM
46
18
Air
Massa (Kg)
39464.717
2077.090
Kmol
xFi
857.929
115.394
973.323
99.6 %berat
0.4 %berat
39464.717 kg
0.881
0.119
1.000
A-145
Air
=
157.858868 kg
Air yang diserap molekular sieve =
Tabel A.11 Neraca massa Molekular Sieve
komponen
Masuk (kg)
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
39464.717
2077.090
Jumlah
41541.807
1919.232
kg
Keluar (kg)
Produk
yang diserap
39464.717
157.859
39622.576
0.000
1919.232
1919.232
41541.807
A-146
eluar (kg)
Massa (kg)
liran <3>
398730
liran <2>
37040.45
435770
A-147
Roll Mill
eluar (kg)
Massa (kg)
398730
398730
Tangki Mixing
A-148
BM Ca(Cl)2
A-149
aktor Sakarifikasi
A-150
A-151
H22O11+300C6H12O6
tosa
glukosa
116.961
116.961
Sterilisasi
A-152
10
V2
A-153
pengenceran 5%
A-154
A-155
A-156
A-157
ermentor
A-158
A-159
kmol
A-160
Broth Tank
A-161
...........
kg
A-162
A-163
Tangki penampung
filtrat
A-164
A-165
kg
kg
5671.747
148.281
48.352
34795.24
5.99
1853.48
290.11
2.001
954.093
43769.3
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
38219.2626196288
999.1964083563
325.8249157684
234468.935941101
40.3810412882
12489.7459716684
1954.9494946102
13.4831044006
6429.1897220188
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
A-166
294940.969218841
kg
kg
283.587341 kg
7.41404812 kg
2.41762439 kg
1739.76203 kg
0.29962776 kg
92.6740497 kg
14.5057463 kg
0.10004478 kg
47.704657 kg
5388.1594704487
140.867
45.935
33055.4786022538
5.693
1760.807
275.6
1.901
906.388
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
A-167
A-168
xFi
0.059618
0.934679
0.000784
0.000390
0.000026
0.000010
0.002620
0.000779
0.001093
1
A-169
A-170
A-171
A-172
A-173
Penampung
A-174
30
45
60
75
0.9987
0.99895
1.0001
1.0021
90
1.0050
(Geankoplis, hal 856, 1993)
* Cp CaCl2
Cp
16.9
0.000386 T
Cp
0.152
0.00000348 T
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal / kg C)
o
30
45
60
80
0.1521
0.1522
0.1522
0.1523
95
0.1523
(Perry edisi keenam)
* Cp Dekstrin
Cp
Suhu ( C)
o
Cp (kkal / kg C)
o
0.291
0.00096 T
30
45
60
80
0.3198
0.3342
0.3486
0.3678
95
0.3822
(Perry edisi keenam)
* Cp Enzim
zim dihitung berdasarkan pendekatan berat molekul (BM)
Cp
=
k(BM)a
(Himmelblau edisi kelima, hal 384, 1982)
Untuk enzim harga konstanta k dan a adalah :
k =
0.587
a =
-0.0135
BM enzim bernilai 12000 - 120000 dan lebih tinggi.
(Fessenden jilid II)
Diasumsikan BM enzim merupakan nilai tengah dari kisaran 12000 - 120000
BM
=
65000
Cp enzim
k(BM)a
0.587 x (65000)-0.0135
0.5054
* Cp Glukosa
Data Cp Glukosa untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu (oC)
Cp (kkal / kg C)
o
20
30
0.2770
0.3000
0.3115
60
80
0.3460
0.3690
(Perry edisi ketujuh,tabel 2-197)
* Cp H2SO4
Cp
Cp
Suhu ( C)
o
Cp (kkal / kgoC)
6.7
0.00084 T
0.184
0.000023 T
30
45
60
80
0.1847
0.1850
0.1854
0.1858
* Cp Lemak
Cp =
A
(d15)0,5
dimana :
0.44
95
0.1862
(Perry edisi keenam)
B(ToC - 15)
B
d
=
=
0.0007
densitas lemak =
0.94
30
45
60
80
95
0.7103
0.7208
0.7313
0.291
0.00096 T(oC)
80
95
0.3678
0.3822
(Perry edisi keenam)
0.7453
0.7558
(Perry, edisi keenam, tabel 3-205, hal146)
* Cp Pati
Cp =
30
45
60
0.3198
0.3467
0.3468
* Cp Protein
0.25 kkal/kgoC
* Cp Serat
0.32 kkal/kgoC
* Cp Maltosa
0.32 kkal/kg C
* Cp serat =
Cp abu
sehingga dalam perhitungan massa keduanya dijumlahkan dan dihitung sebagai impurities.
* Yeast
mol mass
72
10
80
162
heat capacity
6 x 7,5 =
10 x 9,6 =
5 x 16,7 =
224.5
162
1.386
45
96
83.5
224.5
1.386
4.18
0.332
kkal/kg oC
Perhitungan Hv
C1 x (1-Tr)C2+C3xTr+C4xTrxTr
Hv =
dimana :
Tr =
T
Tc
1. Ethanol
Tr =
=
298
513.9
0.579879354
dimana, C1
C2
C3
56900000
0.3359
0
C4
0
Hv = 42521012.89
= 10162.522081
= 220.44516444
2. Acetic acid
Tr =
=
298
592
0.5033783784
dimana, C1
20265000
C2
0.11911
C3
-1.3487
C4
1.4227
Hv = 23298519.513
= 5568.3461636
= 92.635936843
298
647.1
0.460516149
dimana, C1
52053000
C2
0.3199
C3
-0.212
C4
0.25795
Hv = 43874320.194
= 10485.962526
= 582.55347369
3. Water
Tr =
=
Perhitungan Cpv
Cpv =
C1+C2xT+C3xT2+C4xT3+C5xT4
1. Ethanol
dimana, C1
0.00000492
C2 0.000014577
C3
0.0016628
C4
0.00000939
C5
744.7
0.006554
Cpv =
=
8848E+012
1311745963
9122075.82
0.5939548333
583.30786
100
1.0076
eankoplis, hal 856, 1993)
120
1.0089
(kkal/moloC)
(kkal/kgoC)
105
0.1524
120
0.1524
120
0.4062
587 x (65000)-0.0135
kkal / kgoC
85
0.3748
120
0.395
(kal/moloC)
(kkal/kgoC)
105
0.1864
120
0.1868
kg/L
105
120
0.7628
m, tabel 3-205, hal146)
0.7733
105
120
0.3918
0.412
Formula
:
Name
:
Mole weight :
Temperature :
Heat of Vapr:
J/kmol
cal/gmol
J/kmol
cal/gmol
J/kmol
cal/gmol
J/kmol.K
cal/gmol.oC
70.2 S
C2H6O
ETHYL-ALCOHOL
46.069
25 C
43.11 kJ/gmole
C-184
APPENDIKS C
SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
C.1 Gudang penyimpanan bahan baku ( F-111 )
Fungsi
:
Menyimpan bahan baku cassava
Tipe
:
Bangunan persegi dengan tutup prisma segi empat
Dasar Pemilihan
:
Sesuai dengan karakteristik bahan
cassava =
1321.00
Dasar Perencanaan
Bahan Konstruksi
Rate
Volume Bahan
kg/m3 =
=
=
=
82.47
Beton
435770.00
435770.00
1321.00
lbm/ft3
kg/hari
kg/hari
kg/m3
=
329.88
m3/hari
Penyimpanan direncanakan untuk 7hari dengan 1 buah gudang.
sehingga volume bahan
=
2309.15
x
1.00
=
2309.15
m
Faktor Keamanan 30 %, sehingga bahan mengisi 70% volume gudang
Volume gudang
=
1.43
x
2309.15
3
=
asumsi :
3298.79
m3
tinggi
Volume
=
=
x
;
panjang
panjang x lebar x tinggi
Volume
( 2 x 2 x 1 ) x3
3298.79
=
4.00
x
=
9.38
panjang gudang
=
18.76 m
lebar gudang
=
18.76 m
tinggi gudang
=
9.38 m
Spesifikasi Cassava Storage
panjang
=
19 m
lebar
=
19 m
tinggi
=
9.38 m
konstruksi
= dasar beton dinding batako
jumlah
= 1 buah
x3
m
2x
lebar
C-185
Dasar pemilihan
cassava
:
:
mass flowrate
Diameter
Panjang
Data yang diperoleh
:
:
(www.matche.com)
Kemiringan belt
Kecepatan normal conveying
Kapasitas maksimum
Diameter (widht)
Panjang (length)
=
=
=
=
=
50
60
38
14
20
m/menit
ton/jam
in
m
1.00 m3/s
Dengan diameter 14 in, dari tabel 5.5 (Wallas) kecepatan yang diperlukan adalah 38.4 ton/jam
Dari rumus example 5.4 hal 83 dan grafik 5.5 ( c ) hal 82 didapat :
Daya yang dibutuhkan
=
P horizontal + P vertikal + P kosong
=
=
=
Spesifikasi peralatan
Nama alat
Fungsi
=
=
Belt coveyor
untuk mengumpankan cassava dari gudang penyimpan menuju
ke peeler
Type
Kapasitas
Power motor
Jumlah
=
=
=
=
C.3. Peeler
Fungsi
Dasar Pemilihan
Type Alat
Kapasitas
Spesifikasi
Kapasitas Maksimum
Maks Reduction Ratio
Power yang dibutuhkan
Bahan Konstruksi
Jumlah
:
:
:
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
50.00 kg/s
180000.00
kg/jam
50
500 x kapasitas
2522 W
Carbon steel
1 buah
kg/s
C-186
menuju ke bucket elevator
Tipe
:
Dasar pemilihan
cassava
mass flowrate
Diameter
Panjang
Data yang diperoleh
:
:
35.00 cm
20.00 m
(www.matche.com)
Kemiringan belt
Kecepatan normal conveying
Kapasitas maksimum
Diameter (widht)
Panjang (length)
=
=
=
=
=
50
60
38
14
20
m/menit
ton/jam
in
m
m3/s
Dengan diameter 14 in, dari tabel 5.5 (Wallas) kecepatan yang diperlukan adalah 38.4 ton/jam
Dari rumus example 5.4 hal 83 dan grafik 5.5 ( c ) hal 82 didapat :
Daya yang dibutuhkan
=
P horizontal + P vertikal + P kosong
=
:
:
=
=
1321.00
kg/m3
18157.08
kg/jam
=
25.00 ft
=
27000.00
kg/jam
=
225.00 ft/menit
=
8 x 5 x 5 1/2 - 14
=
14.00 in
=
43.00 rpm
:
Head
=
1.94
Tail
=
1.69
:
Head
=
20.00 in
Tail
=
14.00 in
1.60 hp
1.00 buah
:
in
in
in
Bucket elevator
C-187
Fungsi
Type
Kapasitas
Power
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Spesifikasi
Kapasitas Maksimum
Maksimum diameter feed masuk
Maks reduction Ratio
Power yang dibutuhkan
Bahan Konstruksi
Jumlah
C.7. Roll Mill (C-114)
Fungsi
Type alat
Dasar pemilihan
Kapasitas
Spesifikasi peralatan:
Kapasitas maksimum
maks reduction ratio
power yang dibutuhkan
Power yang digunakan
Bahan kostruksi
Jumlah
:
:
:
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
50.00 kg/s
0.50 m
50
100 x kapasitas
Carbon stell
1 buah
461 W
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
50.00 kg/s
15.00
0.30
226.96
0.03 Hp
Carbon steel
1 buah
180000.00
5.04
x
15.00
=
0.03 Hp
kg/jam
:
:
Temperatur operasi
Pengelasan
30.00 oC
86.00 oF
0.85
C-188
faktor korosi
0.13
20.33
1080.00
0.80
kg/m
ft3/jam
67.42
=
Volume tangki
volume total
44.83
kg/jam
478.69
100.00
80.00
598.36
ft3
x
478.69
ft3
ft3
Volume silinder
= 0.25 D2 x D
=
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
=
3.14
(
24 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
D3
90.00
))
598.36
0.79
D3
598.36
1.00
=
8.43
=
101.10
Tinggi bagian silinder tangki (Ls)
ft
in
=
=
=
1.00
102.00
8.50
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.08
standarisasi :
Volume conical
Ls
8.50
=
=
OD
0.50 OD
tan 0.5
51.00
4.25
0.17
17.24
1.44
+
+
x
in
ft
OD
x
in
ft
hb
4.25
+
+
0.13
in
ft
OD
ha
1.44
14.19
ft
78.24
ft3
C-189
Volume CaCl2 dalam silinder
Volume tutup atas
0.79
D3
469.46
ft3
0.08
D3
=
Tinggi CaCl2 dalam silinder
50.65
ft3
vol CaCl2 dalam silinder /(/4 x D2)
469.46
(3,14 / 4)
8.28
=
Tinggi CaCl2 dalam bin
=
=
=
tinggi conical
4.25
12.53
P operasi
x 2
ft
2.00
+
+
ft
ft
ft
3.98
psi
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
3.98
=
18.68
Pdesign
= Ptotal Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
psia
psia
Patm
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
3.98
1.05
1.05
4.18
psi
=
=
=
x
x
Pdesign
psi
=
=
ts
18750.00
0.13
0.85
in
Pd x Do
+
c
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
4.18
x
8.50
+
0.13
=
2 x (18750x0,85+0,4x1,639 )
ts
=
in
=
3.00
=
0.13
2.02
16
16
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
0.19
=
=
16
Check :
=
OD
2
ts
ID
=
8.50
0.38
=
8.13
in
0.68
ft
=
=
0.21
m
Tebal tutup bawah ( conical )
Pi
x
ID
thb
=
2 x (f x E - 0.6 Pi) x cos 0.5
4.18
x
8.13
thb
=
2.00
x (
15937.50
2.51 ) x
=
0.13
in
=
in
in
( standarisasi )
in
+
+
1.00
c
0.13
C-190
=
3.00
16
in
( standarisasi )
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.85
x
4.18
x
(18750 x 0,85 - 0,1 x 1,639)
0.02
in
=
102.00
1.00
4.00
in
1.00
in
0.13 in
4.00
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
8.50
8.50
ft
ft
1.44
ft
ft
4.25
in
3/16
3/16
in
1/4
in
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
=
=
Digunakan reaktor
Rate massa tangki mixing
larutan
Laju volumetrik
30.00
C
738100.95
30754.21
1.00
=
buah
=
=
86.00
kg/hari
kg/ jam
30754.21
1078.93
kg/m
rate massa / larutan
kg/ jam =
3
738100.95
=
67.36
lbm/ft3
C-191
28.50
1006.57
=
=
=
m3/ jam
ft3/ jam
200.00 menit
=
laju volumetrik x waktu tinggal
3.33
28.50
x
95.01 m3
95.01 m3
3355
ft
3.33 jam
(dibulatkan)
Chek :
Waktu blending ( t ) =
campuran
dimana :
rate volume
Daya (P)
28.50
0.20
(Ulrich, 177)
0.001
kg/m.s
m3/jam
kW/m3
200.00 W/m3
=
12000 x (0.0011687/300)1/2 x (10/1)1/5
=
709.20
s
=
0.20
jam
Dari perhitungan didapatkan waktu tinggal lebih besar daripada waktu blending maka asumsi
memenuhi syarat.
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = D ia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u tl et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = le
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
hd
OA
d2
100
95
m3
80.00
=
119 m3
4194.24
=
Tutup atas dan bawah berupa standar dished head
Vtutup atas
dimana :
=
0.08
Vtutup bawah
Vshell
0.08
ft3
D3
D3
( D2 Ls)/4
0.79
D2 Ls
Ditetapkan Ls
1.00 D
=
= Vtutup atas + Vtutup bawah + Vshell
Vtangki
4194.24
=
=
=
=
=
Ls
0.95
16 ft
197 in
1.00
x
1.00
x
18 ft
D3
diambil harga standarisasi (OD)
D
18.00 ft
=
=
18.00
204.00
C-192
=
216
in
0.08
D3 +
3355.39
Hliquida
=
=
494
+
11.25 ft
Hliquida
254.34
254 Hliquida
135.00
in
14.7 psia
14.7 psia
=
1.05
1.05
=
=
8.42 psi
Pdesign
x
x
8.42
8.84
psi
psi
(c)
0.13
in
=
ts
ts
ts
=
ID
=
=
=
=
0.80
Pd x Do
+
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
8.84
x
204.00
2 x ( 18750 x 0,8 + 0,4 x 2.867)
3.00
in
16.00
OD
204
204
in
5.17
m
0.19
=
=
0.19
2.96
16.00
in
in
2 ts
0.38
=
16.97
ft
0.13
3.00
16.00
in
in
C-193
0,885 x Pd x rc
+
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
=
0.89
x
8.84
x
204
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 2.867)
=
0.23 in
=
3.70
in
16.00
diambil harga standarisasi
1.00
in
=
4.00
dari tabel yang sama didapat :
sf
=
range dipilih =
rc
=
icr
=
AB
BC
b
icr
ID
2.00
r
icr
=
=
=
=
Perhitungan diameter Nozzle
Rate massa solution masuk
NRe
dimana :
=
=
4.00
170.00
134
t + b + sf
(2 x tinggi tutup)
76.26
67800.72
0.28
x
0.56
lb/jam
ft3/s
0,13
x
1.73
4.79 in2 =
x D x V
166
=
=
Flow area
1 1/2 - 2
2.00
170.00 in
4.00 in
4.00
tinggi silinder +
216
+
292.26
in
24.35 ft
3.90
x
=
3.80 in
=
Dipilih pipa 2,5 in Schedule 40
dimana :
OD
2.88 in =
=
ID
2.47 in =
=
( BC - AB )
Rate Volumetrik
2.00 in
16
170
2 0,5
203.63
2.00
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
0.03
ft2
rate volumetrik
luas area
0.28
ft3/s
0.03
ft2
8.41
ft/s
sehingga :
97.81
in
35.88
in
in
38.13
in
C-194
NRe
=
=
67.36 lb/ft3
145761.68
0.21
ft
8.41 ft/s
lb/ft.s
0.00
(aliran turbulen)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
3.00
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
100
0.25
0.75
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E) =
=
=
=
=
0.25
x Diameter shell
0.67
5.66
ft
Diameter pengaduk
3.77
0.20
1.13
ft
x
ft
=
=
=
=
5.66
ft
( joshi, hal.415 )
=
=
0.76
1.00 buah
0.33
0.33
Diameter pengaduk
16.97
dimana :
=
=
33.33
=
Panjang tangkai pengaduk
Da / Dt
Da
density solid
density liquid
5062.75
67.88
16.97
in
C-195
=
=
Bilangan Reynold (Nre) :
Nre
=
nc
3072.00
1.65
rpm
rps
9.35
0.16
110.00
1.83
rpm
rps
Da
=
4943468.73
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
6.20
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5th ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
P
KT n3 Da5
gc
=
ft/ lbf.s
4631.21
=
8.42 hp
Daya Motor (Hp)
Kebocoran tenaga akibat poros dan bearing ( Gland losses):
Gland losses
= 10% x power input
=
0.10 Pi
Kebocoran tenaga akibat motor seperti pada belt dan gear ( Transmission system losses) :
Transmission sistem losses
=
20% x dari power input
=
0.20 Pi
Total hp yang diperlukan (Pi) :
Pi
=
8.42
+
0.10
Pi
0.20
Pi
+
=
0.70
Pi
8.42
=
Pi
12 hp
Efisiensi motor ditentukan
Power motor yang digunakan
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
Sistem pengaduk :
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.80
12.03
0.80
15.04
18.00 ft
18.00 ft
38.13
in
0.25 in
0.25 in
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
hp
15.00
C-196
Dipakai type impeller six blade turbine
Diameter impeller
=
Lebar blade
=
Power Motor
=
Kecepatan impeller
=
Jumlah impeller
=
ft
ft
hp
m/menit
buah
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
5.66
1.13
15.00
110
1.00
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
1078.93
1.19 cp
=
kg/m3
=
=
=
30 oC
14.70
14.70
=
=
67.36
0.00
kg/hari
738100.95
psia
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
67659.25
18.79
=
=
0.28
=
=
16.74
125.24
ft3/s
ft3/menit
gal/menit
3.90
x
3.80
0.28
0.45
67.36
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
OD2 pipa
2.07
2.38
Flow area
ID1 tangki
OD1 tangki
=
=
=
0.02
65.63
66.00
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
ft2
in
in
=
=
5.47
5.50
ft
ft
0.13
C-197
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
D2
V2
=
=
=
23.48
ft2
0.01
ft/s
0.02
ft2
11.98
ft/s
Q/A2
Nre
0.17
173917.15
11.98
x
0.00
(aliran turbulen)
67.36
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
V2
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
1.23
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Friksi karena pipa lurus
ID
=
0.17
ft
Nre
=
173917.15
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
m
ft
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
Ff
4f
D.2.gc
L . v2
53.53
0.00
(Geankoplis, 2003)
35.00 m
(Geankoplis 2.10-6)
ft.lbf/lbm
ft
3 x
0.75
=
=
=
0.17
6.00
2.25
8.42
C-198
hf
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
18.78
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
2..gc
=
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
143.24
64.35
2.23
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
hc
(P2 P1)
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
1.28
hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
1.28 hp,
2.23
0.00
18.87
ft
Ws
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
125.24
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.25
BHP
hex
1.23
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
2 gc
gc
- Ws
=
93.40
ft.lbf/lbm
1.28
hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
BHP
effisiensi motor
1.60 hp
0.80
C-199
1.60
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa Tangki Mixing (L-117)
Fungsi
:
untuk memompa slurry pati dari tangki Mixing menuju liquifikasi.
