PAKSITYA PURNAMA PUTRA, S.T., M.T.

Jurusan Teknik Sipil Universit as Jem ber

MEKANIKA TANAH
KLASIFIKASI TANAH
MEKANIKA TANAH
 BAGAN ALIR BAHASAN
GAYA ANGKAT DISTRIBUSI
DIBAW AH TEGANGAN
BANGUNAN AIR (8)
(6) PERENCANAAN
PONDASI
TEGANGAN PEMAMPATAN
EFEKTIF (7) TANAH
(9)

REMBESAN AIR STABILITAS

DALAM TANAH (5) DAYA
DAN
DUKUNG
KEKUATAN
TANAH
TANAH
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
(3)
TANAH PEMADATAN
(1) (4) PERENCANAAN
KOMPOSISI
BANGUNAN
TANAH
TANAH
(2)
 1.
AN AL IS IS B U T IR AN
TKS-1215 - Mekanika Tanah
Tanah dibedakan berdasarkan besar butiran
 Gravel Sand Silt Clay

C M F C M F C M F C M F

60 20 6 2 0.6 0.2 0.06 0.02 .006 .002 .0006 .0002 mm

 Karakt erist ik t anah berdasar but iran
Kerikil dan pasir Lanau lempung

Ukuran butiran -Berbutir kasar -Berbutir halus -Berbutir halus

(coarse grain) (fine) -Tidak dapat dilihat
-Dapat dilihat -Tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata
secara kasat mata dengan mata telanjang
telanjang
Karakteristik Non plastis Non plastis plastis
Granular Granular
Efek air terhadap Tidak begitu Penting Sangat penting
perilaku teknis penting, keculai
untuk pasir lepas
dan beban dinamis
Efek ukuran Penting So so Tidak penting
butiran terhadap
perilaku teknis
Analisis saringan

Analisis saringan =>

particle size > 7 µm
Analisis saringan =>
particle size > 7 µm
 Distribusi ukuran butiran

▷Bergradasi BAIK (well graded)

▷Bergradasi SERAGAM (uniform graded)
▷Bergradasi jelek/ gap (gap graded)
▷Bergradasi baik dengan mengandung but iran halus (fines)
▷Bergradasi baik dengan jumlah but iran halus banyak
 SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY

19.05

# 10

# 20

# 40

# 100

# 200
#4
100

90

80

70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
19.05

0.425

0.149

0.075

0.005
4.76

0.85

100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

UKURAN BUTIR, mm
Distribusi butiran

A - a poorly-graded medium SAND (probably estuarine or flood-plain

alluvium)
B - a well-graded GR AV EL-SAND (i.e. equal amounts of gravel and sand)
C - a gap-graded C O B B LES-SAND
D - a sandy SILT (perhaps a deltaic or estuarine silt)
E - a typical silty C LAY (e.g. London clay, O xford clay)
Ukuran butiran Koefisien keseragaman Cu =
D60
D10

Koefisien kelengkungan
Cc =
( D30 )
2

(D10 )(D60 )
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)

Ukuran efektif D10 = 0.06 mm D30= 0.25 mm D60= 0.7 mm

 Grain size distribution
wi
% tertahan = ×100
w
% butiran halus = 100 − ∑ % tertahan
Distribusi butiran

 Deskripsi butiran: Criteria:

 D10 = 0.06 mm Well − graded soil
Effective size
1 < C c < 3 and C u ≥ 4
 D30= 0.25 mm
 D60= 0.7 mm (for gravels)
1 < C c < 3 and C u ≥ 6
 Coef of Uniformity (for sands)
D60 0.7
Cu = = = 11.67
D10 0.06
 Coef of curvature

Cc =
( D30 )
2
=
(0.25)
2
= 1.5
(D10 )(D60 ) (0.06)(0.7 )
Analisis hidrometer
 Ukuran butiran < 7 µm
 Analysis berdasarkan hukum Stoke’s
 K ecepatan kecepatan sebandingkan dengan
diameter
Analisis hidrometer
 50 gram butiran halus kering dan dicampur air menjadi
adonan
 Letakkan adonan pada gelas ukur 1 liter dan tambahkan
air distilasi sampai 1 liter, beri tanda dan guncang
gelasnya
 Letakkan hidrometer dan hitung waktunya
18µz
D=
(Gs − 1)γ wtd

