Tujuannya :
untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum mengenai
perilaku suatu tanah.
hidrometer
Tumpukan saringan
Penggetar saringan
suspensi tanah-air
Analisa
Saringan
Analisa hidrometer
2. Analisa Hydrometer
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan mengendap :
bentuk, ukuran, dan berat butiran tanah.
Gambar 2d
Percobaan
Hydrometer di
laboratorium
Mekanika Tanah
3. Kurva distribusi ukuran butiran (grain
size distribution)
19.05
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 Gambar 3 Kertas semi-log untuk menggambar hasil analisa ayakan dan hydrometer
100 10 10 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.001
0.01 0.001
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
2.89% 77.12% 12.50% 7.50%
19.05
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 Gambar
10 10 4 Kurva1distribusi
1 ukuran
0.1 butiran
0.1 (Grain
0.01 size distribution)
0.001
0.01 0.001
3. Kurva distribusi ukiran butiran (lanjutan)
D60 2
Cu Cc
D30
D10 D60 x D10
D30 : Diameter butiran dimana 30% dari total butiran lolos /
lebih kecil dari diameter tersebut.
D60 : Diameter butiran dimana 60% dari total butiran lolos /
lebih kecil dari diameter tersebut.
Parameter Bentuk Kurva Distribusi Ukuran
Partikel Tanah
Koefisien keseragaman (coefficient of uniformity) Cu
Cu = 1 adalah tanah yang memiliki satu ukuran butir
Cu = 2 atau 3 adalah tanah bergradasi buruk
Cu >15 adalah tanah bergradasi baik
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
D60 D30 D10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 10 Gambar1.5 Cara
1 menentukan
0.1 D
0.1 ,0.01
10, D 30 , D 60
0.001
0.01 0.001
3. Kurva distribusi ukiran butiran (lanjutan)
> 50% of coarse < 50% of coarse Use plasticity chart (Fig.
fraction retained on #4 fraction retained on #4 3.14)
GW GW-GC GC
GP GW-GM GM
GP-GC GC-GM
GP-GM
SW SW-SC SC
SP SW-SM SM
SP-SC SC-SM
SP-SM
OL ML CL-ML CL OH MH CH
Gambar .7d.
Sistem Klasifikasi USCS untuk lanau, organik, dan lempung
SILT OR CLAY
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is fine.Run
liquid limit and plastic limit tests on materials passing #40 sieve. Note that ASTM requires
that the liquid limit be determined using oven dried and undried samples . The ratio of the
dried to the undried value is called the liquid limit ratio LLR.
Liquid Limit Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
LLR < 0.75 OL Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI < 4 or plots
below A-line in Fig. ML Inorganic silt
Less than
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 or plots
50% CL
above A-line in Fig. Lean clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 and LL and
CL-ML
PI in shaded area of Fig. Silty clay
LLR < 0.75 OH Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots below A-
More than MH
line in Fig. Elastic silt
50%
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots on or
CH
above A-line in Fig. Fat clay
PEAT
Highly organic soils. Normally more than 20% by weight is organic
Primary organic matter, dark in
Pt Peat
color and organic odor
Tabel .1c. USCS ( Silt or Clay, Peat)
Persamaan garis A : PI = 0.73 (LL 20)
Gambar .8. Plasicity Chart
Diagram Plastisitas (ASTM, Casagrande)
Untuk tanah berbutir halus dan bagian butir halus dari tanah berbutir kasar
2. SISTIM KLASIFIKASI TANAH AASHTO
<15% pass #200
<30% pass # 40
A-1-a
<50% pass #10
<50% PI is less than 6
Pass
Run LL and PL #40 <25% pass #200
on material A-1-b
<25% <50% pass # 40
passing # 40
#200 PI is less than 6
>51%
35%
Pass <10% pass #200 A-3
pass #200
#40
implies
granular LL<40 A-2-4
PI<10
Run LL and PL
LL>41 A-2-5
35% on material
pass passing # 40
Run sieve #200 LL<40 A-2-6
analysis PI>11
LL>41 A-2-7
LL<40 A-4
> 35% pass Run LL and PL PI<10
#200 on material LL>41 A-5
implies silt- passing # 40
clay
LL<40 A-6
PI>11
PI LL-30 or
A-7-5
PL 30
LL>41
Figure .9. Flow chart showing the PI > LL-30 or
A-7-6
AASHTO classification system PL < 30
General classification Granular materials (35% or less of total sample passing No.200)
A-1 A-2
Group classification A-3
A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis (percent
passing)
No.10 50 max
No.40 30 max 50 max 51 min
No.200 15 max 25 max 10 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 35 max
Characteristic of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 6 max NP 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of significant Stone fragment,
Fine sand Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand
General subgrade rating Excellent to good
* For A-7-5, PI LL - 30
^ For A-7-6, PI > LL - 30 TABEL 3.2b. AASHTO
Klasifikasi Tanah AASHTO Dengan Grafik