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
1623822.09
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
1.28 hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07 in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38 in
Power motor penggerak
:
1.60 hp
Pengelasan
faktor korosi
30.00 C
volume -amylase
2.21
111.10
0.80
4.86
=
=
504.82
100.00
80.00
631.03
=
=
Volume tutup bawah (conical)
kg/m
volume total
x
6.94
kg/jam
ft3/jam
ft3
504.82
ft3
0.85
0.13
-amylase
Volume tangki
0.00
86
0.25 D2 Ls
0.25 D2 x D
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
ft3
C-200
=
3.14
(
D3
24 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
90.00
))
631.03
0.79
D3
631.03
1.00
=
8.58
=
102.00
Tinggi bagian silinder tangki (Ls)
ft
in
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.08
standarisasi :
x
in
1.00
x
102.00
in
8.50 ft
0.50 OD
tan 0.5
51.00
4.25
OD
=
=
OD
in
ft
OD
Ls
8.50
14.19
+
+
hb +
4.25
ha
1.44
ft
Volume conical
0.13
D3
0.79
482.09
ft3
0.08
D3
52.02
ft3
=
=
=
=
80.35
482.09
(3,14 / 4)
8.50
ft3
tinggi conical
4.25
12.75
ft
ft
x 2
+
+
2.00
tinggi -amylase dalam silinder
8.50
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
0.41
=
15.11
Pdesign
= Ptotal Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
+
psia
psia
Patm
P operasi
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
0.41
1.05
1.05
0.43
psi
=
=
=
x
x
psi
Pdesign
0.41
psi
C-201
Menentukan Tebal Tangki
Tebal pada bagian silinder Dipergunakan bahan konstruksi yang terbuat dari Stainless Steel
dengan spesifikasi :
type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
fallowable
18750.00
0.13
in
0.85
Check :
Pd x Do
+
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
0.43
x
8.50
=
2 x ( 18750 x 0,85 + 0,4 x 0,278)
ts
=
in
=
0.13
2.00
16
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
=
16
=
OD
2 ts
ID
=
102
0.38
=
102
in
8.47
=
=
2.58
m
=
c
+
0.13
in
( standarisasi )
ft
thb
=
=
=
Pi
0.43
2.00 x (
0.13
3
in
16
+
1.00
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.80
x
0.43
x
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 0,278)
0.002
in
=
( standarisasi )
ID
3.00
c
96.00
0.03
16
in
16
2.00 in
16
in
(Tabel 5.7, B & Y, hal 89 )
c
0.13
C-202
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
=
=
=
=
=
8.50 ft
8.50 ft
1.44 ft
4.25 ft
3
in
16
3
16
3
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
in
in
16
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
14.70 psi
Suhu operasi
95.00
=
=
=
larutan
30755.80
67804.24
1116.20
Laju volumetrik
Digunakan reaktor
1.00
Waktu tinggal ( t )
Waktu pengisian
Volume liquida
=
=
=
2.00
2.00
203.00
=
kg/hari
kg/ jam
lb/jam
738139.23
=
=
27.55
kg/m3 =
0.04
m3/jam =
661.30
lb/in3
m3/hari =
buah
jam
jam
0.08
(Said Gumbira)
=
x
ft3
1946.03
hari
0.08
23352.37
55.11
m3
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u tl et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = letangki
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
hd
OA
69.68
23352.37
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = letangki
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
H = tinggi liquid
Ds
C-203
Da
sf
hd
OA
d2
amylase
50(C6H10O5)10+100C12H22O11+300C6H12O6
(C6H10O5)1000+400H2O
ra
V
=
=
Mr Pati
NAO
Volume
k. Ca =
Nao
t
Nao
t
0.9
0.9
x0
x1
x2
x3
x4
0.9
0.59 mol
0.59 =
0.0003
mol/ft3
1946
k. Cao. (1-Xa)
XA
dXa = Nao
ra
0.9
0 .9
dXa =
ra
Nao
t
0.9
dXa
(1 Xa )
dXa
(1 Xa )
dXa
(1 Xa )
f(x)
1.00
(1-Xa)
0.23
(0,9-0) =
4.00
=
1.00
=
1.29
=
1.82
=
3.08
=
10
=
=
=
=
=
0.00 y0
0.23 y1
0.45 y2
0.68 y3
0.90 y4
dXa
(1 Xa )
dXa
kCao (1 Xa )
=
=
=
Nao
t .k .Cao
0.9
dXa
(1 Xa )
0.59
2.0,0031.0,000304
Tutup atas dan bawah berupa standar dished head
Vtutup atas
=
0.08 D3
Vtutup bawah
=
0.08 D3
Vshell
= ( D2 Ls)/4
x
= 0.79
2.41
D2 Ls
675
ft3
C-204
Ditetapkan Ls
Vtangki
=
=
=
=
=
=
Vtutup atas
1.00 D
+ Vtutup bawah + Vshell
0.08 +
( D2 Ls)/4
0.08
+
0.95
D3
D
8.91 ft
diambil harga standarisasi (OD) =
107 in
Tinggi silinder (Ls)
1.00
x
D
=
=
1.00
x
9.00 ft
=
9.00
ft
=
108.00 in
Mencari tinggi liquida dalam tangki :
Volume liquida
= Vol. tutup bawah + vol. liquida dalam silinder
( D2 Hliquida)/4
=
0.08
D3
+
674.75
1946.03
Hliquida
=
=
61.75
29.63 ft
+
=
15
15
+
=
1.05
1.05
4.57
9.00
108.00
Hliquida
63.59
355.61
in
psia
psia
4.36 psi
Pdesign
x
x
4.36
psi
psi
0.13
in
=
=
ts
ts
Tebal shell standar
Check :
=
=
ID
=
=
=
=
0.85
Pd x Do
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
4.57 x
2 x (16000 x 0,85 + 0,4 x
0.14
=
3.00
in
16.00
OD
108
107.63
8.97
c
+
108.00
4.57
2.29 in
16.00
0.19
0.13
)
=
in
3.00
in
16.00
( standarisasi )
2 ts
0.38
in
ft
2.73
in
C-205
=
=
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0,885
x
4.57
( 16000 x 0,85 - 0,1 x
0.16 in
sf
range dipilih
rc
icr
AB
BC
=
=
=
ID
2.00
r
102
19.04
102
4.57
2.49
16
3
8
1 1/2 - 3
3.00
102
icr
=
( BC2 - AB2 )0,5
0.13
in
in
in
in
6.50
icr
+
)
108
2.00
102
in
-
6.50
47.31
6.50
95.50
=
=
t + b + sf
22.42
82.96
in
Tutup bawah (OA)
in
tinggi silinder +
108.00
+
152.84
in
12.74
=
=
(2 x tinggi tutup)
44.84
ft
67804.24
6.49
ft /s
=
4.15
Dicoba dengan menetapkan jenis aliran turbulent :
Di optimum
=
3.90
Qf 0,45 x
x
=
=
3.90
2.32
lb/jam
cp
0,13
1.74
15.71 in
0.00
lb/ft.s
C-206
dimana :
OD
ID
=
=
11
10
Flow area
dimana :
78.8
=
in
in
in2
0.55 ft2
=
rate volumetrik
luas area
=
=
NRe
0.90 ft
0.84 ft
=
=
6.49
ft3/s
0.55
ft2
11.85
ft/s
xDxV
NRe
70
lb/ft3
0.84
ft x
11.85
ft/s
0.00
lb/ft.s
=
247516.65
(aliran turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet = 10 in Sch 40
Perhitungan Pengaduk
Digunakan pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine maka :
Da/W
Dt/Da
Dt/E
S
L/Da
H/Dt
Dimana :
Da
W
Dt
H
E
S
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
3.00
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
Da / Dt
=
Da
=
=
=
=
100
0.25
0.75
33.33
0.25
x Diameter shell
0.67
2.99
ft
Diameter pengaduk
1.99
0.20
0.60
ft
x
ft
=
Panjang tangkai pengaduk
Lebar blade (W)
=
=
=
=
Diameter pengaduk
0.33
0.33
2.99
35.88
C-207
( joshi, hal.415 )
1.12
8.97
=
=
2.95
1.00
buah
=
=
=
=
Bilangan Reynold (Nre) :
Nre
=
nc
density solid
density liquid
5042.75
11633.14
0.43
rpm
rps
9.99
0.17
65.00
1.08
rpm
rps
Da
=
242123.30
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
6.20
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5th ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
KT n3 Da5
P
=
gc
=
=
4077.70
7.41 hp
ft/ lbf.s
0.80
C-208
Power motor yang digunakan
atm
0.00
2.00 psi
30755.80
67804.24
1.00
t1
steam :
T1
=
=
10.59
0.80
14.70
13.24
hp
psi
hr.ft.F / Btu
kg/jam
lb/jam
ms
95
Q
Q
Q
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
148
298
=
=
95
203
=
=
203
T2
148
298.4
1006207.99
92235.73
5024499.60
20001609.68
833400.40
t2
a. Menghitung LMTD
T1
=
298
T2
=
298
t1
=
203
t2
=
203
t1
T1 - t2
=
t2
T2 -t1
=
LMTD
C
F
F
F
F
F
=
=
95
95.40 F
95.40 F
+
95
2
95
251
203
2
tc
203
203
2
c. Trial ukuran pipa coil
Koil menggunakan pipa ukuran
Do
=
3.38
in
2.07
Di
=
in
a'
3.35
in2
a''
0.62
ft2/ft
=
=
:
0.28
0.17
2.00 in sch 40
ft
ft
0.02
ft2
Da
N
=
=
2.69 ft
1.08 rps
=
=
69.68
lb/ft3
0.00
lb/ft.s
1500.00
C-209
Nre
x Da2 x N
70
(2,19)2 x 1.25
0.00
196119.87
Menetapkan nilai Jc
Jc
400.00
Menghitung nilai ho
Tc
=
251
cp
=
=
(cp. / k)1/3
(/w)0.14
ID
ho
Btu / hr.ft2.F
85.68
Menghitung nilai Uc
Uc
=
ho x hoi
85.68
85.68
ho + hoi
x
+
1500.00
1500.00
81.05
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
Menghitung nilai Ud
Rd ditetapkan
0.00
=
Dengan adanya UD maka harga A dan tinggi coil dapat ditentukan
hD
=
1.00
=
666.67
UD
0.00
UC x hD =
81.05
666.67
UC + hD
81.05
666.67
Q
UD xtLMTD
A
120.89
0.62
a"
Diameter coil diambil :
nc
=
L
x dc
Asumsi :
hc
=
72.26
833400.40
72.26
5.00
=
3.14
=
x
120.89
95
291.53
ft
291.53
x
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
ft
18.57
5.00 lilitan
5.00
5.00 in
=
in
37
=
3.08
Karena tinggi lilitan coil < tinggi liquid, maka design coil tersebut dapat digunakan.
(nc - 1) x (OD + Sc) + OD
Spesifikasi Peralatan
ft
ft2
C-210
Shell :
Diameter
=
9.00 ft
Tinggi
=
9.00 ft
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
=
22.42 in
Tebal tutup bawah
=
0.38 in
Tebal tutup atas
=
0.38 in
Bahan konstruksi
=
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
Jumlah
=
3.00 buah
Sistem pengaduk :
Dipakai pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine.
Diameter impeller
=
2.99 ft
Lebar blade
=
0.60 ft
Panjang Blade
=
1.99 ft
Power Motor
=
13.30 hp
Kecepatan impeller
=
65.00 m/menit
Jumlah impeller
=
1.00 buah
Coil Pemanas :
Diameter coil
Banyak lilitan
Jarak antar lilitan
Tinggi coil
Panjang coil
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
ft
5.00
lilitan
5.00
in
3.08
ft
291.53
ft
120.89
ft2
untuk memompa larutan ethanol-air dari tangki Likuifikasi menuju tangki Pendingin.
Centrifugal pump
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
1329.54
0.003
=
=
=
=
kg/m3
cp
=
=
738180.75
95 oC
14.70
14.70
83.00
0.000002
kg/hari
psia
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
67666.57
C-211
=
Rate volumetrik (Q)
18.80
=
=
0.23
=
=
13.59
101.64
ft3/s
ft3/menit
gal/menit
3.90
0.23
3.55
=
=
=
A1
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
D2
V2
=
=
=
83.00
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
0.45
2.07
2.38
in
in
0.02
107.63
108.00
ft2
in
in
=
=
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
8.97
9.00
ft
ft
D12
63.14
ft2
0.00
ft/s
0.02
ft2
9.72
ft/s
Q/A2
=
Nre
0.17
66541027.34
9.72
83.00
0.00
(aliran turbulen)
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
V2
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
0.13
C-212
=1
hc
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
m
ft
0.00
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
27.70
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
45.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
3 x
=
=
0.75
0.17
6.00
2.25
8.42
hf
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
=
12.37
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
ft.lbf/lbm
2..gc
=
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
94.47
64.35
1.47
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
Total friksi pada pompa :
F
=
Ff
=
27.7
=
40.1
+
+
hf
12.37
ft.lbf/lbm
hc
+
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+
(z2 z1) g
+
0.81
hex
+
1.47
0.00
(P2 P1)
-62.93
ft
C-213
2 gc
- Ws
gc
=
-21.39
ft.lbf/lbm
-Ws x m
eff x 550
3.05 hp
=
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP 3.05 hp,
3.05 hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
BHP
effisiensi motor
=
3.71 hp
Digunakan motor penggerak dengan power
3.71
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa Reaktor Likuifikasi (L-121)
Fungsi
:
untuk memompa larutan ethanol-air dari tangki Likuifikasi menuju tangki Pendingin.
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
1623997.64
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
3.05 hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 1/2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07 in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38 in
Power motor penggerak
:
3.71 hp
Bentuk :
Tekanan operasi
Suhu operasi
larutan
=
=
=
=
Laju volumetrik
60.00
1329.54
738139.23
30755.80
1627301.75
67804.24
23.13
m3/ jam
816.88
ft3/ jam
Digunakan tangki
3.00
buah
waktu pengisian
1.00
jam
Volume liquida
140.00
=
3
kg/m =
23.13
F
0.05
lb/in3
kg/hari
kg/ jam
lb/hari
lb/jam
m3
816.88
ft3
83.00
C-214
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u tl et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = letangki
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
OA
hd
d2
100
23.13
m3
80.00
=
28.92
m3
1021.15
ft3
Vshell
Ditetapkan Ls
Vtangki
1021.15
1021.15
=
D
=
=
0.08
D3
( D2 Ls)/4 =
0.79
D2 Ls
=
1.00 D
Vtutup atas + Vtutup bawah + Vshell
D3
0.08
0.95
10.2
123
0.08
D3
0.79
D
ft
in
=
=
=
98.05
8.31
99.67
=
=
=
=
86.55
ft
in
1.00
x
1.00
x
10.50 ft
126 in
D
10.50
ft
psia
P operasi
Hliquida
=
=
C-215
= . g / gc . Hsilinder +
=
6.05 psia
+
=
21 psia
Pdesign
= Ptotal
Patm
Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar =
=
=
14.70
psia
14.70
1.05
1.05
6.35
=
x
x
psi
psia
6.05
psi
6.05
psi
Pdesign
18750.00
Faktor korosi ( c )
0.13
in
=
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint (E)
ts
=
Pd x Do
+
2 x (f x E + 0.4 x Pd)
ts
=
126.00
6.35 x
2 x ( 18750 x 0.85 + 0.4 x 3.81)
ts
=
0
=
2
in
16
Tebal shell standar
=
3
in
16
Check :
ID
=
=
=
OD
126
126
in
=
=
=
=
=
0.13
3
16
0
in
10.47
3.19
m
ft
0,885 x Pd x rc
+
c
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.885 x 3.81 x 180
( 18750 x 0.85 - 0.1 x
6.35 )
0.17 in
=
2.71
in
16.00
2 ts
0.38
=
=
3.00
in
0.85
2.00 in
16.00
in
in
( standarisasi )
C-216
8.00
dari tabel didapat :
sf
range dipilih
rc
= 1 1/2 -3
2.00
=
=
icr
AB
BC
ID
2.00
r
=
Tinggi tutup atas
icr
icr
126.00
in
5.50
in
126
2.00
126
tinggi silinder +
126
+
171.00
14.25
67804.24
Rate Volumetrik
0.23
2.88
2.47
in
in
=
=
0.24 ft
0.21 ft
Flow area
4.79
in2
0.03 ft2
=
=
NRe
1.78
rate volumetrik
luas area
sehingga :
NRe
ft3/s
dimana :
OD
ID
t + b + sf
22.50
lb/jam
0.23
ft3/s
0.03
ft2
6.82
ft/s
xDxV
83 lb/ft3 x
0.21
ft x
6.82
0.00
lb/ft.s
=
41805.87
(aliran turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet = 2.5 in Sch 40
Perhitungan Pengaduk
Digunakan pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine maka :
Da/W
Dt/Da
=
=
5.00
3.00
120.50
106.00
0,13
0.51
57.31
=
-
in
ft
3.90
3.55
5.50
126
=
=
(2 x tinggi tutup)
45.00
=
=
5.50
ft/s
in
C-217
Dt/E
S
L/Da
H/Dt
Dimana :
Da
W
Dt
H
E
S
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
Da / Dt
Da
=
=
0.33
0.33
=
=
B
100
0.25
0.75
=
=
=
=
0.67
2.33
0.20
0.70
ft
x
ft
0.25
x Diameter shell
3.49
ft
Diameter pengaduk
Diameter pengaduk
( joshi, hal.415 )
1.12
10.47
=
=
=
=
nc
=
=
20.67
0.34
density solid
density liquid
6068.18
2076.00
2.92
rpm
rps
80.00
1.33
3.49
41.88
33.33
=
=
x
Da2 N r
m
=
483613.26
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
rpm
rps
0.89
1.00
buah
10.47
ft
in
C-218
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
6.20
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5th ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
P
= KT n3 Da5
gc
=
=
19620.91
3.57 hp
ft/ lbf.s
=
=
0.80
5.10
0.80
1.00
atm
=
14.70
0.00
hr.ft.F / Btu
2.00 psi
30755.80
kg/jam
67804.24
lb/jam
T1
air pendingin
t1
=
=
30
86
=
=
=
=
60
140
ms
203
C
F
=
=
1006207.99
92235.73
Q =
Q =
Q =
5918027.22
23558578.98
981607.46
C
F
C
F
hp
psi
95
t2
T2
6.37
=
=
a. Menghitung LMTD
T1
=
203 F
T2
=
140 F
45
113
C
F
C-219
t1
t2
t1
t2
=
=
=
=
86 F
113 F
T1 - t2
T2 - t1
LMTD
=
90.00 F
=
54.00 F
t1 - t2
=
ln (t1 / t2)
90
ln (
113
113
100
in
in
:
=
=
2.00 in sch 40
0.20
0.17
ft
ft
a'
3.35
in2
0.02
ft2
a''
0.62
ft2/ft
54
70
2
tc
86
+
2
Menghitung Nre :
Da
=
=
N
r
Menghitung Nre :
0.96 ft
Pada tc
1.33 rps
83.00
=
=
lb/ft
Nre
r x Da x N
m
0.00
=
1.00
at
=
=
2.42
a'
Gt
=
=
lb/ft.s
83.00
(2.19)2
x 1,25
=
Menetapkan nilai Jc
Jc
Nret
36393.56
Pada tc
Menghitung nilai ho
Tc
=
113.00 oF
=
=
4.77
Btu / lb. F
0.39
Btu/(j.ft2)(oF/ft)
(c/k)1/3
(cp. / k)
(m/mw)
0.14
ID
=
4.99
=
1.00
=
10.47
ft
( jH.k/D) x (cm/k)1/3 x (m/mw)0.14
128.45
(m / mw )
ft2
3964759.84
Di x Gt
282307.42
200.00 (Fig.24 Kern)
=
cp
1/3
ho
lb/ft.jam
m
at
=
=
JH
cp
0.02
0.00
99.50 oF
1.00
99.50 oF
Btu / lb.oF
Btu/(j.ft2)(oF/ft)
0.36
=
0.14
1.89
ID
hi
Btu / hr.ft2.F
hio
=
=
=
679.96
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Menghitung nilai Uc
0.17
1.00
ft
C-220
Uc
ho x hoi
x
+
679.96
679.96
108.04
108.04
666.67
92.97
108.04
666.67
=
149.81
128.45
128.45
ho + hoi
Menghitung nilai Ud
Rd ditetapkan
0.0015
=
Dengan adanya UD maka harga A dan tinggi coil dapat ditentukan
hD
=
1.00
=
666.67
UD
0.00
UC x hD
UC + hD
A
Q
UD x DtLMTD
A
a"
Diameter coil diambil :
nc
=
L
p x dc
981607.46
92.97
149.81
0.62
x
240.85
5.00 ft
240.85
=
3.14
70.47
ft
=
x
5.00
=
13
3.00 in
=
in
(nc - 1) x (OD + Sc) + OD
66.94
=
5.58
ft
Karena tinggi lilitan coil < tinggi liquid, maka design coil tersebut dapat digunakan.
Asumsi :
hc
=
15.34
lilitan
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
=
11
ft
Tinggi
=
11
ft
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
=
23
in
Tebal tutup bawah
=
0.38
in
Tebal tutup atas
=
0.38
in
Bahan konstruksi
=
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
Jumlah
=
3.00 buah
Sistem pengaduk :
Dipakai type propeller jenis turbin dengan four bladed flat paddle
Diameter impeller
=
3.49
ft
Lebar blade
=
0.70
ft
Panjang Blade
=
2.33
ft
Power Motor
=
6.37
hp
Kecepatan impeller
=
80 m/menit
Jumlah impeller
=
1.00
buah
Coil Pemanas :
Diameter coil
Banyak lilitan
Jarak antar lilitan
Tinggi coil
=
=
=
=
5.00
13
3.00
5.58
ft
lilitan
in
ft
C-221
Panjang coil
240.85
ft
149.81
ft2
14.70 psi
Suhu operasi
60.00
C =
140
larutan
1313.39
kg/m =
=
=
=
=
738139.23
30755.80
1627301.75
67804.24
kg/hari
kg/ jam
lb/hari
lb/jam
826.93
Laju volumetrik
F
0.05
lb/in3
81.99
ft3/ jam
Digunakan reaktor
6.00
buah
Waktu sakarifikasi
waktu pengisian
=
=
48.00 jam
12.00 jam
Volume liquida
(Said Gumbira)
23.42
12.00
281
m3 =
9923.14
d1
hd
OA
OA
s f
K e t e ra n g an
D s = D ia m e t e r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = t e b a l d is h
d 1 = D ia m e t e r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u t l et
D a = D ia m e t e r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d =
a nja propeller
n g im p e ll er
l b = le
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
s f
OA
hd
d2
100
281
m3
80
=
=
351
m3
12404.44
ft3
Vshell
Ditetapkan Ls
0.08
D3
( D2 Ls)/4 =
1.00
0.79
D2 Ls
C-222
Vtangki
12404.44
12404.44
0.08
0.95
0.08
D3
=
17
ft
diambil harga standar (OD)
=
204
in
Mencari tinggi liquida dalam tangki :
Volume liquida = Vol. tutup bawah + vol. liquida dalam silinder
( D2Hliquida )/4
9923.14
=
0.08 D3 +
9923.14
Hliquida
Tinggi silinder (Ls)
=
=
416
+
41.91 ft
227 Hliquida
=
502.87
=
=
=
=
1.00
1
17
204
D
17
ft
15
15
psia
psia
x
x
psia
psia
-
=
=
in
ft
in
0.79
+
Patm
=
=
=
=
1
1
10
10
x
x
psi
Pdesign
10
psi
psi
0.13
in
=
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint (E)
ts
=
Pd x Do
+
c
2 x (f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
=
x
204
+
10
2 x ( 18750 x 0.85 + 0,4 x 6.976 )
ts
=
0
=
3
in
16
Tebal shell standar
=
3
in
16
Check :
=
OD
2 ts
ID
=
204
0.38
=
204
in
17
=
=
5.17 m
in
3
16
0
ft
in
in
0.85
( standarisasi )
17
204
C-223
=
=
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
+
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0,885 x 6,976 x 180
( 18750 x 0,85 - 0,1 x
10
0 in
=
4
16
c
+
)
2
16
in
in
in
8
dari tabel didapat :
sf
=
=
1 1/2 -4
204
icr
=
=
=
204
2
204
range dipilih
rc
AB
icr
ID
2
r
BC
icr
( BC - AB )
=
=
=
=
tinggi silinder +
204.00
+
277.90
23.16
2
in
12
2 0,5
in
-
12
90
12
192
=
=
=
in
ft
67804.24
Rate Volumetrik
0.23
0.52
204
t + b + sf
36.95
(2 x tinggi tutup)
73.90
=
=
ft3/s
x
lb/jam
0,13
1.77
in
170
C-224
dimana :
OD
ID
=
=
2.88
2.47
in =
in =
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
Flow area
4.79
in2 =
0.03
ft2
rate volumetrik
luas area
0.23
ft3/s
0.03
ft2
=
sehingga :
NRe
NRe
6.91 ft/s
xDxV
81.99 lb/ft3x
0.21
ft x
6.91 ft/s
0.01
lb/ft.s
=
17720.91
(aliran turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet = 2,5 in Sch 40
Perhitungan Pengaduk
Digunakan pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine maka :
Da/W
Dt/Da
Dt/E
S
L/Da
H/Dt
Dimana :
Da
W
Dt
H
E
S
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
3.00
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
100
0.25
0.75
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)
Panjang tangkai pengaduk
Lebar blade (W)
=
=
=
=
33
=
=
0.67
0.25
x Diameter shell
5.66
ft
x
Diameter pengaduk
3.77
ft
x
0.20
1.13
Diameter pengaduk
ft
Da / Dt
Da
=
=
0.33
0.33
=
=
5.66
67.88
C-225
( joshi, hal.415 )
1.08
16.97
=
=
2.67
1.00 buah
dimana :
=
=
=
=
Bilangan Reynold (Nre) :
Nre
=
nc
8.53
0.14
density solid
density liquid
6179.32
7333.80
0.84
rpm
rps
25.00
0.42
rpm
rps
Da
=
166264.67
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
6.20
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5th ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
KT n3 Da5
P
=
gc
=
=
6618.16
12.03 hp
ft/ lbf.s
=
=
0.80
17.19
21.49
hp
C-226
0.80
Perhitungan Coil Pemanas
Tekanan operasi
=
R gabungan =
P tube =
=
M
=
1.00
atm
0.00
10.00 psi
30755.80
67804.24
t1 =
steam
T2 =
148
298
14.70
hr.ft.F / Btu
ms
kg/jam
lb/jam
60.00 C
140 F
=
=
Q
Q
Q
=
=
=
4604.92
422.12
kg/hari
lb/jam
2907409.79
11573864.16
482244.34
C
F
T1 =
t2 =
a. Menghitung LMTD
t1
=
140
t2
=
140
T1
=
298
T2
=
298
t1
T
- t2
=
1
t2
T2 - t1
=
LMTD
psi
F
F
F
F
=
=
158
158
+
2
158
148
298
60.00
140
C
F
C
F
F
F
F
158
158
140
219
298
298
2
tc
298
+
2
:
in
in
=
=
2.00 in sch 40
0.20
0.17
0.02
a'
3.35
in2
a''
0.62
ft2/ft
ft
ft
ft2
d. Evaluasi Rd
Bagian Bejana (Bahan)
Menghitung Nre :
Da
N
=
=
5.66 ft
0.42 rps
=
=
81.99
lb/ft3
0.01
lb/ft.s
Nre
x Da x N
2
1500.00
C-227
67.71
x (4,19)2 x
0.01
=
166264.67
Menetapkan nilai JH :
0.42
JH
=
400.00
Menghitung nilai ho :
Tc
cp
219.20 oF
9.77
Btu / lb.oF
0.30
Btu/(j.ft2)(oF/ft)
(cp./k)1/3
(/w)
0.14
ID
ho
9.13
=
1.00
=
16.97
ft
( jH.k/D) x (cp./k)1/3 x (/w)0.14
Btu / hr.ft2.F
65.41
Menghitung nilai Uc :
Uc
=
ho x hio
ho + hoi
x
+
1500.00
1500.00
62.68
62.68
666.67
57.29
62.68
666.67
65.41
65.41
Menghitung nilai UD
Rd ditetapkan
0.0015
=
Dengan adanya UD maka harga A dan tinggi coil dapat ditentukan
hD
=
1.00
=
666.67
UD
0.00
UC x hD
UC + hD
A
L
=
=
Q
UD xtLMTD
A
a"
Diameter coil diambil :
nc
=
L
x dc
Asumsi :
hc
482244.34
57.29
53.14
0.62
6.00 ft
85.43
3.14
x
=
158.40
85.43
ft
9.07
6.00 lilitan
6.00
=
5.00
in
=
=
(nc - 1)x(OD + Sc)+OD
39.28 in
=
3.27
ft
Karena tinggi lilitan coil < tinggi liquid maka design coil tersebut dapat digunakan.