 D = diameter; t d = time ; µ = viscosity of water (10.09

milipoises at 20oC
Tanah berbutir halus

Terbagi atas 4 kondisi:

 Solid (padat)
 Semisolid
 Plastis
 C air
Tanah berbutir halus

Misalkan kadar airnya sangat besar

 tanah bersifat cair (liquid) (bisa
mengalir)

Air berkurang

kadar air turun

Tanah berbutir halus

Jika air berkurang  menjadi lebih liat dan

tidak bisa mengalir lagi batas cair LL
Tanah bisa dibentuk tanpa ada retakan yang
terlihat kondisi plast is

Air berkurang

kadar air turun

Tanah berbutir halus

Jika air berkurangretakan mulai terlihat,

tetapi tanah masih bisa dibentuk bersifat
semisolid  batas plastis PL
R ange ketika tanah bersifat plastis: indeks
plast isit as PI

PI = LL - PL
Tanah berbutir halus

Jika air semakin berkurang tanah

menjadi keras, volume tidak bisa
berubah lagibersifat solid  batas
susut SL
B erguna untuk mengetahui kembang
susut tanah
Tanah berbutir halus

Perubahan kondisi tanah berbutir halus hanya

karena perubahan kadar air
kekuat an dan deformasi t anah bisa
diasosiasikan dengan set iap kondisi.
Tanah berbutir halus

CAIR
▷Kondisi t erlemah Indeks likuiditas
LI = (w – PL)/PI
▷Deformasi t erbesar
Padat (solid)
▷Terkuat
▷Deformasi kecil
Tanah berbutir halus

Indeks PI = LL − PL
plastisitas
w − PL
Indeks likuiditas
LI =
PI
Aktifitas

PI
A= %
fraksi lempung
Tanah berbutir halus
Tanah berbutir halus
Tanah berbutir halus
Batas cair L L (c asagrande test
Batas cair L L (c asagrande test)
Batas cair L L (F all cone)
Batas cair L L (F all cone)

PL = c(2)m
 2.
S IS T E M KL AS IF IKAS I
T AN AH
TKS-1215 - Mekanika Tanah
Kenapa ?
Tanah berbeda dengan material, dimana
manusia tidak bisa mengontrol sifat-sifat
dari tanah
Kenapa?
Klasifikasi akan memberikan pedoman umum bagi
praktisi geoteknik mengenai sifat-sifat tanah

Communicate
between
engineers

Indeks Sistem Estimasi sifat Memperoleh

sederhana klasifikasi teknis tujuan teknis
(Bahasa)
GSD, LL, PI Berdasarkan
pengalaman
Sistem klasifikasi

 Geologic Soil Classification System

 Agronomic Soil Classification System
 Textural Soil Classification System (USDA)
 American Associat ion of St at e Highway
Transport at ion Officials Syst em (AASHTO)
 Unified Soil Classificat ion Syst em (USCS)
 American Society for Testing and M aterials
System (ASTM )
 Federal Aviation Agency System (FAA)
 Sistem klasifikasi
 Sistem klasifikasi biasanya berdasarkan
ukuran butiran
 Sifat teknis tanah dapat ditentukan
berdasarkan ukuran butiran

Kerikil Pasir Lanau Lempung

C M F C M F C M F C M F

60 20 6 2 0.6 0.2 0.06 0.02 .006 .002 .0006 .0002 mm

C, M, F stand for coarse, medium and fine

 Ukuran butiran

Gravel Sand Silt and

Boulders Cobbles Clay
Coarse Fine Coarse Medium Fine

300 mm 75 mm No.4 No.200

4.75 mm 0.075 mm

19 mm No.10 No.40 (75 µm)