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah =
Tebal tutup bawah
=
=
=
17.00
17.00
36.95
0.50
ft
ft
in
in
53.14
ft2
C-228
Tebal tutup atas
=
0.50
in
Bahan konstruksi
=
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
Jumlah
=
6.00 buah
Sistem pengaduk :
Dipakai pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine.
Diameter impeller
=
5.66 ft
Lebar blade
=
1.13 ft
Panjang Blade
=
3.77 ft
Power Motor
=
18 hp
Kecepatan impeller
=
25 m/menit
Jumlah impeller
=
1.00 buah
Coil Pemanas :
Diameter coil
Banyak lilitan
Jarak antar lilitan
Tinggi coil
Panjang coil
6.00
6.00
5.00
3.27
=
=
=
=
=
ft
lilitan
in
ft
85.43
ft
53.14
ft2
:
:
Sakarifikasi.
tangki
Silinder tegak dengan tutup atas standard dishead dan bagian bawah conical
( = 90)
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
Hold up time
Tekanan operasi
:
:
:
:
Temperatur operasi
Pengelasan
faktor korosi
86
psia
F
=
0.85
0.13
H2SO4
volume H2SO4
0.65
1153.20
0.80
1.42
=
=
Volume tangki
hari
14.70
14
kg/jam
1.42
kg/m
71.99
volume total
x
ft3/jam
71.99
6.64
100.00
80.00
8.30
ft3
x
6.64
ft3
ft3
C-229
Volume silinder
=
=
0.25 D2 Ls
0.25 D2 x D
=
Volume tutup bawah (conical)
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
=
3.14
(
24.00 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
D3
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
8.30
0.79
D3
8.30
1.00
90.00
))
+
ft
in
standarisasi :
=
=
=
=
=
=
Menghitung tinggi tutup atas :
ha
=
0.17
ha
=
4.06
=
0.34
ft
Tinggi total tangki
=
=
=
x
in
0.08
1.00
x
24.00
in
2.00
ft
0.50 OD
tan 0.5
12.00
1.00
OD
=
=
OD
in
ft
OD
Ls
2.00
+
+
3.34
hb
1.00
+
+
ha
0.34
ft
Volume conical
Volume H2SO4 dalam silinder
Volume tutup atas
0.13
D3
0.79
D3
6.28
ft3
0.08
D3
=
Tinggi H2SO4 dalam silinder
=
Tinggi H2SO4 dalam bin
=
=
=
1.05
6.28
(3,14 / 4)
2.00
ft3
tinggi conical
1.00
3.00
0.68
ft3
vol H2SO4 dalam silinder /(/4 x D2)
Phidrostatis
=
2.02
=
24.29
Tinggi bagian silinder tangki (Ls)
D3
Ptotal
P operasi
ft
ft
x 2
+
+
2.00
tinggi H2SO4 dalam silinder
2.00
C-230
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
1.00
=
15.70
Pdesign
= Ptotal Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
psia
psia
Patm
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
1.00
1.05
1.05
1.05
psi
=
=
=
x
x
Pdesign
1.00
psi
psi
18750.00
0.13
in
0.85
Pd x Do
+
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
1.05
x
2.00
=
2 x ( 18750 x 0,85 + 0,4 x 0,962)
ts
=
in
=
0.13
2.00
16.00
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
=
16.00
Check :
ID
=
=
=
=
OD
2.00
1.63
in
0.04
0.13
in
3.00
16.00
0.19
in
( standarisasi )
in
2 ts
0.38
0.14
=
m
ft
thb
=
=
=
Pi
2.00
1.05
x (
0.13
in
3.00
16
Tebal tutup atas (standard dished head)
rc
= OD
=
24.00 in
tha
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
=
0.85
=
diambil harga standarisasi
ID
+
+
1.00
( standarisasi )
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
x
1.05
x
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 1,639)
0.00
in
=
=
1.00
c
24.00
0.02
16.00
in
4.00
2.00 in
16.00
in
(Tabel 5.7, B & Y, hal 89 )
c
0.13
C-231
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
=
=
=
=
=
2.00
2.00
0.34
1.00
3.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
in
16.00
3.00
in
16.00
1.00
in
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
4.00
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
:
:
:
:
Temperatur operasi
Pengelasan
faktor korosi
30
86
hari
15
o
0.85
0.13
E.Glukoamylase
volume E.Glukoamylase
psia
1.08
111.14
0.80
2
=
=
kg/m3
volume total
ft3/jam
6.94
248.11
kg/jam =
ft3
C-232
Volume tangki
100.00
80.00
310.14
248.11
ft3
ft3
=
=
0.25 D2 Ls
0.25 D2 x D
=
Volume tutup bawah (conical)
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
=
3.14
(
D3
24 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
90
))
310.14
0.79
D3
310.14
1.00
=
6.77
=
81
Tinggi bagian silinder tangki (Ls)
ft
in
standarisasi :
=
=
=
=
=
=
Menghitung tinggi tutup atas :
ha
=
0.17
ha
=
14.20
=
1.18
ft
Tinggi total bin =
=
=
x
in
1.00
x
84.00
in
7.00
ft
0.50 OD
tan 0.5
42.00
3.50
OD
OD
in
ft
hb
3.50
+
+
ha
1.18
ft
Volume conical
0.13
D3
0.79
269.26
ft3
0.08
D3
29.05
ft3
=
=
OD
Ls
+
7.00
+
11.68
0.08
44.88
269.26
(3,14 / 4)
x 2
2.00
C-233
=
Tinggi E.Glukoamylase dalam bin
=
=
=
7.00
tinggi conical +
3.50
10.50
ft3
ft
ft
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
0.34
=
15.04
Pdesign
P
=
total
Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
+
psia
psia
Patm
P operasi
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
0.34
1.05
1.05
0.35
psi
=
=
=
x
x
Pdesign
0.34
psi
psi
18750.00
0.13
in
0.85
Check :
Pd x Do
+
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
0.35
x
7.00
=
2 x ( 18750 x 0,85 + 0,4 x 0,093)
ts
=
in
=
0.13
2.00
16
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
=
16
=
OD
2 ts
ID
=
7.00
0.38
=
6.63
in
0.55
=
=
0.17
m
=
c
+
0.13
in
3.00
16
0.19
in
( standarisasi )
in
ft
thb
=
=
=
Pi
2.00
3.00
16
0.35
x (
0.13
in
x
2 x (f x E - 0.6 Pi) x cos 0.5
x
6.63
15937.50
0.21
in
( standarisasi )
ID
c
+
) x
1.00
C-234
=
=
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.85
x
0.35
x
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 0,067)
0.001
in
84.00
2.00 in
16
0.02
in
16
in
16
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
=
=
=
=
=
3.50
3.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
in
16
3.00
in
16
1.00
in
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
7.00
7.00
1.18
4.00
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
3.00 buah
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
=
=
=
60
C
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
C-235
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
=
=
1313.39
9.78 cp
=
kg/m3
=
=
738180.75
81.99
0.01
kg/hari
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
67666.57
18.80
=
=
0.23
=
=
13.75
102.89
ft3/s
ft3/menit
gal/menit
3.90
x
3.56
=
=
=
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
D2
V2
=
=
=
0.23
0.45
81.99
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
0.02
203.63
204.00
ft2
in
in
=
=
16.97
ft
17.00 ft
226.03
ft2
0.00
ft/s
ft
ft
0.02
ft2
9.84
ft/s
Q/A2
0.13
C-236
Nre
0.17
21145.09
9.84
x
0.01
(aliran turbulen)
81.99
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
V2
hc Kc .
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.83
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
m
ft
0.00
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
hf
=
=
3 x
40.00 m
0.75
=
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
12.68
ft.lbf/lbm
2..gc
=
=
0.17
6.00
2.25
8.42
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
=
(Geankoplis, 2003)
=
41.29
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Friksi karena gate valve, globe valve dan elbow
1 buah gate valve, Kf
1 buah globe valve, Kf
3 buah elbow 90o, Kf
Total
ft
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
96.86
64.35
1.51
ft.lbf/lbm
C-237
*.
P pada cooler
3.95
=
=
=
f
friksi cooler
=
=
psia
0.01
P x f
569.23
0.06
81.99
ft.lbf/lbm
2 gc
- Ws
60.43
8.60 hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
BHP
effisiensi motor
10.76 hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
11
+
+
friksi cooler
1.51
4.95
ft.lbf/lbm
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
8.60 hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
8.60 hp,
0.00
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
102.89
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.24
BHP
hex
0.83
(P2 P1)
gc
N/m2
0.01
hc
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
27254.83
hp
ft
Ws
C-238
Fungsi
:
Memompa liquid dari reaktor Sakarifikasi ke Buffer tank
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
738180.75
kg/hari
Power pompa
:
8.60
hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 1/2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07
in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38
in
Power motor penggerak
:
11
hp
Tipe
Bahan
Dasar Pemilihan
:
:
65
149
C
F
COOLER
t1 (air)
=
30
86
t2
=
T2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pendingin
738180.75
30757.53
67666.57
2877425.58
119892.73
475770.33
kg/hari
kg/jam
lb/jam
kkal/hari
kkal/jam
Btu/jam
576234.22
24009.76
52931.92
kg/hari
kg/jam
lb/jam
35
95
C
F
Perhitungan LMTD :
t1 =
149.00
113.00
36.00 oF
t2 =
95.00
86.00
9.00
LMTD
t1- t2
ln t1/ t2
27.00
ln
36.00
9.00
19.48
C-239
R
T1-T2
t2-t1
149.00
113.00
2.00
S
-
95.00
86.00
=
=
t2-t1
T1-t1
113.00
149.00
0.50
sehingga didapatkan :
Ft
=
0.55
type HE
=
5 : 10
sehingga, didapat HE type 5 : 10
t
Ft x LMTD
10.71
99.50 F
Spesifikasi HE :
Dipilih pipa : -
Trial Ud ( 75-150 )
Dicoba Ud
A
=
=
a"t
a't
Nt
=
=
=
=
UD
=
=
=
=
Nt
82.00
(Kern, Tabel 8)
=
Dari Kern, tabel 10 hal 843 :
b.
ft.jam F/Btu
x
x
115.00 Btu/j.ft2.F
Q / UD . LMTD
212.42
ft2
0.20
ft2
0.30
A / L a"t
212.42
67.63
in2
=
/
16.00
82.00 (standarisasi)
13.25
in
10.00 buah
L
16.00
x
x
a"t
0.20
257.55
ft2
(Nt perhitungan / Nt standard) x Ud trial
0.00
x
ft2
0.20
86.00
95.00
C-240
=
94.85
Btu/j.ft2.F
UD memenuhi karena masih dalam range
1.
IDs
C'
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
as
Shell
(umpan)
13.25 in
Pt - OD
1.00
0.25
Gs
=
=
0.07
3.
Fs =
=
=
9.78
De
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.73
in
0.06
ft
De . Gs /
0.06
x
Cp
k[ Cp /K]
5.
3.
tc
Ret
980526.88
23.68
24648.23
(turbulen)
40.00
99.50
De
=
=
0.62
in
0.05
=
=
=
=
1.00
cp
2.42
Di . Gt /
0.05
31869.65
Gt
4. untuk air
(Kern,Fig.28)
5.29 BTU/lb F
3600 x 62,5
(Tabel 4)
=
1/3
JH x (K/De) x k(Cp/k)1/3
599.39
1492733.30
(Kern, 240)
52931.92
0.04
2.42
0.36
w / at
lb / ft jam
ho
Rd
=
=
(Fig. 28 Kern)
=
7.
=
=
Uc
Gt
lb/ft2 jam
cp
23.68
0.04
6.00
1.00
1/3
6.
122.00
JH
4.
x
x
2.
980526.88
(m/mw)0,14
x
x
ft2
Tc
Res
=
=
W / as
67666.57
0.07
at
0.75
ID Shell
6.00 in
IDxC 'xB / n'x144xPt
13.25
x
0.25
2.00
x
144.00
=
2.
1.
Tube
(air)
Nt x at'
n x 144
67.63
4.00
Btu/J.ft
5. untuk air
hi
=
Btu / j ft2 oF
1492733.30
3600 x 62.5
6.63 ft/s
650.00 Btu/J.ft2
C-241
=
0.01
>
0.00
(memenuhi)
PRESSURE DROP
Tube
Ret
=
Shell
Res
24648.23
f
sg
=
=
0.00
1.08
f
sg
=
=
Pt
31869.65
0.00
1.00
0.5.f Gt2 Dt .n
5,22 .1010 De. s.s
=
N+1 =
DPs
DPr
12 L / B
12 x 16
6.00
32.00
26.44
4.00
s x
Dari fig. 27 diperoleh
(V2/2gc)(62,5/144)
DPr
=
0. 5 x f Gs Ds (N + 1)
5,22 .1010 De.s. s
n x
2gc
=
2.00
psi
DPt
=
26.44
+
=
28.44 psi
=
1.93
DPt < 10 psi (memenuhi syarat)
=
12.36
Psi
=
0.84
atm
DPs < 10 psi (memenuhi syarat)
P
=
=
=
=
Pt
28.44
16.08
1.09
Ps
12.36
psi
atm
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Dasar pemilihan
Bahan
Fluida
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Suhu larutan
V2
x
masuk
65.00
keluar
35.00
masuk
30.00
C
C
2.00
atm
C-242
Sheel side
Tube side
:
:
keluar
=
IDs
=
Passes
=
ID
=
OD
=
Panjang
=
BWG
=
Pitch
=
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
Passes
=
257.55
0.01
45.00
13.25
2.00
0.62
0.75
16.00
16.00
1.00
82.00
10.00
C
in
in
in
ft
in
ft2
Bentuk :
Tekanan operasi
Suhu operasi
40.00 oC
=
=
Digunakan reaktor
=
1.00 buah
Kondisi operasi tangki Fermentor :
waktu operasi
=
72.00 jam
waktu pengisian
=
12.00 jam
digunakan reaktor
=
6.00 buah
Rate massa
=
30757.53
kg/jam
=
67795.75
lb/jam
larutan
kg/m3
=
1313.39
Laju volumetrik
=
23.42 m3/ jam
Volume liquida
93.67
104.00
0.05
lb/in3
81.99
m3
3307.90
ft3
d1
hd
OA
OA
s f
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e t e r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e t e r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u t l et
D a = D ia m e t e r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e ll er
l b = le
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
hd
OA
d2
100
93.67
m3
C-243
80.00
=
117
m3
4135.05
ft3
0.08 D3
Vtutup bawah
0.08 D3
Vshell
( D2 Ls)/4
Ditetapkan Ls
1.00
4135.05
0.95
D3
=
=
16
196
ft
in
0.79
D2 Ls
0.08
=
=
416
13
=
=
=
D3
+
ft
1
x
1
x
17.00 ft
( D2 Ls)/4
227 Hliquida
D
17
=
153
in
ft
204.00
in
+
14.70 psia
14.70 psia
=
9.68 psi
Pdesign
1.05
x
1.05
x
10.16 psi
9.68
psi
0.13
in
0.85
Pd x Do
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
=
=
=
=
10.16 x
2 x (17000x0,85+0,4 x
0.20
=
3.15
204.00
0.13
3.00
in
in
10.16 )
in
( standarisasi )
=
=
C-244
16.00
16.00
3.00 in =
0.19
in
16.00
Check: ID
=
=
=
OD
204
204
in
2 ts
0.38
=
=
=
=
=
16.97
5.17
m
0,885 x Pd x rc
+
c
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0,885 x 7,89 x 180
+
(17000x0.85-0.1x8.3)
0.23 in
3.69
in
=
16.00
ft
2.00
16.00
7.00
in
in
8.00
dari tabel yang didapat :
AB
BC
b
sf
=
=
=
ID
2
r
=
=
=
range dipilih
rc
=
=
=
icr
170
40 in
=
=
=
=
=
icr
icr
1 1/2 - 4
2.00
170
12
204
2
170
in
12
12
90
158
t + b + sf
=
42
=
(2 x tinggi tutup)
84
ft
67795.75
lb/jam
in
in
in
C-245
Rate Volumetrik
0.23
3.90
x
3.57 in
2.88
2.47
in =
in =
Flow area
4.79
in2 =
dimana :
xDxV
V
=
=
=
82
lb/ft3
0.52
1.77
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
0.03
ft2
rate volumetrik
luas area
sehingga :
NRe
0,13
dimana :
OD
ID
NRe
ft3/s
0.23
ft3/s
0.03
ft2
6.91
ft/s
0.21
ft x
6.91 ft/s
0.01
lb/ft.s
=
18029.12
(aliran turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet = 2.5in Sch 40
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
17.00
ft
17.00
ft
84.28
in
0.63
in
0.63
in
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
Memompa liquid dari Buffer tank menuju Seeding tank dan reaktor Fermentor.
Centrifugal pump
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
1313.39
9.62 cp
=
kg/m3
738180.75
=
=
=
30 oC
14.70
14.70
=
=
81.99
0.01
kg/hari
psia
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
67666.57
18.80
C-246
=
=
0.23
=
=
13.75
102.89
ft3/s
ft3/menit
gal/menit
3.90
x
3.56
=
=
=
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
D2
A2
0.23
0.45
81.99
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
0.02
203.63
204.00
ft2
in
in
=
=
16.97
17.00
ft
ft
226.03
ft2
0.00
ft/s
=
0.02
ft2
Q/A
=
2
=
9.84
ft/s
1. Menguji jenis aliran,
(NRe<2100 aliran laminer; 2100<NRe< 4100 aliran transisi; NRe>4100 aliran turbulen)
Nre
= ID x V x
V2
=
Nre
0.17
21511.64
9.84
0.01
(aliran turbulen)
81.99
0.13
C-247
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
V2
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.83
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
m
ft
0.00
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
51.62
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
50.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
3 x
0.75
0.17
6.00
2.25
8.42
hf
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
12.68
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
=
2..gc
96.86
64.35
1.51
=
Total friksi pada pompa :
F
=
Ff
=
51.62
=
64.29
ft.lbf/lbm
+
+
hf
12.68
ft.lbf/lbm
hc
+
+
0.83
hex
+
1.51
0.00
15.67
ft
C-248
V2
F
=
=
=
9.84
64.29
1.00
ft/s
ft.lbf/lbm
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+
2 gc
- Ws
(z2 z1) g
(P2 P1)
gc
=
81.47
ft.lbf/lbm
-Ws x m
eff x 550
11.60 hp
=
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
11.60 hp,
Tenaga penggerak motor :
WHP =
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
102.89
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.24
BHP
11.60 hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
0.80
BHP
effisiensi motor
14.50 hp
14.50
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa Feed Seeding tank dan Fermentor (L-261)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol-air dari fermentor ke broth tank
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
1623997.64
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
11.60 hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 1/2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07
in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38
in
Power motor penggerak
:
14.50 hp
14.70 psi
Suhu operasi
30.00
larutan
Rate massa slurry
1139.00
=
kg/m3
73818.07
kg/hari
86.00
=
F
0.04
lb/in3
71.11
C-249
=
=
=
Laju volumetrik
kg/ jam
lb/hari
lb/jam
3075.75
162739.33
6780.81
2.70
m3/ jam
Digunakan reaktor
3.00
Waktu operasi
waktu pengisian
=
=
24.00 jam
6.00 jam
Volume liquida
6.00
buah
(Said Gumbira)
2.70
16 m3 =
ft3
572.15
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e t e r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = t e b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u t l et
D a = D ia m e t e r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = le
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
OA
hd
d2
100
16
m3
80.00
=
20.25
m3
715.22
ft3
Vshell
Ditetapkan Ls
Vtangki
0.08
( D2 Ls)/4 =
1.00
0.79
D2 Ls
715.22
715.22
0.08
0.95
=
=
9.08 ft
109 in
D3
D3
0.08
D3
0.79
=
=
13.00
156
C-250
572.15
Hliquida
Tinggi silinder (Ls)
=
=
=
=
=
=
186
+
2.91
1.00
x
1.00
x
13.00 ft
156 in
psia
psia
=
=
133 Hliquida
ft
=
D
13
in
ft
15 psia
14.7 psia
Patm
1.05
1.05
6.74
35
=
x
x
6.42 psi
Pdesign
6.42
psi
psi
0.13
in
=
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint (E) =
ts
=
Pd x Do
+
c
2 x (f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
=
x
156.00
6.74
2 x (18750 x 0,85+0,4x
6.74 )
ts
=
0.16
=
2.53
in
16
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
=
16
Check :
ID
=
=
=
=
OD
156
155.6
in
3.95 m
0.85
0.13
in
3.00
16
0.19
in
2 ts
0.38
=
12.97
ft
in
( standarisasi )
C-251
=
=
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0,885 x
6.74
( 18750 x 0,85 - 0,1 x
0.18 in
=
x 180
+
6.74 )
2.86
in
16.00
2.00
16.00
1.00
in
in
2.00
dari tabel didapat :
sf
range dipilih
AB
BC
=
rc
icr
1 1/2 -3 1/2
2.00
144
icr
icr
( BC - AB )
=
=
=
=
tinggi silinder +
156
+
217.14
in
18.09
ft
in
9.38
ID
2.00
r
156
2.00
144
=
2 0,5
in
-
9.38
9.38
6780.81
Rate Volumetrik
0.03
=
=
3.90
x
1.32 in
x
x
0.20
lb/jam
ft3/s
0,13
1.74
dimana :
OD
ID
=
=
2.88
2.47
in =
in =
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
Flow area
4.79
in2 =
0.03
ft2
144
t + b + sf
=
=
30.57
(2 x tinggi tutup)
61.14
rate volumetrik
luas area
0.03
ft3/s
68.44
135
115.93
in
in
=
C-252
=
sehingga :
NRe
NRe
0.03
ft2
0.80
ft/s
xDxV
71 lb/ft3 x
0.21
ft
0.80 ft/s
0.01
lb/ft.s
=
1801.76
(aliran turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet
= 2,5 in Sch 40
Perhitungan Pengaduk
Digunakan pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine maka :
Da/W
Dt/Da
Dt/E
S
L/Da
H/Dt
Dimana :
Da
W
Dt
H
E
S
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
3.00
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
100
0.25
0.75
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)
Panjang tangkai pengaduk
=
=
=
=
Da / Dt
Da
=
=
0.33
0.33
=
=
4.32
51.88
33.33
0.67
=
=
x
2.88
0.20
0.86
ft
x
ft
0.25
x Diameter shell
4.32
ft
Diameter pengaduk
Diameter pengaduk
( joshi, hal.415 )
0.80
12.97
1.13
=
=
0.20
1.00
buah
C-253
Kecepatan putar impeller
dimana :
=
=
=
=
Bilangan Reynold (Nre) :
Nre
=
nc
density solid
density liquid
7413.56
6834.70
1.08
rpm
rps
12.00
0.20
12.00
0.20
rpm
rps
Da
=
41101.27
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
=
th
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5 ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
KT n3 Da5
P
=
6.20
gc
=
=
ft/ lbf.s
165.51
0.30 hp
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
0.80
0.43
0.80
=
=
13.00
13.00
ft
ft
0.54
hp
C-254
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah =
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
61.14
1.00
in
in
2.00
1.00
in
2.00
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
3.00 buah
Bahan konstruksi
=
Jumlah
=
Sistem pengaduk :
Dipakai pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine.
Diameter impeller
=
4.32
Lebar blade
=
0.86
Panjang Blade
=
2.88
Power Motor
=
1.00
Kecepatan impeller
=
12.00
Jumlah impeller
=
1.00
ft
ft
ft
hp
m/menit
buah
Suhu
Tekanan
=
=
30.00
1.00
C
atm
o
=
=
968.50
745711.57
kg/m3
kg/hari
=
=
60.46
31071.32
lbm/ft3
kg/jam
Rate volum
Waktu pengisian fermentor
769.97
m3/hari
12
27191.11
ft3/hari
Volume liquid
384.98
=
12.00
jam
31071.32
=
372855.78
Digunakan 6 buah fermentor dengan ukuran yang sama.
kg
m3
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e te ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u tl et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
p d=
= pjarak
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = letangki
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
hd
OA
C
p d=
= pjarak
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = letangki
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
H = tinggi liquid
Ds
C-255
Da
sf
OA
hd
d2
asumsi :
maka V reaktor
=
=
=
Vliquid x (100/80)
Vtutup atas
m3 =
+
0.08
Vtutup bawah
0.08
D3
Vshell
=
=
0.79
D2 Ls
Vtangki
Diasumsikan Ls
3398.89
D
481.23
Vtutup atas
1.00
=
=
=
3398.89
Vtutup bawah
ft3
+
Vshell
D3
0.95
15.27
183.23
D3
ft
inch
standarisasi (OD)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.08
346.93
65.93
1.00
1
16
192
Pdesign
=
=
=
=
=
=
D3
+
ft
x
x
psi
psi
42.38
P tot 1.05
200.96
/4 D2
Hliquida
Hliquida
14.70
psi
27.68
psi
29.07
D
16
ft
in
psi
+
. g / gc . Hliquid
28
28
+
+
psia
P atm
x
Poperasi
+
14.70
14.70
=
27.68
psi
psi
18750.00
psi
psi
C-256
type 304, grade 3 (SA-167) (App. D, Brownell, hal : 342)
Faktor korosi
(c)
=
=
0.13
in
ts
Pd x Di
=
=
=
=
2 x (f x E - 0.6 x Pd)
29.07
2x (
18750.00
in
0.30
4.84
16.00
x
x
=
=
=
ID
+
183.23
183.60
168
(B&Y,254)
183.23
0.80
3.00
=
=
Tebal shell standar
OD
Check :
0.60
29.07
16.00
0.19
0.19
in
2.ts
+ (
in
2.00
=
=
=
=
=
ID
1.00
0.19
0.19
) in
ft
13.97
13.97
(
ft
ft
13.97
167.63
x 12 in/ft )
in
=
=
=
0.08
0.01
88.76
D3
+
ft
p/4 D2
Hliquida
153.17
=
27.05
Hliquida
m
C-257
=
tha
tha
=
=
167.63
in
0.89
x
Pd
( f x E - 0.1 x Pd )
0.89
18750.00
0.41
x
x
rc
29.07
0.80
=
in
AB
BC
b
icr
170.00
30.03
=
=
=
icr
0.10
6.60
16.00
5.00
8.00
170
2.00
170
in
in
in
in
in
+
29.07
=
=
=
2
170
in
in
12.25
(bentuk range)
in
12.25
72.75
12.25
157.75
24885.06
5292.56
=
=
=
=
in
32.65
tinggi silinder
168 in
232.93
19.41
2 x tinggi tutup
2.00
x
32.65
+
in
ft
68356.89
Rate Volumetrik
0.31
ft3/s
0.13
3.90 x (
3.95
0.31
in
0.13
167.63
x
in
sf
Crown radius, r
Inside Corner Radius (icr)
ID
2.00
r
2.88
2.47
=
5.92 m
lb/jam
ft3/s )0.45x (
60.46
lb/ft3 )0.13
in
in
0.03
2.88
2.47
ft2
in
in
x
x
1/12
1/12
ft/in
ft/in
=
=
C-258
NRe
dimana :
=
V
rate volumetrik
luas area
0.31
0.03
cuft/s
ft2
60.46
=
sehingga
NRe
9.47
0.21
lb/ft.s
0.01
ft/s.
9.47
ft/s
17511.80
( alirannya turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar.
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet.
Perhitungan Pengaduk
Digunakan pengaduk type six pitched blade turbine maka :
Da/W
Dt/Da
Dt/E
S
L/Da
H/Dt
Dimana :
Da
W
Dt
H
E
S
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
3.00
4.00
7.50
0.25
1.00
Diameter pengaduk
Lebar blade
Diameter tangki
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki
konstanta stirrer speed
Panjang Blade
Da / Dt
Da
=
=
=
=
100.00
0.25
0.75
Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)
Panjang tangkai pengaduk
Lebar blade (W)
33.33
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.25
4.66
0.67
x Diameter shell
x
3.10
0.20
0.93
ft
Diameter pengaduk
ft
x
ft
Diameter pengaduk
( joshi, hal.415 )
0.33
0.33
4.66
55.88
C-259
65.93
=
=
1.13
13.97
4.26
1.00
buah
dimana :
=
=
nc
=
=
campuran
11.88
0.20
=
10.00 cp
density solid
density liquid
7524.66
6221.10
1.21
rpm
rps
( 1cp
rpm
rps
15.00
0.25
=
=
=
0.00
0.01
0.01
lb/ft.s)
kg/m.s
lb/ft.s
Da
=
48695.63
Karena NRe > 10000, maka digunakan baffle.
Untuk NRe > 10000, maka diperlukan 4 buah baffle, 90o.
lebar baffle
=
=
KT
=
th
Dari persamaan (9-24) McCabe 5 ed., daya yang dibutuhkan adalah :
P
= KT n3 Da5
6.20
gc
=
=
398.51
0.72
ft/ lbf.s
hp
Pi
C-260
Efisiensi motor ditentukan
Power motor yang digunakan
=
=
1.00
atm
0.00
2.00 psi
31071.32
68499.82
0.80
1.04
0.80
14.70
1.29
hp
psi
hr.ft.F / Btu
Mair
kg/jam
lb/jam
=
=
Q =
Q =
Q =
293633.62
26916.41
4400246.55
17516573.00
729857.21
umpan :
air pendingin :
t1
=
=
=
=
40.00 C
104.00 F
t2
=
=
10.00 C
50.00 F
5.00 C
41.00 F
T2
a. Menghitung LMTD
T1
=
104
T2
=
86
t1
=
41
t2
=
50
t1
=
t2
=
LMTD
T1
=
=
30.00 C
86.00 F
F
F
F
F
T2 - t2
T2 - t1
=
=
36
+
2.00
36.00 F
45.00 F
45.00
=
40.50
64
50.00
45.50
in
in
=
=
2.00
0.20
0.17
in sch 40
ft
ft
a'
3.35
in2
0.02
ft2
a''
0.62
ft2/ft
2.00
tc
41
+
2.00
=
=
=
4.66
ft
0.25
60.46
rps
lb/ft
0.02
ms
ap
C-261
0.01
Nre
lb/ft.s
x Da x N
26916.41
0.02
1157004.10
60.46
(4.66)2 x
0.25
0.01
=
Nre
48695.63
=
Menetapkan nilai Jc
Jc
Menetapkan nilai JH
JH
7.76
Btu / lb. F
0.39
Btu/(j.ft )( F/ft)
1/3
(cp. / k)
(m/mw)
0.14
ID
ho
=
=
1.00
82352.87
Menghitung nilai ho
Tc
=
63.50 oF
cp
Di x Gp
x 2,42
0.17
7.87
1.00
=
13.97
1/3
( jH.k/D) x (cp/k) x (m/mw)0.14
325.56
Menghitung nilai hi
Pada tc
=
cp
=
45.50
0.36
1.41
(c/k)
1/3
ft
(m / mw )
Btu / hr.ft .F
2
hio
=
=
0.17
=
=
1108.13
hi (di/do)
962.40
x
+
962.40
962.40
243.27
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
667
178.23
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
667
=
101.11
ft2
10.35
325.56
325.56
ho + hio
1.00
0.14
ID
hi
Menghitung nilai Uc
Uc
=
ho x hio
380.00
Menghitung nilai Ud
Rd ditetapkan
0.00
=
Dengan adanya UD maka harga A dan tinggi coil dapat ditentukan
hD
=
1.00
=
666.67
UD
0.00
UC x hD
243.27
UC + hD
A
243.27
Q
UD xtLMTD
A
=
178.23
101.11
0.62
a"
Diameter coil diambil :
nc
=
L
729857.21
5.00
=
40.50
162.56
ft
ft
162.56
x dc
3.14
5.00
=
Asumsi :
3.00 in
12.00 lilitan
C-262
hc
=
in
61.56
=
5.13
Karena tinggi lilitan coil < tinggi liquid, maka design coil tersebut dapat digunakan.
=
ft
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
=
16
ft
Tinggi
=
16 ft
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
=
32.65
in
Tebal tutup bawah
=
0.63 in
Tebal tutup atas
=
0.63 in
Bahan konstruksi
=
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
Jumlah
=
8.00 buah
Sistem pengaduk :
Dipakai type propeller jenis turbin dengan four bladed flat paddle
Diameter impeller
=
4.66
ft
Lebar blade
=
0.93
ft
Panjang Blade
=
3.10
ft
Power Motor
=
1.50 hp
Kecepatan pengaduk
=
15 m/menit
Jumlah pengaduk
=
1.00 buah
Coil Pemanas :
Diameter coil
Banyak lilitan
Jarak antar lilitan
Tinggi lilitan coil
Panjang coil
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
12
3.00
ft
lilitan
in
5.13
162.56
ft
ft
101.11
ft2
:
:
:
:
Temperatur operasi
Pengelasan
faktor korosi
7.00 hari
14.70
86
psia
0.00
0.85
0.13
nutrient
volume nutrient
1.40
1120.00
0.80
3.09
ft3/jam
kg/jam =
kg/m3
volume total
x
C-263
Vol nutrient dalam tangki (V1)
69.92
=
Volume tangki
7.43
100.00
80.00
9.29
ft3
x
7.43
ft3
ft3
=
=
0.25 D2 Ls
0.25 D2 x D
=
Volume tutup bawah (conical)
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
=
3.14
(
24.00 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
D3
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
D3
90.00
))
9.29
0.79
D3
9.29
1.00
=
2.10
=
25.22
Tinggi bagian silinder tangki (Ls)
ft
in
standarisasi :
=
=
=
=
=
=
Menghitung tinggi tutup atas :
ha
=
0.17
ha
=
4.39
=
0.37
ft
Tinggi total bin
=
=
=
x
in
1.00
x
26.00
in
2.17 ft
0.50 OD
tan 0.5
13.00
1.08
=
=
in
ft
OD
Ls
2.17
+
+
3.62
hb
1.08
+
+
ha
0.37
ft
=
0.13
D3
0.79
7.98
ft3
0.08
D3
0.86
ft3
OD
OD
Volume conical
0.08
1.33
C-264
=
7.98
=
Tinggi nutrient dalam bin
=
=
=
x 2
(3,14 / 4)
2.17 ft3
tinggi conical
1.08 ft
3.25 ft
2.00
+
tinggi nutrient dalam silinder
2.17 ft
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
1.05
=
15.75
Pdesign
= Ptotal Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
+
psia
psia
Patm
P operasi
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.10
psi
=
=
=
x
x
Pdesign
1.05
psi
psi
Menentukan Tebal Tangki
Tebal pada bagian silinder Dipergunakan bahan konstruksi yang terbuat dari Stainless Steel
dengan spesifikasi :
type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
fallowable
=
=
18750.00
0.13
in
0.85
ts
Pd x Do
+
c
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
1.10
x
2.17
+
0.13
=
2 x ( 18750 x 0,85 + 0,4 x 2,549)
ts
=
in
=
3.00
in
=
0.13
2.00
16.00
16.00
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
0.19
in
=
=
16.00
Check :
=
OD
2 ts
ID
=
2.17
0.38
=
1.79
in
0.15
ft
=
=
0.05
m
Tebal tutup bawah ( conical )
Pi
x
ID
thb
=
2 x (f x E - 0.6 Pi) x cos 0.5
1.10
x
1.79
thb
=
2.00
x (
15937.50
0.66
) x
=
0.13
in
=
3.00
in
( standarisasi )
16
=
in
( standarisasi )
c
+
1.00
C-265
tha
=
=
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
+ c
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.85
x
1.10
x
26.00
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 2,549)
0.00
in
=
0.02
in
16
3.00
2.00 in
16.00
in
16
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
=
=
=
=
=
2.17
2.17
0.37
1.08
3.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
in
16.00
3.00
in
16.00
3.00
in
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
16.00
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
:
:
:
:
Temperatur operasi
Pengelasan
30
hari
14.70
86
psia
F
=
0.85
0.00
C-266
faktor korosi
0.13
antifoam
volume antifoam
307.64
1120.00
0.80
ft3/jam
69.92
=
Volume tangki
kg/m3
volume total
678.22
kg/jam =
698.38
100.00
80.00
872.97
ft3
698.38
ft3
ft3
=
=
0.25 D2 Ls
0.25 D2 x D
=
Volume tutup bawah (conical)
0.79
D3
D3
24 tg (0,5 )
=
3.14
(
24.00 x tg 0.5 (
0.13
0.08
D3
0.13
D3
D3
90.00
))
872.97
0.79
D3
872.97
1.00
=
=
2.87
34.40
+
ft
in
standarisasi :
=
=
=
=
0.08
Ls
3.00
+
+
5.01
1.00
x
36.00
in
3.00 ft
0.50 OD
=
=
=
=
=
tan 0.5
18.00
1.50
0.17
6.08
0.51
hb
1.50
+
+
OD
OD
in
ft
x
in
ft
ha
0.51
ft
OD
=
=
C-267
Volume conical
0.13
D3
0.79
21.20
ft3
0.08
D3
2.29
ft3
21.20
x 2
(3,14 / 4)
3.00
ft3
=
=
=
=
3.53
tinggi conical
1.50
4.50
+
+
ft
ft
2.00
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
1.46
=
16.16
Pdesign
P
=
total
Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
+
psia
psia
Patm
P operasi
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
1.46
1.05
1.05
1.53
psi
=
=
=
x
x
Pdesign
1.46
psi
psi
18750.00
0.13
in
0.85
Pd x Do
+
2 x(f x E + 0,4 x Pd)
ts
1.53
x
3.00
=
2 x ( 18750 x 0,85 + 0,4 x 9,687)
ts
=
in
=
0.13
2.00
16.00
Tebal shell standar
3.00
in
=
16.00
Check :
=
OD
2 ts
ID
=
3.00
0.38
=
2.63
in
=
0.07
m
=
=
0.13
3.00
16.00
0.19
in
in
( standarisasi )
in
0.22
ft
Pi
x
2 x (f x E - 0.6 Pi) x cos 0.5
ID
C-268
thb
=
=
=
2.00
1.53
x (
0.13
in
x
15937.50
in
3.00
16.00
Tebal tutup atas (standard dished head)
rc
= OD
=
36.00 in
tha
=
0,885 x Pd x rc
0.92
) x
( standarisasi )
+
( f x E - 0,1 x Pd )
0.85
x
1.53
x
(18750 x 0,8 - 0,1 x 9,687)
0.00
in
2.63
c
36.00
3.00
2.00 in
16
0.04
in
16.00
in
16
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi tutup bawah
Tebal tangki
=
=
=
=
=
3.00
3.00
0.51
1.50
3.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
in
in
in
16
3.00
16
3.00
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
16
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
=
=
30.00
14.70
C
psia
o
1.00
C-269
Tekanan Tujuan:
larutan
=
larutan
=
Rate massa fluida
968.50
6.40
14.70
kg/m3
=
cp
=
703454.47
kg/hari
psia
60.46
0.00
=
=
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
64483.33
17.91
=
=
0.30
=
=
17.78
132.97
ft3/s
ft3/menit
gal/menit
D1
V1
=
=
=
153 ft2
Q/A1
0.00
2.07
2.38
0.02
168 in
168 in
ft/s
ft
ft
lb/jam
lb/s
C-270
A2
D2
=
0.02 ft2
V2
= Q/A2
=
12.72
ft/s
Menguji jenis aliran :
(NRe<2100 aliran laminer; 2100<NRe< 4100 aliran transisi; NRe>4100 aliran turbulen)
Nre
= ID x V x
Nre
30802.52
(aliran turbulen)
Perhitungan Friksi
1. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
Kc
Kc
=
=
=
=
hc
hex
V2
2 . . gc
0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
(Geankoplis, 2003)
2. Sudden enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
=
2..gc
=
=
=
ID
Nre
/D
f
0.00
2.00
161.74
64.35
2.51
12.72
1.00
)2
32.17
ft.lbf/lbm
77
(Geankoplis, 2003)
40.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
131.23 ft
C-271
3 buah elbow 90o, Kf
Total
2.25
8.42
hf = kf . v2 / 2 gc
=
21.2 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friksi pada pompa :
F
=
=
=
Ff
+
76.62
+
102 ft.lbf/lbm
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+
2 gc
- Ws =
107
(z2 z1) g
gc
ft.lbf/lbm
hf
21
atm
+
+
hc
1.38
+
+
P
Z
(P2 P1)
=
=
=
hc2
2.51
0.00
1.00
3.05
m
ft
Ws
=
=
-Ws x m
eff x 550
1.46 hp
BHP
eff motor
2.50 hp
2.50 hp
Spesifikasi peralatan
Nama
:
Pompa Feed Broth Tank (L-261)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol-air dari fermentor ke broth tank
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
0.80
C-272
Kapasitas
Power pompa
Ukuran pipa
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
Diameter pipa bagian luar
Power motor penggerak
:
:
:
:
:
:
15058.21
1.46 hp
2 in sch 40
2.07 in
2.38 in
2.50 hp
lb/hari
larutan
rate massa
:
:
968 kg/m3
703454.47
=
kg/hari
rate volume
726.33
m /hari
waktu tinggal
jumlah tangki
Vliquid
:
:
:
30 o C
60.46
24.00 jam
1.00 buah
lbm/ft3
29310.60
kg/jam
5989.88
ft3/hari
249.58 ft3/jam
726.33
m3
d1
hd
OA
OA
s f
K e t e ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u tl et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d =
a nja propeller
n g im p e ll er
ldasar
b = le
b
a
r
im
p
e
l
l
e
r
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
s f
OA
hd
d2
asumsi :
maka V reaktor
Vliquid x (100/80)
=
=
907.92
Vtutup atas
m3 =
+
3206.28
Vtutup bawah
Vtangki
Vtutup atas
0.08
D3
Vtutup bawah
0.08
D3
Vshell
=
=
0.79
D2 Ls
Diasumsikan Ls
2.00
ft3
+
Vshell
C-273
3206.28
D
=
=
=
1.74
12.26 ft
147.11
D3
=
inch
12.26 ft
standarisasi (OD) =
=
=
=
Hliquida
Tinggi silinder
0.08
156.06
49.45
=
=
=
=
2.00
2.00
24.52
294.22
D3
+
ft
x
x
ft
in
Pdesign
20.76
20.8 psi
35.46
P tot 1.05
117.98
Faktor korosi
14.70
psi
psi
Poperasi
+
psi
+
psia
P atm
x
14.70
14.70
=
20.76
psi
20.76 psi
=
21.80
18750.00
psi
psi
(c)
Hliquida
12.26
p/4 D2
Hliquida
.
g
/
gc
.
H
=
larutan
=
=
=
=
=
0.13
in
0.80
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint
ts=
Pd x Di
=
2.00
=
2 x (f x E - 0.6 x Pd)
21.80
x (
18750.00
in
0.23
+
x
x
ID
0.80
=
`+ (`
in
216.00
18.00
in
ft
(B&Y,254)
0.60
0.19
in
21.80
2.ts
147.11
147.49
OD
c
147.11
in
3.71
16.00
ID
2.00
0.19
2.ts
C-274
Sehingga koreksi terhadap ID menjadi
216
in
=
=
215.63
- (
in
=
=
=
=
=
2.00
=
0.19
) in
17.97
ft
2 x ID
2.00
x
12.97
ft
25.94
ft
(
25.94
x 12 in/ft )
311.25
in
=
=
=
0.08
491.40
21.69
D3
+
ft
p/4 D2
Hliquida
253.46
rc
215.63
x
in
Hliquida
=
tha
tha
215.63
in
0.89
x
Pd
( f x E - 0.1 x Pd )
0.89
18750.00
x
x
in
0.40
21.80
0.80
=
0.10
6.44
16.00
7.00
in
sf
16.00
=
2.00
Crown radius, r
=
=
144.00
icr
-
144.00
2.00
=
144.00
icr
0.13
in
in
+
21.80
in
144.00
(bentuk range)
(Tabel 5.7, B & Y, hal 89 )
in
9.38
in
9.38
=
62.63
in
134.63
in
9.38
18123.89
3921.89
)0.5
C-275
=
24.83
in
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
in
27.27
tinggi silinder
311.25 in
365.78
30.48
+
+
2 x tinggi tutup
2.00
x
27.27
in
ft
64483.33
Rate Volumetrik
0.07
ft3/s
0.13
3.90 x (
2.00
0.17
0.07
ft
dimana : V
rate volumetrik
luas area
0.07
sehingga :
NRe
0.05
2.88
2.47
=
=
0.03
60.46
in
in
1/12
1/12
x
x
=
=
ft/in
ft/in
ft2
x
0.03
ft3/s
ft2
60.46
x
0.01
2.09
0.21
lb/ft.s
ft/s.
2.09
5192.38
( alirannya turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar.
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet.
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
lb/ft3 )0.13
ft3/s )0.45x (
in
Flow area
NRe
lb/jam
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
12.26
ft
30.48
ft
54.53
in
0.25
in
0.25
in
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
ft/s
0.24
0.21
C-276
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
1084.60
9.78 cp
=
kg/m3
=
=
=
36 oC
14.70
12.73
=
=
67.71
0.01
kg/hari
208716.03
psia
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
19132.30
5.30
=
=
0.08
ft3/s
=
=
4.70
35.13
ft3/menit
gal/menit
0.08
0.45
3.90
x
2.14
=
=
67.71
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
0.02
215.60
ft2
in
17.97
ft
0.13
C-277
OD1 tangki
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
A2
V2
=
=
=
216.00
253.40
in
18.00 ft
ft2
Q/A1
0.00
D22
ft/s
0.02
ft2
3.36
ft/s
Q/A2
Nre
ID x V x
0.17
5962.42
3.36
67.71
0.01
(aliran turbulen)
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
V2
hc Kc .