2.0 mm 0.425 mm
Symbols
 Soil symbols:  Liquid limit
 G: Gravel symbols:
 S: Sand  H: High LL (LL>50)
 M: Silt  L: Low LL (LL<50)
 C: Clay  Gradation symbols:
 O: Organic  W: Well-graded
 Pt: Peat  P: Poorly-graded
Example: SW, Well-graded sand Well − graded soil
1 < C c < 3 and C u ≥ 4
SC, Clayey sand
(for gravels)
SM, Silty sand, 1 < C c < 3 and C u ≥ 6
MH, Elastic silt (for sands)
 50 %
Tanah berbutir kasar: Tanah berbutir halus:
Kerikil Pasir Lanau Lempung
NO. 4 NO.200
50%
4.75 mm 0.075 mm

•Distribusi butiran •PL, LL LL>50

LL <50
•Cu •Plasticity chart
•Cc Uji yg dibutuhkan:
Analisis saringan
Atterberg limit
Unified Soil Classification System
(U S C S )
Tanah diberi 2 huruf klasifikasi (e.g. SW). Dengan
prosedur sbb:.

Berbutir kasar(>50% lebih besar dari 75 µm)

Prefix S if > 50% of coarse is Sand

Prefix G if > 50% of coarse is Gravel

Suffix depends on %fines

if %fines < 5% suffix is either W or P

if %fines > 12% suffix is either M or C
if 5% < %fines < 12% Dual symbols are used
Bagan Alir U nified S oil C lassification
S ystem (U S C S )

Run sieve analysis

< 50% pass #200 > 50% pass #200

passing #4 = A% passing # 200 = C % Use plasticity chart

Sand fraction = A - (Fig. 3.8)
Gravel fraction =
C = D%
100 – A = B%

Silt, organic,or clay

B > D ► Gravel B < D ► Sand
USCS U ntuk Gravel
G

<5% pass 5-12% pass > 12 %

#200 #200 pass #200

GW GW-GC GC
GP GW-GM GM
GP-GC GC-GM
GP-GM

Use gradation
Use gradation Use gradation curve and plasticity
curve to curve to chart to designate
designate designate (Gb.3.8)
USCS U ntuk Gravel
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If more than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the
soil is gravel.
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 GW Well graded gravel
5% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 GP Poorly graded gravel
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
GC
and PL above A-line) Clayey gravel
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
GM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty gravel
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
GC - GM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey gravel
USCS U ntuk S and
S

<5% pass 5-12% > 12 %

#200 pass #200 pass #200

SW SW-SC SC
SP SW-SM SM
SP-SC SC-SM
SP-SM

Use Use Use gradation

gradation gradation curve and
curve to curve to plasticity chart
designate designate to designate
USCS U ntuk S and
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If less than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the soil
is sand
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 SW Well graded sand
5% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 SP Poorly graded sand
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
SC
and PL above A-line) Clayey sand
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
SM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty sand
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
SC - SM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey sand
 USCS U ntuk L anau, L empung, Organik
Silt,
organic, or
clay

LL < 50% LL > 50%

LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75

LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI

plot below plot in plot above plot below plot above
A-line shaded A-line A-line A-line
area

OL ML CL-ML CL OH MH CH
USCS U ntuk L anau, L empung, Organik
SILT OR CLAY
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is fine.Run
liquid limit and plastic limit tests on materials passing #40 sieve. Note that ASTM requires
that the liquid limit be determined using oven dried and undried samples . The ratio of the
dried to the undried value is called the liquid limit ratio LLR.
Liquid Limit Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
LLR < 0.75 OL Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI < 4 or plots
below A-line in Fig. ML Inorganic silt
Less than
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 or plots
50% CL
above A-line in Fig. Lean clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 and LL and
CL-ML
PI in shaded area of Fig. Silty clay
LLR < 0.75 OH Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots below A-
More than MH
line in Fig. Elastic silt
50%
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots on or
CH
above A-line in Fig. Fat clay
Classification Procedure
Coarse-grained
material
Grain size
distribution