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.10
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.000046
0.00
m
ft
0.00015
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
4.81
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
40.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
4 x
0.75
0.17
6.00
3.00
C-278
Total
hf
9.17
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
1.61
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
Sudden enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
2..gc
=
0.00
2.00
x
1.00
11.29
64.35
0.18
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
Total friksi pada pompa :
F
=
=
=
Ff
4.81
6.70
3.36
)2
+
+
ft.lbf/lbm
32.17
hf
1.61
+
+
hc
0.10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
P2
=
21.70
36.40
0.00
3.36
6.70
1.00
1.00
atm
ft
ft
ft/s
ft/s
ft.lbf/lbm
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
2 gc
- Ws
23.95
(P2 P1)
gc
=
5.00
8.63
ft
0.00
Ws
ft.lbf/lbm
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
35.13
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.25
BHP
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
0.92
hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
1.00 hp,
0.92
hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
0.80
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.38)
BHP
C-279
effisiensi motor
1.25 hp
1.50
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa Feed RVF (L-219)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol dari broth tank ke RVF
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
459175.27
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
1.00
hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07 in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38 in
Power motor penggerak
:
1.50 hp
0.17
2. densitas filtrat,
61.36
lb/ft3
=
=
=
=
=
=
54.02
4.00 cp
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
lb/ft3
=
=
=
=
=
0.40
0.75
0.00
4.00 inHg
2.00 in
5. viskositas udara, a
6. surface tension dari filtrat,
cake data
7. porosity, X
8. sphericity,
9. average particle size (35 mesh), D
10. Operating vacuum
11. cake thickness, L
perhitungan filtrasi
FRe
=
Ff
=
K
51.80
2500.00
gc Dp2 FRe
32 Ff
0.00
80000.00
0.00
ft3/sec2
lb/ft sec
cp
lb/ft sec
lb force/ft
ft
=
=
283.00
0.17
C-280
CL
L (s (1-x)(1-X) - pxX)
0.06
0.00
74948.23
2Kx
Cl
L X L2
2.70
sec
Ca
K(-P)
X L l
a
14.77
ft3/sq ft
Va
K(-P)
L a
Vl
K(-P)
L l
Rate Filtrat
5.47 ft3/sq ft
0.02
14112.93
Al
45.71
ft2
Atotal
140.65
ft2
D
H
=
=
22.40
2.00
ft
ft
Blower RVF
Sr
=
0.03
=
=
0.03
0.19
cake deposition
equation 198
t1
=
CL L2
(-P)
=
=
1
=
=
first dewatering
2
=
t2
=
=
t2
Cl
360*2 sec
60 sec
33.00 sec
150 - 1
130.00 x
360.00
21.67 sec
lb force/ft4
ft3/sq ft
kg/jam
115.01
1.13
22.40
7.63
2082.73
283.00
7.36
sec
8.00
sec
15.00
33.00 sec
=
117.00
60.00 sec
8.02
ft
m3/jam
ft3/s
C-281
vl'
vl
0.10
0.00
6.09
0.19
0.19
va'
t3
0.19
1.04
=
V3
second watering
t4
=
=
60.00
360.00
10.00
0.02
ft /sq ft sec
gpm
3
vl'
vl
=
=
x
ft /sq ft sec
sec
x
60.00 sec
10.39
1.00
3.00
C a'
=
=
0.90
14.77
1.00
3.00
=
=
4.92
16.7
Sr
=
=
kapasitas blower
13.00
64.00
ft3/sq ft (cycle)
60.00 sec
2.70
V4
(during washing)
5.47
0.38
va
Cl'
t4
Cl'
0.10
va x t3
90.00
360.00
15.00
0.38
vl
51.69
S2
va
vG
3.50
V2
=
=
S2
0.19
V4/Ca'
0.19
4.92
ft3/sq ft (cycle)
=
=
V2 + V3 + V4
126.07
ft3/sq ft (cycle)
10.00
C-282
V
=
=
/4 x D2 x L
787.76
ft3
760
mmHg
9.30 lb/jam
108 ft3/jam
1.80 ft3/menit
=
=
=
4.00
101.60
101.60
P pompa
101.60
=
=
760 mmHg
658.40
BM camp
62.45
=
=
67.55
8423.39
lb/ft3
kg/jam
274.85
ft3
mol
=
=
7.78
134.88
m3
kgmol
T
P1
P2
Cv
Cp
g
R
Power
=
=
=
=
=
=
35.00
0.13
1.00 atm
1.50 R
2.50 R
Cp
=
Cv
8314.34
=
1.80 lb/jam
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.10 lb/jam
0.50
1.00
0.10
2.00
0.30
1.50
1.00
inHg
torr
mmHg absolut
mmHg
mmHg
C
atm
308.15
18566.84
1.67
J kmol K
m g R To
(g - 1)
=
=
1068213690
1012467.24
J/jam
Btu/jam
lb/jam
C-283
=
=
296723.78
397.91
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Bahan :
Drum
Filter
Diameter
Lebar
=
=
=
=
Kapasitas Blower
Tekanan Vakum
Power
=
=
=
W
hp
ft3/ft2 (cycle)
mmHg
hp
=
=
983 kg/m3
336521.81
30.00
14.70
psi
C
=
61.36
kg/hari
lbm/ft3
14021.74
rate volume
=
342.41
m3/hari
waktu tinggal
=
30.00 menit
Digunakan satu buah tangki penampung, sehingga:
Vliquid
= waktu tinggal x rate
12092.27
7.13
kg/jam
ft3/hari
m3
d1
hd
OA
OA
sf
K e t e ra n g an
D s = D ia m e te r s he ll
H s = T in g g i s he ll
h d = T in g g i d is h
OA
t h = te b a l d is h
d 1 = Dia m e te r i nl et
d 2 = D ia m e t e r o u t l et
D a = D ia m e te r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
C
= pjarak
p d=
a nja propeller
n g im p e -ll er
l b = le
b a r im p e lle r
dasar
tangki
ts
pb
Hs
lb
Ds
H = tinggi liquid
H
Da
sf
hd
OA
d2
asumsi :
maka V reaktor
C-284
=
=
=
Vtangki
Vtutup atas
Vliquid x (100/80)
269.38
m3 =
+
Vtutup atas
0.08
Vtutup bawah
Vshell
=
=
Diasumsikan Ls
9513.10
D
ft3
+
Vtutup bawah
D3
0.08
D3
0.79
D2 Ls
2.00
=
=
=
9513.10
Vshell
D
1.74
17.62
211.39
D3
ft
inch
standarisasi (OD)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.08
463.03
22.69
2.00
2.00
35.23
422.78
x
x
ft
in
Pdesign
D3
+
ft
psi
+
9.53
243.60
p/4 D2
Hliquida
Hliquida
14.70
psi
psi
9.53
psi
D
17.62
Poperasi
+
+
14.70
14.70
psi
+
psia
P atm
x
9.53
psi
24.23
P tot
1.05
psi
=
9.53
10.00
18750.00
psi
psi
(c)
0.13
in
0.80
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint
ts=
Pd x Di
2 x (f x E - 0.6 x Pd)
=
10.00
2.00 x (
18750.00
=
in
0.20
=
+
x
x
(B&Y,254)
211.39
0.80
0.60
3.20
16
10.00
C-285
=
0.20
=
0.20
in
Tebal shell standar :
OD
=
ID
+
Check :
=
211.39
=
211.79
=
2.ts
`+
(`
2.00
0.20
in
216.00
=
18.00
OD standar :
ID
=
OD
2.ts
Sehingga koreksi terhadap ID menjadi
216.00 in
- ( 2.00
=
=
215.60
in
Tinggi bagian silinder (Hs)
in
ft
x
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.20 ) in
17.97
ft
2 x ID
2.00
x
12.97
ft
25.94
ft
(
25.94
x 12 in/ft )
311.25
in
=
=
=
Hliquida
0.08
491.23
21.70
D3
+
ft
p/4 D2
Hliquida
253.40
rc
Hliquida
=
=
=
215.60
in
0.89
x
Pd
( f x E - 0.1 x Pd )
0.89
18750.00
0.25
Sehingga tebal tutup standard
dari tabel yang sama didapat
x
x
10.00
0.80
-
x
0.10
0.13
215.60
x
in
in
+
10.00
in
=
4.00
in
sf
16.00
=
2.00
in
(bentuk range)
C-286
Crown radius, r
Inside Corner Radius (icr)
AB
ID
=
2.00
=
72.00
BC
=
170.00
=
157.00
b
=
=
icr
170.00
13.00
-
170.00
2.00
icr
170.00
13.00
5184.00
170.00
in
- (
24649.00
=
30.48
in
Tinggi tutup atas = Tutup bawah (OA)
= t + b + sf
=
in
32.73
Tinggi total tangki
=
tinggi silinder
+
=
311.25 in
376.72
in
=
=
31.39
ft
19132.30
Rate Volumetrik
0.07
ft3/s
0.13
3.90 x (
2.00
0.17
=
Dipilih pipa 2 1/2 in Schedule 40
dimana :
OD
=
2.88
ID
=
2.47
dimana :
0.07
ft
2.88
2.47
in
in
x
x
0.07
cuft/s
ft2
60.46
1/12
1/12
x
0.00
0.21
lb/ft.s
2.09
38576.41
( alirannya turbulen)
Jadi asumsi aliran turbulen sudah benar
Dengan demikian diambil diameter nozzle inlet
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
=
=
ft/in
ft/in
0.24
0.21
ft2
0.03
sehingga :
NRe
0.05
x
D
rate volumetrik
luas area
lb/ft3 )0.13
60.46
in
in
0.03
lb/jam
ft3/s )0.45x (
in
)0.5
2 x tinggi tutup
x
32.73
2.00
NRe
13.00
in
in
Flow area
in
in
18.00
ft
ft/s.
2.09
ft/s
C-287
Tinggi
Tinggi tutup atas & bawah
Tebal tutup bawah
Tebal tutup atas
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
C.32. Pompa (L-312)
Fungsi
Tipe
:
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
31.39
ft
65.47
in
0.25
in
0.25
in
Stainless steel type 304, grade 3 (SA-167)
1.00 buah
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
983.00
9.78
=
kg/m3
cp
=
=
=
=
=
336521.81
30.00 oC
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
61.37
lb/ft3
0.01
lb/ft.s
kg/hari
=
=
30847.83
8.57
=
=
0.14
ft3/s
=
=
8.38
62.67
ft3/menit
gal/menit
0.14
0.45
3.90
x
2.75
61.37
in
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
Flow area
ID1 tangki
OD1 tangki
=
=
=
0.02
34.00
34.20
ft2
in
in
=
=
2.83
2.85
ft
ft
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
V2
=
=
=
6.30
0.02
D22
ft2
ft/s
0.02
ft2
6.00
ft/s
Q/A2
0.13
C-288
1. Menguji jenis aliran,
(NRe<2100 aliran laminer; 2100<NRe< 4100 aliran transisi; NRe>4100 aliran turbulen)
Nre
Nre
ID x V x
0.17
9639.62
6.00
0.01
(aliran turbulen)
61.37
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
V2
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
ft
(Timmerhouse, fig 14-1)
40.00 m
15.32
131.23
ft
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
3 x
0.75
0.17
6.00
2.25
8.42
hf
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
4.70
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
2
hex
= (v1 - v2)
2..gc
=
=
( 0.001 - 3.73 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
35.68
64.35
C-289
=
*.
0.55
ft.lbf/lbm
P pada cooler
0.41
=
=
=
f
friksi cooler
0.01
P x f
58.68
0.01
+
15.32
20.89
psia
+
+
24.25
+
0.31
0.00
2.80
(P2 P1)
gc
=
hex
friksi cooler
+
ft
Ws
ft.lbf/lbm
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
62.67
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.30
BHP
0.01
hc
4.70
ft.lbf/lbm
=
1.00
2 gc
- Ws
N/m2
67.71
ft.lbf/lbm
hf
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
2809.61
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
3.25
hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
1.50 hp,
3.25
hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
BHP
effisiensi motor
1.88
hp
2.00 hp
0.80
C-290
Nama
:
Pompa menuju Kolom Destilasi I(L-312)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol-air dari tangki penampung ke kolom destilasi I
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
336521.81
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
3.25
hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07
in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38
in
Power motor penggerak
:
2.00
hp
=
=
=
=
Laten Heat S
Laju alir massa steam
LMTD
t1
t2
=
=
LMTD
116.00
C
=
68.00
C
=
(t
t
)/ln(t
/
t
)
=
1
2
1
2
=
=
Tc dan tc
Tc
tc
=
=
=
=
4.50 bar
148 C
148 C
1978.78
=
=
=
89.87
193.77
=
=
kJ/kg
F
F
298.40
298.40
24574.37
kg/hari
1023.93
kg/jam
2252.65
lb/jam
240.80
154.40
F
F
C
F
(T1 + T2)/2
298.40
F
(t1 + t2)/2
132.80
F
F
3.88
Btu/lb oF
C-291
Trial UD
(Range UD antara 100-200)
UD Trial
=
=
100 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
Q / (UD*LMTD)
17
ft2
=
0.30
in2
= A/(L x a"t)
=
Dari tabel Kern hal 842, didapatkan :
Nt standar
=
52.00
ID Shell
=
10.00 in
tubePasses
=
4.00
Check
A
= Nt x L x a"t
UD
=
=
=
7.34
0.00
tube
ft2
122.49
ft2
Q / (A x LMTD)
14.12
Btu/jam.ft2.oF
Shell (Feed distilasi)
IDs
=
=
=
=
as
0.25 in
0.40 IDs
4.00
De
Res
JH
Nt x a't / (144 x N)
0.03
in
ft2
W / as
=
tc
at
10 in
PT - OD
=
Gs
Tube (Steam)
444218.57
Gt
lb/jam.ft2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
132.80
F
5.00 cp
12.1 lb/ft.jam
0.73 in (Kern, fig.28)
0.06
ft
D x Gs /
50
4546.50
w / at
=
Tc
De
Ret
(turbulen)
hio
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1131478.79
298
0.01
0.02
0.62
F
cp
lb/ft.jam
in
0.05
D x Gt /
2415691.63
1500.00
C-292
k(Cp/k)
1/3
Cp
3.88
0.38
ho
JH x (K/De) x k(Cp/k)1/3
Uc
Rd
Btu/(lb)(ft2)(F/ft)
1.90
=
=
Btu/lbF
593.79
Btu/jam.ft2
=
=
=
=
425.39
0.07
> 0.003
(memenuhi)
PRESSURE DROP
Res
=
=
=
f
s
N+1 =
Ps
Ret
f
s
Pt
12 x L / B
36.00
f .Gs2.Ds.(N+1) / (5.22x1010.De.S.s)
=
22.37
=
1.52
(memenuhi)
psi
atm
=
=
=
=
=
:
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure :
Suhu larutan
Pr
< 10 psi
=
=
3.15
psi
=
4.n.V /(s.2gc)
2
0.05
=
=
=
32.00
keluar
80.00
Suhu steam :
steam
148.00
=
=
=
148.00
10.00
in
1.00
Sheel side
condensat
IDs
Passes
0.5xf .Gt2.Dt.n/(5.22x1010.De.S.s)
V2/(2gc) x (62.5/144)
ptotal
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Dasar pemilihan
Bahan
Fluida
Tube (Steam)
2415691.63
0.00
0.54
C
C
C
C
psi
Pt + Pt
3.20
0.22
(memenuhi)
C-293
Tube side
ID
=
OD
=
Panjang
=
BWG
=
Pitch
=
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
Passes
=
122.49
0.07
ft
0.62
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
in
in
ft
in
52
2.00
2.2640
aLB
2.2310
8.34
buah
9 buah
0.60 N
14 buah
C-294
Massa (kg)
BM
kgmol
Fraksi Mol
Fraksi massa
43607.42
267524.41
1147.48
371.76
162881.48
46
18
92
60
599.32
7411.50
15.54
7.40
8034.49
0.07
0.92
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.17
0.82
0.01
0.00
1.00
Massa (kg)
BM
kgmol
Fraksi Mol
Fraksi massa
46
18
92
60
Jumlah
27430.70
27395.93
0.00
2.22
54861.41
596.32
1522.00
0.00
0.04
2119.09
0.28
0.72
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
1.00
Massa (kg)
kgmol
Fraksi Mol
3.00
5889.50
15.54
7.36
5915.40
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Jumlah
Distilat (Bagian Atas)
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
C2H5OH (LK)
137.84
106011.03
1429.48
441.72
108020.07
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Jumlah
Neraca Massa Beer Still
Komponen
Masuk
C2H5OH (LK)
Steam
43607.42
267524.41
1147.48
371.76
101321.10
Total
413972.17
Air (HK)
C3H8O3
CH3COOH
Daerah
Atas
Bawah
BM
46
18
92
60
Ke destilat
27430.70
27395.93
0.00
2.22
0.00
54828.85
137.84
106011.03
1429.48
441.72
209341.16
317361.23
413972.17
Ke Bottom
101321.10
kg/hari
162881.48
108020.07
Fraksi massa
0.00
0.98
0.01
0.00
1.00
C-295
0.94
g/L
0.06 lb/ft3
L=
0.96
kg/L
59.77 lb/ft3
L=
V=
162881.48 kg/hari
54861.41 kg/hari
L
V
=
=
=
=
((v/L))1/2
359091.10
lb/hari
120947.80 lb/hari
14962.13 lb/jam
5039.49 lb/jam
0.09
L=
V=
dimana,
L
V
vapor
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
liquid
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
=
=
=
=
=
=
A
3.66
D2
D
0.34
3.66
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
ft2
4.66
=
=
2.16 ft
0.66 m
4.66
0.59
g/L
0.04 lb/ft3
L=
1.00
kg/L
62.49 lb/ft3
=
=
0.07 ft3/s
23.73 ft3/s
4.16
1.40
C-296
L=
V=
108020.07 kg/hari
101321.10 kg/hari
L
V
=
=
=
=
((v/L))1/2
0.16
dimana,
L
V
vapor
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
liquid
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
238143.30 lb/hari
36750.19 lb/hari
9922.64 lb/jam
1531.26 lb/jam
L=
V=
0.04
11.59
=
=
2.76
0.43
ft3/s
ft3/s
0.08
=
=
Uo
=
=
0.60
x
1.98 ft/s
Rate gas
Uo
5.85
=
A
5.85
D2
D
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
7.46
2.73
0.83
=
=
UvN
ft
m
Bagian Atas
Untuk 100% Flooding
UVN = PC x ((L - v ) / v)0.5
UVN =
10.82
ft/s
Untuk 75% Flooding
AN = QV / (UVN x %flooding)
=
2.74
Asumsi
: Ad =
Bagian Bawah
UVN =
3.30
ft/s
AN =
4.39
ft2
A =
5.49
ft2
ft2
0.10
Sehingga :
A = AN + 2 x Ad
A = AN / (1 - 2 x Ad)
C-297
=
3.43
Diameter yang dipilih
Cek persen flooding
A =
AA =
ft2
2.80
6.15
ft2
4.92
ft2
QV / (UVN x AN)
Persen Flooding =
Persen Flooding
71.32
= 44.56 %
tv =
0.13
in
dh =
0.25
0.75
in
in
P =
PF = 0.16
= 0.03
Pressure Drop
how = 0.48 x Fw x (QL/Iw)0.67
(QL/lw)0.25 =
Fw = 1.03
0.26
0.10
(QL/lw)0.25 = 0.13
Fw = 1.02
how =
0.00
hw =
1.50
in
h =
0.09
in
in
in
tv / dh = 0.50
Ah / A = 0.10
Ah =
0.62
ft2
C0 =
0.65
(Van Winkle, fig. 13.18)
Uh =
Qv / Ah
Uh =
=
38.56
ft/s
ho = 0.186 x (v / L) x (Uh / C0)2
=
0.65
FvA = UvA x v0.5
=
38.56
ho =
0.38
FvA =
0.74
in
0.94
in
ft/s
C-298
= 0.63 (Van Winkle, Fig.13-16)
Total Pressure Drop :
HT = x (hw + how) + ho + h
0.63
HT =
1.43
in fluida
1.69
in fluida
7.10
lb/ft2
=
=
8.43
0.06
lb/ft2
psi
0.05
psi
hw + how =
ho + h =
ho + h =
Spesifikasi peralatan :
Tower Diameter
Tray Spacing
=
=
33.60 in
24.00 in
Active Area
4.92
ft2
Area of Holes
0.62
ft2
Area Downcomer
Ah / A
Ad / A
Ah / AA
dh
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.62
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.25 in
175.8 in
1.50 in
1.50 in
0.13 in
Cross flow
ft2
=
=
=
=
14 tray
Tray Spacing x (N - 1)
310 in
25.80 ft
Iw
hw
Downcomer Clearance
Tray Thickness
Tipe tray
Tinggi Kolom
Tinggi total tray :
Jumlah tray aktual (N)
Tinggi total tray
=
=
4.00 ft
10
600
menit
s
(Ditetapkan)
0.04
ft3/s
QL x holding time / A
5.38
ft
1.50
0.40
0.48
C-299
~
Tinggi ruang kosong di atas hold up :
Ditetapkan tinggi ruang kosong
6.00
ft
1.00 ft
Tinggi tutup
Direncanakan tutup atas = tutup bawah berupa standard dish head
Bahan konstruksi SA 285 Grade C
f
=
13750.00 (Brownell, tabel.13-1)
E
=
0.85
C
=
0.13 in
Pop
=
=
=
Pdesain =
14.70 psi
1.5 x Pop
22.05 psi
rc = D
=
=
=
=
thead
distandarkan :
thead =
=
=
sf =
icr =
BC =
=
AB =
=
b
33.60 in
0.885 x Pd x rc / (f x E - 0.1 x Pd) + C
0.18
3/16 in
0.31 in
2.00 in
0.94 in
rc - icr
(Brownell, tabel.5-6)
33 in
0.5 x ID - icr
15.86 in
rc - (BC2 - AB2)1/2
=
=
Tinggi tutup =
5.05
in
thead + b + sf
=
=
7.23
0.60
=
=
=
Tebal Shell
ts =
=
=
distandarkan :
ts =
=
in
2.90 /16 in
in
ft
Pd x ri / (f x E - 0.6 x Pd) +C
0.16 in
2.51
/16 in
1/4 in
0.31 in
C-300
Diameter Tutup
OD = ID + 2 x ts
=
34.23
in
sf
=
2.00
in
(Brownell, tabel.5-7)
icr =
5.50
in
OD
+
OD/42
+ 2 x sf + 2/3 x icr
Diameter tutup =
=
42.71
in
Berat Tutup
Berat tutup
Axial Stress
fap =
=
=
=
x D2 x t / 4 x (490 / 1728)
73.60
lb
Pd x D / (4 x (ts - C))
1006.22
Dead Weight
f dead wt shell
=
=
=
Tebal isolasi
ins
f dead wt ins
=
=
=
psi
3.40 X
3.00 in
40.00 lb/ft3
ins x tins / (144 x (ts - C)
4.44
Berat Attachment
Berat tutup atas
Berat tangga
Berat Pipa 12" sch.40
Berat Insulasi pipa
=
=
=
=
/ 4 x (1.52 - 1.02) x 40
Total (W) =
73.60
f dead wt attachment
=
=
73.60
25.00
43.80
lb
X
X
=
39.29
+
108.09
W / ( x D x (ts - C))
3.65
X
X
5.36
=
=
3.96 X
17.16 X
Wind Stress
Kecepatan angin Indonesia =
Tekanan Udara, B
=
=
=
+
+
-7.92
-4.27
3.00 m/s
6.71
mil/jam
760 mmHg
29.92
inHg
C-301
Pw
0.11 psf
1.00 psf
0.17
X2
=
=
=
diperoleh X
0.17
X2
fxE
11687.50 psi
=
226.96
-17.16
17.16
1010.49
ft
Downwind Side
fc max
= fwx - fap + fdx
=
fc max
=
=
0.17
X2
1.5 x 10 x (t / r)
27392.26 psi
diperoleh X
=
446.35
Tinggi kolom < Xupwind dan Xdownwind
-1010.49
ft
(Tebal Shell memenuhi syarat)
195.93
91.07
C-302
T2
t1
t2
=
=
=
185.00
30 C
45 C
=
86
113
=
=
Neraca Energi
Rate umpan masuk (W)
=
=
LMTD
tc
=
=
=
=
2703.31
5959.79
53831.99
213483.44
3592.27
7919.60
kg/jam
lb/jam
kkal/jam
Btu/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
82.93
F
99.00
F
(t
t
)/ln(t1 / t2)
=
1
2
=
Tc dan tc
Tc
F
F
=
=
=
=
=
=
LMTD
t1
t2
85.00
90.73
(T1 + T2) / 2
190.46
(t1 + t2) / 2
99.50
213483.44
x
90.73
135
Dari Kern Tabel 10 :
a"t
0.20
ft/ft2
at
Nt
=
=
0.30
A
L x a"t
in2
=
12 x 0.1
=
=
=
17.43
0.20
109
13.25
2.00
b. Cek UD
A
=
UD koreksi
Nt x L x a"t
256.76
=
=
=
ft2
Nt
Nt standart
7.40
109.00
6.79
ft2
17.43
x UD trial
x
17.43
Btu/jam ft2 oF
7.40
C-303
IDs
C'
as
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Gs
G"
Shell (Etanol-Air)
13.25
in
(Kern, tabel.9)
PT - OD
1.00 0.75
0.25
1.00 x IDs
12.00 in
W / as
Gt
21590.18
W / (L x NT2/3)
21.77
=
=
=
tf
0.22
0.54 cp
sf
=
=
0.94
900.00
h'
Nt x a't / (144 x n)
trial ho =
tw =
kf
at
0.28 ft2
Asumsi :
lb/jam.ft2
w / at
250.00 Btu/hr.ft2.F
tc +
ho
hio + ho
133.16
F
(Tc+ tw) / 2
161.81
0.11
Btu/hr.ft2.(F/ft)
1.00
62.28
Gt / (3600 x )
0.31
1.77
0.04
Ret
=
=
(Kern, tabel.4)
(Kern, fig.14)
(Kern, tabel.6)
(Kern, fig12.9)
=
=
(Tc - tc)
69288.72
hi
hio
=
=
D x Gt /
1738.82
600.00 Btu/hr.ft2.F
hi x (ID / OD)
=
Pressure Drop
uap =
De =
Res =
0.03
0.08
De x Gs / uap
67912.52
=
N+1
0.00
=
sg
=
=
(Kern, fig.29)
f
sg
Pl
1738.82
0.00
1.00
f .Gt2.L.n / (5.22x1010.Ds.S.t)
=
=
0.01
=
=
Pn
lb/ft
0.10
2 x
46.00
0.10
=
=
=
V2/(2gc)
12 x 12
12.00
12.00
=
=
Ret
(Kern, fig.15)
(Kern, fig.28)
L
B
BM
lb/ft.jam
ft
425.60
=
=
=
0.00
4.n.V2/(s.2gc)
4 x
0.01
C-304
62.50
=
0.00
2
Ps = 0.5 x f.Gs .Ds.(N+1)/(5.22x1010.De.Sg)
=
Ptotal =
=
=
0.92
psi
(memenuhi < 2 psi)
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Bahan
Fluida
:
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Suhu larutan
Tube side
Uc
Rd
=
=
=
157.49
Btu/jam.ft2.oF
(Uc - UD)/(Uc x UD)
0.14
> 0.003
keluar
85.00
masuk
30.00
keluar
IDs
Passes
ID
OD
Panjang
BWG
Pitch
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
Passes
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
45.00
13.25
1.00
0.53
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
256.76
0.14
91.07
C
C
C
in
in
in
ft
in
109
2.00
ft2
:
:
=
=
=
Massa Liquida dalam tangki
41799.30
10.00
0.17
Pl + Pn
lb/jam
menit
jam
=
Laju Alir Massa x hold up time
=
6966.55
lb
0.01
0.02
(memenuhi)
(memenuhi)
C-305
Densitas Liquida
Volume Liquida dalam tangki
=
=
49.00
142.17
lb/ft3
ft3
Volume Shell
Ls/D
D3
D
0.00
0.79
D3
D2.Ls
=
3.00
=
120.67
=
4.94
ft
~
5.00
ft
=
60
in
Ls
=
15
ft
Dipakai bahan konstruksi yang dipakai dari Stainless Steel tipe 304, grade A (SA-167)
(App. D, Brownell, hal.42)
f allowable
=
18750.00
psi
c
=
0.13
inci
Sambungan las dipakai tipe double weld butt joint
E
=
0.80
Poperasi
=
14.70
psi
Ptotal
=
Phidrostatis + Poperasi
=
rho.g/gc.Hlarutan + Poperasi
=
16.38
psi
Pdesain
=
1.05
x
Ptotal
Pdesain
=
17.20
psi
Tebal Shell
ts
standar
=
=
=
=
C-306
Jumlah
1.00 buah
:
:
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
983.00
9.78
=
=
=
=
kg/m3
=
cp
=
48298.80
30 oC
14.70
14.70
67.71
0.01
psia
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
kg/hari
4427.39
1.23
=
=
0.02
ft3/s
=
=
1.09
8.15
ft3/menit
gal/menit
0.02
0.45
3.90
x
1.11
67.71
in
(Geankoplis, App A-5-1)
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
Flow area
ID1 tangki
OD1 tangki
=
=
=
0.02
42.50
43.00
ft2
in
in
=
=
3.54
3.58
ft
ft
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
D2
V2
=
=
=
Q/A2
OD2 pipa
9.84
ft2
0.00
ft/s
0.02
ft2
0.78
ft/s
ID x V x
0.13
lb/jam
lb/s
C-307
=
Nre
0.17
12998.47
0.78
x
0.00
(aliran turbulen)
67.71
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
(Geankoplis 3th edition, 93)
V2
hc Kc .
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.01
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00
0.00
m
ft
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
0.26
0.00
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
40.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
3 x
0.75
0.17
6.00
2.40
8.57
hf
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
1.48
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
2..gc
=
=
=
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
0.61
64.35
0.18
ft.lbf/lbm
hf
hc
hex
C-308
=
=
0.26
6.29
1.48
19.30
(P2 P1)
gc
=
13.00
ft
0.00
Ws
ft.lbf/lbm
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
8.15
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.20
BHP
0.18
ft.lbf/lbm
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
+
2 gc
- Ws
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
0.73 hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP
1.00 hp,
0.73 hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
0.80
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
BHP
effisiensi motor
1.25 hp
1.25
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa menuju Kolom Destilasi II (L-315)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol-air dari fermentor ke broth tank
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
457929.47
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
0.73 hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07 in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38 in
Power motor penggerak
:
1.25 hp
C-309
Fungsi
Tipe
Kondisi Operasi
P Operasi
T Bottom
T Distilat
:
:
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
Atm
psia
C
K
C
K
Dari data neraca massa pada App. A dan neraca panas pada App. B
Feed masuk
Rate
=
48298.80
kg/hari
Temperatur
=
98.03
C
Distilat keluar
Rate
=
25177.03
kg/hari
Temperatur
=
78.20
C
Bottom keluar
Rate
=
23121.77
kg/hari
Temperatur
=
90.50
C
Perhitungan Jumlah Tray
Dari grafik Mc-Cabe n Thile diperoleh jumlah tray sebesar 9 tray
Refluk ratio
XD
=
0.26
Rm + 1
0.88
=
0.26
Rm + 1
Rm
=
2.38
Dimana,R
=
1.50
x
Rm
=
3.58
Feed masuk pada tray no 4 dari atas.
NERACA MASSA RECTIFYING COLUMN
Komponen
Masuk
C2H5OH (LK)
24149.40
Air (HK)
24149.40
Total
Aliran massa destilat
komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
Total
Aliran massa bottom
komponen
Ke destilat
23918.18
1258.85
25177.03
48298.80
Ke Bottom
231.22
22890.55
23121.77
48298.80
kg/hari
23918.18
1258.85
25177.03
fraksi massa
0.95
0.05
1.00
kmol/hari
519.96
69.94
589.90
fraksi mol
0.88
0.12
1.00
kg/hari
fraksi massa
kmol/hari
fraksi mol
C-310
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
Total
Bagian Enriching
A. Bagian Enriching Atas
1. BM Liquid
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
2. BM Uap
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
BM Uap
2. BM Uap
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
BM Uap
Bagian Exhausting
A. Bagian Exhausting Atas
1.
BM liquid
2.
BM uap
B. Bagian Exhausting Bawah
1. BM Liquid
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
Air (HK)
BM Uap
5.03
1271.70
1276.72
0.00
1.00
1.00
massa (kg)
23918.18
1258.85
25177.03
fraksi massa
0.95
0.05
BM
46.00
18.00
64.00
Xi BM
43.70
0.90
44.60
kmol
507.31
82.59
589.90
kg/hari
24149.40
24149.40
48298.80
Air (HK)
BM Liquid
2. BM Uap
Komponen
C2H5OH (LK)
0.01
0.99
1.00
fraksi mol
0.86
0.14
1.00
Air (HK)
BM Liquid
231.22
22890.55
23121.77
fraksi mol
0.32
0.69
1.00
=
=
massa (kg)
231.22
22890.55
23121.77
fraksi mol
0.02
0.98
1.00
massa
23336.31
1486.54
24822.85
46.00
18.00
fraksi massa
0.50
0.50
kmol
402.17
874.56
1276.72
32.00
26.82
BM
fraksi massa
0.94
0.06
1.00
BM
46.00
18.00
BM
massa
18499.72
15742.00
34241.73
46.00
18.00
Xi BM
23.00
9.00
32.00
fraksi massa
0.54
0.46
1.00
kg/kgmol
kg/kgmol
fraksi massa
0.01
0.99
kmol
25.53
1251.19
1276.72
BM
46.00
18.00
BM
46
18
massa
1174.59
22521.40
23695.99
Xi BM
0.46
17.82
18.28
fraksi massa
0.05
0.95
1.00
C-311
Daerah
Enriching
Atas
Bawah
Exhausting
Atas
Bawah
Saturated Liquid
1.00
q.F + L
1954.54
81.44
(q - 1).F + V
2699.91
112.50
kmol/hari
kmol/hari
kmol/jam
kmol/hari
kmol/jam
kmol/hari
kmol/jam
Laju Alir Gas
kmol/jam
kg/jam
kmol/jam
kg/jam
112.50
112.50
4733.85
3017.15
87.92
87.92
3921.11
2813.35
112.50
112.50
3017.15
2087.93
81.44
81.44
2606.05
1488.71
Data - data
Tekanan :
Top
=
14.70
Bottom
= Suhu :
Top
=
172.76
F
Bottom
=
194.90
F
Surface Tension () :
Top
=
=
()1/4 = [Pi] ( L.xi - v.yi )
Diprediksi dengan persamaan :
gas
= P x BM / (R x T)
=
1.46
g/liter
=
0.00
g/cm3
=
0.00
mol/cm3
komponen
H2O
Ethanol
Total
fraksi massa
0.05
0.95
1.00
(kg/liter)
1.00
0.79
( Perry, pers.3-152 )
x.
0.05
0.75
0.80
C-312
liquida
=
=
=
komponen
H2O
Ethanol
Total
mix1/4
mix
Bottom
0.80
0.80
0.02
kg/liter
g/cm3
mol/cm3
fraksi massa
0.05
0.95
1.00
yi
0.86
0.14
1.00
=
=
=
2.51
39.68
39.68
dyn/cm
dyn/cm
0.80
g/cm3
49.89
lb/ft3
0.98
g/cm3
61.28
lb/ft3
0.00
g/cm3
0.09
lb/ft3
0.00
g/cm3
0.09
lb/ft3
xi.L
0.00
0.02
liquida
Top
Bottom
gas
Top
Bottom
4733.85
10414.46
kg/jam
lb/jam
=
=
=
31.73
3017.15
6637.73
ft3/s
kg/jam
lb/jam
20.22
Bottom
Bottom
Tray Spacing
ft3/s
3921.11
8626.44
kg/jam
lb/jam
=
=
=
=
0.05
21.56
2606.05
5733.31
ft3/s
gpm
kg/jam
lb/jam
=
=
0.03
11.67
=
ft3/s
gpm
12.00 in
Perhitungan Diameter
Bagian Enriching Atas
Dari Fig 13.21 Van Winkle diperoleh UVN sebesar
yi.v
0.00
0.00
[P]
39.80
137.20
C-313
Dengan Tray spacing sebesar 24 in
V
=
1.46
L
=
0.80
L
=
3921.11
V
=
4733.85
=
360.19
=
434.85
=
((v/L))1/2
L
V
g/L
kg/L
kg/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
lb/jam
=
=
0.09
49.91
=
=
=
=
0.04
L=
V=
dimana,
L
V
vapor
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
liquid
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
=
=
UvN
=
=
0.60
x
3.22
Rate gas
Uo
9.85
9.85
0.05
31.78
0.23
UvN
ft/s
ft2
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
D2
D
lb/jam
lb/jam
lb/s
lb/s
Uo
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
8644.57
10436.34
2.40
2.90
13
3.54
1.08
=
=
ft
m
Perhitungan Diameter
Bagian Enriching Bawah
Dari Fig 13.21 Van Winkle diperoleh UVN sebesar
Dengan Tray spacing sebesar 24 in
V
1.46
L
L
V
=
=
=
=
=
0.80
2813.35
3017.15
258.43
277.15
g/L
0.09
lb/ft3
kg/L
kg/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
lb/jam
49.91
lb/ft3
6202.38
6651.68
1.72
1.85
=
=
=
=
lb/jam
lb/jam
lb/s
lb/s
ft3/s
ft3/s
C-314
((v/L))1/2
L
V
0.04
dimana,
L
V
vapor
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
liquid
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
=
=
UvN
Uo
=
=
0.60
x
3.08
Rate gas
Uo
0.00
A
0.00
D2
D
0.22
ft2
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
0.00
0.00
0.00
=
=
UvN
ft/s
ft
m
Perhitungan Diameter
Bagian Exhausting Atas
Dari Fig 13.21 Van Winkle diperoleh UVN sebesar
Dengan Tray spacing sebesar 24 in
V
=
1.46
L
=
0.80
L
=
2606.05
V
=
3017.15
=
239.39
=
277.15
L
V
dimana,
L
V
vapor
liquid
((v/L))1/2
g/L
kg/L
kg/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
lb/jam
=
=
0.09
49.91
=
=
=
=
0.04
L=
V=
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
5745.36
6651.68
1.60
1.85
lb/jam
lb/jam
lb/s
lb/s
0.03
20.26
ft3/s
ft3/s
C-315
=
=
UvN
Uo
=
=
0.60
x
3.22
Rate gas
Uo
6.28
A
6.28
D2
D
0.23
ft2
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
8.00
2.83
0.86
=
=
UvN
ft/s
ft
m
Perhitungan Diameter
Bagian Exhausting Bawah
Dari Fig 13.21 Van Winkle diperoleh UVN sebesar
Dengan Tray spacing sebesar 24 in
V
=
1.46
L
=
0.80
L
=
1488.71
V
=
2087.93
=
136.75
=
191.80
L
V
dimana,
L
V
vapor
((v/L))1/2
liquid
UvN
=
=
Uo
=
=
0.09
49.91
=
=
=
=
0.03
L=
V=
=
=
Liquid flowrate
Vapor flowrate
(lb/hr)
(lb/hr)
Densitas vapor
(lb/ft3)
Densitas liquid
(lb/ft3)
g/L
kg/L
kg/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
lb/jam
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
3282.04
4603.10
0.91
1.28
lb/jam
lb/jam
lb/s
lb/s
0.02
14.02
0.23
UvN
ft3/s
ft3/s
C-316
3.22
Rate gas
Uo
4.35
A
4.35
D2
D
ft/s
ft2
/4 x D2
/4 x D2
5.54
2.35
0.72
=
=
ft
m
=
=
1.08
0.86
Bagian Atas
Bagian Bawah
7.39
ft
0.10
9.85
ft2
7.88
ft2
3.54
ft
QV / (UVN x AN)
=
80.00
tv =
0.13
in
dh =
0.25
0.75
in
in
Persen Flooding
%
=
=
AN =
4.71
A =
=
9.24
ft2
Diameter yang dipilih
Cek persen flooding
P =
5.37
Sehingga :
A = AN + 2 x Ad
A = AN / (1 - 2 x Ad)
Persen Flooding =
UVN =
: Ad =
A =
AA =
m
m
18.54
222.49
ft
in
5.89
C-317
Entrainment
PF =
0.04
0.07 (Van Winkle, fig.13-26)
PF =
=
0.04
0.03
Pressure Drop
how = 0.48 x Fw x (QL/Iw)0.67
(QL/lw)0.25=
Fw
0.23
1.03 (Van Winkle, fig. 13.7)
how
hw
=
=
=
=
0.00
1.50 in
in
0.04 x / (L x dh )
0.12
tv / d h =
Ah / A =
(QL/lw)0.25 =
Fw =
how =
hw =
0.11
1.02
0.00
1.50
h =
0.12
Uh =
20.55
ho =
0.26
FvA =
0.62
0.64
HT =
1.33
=
=
5.55
0.04
hw + how =
1.50
in
0.50
0.10
Ah =
C0 =
0.99
ft2
0.75 (Van Winkle, fig. 13.18)
Uh =
Qv / Ah
=
32.25
ft/s
2
ho = 0.186 x (v / L) x (Uh / C0)
=
0.63
in
0.5
U
x
FvA = vA v
=
0.97
=
0.63
(Van Winkle, Fig.13-16)
Total Pressure Drop :
HT = x (hw + how) + ho + h
=
=
=
Cek Weep Point
hw + how =
ho + h =
ho + h =
0.40
1.69
in fluida
7.04
0.05
lb/ft2
psi
1.50
in
0.75
(Perhitungan)
0.99
ft2
Spesifikasi peralatan
ho + h =
ho + h =
0.40
0.37
C-318
Tower Diameter
Tray Spacing
=
=
42.52
24.00
in
in
Active Area
7.88
ft2
Area of Holes
0.99
ft2
Area Downcomer
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.99
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.25
222.49
1.50 in
1.50
in
0.13 in
Cross flow
=
=
=
=
9.00 tray
Tray Spacing x (N - 1)
192.00
in
16.00
ft
Ah / A
Ad / A
Ah / AA
dh
Iw
hw
Downcomer Clearance
Tray Thickness
Tipe tray
Tinggi Kolom
Tinggi total tray :
Jumlah tray aktual (N)
Tinggi total tray
ft2
in
in
4.00 ft
2.43
3.00
ft
ft
1.00
ft
Tinggi tutup :
Direncanakan tutup atas = tutup bawah berupa standard dish head
Bahan konstruksi SA 285 Grade C
f
=
13750.00 (Brownell, tabel.13-1)
E
=
0.85
C
=
0.13
in
Pop = 15
psi
Pdesain = 1.5 x Pop
= 22
psi
rc = D = 43
in
thead =
= 0.885 x Pd x rc / (f x E - 0.1 x Pd) + C
=
0.20
in
C-319
=
distandarkan :
thead
=
=
sf
icr
BC
AB
b
=
=
=
=
=
=
3.14
/16 in
0.19
0.25
in
in
2.00 in
0.94 in
rc - icr
(Brownell, tabel.5-6)
41.6 in
0.5 x ID - icr
20.3 in
rc - (BC2 - AB2)1/2
=
=
6.24
Tinggi tutup
=
=
=
in
thead + b + sf
8.44
0.70
=
in
ft
Tebal Shell
ts
= Pd x ri / (f x E - 0.6 x Pd) +C
=
0.17 in
=
2.64 /16 in
distandarkan :
ts
=
1/4 in
=
0.31 in
Diameter Tutup
OD
= ID + 2 x ts
=
43.14
in
sf
=
2.00
in (Brownell, tabel.5-7)
icr
=
5.50
in
OD + OD/42 + 2 x sf + 2/3 x icr
Diameter tutup =
=
51.84 in
Berat Tutup
Berat tutup
=
=
x D2 x t / 4 x (490 / 1728)
117.34
lb
=
=
Pd x D / (4 x (ts - C))
Axial Stress
fap
Dead Weight
f dead wt shell
Tebal isolasi =
1268.38
psi
3.40 X
3.00 in
C-320
ins
=
=
=
f dead wt ins
40.00 lb/ft3
ins x tins / (144 x (ts - C)
4.44
Berat Attachment
Berat tutup atas
Berat tangga
Berat Pipa 12" sch.40
Berat Insulasi pipa :
/4 x (1.52 - 1.02) x 40
Total (W)
f dead wt attachment
=
=
=
=
=
117.34
25.00
43.80
lb
X
X
=
=
39.29
117.34
X
+
108.09 X
W / ( x D x (ts - C))
4.62
4.25 X
f dead wt total
4.99
17.09
X +
X +
Wind Stress
Kecepatan angin Indonesia
=
=
Tekanan Udara, B
=
760.00 mmHg
=
29.92
Fs =
0.60 (Silinder Halus)
2
Pw = 0.004 x B x Vw x Fs / 30
=
0.11
psf
~
1.00 psf
3.00 m/s
6.71
-9.99
-5.37
mil/jam
inHg
0.12
X2
=
=
=
0.12 X2 + -17.09 X +
fxE
11687.50 psi
=
261.83
1273.75
ft
C-321
Downwind Side
fc max
= fwx - fap + fdx
=
fc max
0.12
X2
17.09
1.5 x 106 x (t / r)
21730.49 psi
diperoleh X
=
Tinggi kolom < Xupwind dan Xdownwind
-1273.75
=
=
481.34
ft
(Tebal Shell memenuhi syarat)
=
=
=
=
82.00
78.20
30 C
45 C
Massa (kg/hari)
39464.72
25414.82
64879.54
C
C
=
=
86
113
=
=
Neraca Energi
Rate umpan masuk (W)
=
=
=
=
=
=
LMTD
t1
t2
LMTD
=
=
179.60
172.76
F
F
Massa (lb/hari)
87004.82
56030.10
143034.92
F
F
2703.31
5959.79
53831.99
213483.44
3592.27
7919.60
66.60
F
86.76
F
(t
t
)/ln(t1 / t2)
=
1
2
=
76.24
Tc dan tc
kg/jam
lb/jam
kcal/jam
Btu/jam
kg/jam
lb/jam
C-322
Tc
tc
=
=
=
=
(T1 + T2) / 2
176.18
(t1 + t2) / 2
99.50
213483.44
x
76.24
150
ft2
18.67
0.20
ft/ft2
at
Nt
=
=
0.30
A
L x a"t
in2
=
12 x 0.1
=
=
=
18.67
0.20
7.93
151
15.25
2.00
b. Cek UD
A
Nt x L x a"t
=
UD koreksi
Nt
Nt standart
7.93
151.00
=
=
IDs
C'
as
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Gs
G"
ft2
355.70
5.25
x UD trial
x
18.67
Btu/jam ft2 oF
Shell (Etanol-Air)
15.25
in
(Kern, tabel.9)
PT - OD
1.00 0.75
0.25
1.00 x IDs
14.00 in
ID x C' x B / (n' x 144 x PT)
0.37
ft2
W / as
16078.87
W / (L x NT2/3)
17.51
at
Nt x a't / (144 x n)
=
Gt
lb/jam.ft2
=
=
0.16
w / at
50016.36
1.00
62.28
C-323
trial ho =
tw =
Asumsi :
=
=
=
tf
kf
0.14
0.02
sf
=
=
0.81
h'
250
tc +
Btu/hr.ft2.F
ho
hio + ho
132.76
F
(Tc+ tw) / 2
154.47
=
=
(Tc - tc)
1.77
Ret
hi
hio
(Kern, tabel.6)
(Kern, fig12.9)
0.04
(Kern, tabel 10)
D x Gt /
=
=
(Kern, tabel.4)
(Kern, fig.15)
700
0.22
(Kern, fig.14)
Btu/hr.ft2.(F/ft)
cp
Gt / (3600 x )
=
=
1255.17
460 Btu/hr.ft2.F
hi x (ID / OD)
=
Pressure Drop
uap
=
De
=
Res
=
0.02
0.08
De x Gs / uap
=
f
Ret
(Kern, fig.15)
(Kern, fig.28)
0.00
f
sg
L
B
12 x 12
14.00
10
BM
46
sg
=
=
0.10
Pl
(Kern, fig.29)
1255.17
0.00
1.00
f .Gt2.L.n / (5.22x1010.Ds.S.t)
=
=
0.01
V2/(2gc)
=
=
Pn
lb/ft
:
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
=
=
=
Ptotal =
Uc
Rd
=
=
=
141.55
Btu/jam.ft2.oF
(Uc - UD)/(Uc x UD)
0.18
> 0.003
0.00
4.n.V /(s.2gc)
2
4 x
0.01
Pl + Pn
=
=
0.34
psi
(memenuhi < 2 psi)
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Bahan
Fluida
0.05
2 x
62.50
=
0.00
2
Ps = 0.5 x f.Gs .Ds.(N+1)/(5.22x1010.De.Sg)
=
=
=
=
70717.24
=
N+1
lb/ft.jam
ft
326.29
0.01
0.01
(memenuhi)
(memenuhi)
C-324
Outlet pressure
shell
tube
=
=
1.02
1.00
Suhu larutan
masuk
82.00
keluar
78.20
masuk
30.00
keluar
IDs
Passes
ID
OD
Panjang
BWG
Pitch
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
Passes
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
45.00
15.25
1.00
0.53
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
Sheel side
Tube side
:
:
355.70
0.18
atm
atm
C
C
C
C
in
in
in
ft
in
151
2.00
ft2
=
=
=
Massa Liquida dalam tangki
22620.56
10.00
0.17
Densitas Liquida
Volume Liquida dalam tangki
lb/jam
menit
jam
=
Laju Alir Massa x hold up time
=
3770.09
lb
=
=
=
=
49.00
76.94
lb/ft3
ft3
153.88
ft3
Volume Shell + 2 x Volume Tutup
C-325
c
=
0.13
inci
Sambungan las dipakai tipe double weld butt joint
E
=
0.80
Poperasi
=
14.70
psi
Ptotal
=
Phidrostatis + Poperasi
=
rho.g/gc.Hlarutan + Poperasi
=
16.07
psi
Pdesain
=
1.05
x
Pdesain
=
16.87
psi
Ptotal
Tebal Shell
=
Pdesain x Di / (f x E - 0.6 Pdesain) + c
ts =
0.19
in
=
3.08 /16 in
standar =
0.19
in
Tebal Bagian Tutup
th
=
(Pdesain x D) / (2 x f x E - 0.2 x Pdesain) + c
=
0.16 inci
=
2.54 /16 inci
Tebal Standar
=
3/16
in
(Tabel 5.7, Brownell, hal 89)
=
0.15
inci
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Shell :
Diameter
Tinggi
Tebal tangki
Tebal tutup bawah
Bahan konstruksi
Jumlah
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
15.00
ft
ft
in
0.19
in
3/16
Stainless Steel tipe 304, grade A (SA-167)
1.00 buah
:
:
Kondisi Operasi
larutan
larutan
Rate massa fluida
Rate volumetrik (Q)
=
=
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
983.00
9.78
=
=
=
=
=
=
kg/m3
cp
25177.03
=
=
30 oC
15 psia
15
67.71
0.01
kg/hari
0.01
ft3/s
0.57
ft3/menit
psia
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
2307.89
0.64
C-326
=
4.25
gal/menit
0.01
0.45
3.90
x
0.83
=
=
=
A1
D12
V1
=
=
=
Q/A1
A2
D2
V2
=
=
=
67.71
0.13
in
2.07
2.38
in
in
=
=
0.17
0.20
0.02
155.63
156.00
ft2
in
in
=
=
12.97
ft
13.00 ft
132.03
ft
ft
ft2
0.00
ft/s
0.02
ft2
0.41
ft/s
Q/A2
=
Nre
0.17
7211.93
0.41
x
0.00
(aliran turbulen)
67.71
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.00
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
0.00
0.00
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
C-327
/D
0.00
ft
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
Ff
4f
40.00 m
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
L.v2
D.2.gc
0.07
3 x
=
=
0.75
0.17
6.00
2.40
8.57
kf . v2 / 2 gc
0.02
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
2..gc
=
=
=
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
0.62
64.35
0.01
+
0.90
1.10
ft.lbf/lbm
hf
hc
0.02
ft.lbf/lbm
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
+ (z2 z1) g
2 gc
- Ws
+
+
17.50
hex
0.00
(P2 P1)
gc
=
+
+
ft.lbf/lbm
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
+
+
0.18
0.00
16.40
ft
Ws
C-328
Untuk Q
=
4.25
gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
0.20
BHP
-Ws x m
eff x 550
=
1.02 hp
Digunakan pompa dengan power
Untuk BHP 1.00 hp,
1.02 hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
BHP
effisiensi motor
1.25 hp
1.50
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa Feed Broth Tank (L-261)
Fungsi
:
Untuk memompa larutan etanol-air dari fermentor ke broth tank
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
2307.89
lb/hari
Power pompa
:
1.02 hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07 in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38 in
Power motor penggerak
:
1.50 hp
Neraca Energi :
Preheat :
Enthalpy liquid pada
195 oF
187.34
Btu/lb
208 F
208.80
Btu/lb
Vaporization :
Q
=
=
=
Enthalpy Steam
2.