Fine-grained
material
LL, PI

Highly

(Santamarina et al., 2001)

 Passing No.200 sieve 30 % LL= 33
Passing No.4 sieve 70 % PI= 12
Example

Passing No.200 sieve 30 %

Passing No.4 sieve 70 %

LL= 33
PI= 12
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49
SC
(≥15% gravel)
Clayey sand with Highly
gravel
(Santamarina et al., 2001)
Example
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)

• %fines (% finer than 75 µm) = 11% - Dual symbols required

• D10 = 0.06 mm, D30 = 0.25 mm, D60 = 0.75 mm
Example
100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm)
Particle size fractions: Gravel 17%
Sand 73%
Silt and Clay 10%
Example
▷Of the coarse fraction about 80% is sand, hence
Prefix is S
▷ Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
▷ Suffix1 = W
▷From Atterberg Tests
▷ LL = 32, PL = 26
▷ Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
▷ From Plasticity Chart point lies below A-line
▷ Suffix2 = M

▷Dual Symbols are SW-SM

▷To complete the classification the Symbols should be
accompanied by a description
American Association of State Highway
and T ransportation Offic ials system
(AAS HT O)
 American Association of State Highway
and T ransportation Offic ials system
(AAS HT O) <15% pass #200
<30% pass # 40
A-1-a
<50% pass #10
<50% PI is less than 6
Pass
Run LL and #40 <25% pass #200
PL on A-1-b
<25% <50% pass # 40
material
#200 PI is less than 6
passing # 40
>51%
≤ 35%
Pass <10% pass #200 A-3
pass
#40
#200
implies LL<40 A-2-4
granular
Run LL and PI<10
≤ 35% PL on LL>41 A-2-5
pass material
Run sieve #200 passing # 40 LL<40 A-2-6
analysis PI>11
LL>41 A-2-7

LL<40 A-4
> 36% Run LL and PI<10
pass #200 PL on LL>41 A-5
implies material
silt-clay passing # 40
LL<40 A-6
PI>11
PI ≤ LL-30
A-7-5
or PL ≥ 30
LL>41
PI > LL-30
A-7-6
or PL < 30
Pedoman U mum

8 grup utama: A1~ A7 (dg beberapa sub-grup) dan t anah organik

A8
Pengujian yang dibutuhkan: analisis saringan dan batas Atterberg.
DiThe group index, an empirical formula, is used to further
evaluate soils within a group (subgroups).
A1 ~ A3 A4 ~ A7

Granular Materials Silt-clay Materials

≤ 35% pass No. 200 sieve ≥ 36% pass No. 200 sieve
Using LL and PI separates silty materials Using LL and PI separates silty materials
from clayey materials (only for A2 group) from clayey materials

The original purpose of this classification system is used for road

construction (subgrade rating).
Group Index
The first term is determined by the LL

GI = (F200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40)]

+ 0.01(F200 − 15)(PI − 10)
The second term is determined by the PI

For Group A-2-6 and A-2-7

GI = 0.01(F200 − 15)(PI − 10) use the second term only
F200: percentage passing through the No.200 sieve

Mutu subgrade berbanding terbalik dengan nilai, GI.

Klasifikasi

Das, 1998
Klasifikasi
 Passing No.200 86%
Example LL=70, PI=32
LL-30=40 > PI=32
Passing No.200 86% GI = (F200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40)]
LL=70, PI=32 + 0.01(F200 − 15)(PI − 10)
LL-30=40 > PI=32 = 33.47 ≅ 33 Round off A-7-5(33)
Cont oh

▷Langkah 1:
Tentukan prosentase lolos saringan no 200
Tanah A: 59 + 29 = 88%  berbutir halus
Tanah B : 20%  berbutir kasar
Cont oh

▷Langkah 2:
B uat tabel di atas
H itung GI tanah A
GI = ( F200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005( LL − 40)] + 0.1( F200 − 15)( PI − 10) = 5.4

Tanah B : non plastis, GI = 0

▷Langkah 3:
Tanah A: A-4(5)
▷Langkah 3:
Tanah B : A-1b