t LMTD
14617667.64
609069.48
2416970.44
=
=
kkal/hari
kkal/jam
Btu/jam
1972.66
2241861.74
x
Btu/jam
148 oC
1136.47
(T)1
C-329
(T)1
91 oC
98 oC
148.00 oC
(T)2
(T)1
298
208
(T)2
298
(T)1
195
(T)LMTD
ln
(T)1
(T)2
=
=
(T)2
90
104
96.59
Trial UD
UD Trial
=
=
60 Btu/jam.ft2.oF
Q / (UD*LMTD)
417.04
ft2
=
=
=
=
a't
16
12
0.75
in
ft
0.20
0.32
in2
=
0.00
Nt
= A / (L x a"t)
=
177.04
Nt standar (Kern, tabel 9)
ID Shell
Tube Passes
ft2
tube
=
=
=
178.00
17.25
in
8.00
Check
A
Nt x L x a"t
UD
=
=
419.30
ft2
Q / (A x LMTD)
59.68
Btu/jam.ft2.oF
at
Gt
=
=
0.32
in
Nt x a't/144 n
0.05
39896.51
=
0.15
ft2
ft2
w/at
=
Pada Tc
Gs
lb/(jam)(ft2)
298.40
w/as
=
Pada tc
37036.75
=
lb/(jam)(ft2)
201.65
C-330
0.29
lb/(ft) (jam)
0.87
12.00
=
0.07
(Ret hanya untuk pressure drop)
Ret
= D Gt/
=
0.85
lb/(ft) (jam)
De
=
=
=
=
=
ft
Res
jH
9960.39
0.73
0.06
/
ft
Ds Gs/
2660.06
40.00
Pada
201.65
(114 oAPI)
k(c/k)1/3
=
=
=
s
hio untuk condensing steam
=
ho
1500.00
0.18
1.00
jH
Btu/(jam)(ft )( F)
2
De
=
Clean overall coefficient for vaporation Uv :
Uc
= hio x ho
hio + ho
Dirth factor :
Rd
=
Uc
UD
UcUD
=
=
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
1500.00
1500.00
x
+
106.87
106.87
0.01
0.01
(memenuhi)
115.07
115
115
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
106.87
59.68
59.68
(jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
>
0.00
Pressure Drop
Hot fluid : tube side, steam
=
9960.39
Untuk Ret
f
0.0004
ft /in
2
3.88
Pt =
0.50
= 0.5 x
=
Vaporization :
Res
=
115
3.88
0.003
ft2/in2
ft2/lb
1.00
x
2660.06
52200000000.00
0.00
psi
=
=
=
12L
16.00
38.40
Mol. wt.
46.00
0.00
62.50
fG2Ln
5,22x1010 Ds s
0.00
N+1
1591731612
x 32
0.07
x 1
/
x
=
359
soutlet liquid
outlet mix
soutlet mix
46.00
x
1.85
=
=
=
=
0.43
0.43
26.88
5546 /
1896 +
C-331
=
sinlet
smean
=
=
=
Ps
0.05
0.50
0.27
0.00
x
52200000000
=
Ps(total)
Spesifikasi peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Bahan
Fluida
:
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Suhu larutan
Sheel side
Tube side
:
:
masuk
82
keluar
78.20
masuk
30.00
keluar
IDs
Passes
ID
OD
Panjang
BWG
Pitch
Jumlah tube (Nt)
Passes
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
45.00
15.25
1.00
0.53
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
=
=
355.70
0.00
C
C
C
C
in
in
in
ft
in
177.00
2.00
ft2
78.00
14.70
0.50 psi
1.00 atm
0.15
0.03
atm
mm
H
O
10
2
=
psi
172
1371720513
x
psi
0.15
(memenuhi)
C-332
=
=
=
=
0.50 psi
1000
1000
2.54
394
13
cm H2O
inch H2O
inch H2O
inch H2O
13.39
inc H2O
pada 172oF
0.10
lb/ft3
=
=
=
=
25177.03
17.48
38.55
38.55
386.98
1.57 x 10-4 Q p
1,57 x 10-4
=
=
0.81
1.00 hp
Spesifikasi peralatan
Fungsi
:
Jumlah
Bahan
Tipe
Daya
:
:
:
:
387
kg/hari
kg/menit
lb/menit
/
0.10
ft3/menit
13.39
hp
Tipe
Packed Bed
Kondisi Operasi :
Waktu Operasi
BM etanol
etanol
P x BM / (R x T)
1.60
g/liter
1.60
kg/m3
8.00 jam
172.76
Pop
1.00 Bar
46.07 kg/kgmol
=
Top
1001.67
kg/jam
626.14
m3/jam
0.01
cp
0.00
kg/m.s
Bulk Density
0.65
kg/L
C-333
=
H2O diadsorb
1137.07
kg/hari
47.38
kg/jam
H2O teradsorb
379.02
kg
Kebutuhan Bed
1647.93
kg
Volume Bed
2535.28
2.54
m3
1800.00
cm/menit
1080.00
m/jam
0.30
Superficial Velocity
v'
Diameter Bed
Tinggi Bed
0.23
kg H2O/kg resin
Kapasitas Adsorbsi
3.00
m/s
Q / v'
0.58
m2
0.86
2.81
ft
5.17
16.98
ft
0.0013
0.30
True Density
NRe,mf
=
=
=
=
784.73
kg/m3
2
3
[33.7 + 0.0408 x (Dp x x (P - ) x g) / 3]1/2 - 33.7
232103.87
Dp x v' x /
NRe,mf
v'
2.56
m/s
A
Qmf
0.58
m2
1.48
m3/s
udara
0.90
kg/m3
Rate regenerasi
=
=
1.32
4765.56
kg/s
kg/jam
1.50 x
Rate Operasi
1.50 x
1001.67
=
*
Qmf x udara
1502.50
kg/jam
kg/jam
Laju Alir minimum fluidisasi > Rate Regenasi (Regenerasi tidak mengalami fluidisasi)
Tekanan Operasi
14.70
psi
Tinggi silinder
16.98
ft
D silinder
2.81
ft
m3
C-334
P desain
14.70
Phidrostatis + Poperasi
14.86
1.05
15.60
psi
psi
x
Ptot
psi
Tebal Tangki
1. Tebal Bagian Silinder
Dipakai bahan konstruksi yang dipakai dari SA-167 grade C 10 (App. D, Brownell, hal.42)
f allowable
=
18750.00
psi
c
0.13
inci
=
=
0.80
Pdesain x Di / (f x E - 0.6 Pdesain) + c
0.16
inci
2.56
/16 inci
0.19
inci
0.19
inci
=
th
ID
=
33.75
inci
(0.885 x Pdesain x rc) / (f x E - 0.1 x Pdesain) + C
=
=
0.16
inci
2.50
/16 inci
Tebal Standar
rc
icr
AB
inci
0.19
inci
sf
2.00
inci
ID
36.81
inci
0.5 x ID - icr
=
=
6% x ID
2.21
=
b
1/4
=
=
BC
inci
16.20
rc - icr
inci
34.60
inci
2
2 0.5
rc - (BC - AB )
=
Tinggi tutup atas
6.23
inci
=
=
Tinggi total tangki
8.42
=
inci
ts + 2x th
220.56
inci
18.38
ft
C-335
=
5.60
Spesifikasi peralatan
Type
Packed Bed
Fungsi
Jumlah
Kapasitas
Bahan
Fluida
ethanol 96%
Suhu desain
172.76 F
Tekanan desain
15.60 psi
Dimensi
1.00
24039.96
OD
33.75
in
ID
36.81
in
Tebal
Head
0.19
in
Silinder
0.19
in
Bottom
0.19
in
Head
8.42
in
Silinder
203.72
in
Bottom
8.42
in
Tinggi
Corrosion allowance
kg/hari
0.13
73
60
C
C
=
=
163
140
F
F
C-336
Cp
Qd
=
=
=
1.20 kJ/kg.K
0.29 Btu/lbF
W x Cp x T
=
=
=
2208.29
14810.57
Condensing :
Panas Laten Liquida Panas =
Senyawa
Fraksi Massa
Ethanol
0.99
Air
0.01
Total
1.00
Qc
Qtotal
=
=
=
Wx
50451666.76
2102152.78
=
=
Qc + Qd
2116963.35
0.29
Btu/jam
13.00
i (Btu/lb)
i.xi
955.00
350.00
950.16
1.77
951.94
(Kern, fig.12)
Btu/hari
Btu/jam
Btu/jam
Air pendingin :
t1
t2
w
LMTD
t1
t2
=
=
LMTD
=
=
=
=
30 C
=
45 C
=
Total Q / (cp x t air)
141130.89
tc
=
=
=
=
F
F
lb/jam
50.40
F
54.00
F
= (t1 - t2)/ln(t1 / t2)
=
Tc dan tc
Tc
86
113
52.18
(T1 + T2) / 2
151.70
(t1 + t2) / 2
99.50
=
150
2116963.35
x
52.18
ft2
270.47
0.20
ft/ft2
at
Nt
=
=
0.30
A
in2
=
270.47
86.12
C-337
L x a"t
Dari Kern Tabel 9
Nt
ID shell
Tube passes
16 x
=
=
=
106.00
13.25
2.00
0.20
in
b. Cek UD
A
Nt x L x a"t
=
UD koreksi
ft2
249.69
=
=
=
IDs
C'
as
G"
14
Btu/jam ft2 oF
Tube ( Air Pendingin )
in
0.24
at
ft2
W / as
Gt
9085.55
W / (L x NT2/3)
8.22
trial ho =
tw
tf
=
=
=
Btu/hr.ft2.F
tc +
ho
(Tc - tc)
hio + ho
113.10
F
(Tc+ tw) / 2
0.09
Nt x a't / (144 x n)
0.11
250
132.40
lb/jam.ft2
0.02
Btu/hr.ft2.(F/ft)
(Kern, tabel.4)
cp
(Kern, fig.15)
sf
=
=
0.79
900.00
(Kern, tabel.6)
(Kern, fig12.9)
h'
270.47
1.00 0.75
0.25
1.00 x IDs
Shell (Etanol-Air)
in
(Kern, tabel.9)
10
PT - OD
Asumsi :
kf
81.24
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Gs
x UD trial
Nt
Nt standart
86.12
106.00
0.02
lb/ft.jam
(Kern, fig.15)
w / at
1269701.87
1.00
kg/L
62.28
lb/ft3
=
=
Gt / (3600 x )
5.64
ft/s
1.10
lb/ft.jam
0.04
ft
Ret
=
=
hi
hio
=
=
=
Pressure Drop
uap
=
ft2
Ret
D x Gt /
51172.83
1000.00
hi x (ID / OD)
709.33
Btu/hr.ft2.F
Btu/hr.ft2.F
51172.83
C-338
De
Res
=
=
=
0.08
De x Gs / uap
ft
(Kern, fig.28)
f
sg
0.00
1.00
39959.61
0.00
N+1
L
B
12 x 12
14.00
10
BM
46
sg
=
=
0.10
Pl
(Kern, fig.29)
=
=
f .Gt2.L.n / (5.22x1010.Ds.S.t)
2.51
V2/(2gc)
=
=
Pn
lb/ft3
=
=
Ptotal =
:
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Suhu larutan
Tube side
31.84
32.24
0.49
4.n.V2/(s.2gc)
4 x
=
=
3.95
2.51
6.46
(memenuhi)
Uc
Rd
=
=
=
184.85
Btu/jam.ft2.oF
(Uc - UD)/(Uc x UD)
0.01
2.00
Pl + Pn
0.22
psi
(memenuhi < 2 psi)
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Bahan
Fluida
psi
2 x
62.50
=
0.00
Ps = f.Gs2.Ds.(N+1)/(5.22x1010.De.Sg)
=
=
=
> 0.003
(memenuhi)
73.00
keluar
60.00
masuk
30.00
keluar
IDs
Passes
ID
OD
Panjang
BWG
Pitch
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
Passes
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
45.00
13.25
1.00
0.53
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
249.69
ft
C
C
C
C
in
in
in
ft
in
106.00
2.00
C-339
Rd
0.01
Tipe
Bahan
Dasar Pemilihan
:
:
60 oC
140 oF
t1 (air)
t2
30 oC
86 F
=
=
COOLER
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pendingin
T2
=
35 oC
95 oF
23918.18
996.59
2192.50
281796.82
11741.53
46593.93
kg/hari
kg/jam
lb/jam
kkal/hari
kkal/jam
Btu/jam
18804.63
783.53
1727.36
kg/hari
kg/jam
lb/jam
Perhitungan LMTD :
t1 =
t2 =
LMTD
140
113
95
86
18
t1- t2
ln t1/ t2
=
=
=
27
ln
F
=
S
-
95
86
sehingga didapatkan :
(Fig.19, Kern :829)
t2-t1
T1-t1
=
=
1.67
Ft
=
0.80
type HE
=
5 : 10
sehingga, didapat HE type 5 : 10
27.00
9.00
T1-T2
t2-t1
140
113
16.38
113
140
0.60
86
95
C-340
Ft x LMTD
13.11
Trial Ud ( 75-150 )
Dicoba Ud
A
=
=
UD
=
=
=
=
28.44
ft2
0.20
ft2
a't
Nt
=
=
=
=
0.30
A / L a"t
28.44
12.07
in2
Nt
36.00
ft.jam F/Btu
100 Btu/j.ft2.F
Q / UD . LMTD
a"t
10.00 psi
10.00 psi
0.00
(Kern, Tabel 8)
=
Dari Kern, tabel 10 hal 843 :
b.
=
=
=
x
x
=
/
0.00
12
ft2
0.20
36.00 (standarisasi)
10.00
in
4.00
buah
L
12.00
x
x
a"t
0.20
84.80
ft2
(Nt perhitungan / Nt standard) x Ud trial
=
33.53
Btu/j.ft2.F
UD memenuhi karena masih dalam range
1.
IDs
C'
=
=
=
=
Shell
(umpan)
10 in
Pt - OD
1.00
0.25
ID Shell
1.
0.75
at
=
=
=
Tube
(air pendingin)
Nt x at'
n x 144
12.07
4
x
x
0.01
C-341
=
=
=
as
2.40 in
IDxC 'xB / n'x144xPt
10
x
0.25
2
x
144
=
2.
Gs
3.
=
=
W / as
2192.50
0.02
105240.00
Tc
117.50
=
=
1.80
De
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.73
in
0.06
ft
De . Gs /
0.06
x
Gt
2.
=
=
lb / ft2 jam
F
tc
3.
De
=
=
0.62
in
0.05
=
=
=
=
1.00
lb / ft jam
Ret
105240.00
4.36
(turbulen)
180
(Kern,Fig.28)
Cp
1.58
BTU/lboF
0.36
(Tabel 4)
2.42
=
ho
Rd
JH x (K/De) x k(Cp/k)1/3
1025.96
=
=
Gt
3600 x 62,5
Btu/J.ft2
272897.28
3600 x 62,5
1.21 ft/s
650 Btu/J.ft2
=
7.
5826.32
4. untuk air
=
=
cp
2.42
Di . Gt /
0.05
(Kern, 240)
Uc
272897.28
99.50
k[ Cp /K]1/3
6.
1727.36
0.01
(Fig. 28 Kern)
JH
5.
w / at
cp
4.36
4506.80
(/w)0,14
4.
2
1
ft2
Res
s =
0.02
x
x
397.91
Btu / j ft2 oF
>
0.00
(memenuhi)
PRESSURE DROP
Res
f
sg
=
=
Shell
4506.80
0.00
1.30
Tube
(Kern, Fig. 29)
Ret
5826.32
f
sg
=
=
0.00
1.00
(Kern, Fig.26)
C-342
Pt
f Gt2 Dt .n
5,22 .1010 De. s.s
0.00003 x 1860272 x 16 x 1
x
5,22 .1010 x
=
N+1 =
Ps
12 L / B
12 x 16
2.40
80.00
Pr
0.30
4.00 n x
s x
2gc
Dari fig. 27 diperoleh
V2
x
(V2/2gc)(62,5/144)
Pr
=
0.11
1.76
f Gs Ds (N + 1)
5,22 .10 De.s. s
1.76
x
144.00
psi
Pt
10
=
=
0.05
0.57
0.04
Psi
atm
=
=
=
0.30
2.06
0.14
psi
atm
Pt
2.06
1.49
0.10
Ps
-
0.57
psi
atm
Spesifikasi Peralatan
Tipe
Fungsi
Dasar pemilihan
Bahan
Fluida
:
:
:
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Suhu larutan
Tube side
masuk
60.00
keluar
35.00
masuk
30.00
keluar
IDs
Passes
ID
OD
Panjang
BWG
Pitch
Jumlah tube (Nt) =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
45.00
10.00
2.00
0.62
0.75
12.00
16.00
1.00
C
C
C
in
in
in
ft
in
36
C-343
Passes
Heat transfer area :
Rd
84.80
0.03
4.00
ft2
Kondisi Operasi
Suhu
Tekanan Asal
Tekanan Tujuan
larutan
=
larutan
=
Rate massa fluida
=
=
=
983.00
9.78
kg/m3
cp
24039.96
30
C
14.70
14.70
o
psia
psia
=
=
kg/hari
61.37
0.01
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
=
=
2203.66
0.61
=
=
0.01
ft3/s
=
=
0.60
4.48
ft3/menit
gal/menit
3.90
x
0.84
0.01
in
0.45
2.07
2.38
in
in
Flow area
0.02
ft2
61.37
=
=
0.17
0.20
ft
ft
0.13
C-344
ID1 tangki
OD1 tangki
=
=
A1
V1
=
=
=
A2
V2
=
=
=
203.63
156.00
in
in
=
=
16.97
ft
13.00 ft
D12
226.03
ft2
Q/A1
0.00
D22
ft/s
0.02
ft2
0.43
ft/s
Q/A2
Nre
ID x V x
0.17
6886.22
x
0.00
0.43
61.37
(aliran turbulen)
2. Perhitungan Friksi
*. Sudden contraction
hc Kc .
V2
2 . . gc
Kc = 0,55 x (1 A2/A1)
Kc = 0,55 (A1>>>A2, A2/A1 = 0)
= 1 (karena alirannya turbulen)
hc
=
0.0016
ft.lbf/lbm
ID
Nre
/D
=
=
0.00005
0.00088
m
ft
0.00015
f
=
0.01
Panjang pipa lurus :
Panjang pipa dari tangki penampung ke pompa :
ft
(Geankoplis, 2003)
40.00 m
131.23
Ff
Ff
=
=
4f
L x v2
D x 2 gc
0.08
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
0.17
6.00
C-345
3 buah elbow 90o, Kf
Total
3 x
0.75
2.25
8.42
(Geankoplis, Tabel 2.10-1, hal 93)
hf
=
=
kf . v2 / 2 gc
0.02
ft.lbf/lbm
*. Sudden Enlargement
(v1 - v2)2
hex
=
2..gc
=
( 0.000593 - 3.36 )2
2 x 1 x 32.174
0.18
64.35
0.0028
ft.lbf/lbm
=
=
hf
+
0.02
ft.lbf/lbm
=
1.00
Persamaan Bernoulli :
(v22 v12)
(z2 z1) g
+
+
2 gc
gc
- Ws
=
4.71
ft.lbf/lbm
-Ws x m
eff x 550
0.03
hex
0.0016
(P2 P1)
+
+
0.00
4.60
Perhitungan
*.
effisiensi dan power pompa
Untuk Q
=
4.48 gal/menit,
diperoleh effisiensi pompa sebesar :
=
BHP
hc
0.20
hp
0.03
hp
diperoleh effisiensi motor sebesar
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
BHP
effisiensi motor
0.03 hp
C-346
1.00
hp
Spesifikasi Alat
Nama
:
Pompa menuju Tangki Penampung Ethanol (L-333)
Fungsi
:
Memompa liquid dari Molecular Sieves menuju Tangki Penampung Ethanol
Type
:
Pompa Centrifugal
Bahan
:
Commercial steel
Kapasitas
:
24039.96
kg/hari
Power pompa
:
0.03
hp
Ukuran pipa
:
2 1/2 in sch 40
Diameter pipa bagian dalam
:
2.07
in
Diameter pipa bagian luar
:
2.38
in
Power motor penggerak
:
1.00
hp
24039.96
52998.98
67.71
lb/ft3
mmasuk
kg/hari
lb/hari
52998.98
lar
67.71
=
lb/hari
lb/ft3
782.73 ft3/hari
5479.14
ft3
5479.14
ft3
Volume bahan dalam tangki menempati 80% volume total (Vt) tangki, maka :
Volume tangki (Vt)
=
100
x
5479.14
80.00
=
6848.93
ft3
6848.93
OD2 Ls
4.00
6848.93
1.18 OD3
6848.93
1.26 OD3
OD3
0.08
0.08 OD3
1.50
C-347
OD3
=
5426.19
OD
=
18 ft
=
Ls
=
26 ft
=
Distandarisasi berdasarkan tabel 5.7, Brownell
211
316
in
in
OD
=
156
in
=
13
Ls
=
240
in
=
20
c. Menentukan Tinggi Liquid
V liquid
= vol liquid dalam silinder
5479
5479
5479
=
=
=
=
Lls
4
133
133
41
496
ft
ft
OD2 Lls
Lls
Lls
ft
in
= Phidrostatis
= . g / gc.Hsilinder
=
19.42
=
34.12
Pdesign
= Ptotal Pdesign diambil 5% lebih besar
P operasi
psia
psia
Patm
+
+
14.70
14.70
psia
psia
19.42
1.05
1.05
20.39
psi
=
=
=
x
x
psi
18750.00
3/16
=
=
=
144
0,885 Pd r
(f E - 0,1 Pi)
+
2599
15935.46
1/8
psi
0.85
Pdesign
19.42
psi
C-348
=
0.29 in
Tebal tutup atas standard
=
ha
=
0.17
X
7/16
do
=
26
in
=
26
in
sehingga dapat disimpulkan :
hb
144.00
9.38
1.50
r
=
icr
=
sf
=
Dari gambar 5.8 Brownell & Young (gambar atas) hal. 87
a
=
ID
=
77.81
in
AB
= ID icr
=
68.44
BC
=
=
r-icr
134.63
b
=
=
AC
OA
=
=
=
in
- (BC2 - AB2)1/2
28 in
(BC2 - AB2)1/2
116 in
t + b +sf
29.76
in
240
+
269.76
29.76
in
Spesifikasi Alat
Bentuk
Material
Jumlah
Dimensi tangki
:
:
:
Tangki silinder tegak, tutup standar dish head dan tutup bawah berbentuk datar
Plate Steel SA 240 Grade S
1.00 buah
OD silinder
ID silinder
Tinggi silinder
Tinggi tutup atas
Tinggi total tangki
Tebal silinder
Tebal tutup atas
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
156.00
155.63
240.00
26.36
269.76
3/16
7/16
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
C-349
2x
C-350
C-351
C-352
C-353
44.83
lb/jam
67.42
lb/ft3
720.00 jam
D3
8.50
102
ft
in
C-354
( standarisasi )
0.13
C-355
kg/hari
C-356
e
r
er
ler
18.00
in
ft
C-357
( standarisasi )
C-358
C-359
16.97
C-360
15.00
hp
C-361
lb/jam
lb/s
C-362
114.83
ft
C-363
=0
C-364
( = 90)
psig
4.86
lb/jam
6.94
lb/ft3
720.00 jam
C-365
D3
8.50
102
ft
in
ft3
C-366
0.13
C-367
69.68
lbm/ft3
23352.37
ft3/jam
ll
et
p
e lle r
peller
opeller
-ll er
p
e lle r
peller
opeller
-ll er
C-368
a
Xa )
C-369
ft
in
C-370
in
in
C-371
x
2.99
35.88
8.97
ft
in
C-372
C-373
13.30
hp
kg/hari
lb/jam
kkal/hari
btu/hari
btu/jam
oil ( steam )
1500.00
Btu / hr.ft2.F
C-374
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
C-375
lb/jam
C-376
lb/s
C-377
147.64
Ws
ft
=0
C-378
83.00
lbm/ft3
C-379
ll
et
p
e lle r
peller
opeller
-ll er
D3
10.5
126
ft
in
C-380
C-381
in
in
20.00
in
C-382
10.47
C-383
6.37
hp
1006207.99
92235.73
kg/hari
5918027.22
23558578.98
981607.46
kkal/hari
btu/hari
btu/jam
lb/jam
C-384
air pendingin )
lb/ft2jam
Btu/(j.ft2)(oF/ft)
1.89
k )1/3 x (m / mw)0.14
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Btu / hr.ft2.F
C-385
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
ft2
C-386
81.99
lbm/ft3
ft3
he ll
l et
u tl et
m
p e lle r
Propeller
ropeller
er
p
ell er
r
C-387
D3
ft
in
C-388
in
in
34
in
C-389
16.97
ft
67.88
in
C-390
18.00
hp
C-391
kkal/hari
btu/hari
btu/jam
oil ( steam )
Btu / hr.ft2.F
C-392
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Btu / hr.ft2.F
C-393
psig
1.42
lb/jam
71.99
lb/ft3
336.00 jam
C-394
D3
2.00
24
ft
in
ft3
C-395
( standarisasi )
0.13
C-396
psig
2.39
lb/jam
6.94
lb/ft3
720 jam
C-397
D3
7.00
84
44.88
ft
in
ft3
C-398
( standarisasi )
0.13
C-399
C-400
lb/jam
lb/s
C-401
131.23
ft
C-402
569.23
lbf/ft2
friksi cooler
+
0.06
=0
0.80
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
C-403
45
113
C
F
C-404
C-405
ube
air)
0.30
144.00
ft2
52931.92
0.04
1492733.30
lb / ft2 jam
(tab 10 kern)
ft
(Fig 14 kern)
lb / ft jam
x
2.42
31869.65
1492733.30
(turbulen)
1492733.30
C-406
(Kern, Fig.26)
860272 x 16 x 1
0.05
x1
x1
x
62.50
144.00
0.05
2.00
C-407
81.99
lbm/ft3
s he ll
ll
nl et
u t l et
m
p e lle r
Propeller
Propeller
ller
p ell er
e r
C-408
17
ft
204
in
C-409
C-410
lb/jam
lb/s
C-411
C-412
164.04
ft
C-413
Ws
71.11
=0
lbm/ft3
C-414
r s he ll
he ll
sh
r i nl et
r o u tl et
r Propeller
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
peller
im p e -ll er
e lle r
id
D3
ft
in
C-415
0.85
C-416
in
28.07
in
C-417
12.97
ft
51.88
in
C-418
1.00
hp
C-419
13595.68
ft3
e ll
t
l et
p
e lle r
peller
opeller
re -ll er
re -ll er
C-420
=
=
16 ft
192 in
C-421
0.13
C-422
0.13
in
in
in
)0.5
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
C-423
x
4.66
55.88
13.97
ft
in
C-424
C-425
1.50
293633.62
26916.41
4400246.55
17516573.00
729857.21
hp
kg/hari
lb/jam
kkal/hari
btu/hari
btu/jam
C-426
26916.41
0.02
1157004.10
1157004.10
2.42
x
82352.87
Btu / lb.oF
Btu/(j.ft2)(oF/ft)
1.00
0.17
ft
) x (c m / k )1/3 x (m / mw)0.14
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Btu / hr.ft2.F
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
Btu / hr.ft2.oF
C-427
psig
3.09
lb/jam
69.92
lb/ft3
168.00 jam
C-428
D3
2.17
26.00
ft
in
ft3
C-429
( standarisasi )
0.13
C-430
psig
C-431
678.22
lb/jam
69.92
lb/ft3
720.00 jam
D3
3.00
36.00
ft
in
C-432
3.53
ft3
C-433
0.13
C-434
C-435
C-436
C-437
5989.88
ft3
ll
et
e lle r
eller
peller
-ll er
C-438
13
156
ft
in
0.13
C-439
0.13
in
C-440
0.24
0.21
ft
ft
C-441
lb/jam
lb/s
C-442
131.23
ft
C-443
hc2
+
+
0.18
ft
1.52
=0
C-444
oids/vol cake
283.00
0.17
psf
ft
C-445
C-446
C-447
C-448
251.92
ft3
s he ll
e ll
h
i nl et
o u tl et
Im
p e lle r
Propeller
Propeller
eller
m
p e -ll er
e lle r
C-449
=
=
18
216
0.13
ft
inch
C-450
0.13
in
C-451
ft
ft
C-452
lb/jam
lb/s
C-453
C-454
58.68
friksi cooler
0.55
lbf/ft2
0.01
=0
C-455
C-456
Tube (Steam)
ft2
1131478.79
lb/jam.ft2
ft
2415691.63
(turbulen)
Btu/jam.ft2
C-457
(Steam)
22x1010.De.S.s)
0.00
psi
atm
< 2 psi
C-458
C-459
Fraksi massa
0.17
0.82
0.01
0.00
1.00
Fraksi massa
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
1.00
massa
0.00
0.98
0.01
0.00
1.00
C-460
lb/s
lb/s
C-461
lb/s
lb/s
awah
C-462
C-463
in
(Van Winkle, Fig.13-22)
(Perhitungan)
C-464
C-465
C-466
C-467
C-468
e ( Air Pendingin )
ft2
69288.72
lb/jam.ft2
kg/L
lb/ft3
ft/s
lb/ft.jam
(Kern, fig.14)
ft
(Kern, tabel 10)
1738.82
Btu/hr.ft2.F
(Kern, fig.25)
Btu/hr.ft2.F
1738.82
(Kern, fig.26)
n / (5.22x1010.Ds.S.t)
psi
0.10
32.24
4.n.V2/(s.2gc)
2.00
psi
0.00
C-469
+
0.02
(memenuhi)
0.01
psi
< 10 psi
(memenuhi)
C-470
C-471
C-472
131.23
ft
C-473
0.18
=0
C-474
BM
46.00
18.00
BM
C-475
46.00
18.00
0.94
0.06
1.00
yi.BM
39.56
2.52
42.08
fraksi massa
0.54
0.46
1.00
yi.BM
14.49
12.33
26.82
fraksi massa
0.05
0.95
1.00
yi.BM
0.92
17.64
18.56
C-476
da
kg/jam
3921.11
2813.35
2606.05
1488.71
C-477
[P](Lxi-v.yi)
0.04
2.47
2.51
C-478
C-479
C-480
C-481
=
=
3.54
2.83
ft
ft
agian Bawah
5.37
ft/s
4.71
ft2
ft2
47.80
C-482
0.11
1.02
0.00
in
in
0.12
in
20.55
ft/s
0.26
in
0.62
0.64
1.33
in fluida
5.55
0.04
lb/ft2
psi
1.50
in
0.37
(Perhitungan)
C-483
C-484
C-485
C-486
C-487
e ( Air Pendingin )
ft2
50016.36
lb/jam.ft2
kg/L
lb/ft3
C-488
ft/s
lb/ft.jam
(Kern, fig.14)
ft
(Kern, tabel 10)
1255.17
Btu/hr.ft2.F
(Kern, fig.25)
Btu/hr.ft2.F
1255.17
(Kern, fig.26)
n / (5.22x1010.Ds.S.t)
psi
0.05
32
4.n.V2/(s.2gc)
2.00
psi
+
0.01
(memenuhi)
psi
0.00
0.01
< 10 psi
(memenuhi)
C-489
C-490
lb/jam
lb/s
C-491
C-492
131.23 ft
0.18
=0
C-493
0.80
C-494
lb/(jam)(ft2)
F
C-495
F)
lb/(ft) (jam)
12
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
c
0.33
k
Btu/(jam)(ft )( F)
2
B
2.40
46.00
0.07
lb/ft2
62.5
63
73.33
C-496
1371720513
0.06
x
29.9
x 0,25 x 1
psi
C-497
C-498
C-499
C-500
C-501
C-502
lb/jam.ft2
(Kern, fig.14)
(Kern, tabel 10)
C-503
(Kern, fig.26)
0.49
psi
+
psi
3.95
< 10 psi
(memenuhi)
C-504
45 oC
113 oF
C-505
ube
ndingin)
0.30
144
ft2
C-506
1727.36
0.01
272897.28
lb/ft2 jam
(tab 10 kern)
ft
(Fig 14 kern)
lb / ft jam
x
2.42
5826.32
272897
(turbulen)
272897.28
C-507
0.05
x1
x1
62.50
0.11
1.76
C-508
lb/jam
lb/s
C-509
ft
4f
C-510
0.0028
ft
Ws
=0
0.80
(Timmerhouse, fig. 14.37)
C-511
C-512
C-513
Mixing Tank
Komponen
Serat kasar
Abu
Protein
Air
Pati
Ca(Cl)2
Total
Massa
7974.59
11961.89
3987.30
618435.71
95695.09
46.37
738100.95
Larutan
=
=
=
MIXER
%mass
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.84
0.13
sg %mass x sg
0.02
1.39
0.03
1.56
0.00
0.67
0.84
1.00
0.20
1.53
1.08 0.00007
1.08
7.23
0.00006
1.00
998.8
(Perry, 2-119)
komponen
Pati
Air
Protein
Serat kasar
Abu
Ca(Cl)2
Air Proses
Total
density
Kg
3987.30
11629.61
166.14
332.27
498.41
1.93
14138.54
30754.21
(kg/m3)
1514
996
597.6
1394.4
1556.748
1080
996
%mass
0.13
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.46
=
=
volume solid
volume slurry
3.472
29.344
0.11832
slurry =
1 ( 1 + 0.11832 )0.6
= 1.069 cp
= 0.001 kg/m.s
= 0.001 lb/ft.s
LIKUIFIKASI TANK
(Perry, 2-199)
camp
camp
Volume
Kg/m3
350 45.38 2.634
196.29
376.63 0.55 0.208 12
1 0.005 0.278
3.23
25 0.27 0.238
15.07
25 0.405 0.320
25.23
25 0.002 0.002
0.07
457.88822 0.55 0.253 14
1074.40
46.52 29
massa
Komponen
density
% massa
(kg/jam)
(kg/m3)
3987.2955
1494
11629.61
996
166.14
597.6
332.27
1394.4
14636.95 1556.748
1.9
1080
1.595
111.1
30755.80 4739.85
Pati
Air
Protein
Serat kasar
Abu
Ca(Cl)2
-amilase
Total
0.1296
0.3781
0.0054
0.0108
0.4759
0.0001
0.0001
1.00
cam
Kg/m3
193.69
376.61
3.23
15.06
740.87
0.07
0.01
1329.54
Volume
2.669
11.676
0.278
0.238
9.402
0.002
0.014
24.280
dimana :
= volume solid
volume slurry
=
12.604
24.280
= 0.519
slurry =
Tangki Sakarifikasi
Komponen
Serat kasar
Abu
Protein
Air
Pati
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
E. Glukoamilase
Total
kg
332.27
14636.95
166.14
11512.65
1355.68
1.93
1.59
1315.81
555.56
877.21
0.65
1.08
30757.531
density
(kg/m3)
1394.4
1556.7
597.60
996.00
1494
1080
111.10
1020.60
1540
1544
1153.2
111.14
% massa
0.01080
0.47588
0.00540
0.37430
0.04408
0.00006
0.00005
0.04278
0.01806
0.02852
0.00002
0.00004
1
campuran
Kg/m3
15.0637
740.828
3.22795
372.806
65.8501
0.06785
0.00576
43.6613
27.8165
44.0349
0.02419
0.00392
1313.4
Volume
s.g
0.24
9.40
0.28
11.56
0.91
0.00
0.01
1.29
0.36
0.57
0.00
0.01
24.629
1.3944
1.556748
0.5976
0.996
1.494
1.08
1.15
1.0392
1.494
1.494
1.05
1.15
13.61
liquid (1+)0.6
water =
= volume solid
cp
volume slurry
Ca(Cl)2 =
0.53 cp
10.85
24.629
0.441
H2SO4 =
1.2 cp
2.1 cp
2.1 cp
2.1 cp
=
=
(C6H10O5)10 =
(C12H22O11)=
(C6H12O6)=
Tangki Fermentor
Komponen
Serat Kasar
Abu
Protein
Air
Pati
Ca(Cl)2
a-amilase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
H2SO4
Enzim Glukoamilase
Biomass
Massa
density
(kg/jam)
(kg/m3)
1394.40
1556.75
597.60
996.00
1494.00
1012.00
111.10
299.047
14636.955
166.137
11224.018
27.114
1.932
1.595
26.316
597.634
3741.774
0.645
1.085
0.026
1020.60
1540.00
1544.00
1120.50
111.140
111.140
% massa
campuran
Volume
0.010
0.472
0.005
0.362
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.019
0.121
0.000
0.000
0.000
Kg/m3
13.436
734.172
3.199
360.194
1.305
0.063
0.006
0.865
29.654
186.146
0.023
0.004
0.000
0.214
9.402
0.278
11.269
0.018
0.002
0.014
0.026
0.388
2.423
0.001
0.010
0.000
Nutrient
Antifoam
TOTAL
111.10
111.10
4.489
307.637
31036.404
0.000
0.010
water =
0.040
2.769
26.856
0.016
1.101
###
Ca(Cl)2 = 0.53
H2SO4 = 1.2
liquid (1+)0.6
(C6H10O5)10 =
(C12H22O11)=
(C6H12O6)=
= volume solid
volume slurry
=
14.679
26.856
= 0.547
2.1
2.1
2.1
Tangki Seeding
Komponen
Protein
Air
Serat
Pati kasar
Abu
Ca(OH)2
Masuk
(kg/hari)
797.459
35128.691
0.000
Air
Pati
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
26937.529
65.073
4.637
3.828
0.00000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.016840198
6.432330259
107.77
63051.4
H2SO4
E. Glukoamilase
Yeas
Udara
Nutrient
Total
%
massa
0.013
0.557
0.000
0.427
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
1.0
s.g
%mass x sg
1.3944
1.556748
0.5976
0.0176
0.8673
0.0000
0.996
1.494
1.08
1.15
1.0392
0.4255
0.0015
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0021
1.3
1.494
1.494
1.05
1.15
1.2
0.9
1.2
17.8
density
campuran
(kg/m3)
1394.40
1556.75
597.60
Kg/m3
17.636
867.332
0.000
996.00
1494.00
1012.00
111.10
425.522
1.542
0.074
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.101
0.190
1312.404
1020.60
1540.00
1544.00
1120.50
111.140
111.140
990.00
111.10
liquid (1+)0.6
= volume solid
volume slurry
=
24.190
51.242
water =
Ca(Cl)2 =
H2SO4 =
(C6H10O5)10 =
(C12H22O11)=
(C6H12O6)=
0.4721
komponen
Kg
(kg/m )
Kg/m
914.33 0.01154 10.56
1394.40 0.00867 12.08
1556.75 0.00709 11.03
3
Lemak
Serat kasar
Abu
###
###
###
Protei
n
Air
Pati
Ca(Cl)2
amylase
(C6H10O5)10
###
###
###
20.14
52.94
597.60
996.00
1494.00
1012.00
###
Volume
s.g
fraksi x
Cp
(kkal/kgC)
2.628 0.914328
1.2936 1.3944
0.9472 1.556748
0.01 0.75583
0.01 0.3200
0.01
0.32
0.5976
0.02
0.25
0.996
0.68 1.0076
1.494
0.13 0.3822
1.08
0.00 0.15233
1.15
0.00 0.5054
###
1020.60 0.08394
85.67
17.118
1.0392
0.09
0.38
C12H22O11
###
1540.00 0.03544
54.58
4.79
1.494
0.05
0.32
C6H12O6
86.40 7.5435
### ###
1.494
0.08 0.369
total
1.08
Cp larutan = 0.7796
= 0.7796
= 0.7796
0 kg/m.s
0 lb/ft.s
water =
0.2993 cp
Volume
Volume
2.669
11.676
0.278
0.238
9.402
0.002
0.014
24.280
cp
sg
mass x sg
0.3822
1.5
0.19
1.0076
0.38
0.25
0.6
0.00
0.32
1.4
0.02
0.32
1.6
0.74
0.1523
1.1
0.00
0.505433
1.2
0.00
(kkal/kg.oC)
2.938
%massxsg
0.01506375
0.74082832
0.00322795
0.37280628
0.0658501
6.785E-005
5.963E-005
0.04445699
0.02698563
0.04260889
2.202E-005
4.055E-005
###
1.33
Volume
s.g
fraksi x sg
0.214
9.402
0.278
11.269
0.018
0.002
0.014
0.026
0.388
2.423
0.001
0.010
0.000
1.3944
1.556748
0.5976
0.996
1.494
1.08
1.15
1.0392
0.01
0.73
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.494
1.494
1.05
1.15
1.15
0.040
2.769
26.856
1.15
1.15
0.00
0.01
1.334
cp
cp
cp
cp
cp
cp
campuran
Volume
Kg/m3
17.636
867.332
0.000
0.572
22.565
0.000
27.046
0.044
0.005
0.034
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.970
51.242
425.522
1.542
0.074
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.101
0.190
1312.404
cp
0.53 cp
1.2 cp
2.1 cp
2.1 cp
2.1 cp
Kolom Destilasi
1. Dasar Pemilihan dan Asumsi
1.1. Campuran diasumsikan sebagai sistem biner (campuran ethanol-air).
1.2. Digunakan tipe tray sieve tray, karena lebih murah dan mudah diaplikasikan.
1.3. Side streamdiabaikan dalam perhitungan jumlah tray.
1.4. 95% berat ethanol adalah produk akhir dari atas kolom,
dan temperatur diatas kolom adalah 780C
1.5. Tekanan kolom diasumsikan 1 atm.
1.6. Diaplikasikan metode Mc.Cabe Thiele untuk menghitung jumlah tray
1.7. Umpan dipanaskan terlebih dahulu dalam preheater.
1.8. Top product yang terikut keatas adalah semua akohol sedangkan
Bottom product dan impurities yang mengalir ke bawah adalah air.
1.9. Umpan masuk pada saturated liquid.
2.1 Kalkulasi umpan dan produk
BM etanol =
46
BM air
=
18
a. Umpan
Etanol =
857.93 kmol
Air
=
1412.02 kmol
+
Total
2269.94 kmol
Fraksi Etanol dalam umpan =
857.93 =
0.37795142 fraksi mol
2269.94
BM umpan = massa umpan/ mol umpan =
64880.996991 =
28.5826398
2269.94
b. Destilat
Etanol =
857.93 kmol
Air
=
115.39 kmol
+
Total
973.32 kmol
Fraksi Etanol dalam destilat =
857.93 =
0.8814433 fraksi mol
973.32
BM destilat = massa destilat/ mol destilat =
39464.716992 =
40.5463918
973.32
c. Bottom
Etanol =
0.00 kmol
Air
=
1296.54 kmol
+
Total
1296.54 kmol
Fraksi Etanol dalam bottom =
0
BM bottom = massa bottom/ mol bottom =
395166.97 =
304.79
1296.54
2.2. Perhitungan nilai L dan v
a. Temperatur pada top kolom, T = 780C
vapor density =
40.54639175
22.41
vapor density =
2.58707683 kg/m3
273
273 + 78
BM x To x P
360 x T x Po
18 x 273,15 x 1
360 x 353,15 x 1
=
=
0.0387
0.0021485205
xi.
790
971.799
79
874.6191
komponen
(L)
jadi
953.6191
953.6191
Kg/m3
=
=
( )
xi V y i
L.xi
xi
yi
P
Etanol
0.1
0.9
137.2
0.0053
Air
0.9
0.1
52
0.0477
Komponen
s
Etanol
0.462
Air
2.468
total
2.930
0.14
nilai surface tension = ()
=
1.16
b. Perhitungan dasar dari diameter kolom adalah rate vapor dari top kolom
c. Persamaan umum
(Treybal, "Mass Transfer Operations," 3rd
Komponen
VF C F
L G
q L G
Q G L
1/ 2
0.5
L '
G '
0.5
CF log
L ' G
G ' L
0.021
0.02
0.5
0.2
=0.0744t+0.01173
=0.0304t+0.015
VF =
dimana :
CF =
G =
densitas gas
L=
densitas liquid
L',q =
volumetric liquid flowrate
G',Q =
volumetric gas flowrate
An =
net tower cross sectional area for gas flow (=At-Ad)
for cross flow trays
At =
tower cross sectional area
Ad =
down-spout cross sectional area
,=
cooficient constant
t=
tray spacing
d. untuk reflux ratio= 2.5 minimum reflux ratio
L'
=
2.5 =
0.71428571
G'
3.5
(G/L)^0.5=
L' x
G'
karena kurang dari 0.1 digunakan nilai 0.1
digunakan tray spacing = 0.3 m
t=
0.3
=
0.03405
=
0.02412
0.03720396
CF log
L ' G
G ' L
VF C F
0.021
0.02
0.5
L G
0.2
1/ 2
berat uap=
G
An=
G
V
0.940398417 m3/sec
0.940398417 =
0.937182358
0.0611
1.0034316259 m2
feed plate = 5
Plate efisiensi dari fig 6.25 = 0.65
Jumlah plate total=
Jumlah plate total=
25 =
0.65
39
38.461538462
y
0
0.019
0.0721
0.0966
0.1238
0.1661
0.2337
0.2608
0.3273
0.3965
0.5079
0.5198
0.5732
0.6763
0.7472
0.8943
0
0.17
0.3891
0.4375
0.4704
0.5089
0.5445
0.558
0.5826
0.6122
0.6564
0.6599
0.6841
0.7385
0.7815
0.8943
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
M x To x P
x 273,15 x 1
x 353,15 x 1
g/cm3
gmol/cm3
0.9536191 g/cm3
0.05297884 gmol/cm3
V.yi
0.00193
0.00021
dyne/cm