Training

TEKNOLOGI BETON
Aggregate Test, Design & Quality Control
Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium
Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton

Concrete Technology
 BETON
MEMBUAT BETON ITU MUDAH
TAPI MEMBUAT BETON
YANG KWALITAS SAMA & BANYAK
ADALAH SULIT !!!!

Diperlukan Pengetahuan,
Pengalaman & Pengawasan yang KETAT
READY-MIXED CONCRETE
( Beton Siap Pakai )

Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium

Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton
 BAHAN BAKU BETON
-SEMEN

-PASIR Fine Aggr.

-BATU Medium Aggr. Coarse Aggr.

-AIR

-ADMIXTURE
( Obat Beton )
 JENIS SEMEN
( yang dipakai di Indonesia )

SEMEN TYPE I
( Semen biasa )
SEMEN TYPE II
( Semen tahan sulfat sedang )

SEMEN TYPE V
( Semen tahan sulfat tinggi )
 JENIS SEMEN
( ASTM )
SEMEN TYPE I
adalah Semen yang digunakan secara umum,
dimana sifat khusus dari jenis lain tidak diperlukan

SEMEN TYPE II
adalah Semen yang digunakan untuk pencegahan
dari serangan sulfat sedang.
SEMEN TYPE III
adalah Semen yang digunakan untuk memberikan
kekuatan lebih awal.
SEMEN TYPE IV
adalah Semen yang digunakan untuk memberikan
lanas hidrasi lebih lambat.
SEMEN TYPE V
adalah Semen yang digunakan untuk pencegahan
dari serangan dari sulfat tinggi.
 AIR
Bersih
Tidak berwarna
Tidak berbau

diutamakan
Air yang dapat diminum

Hitung kadar air pada agregat

Sebagai Water Allowance
STONE CRUSHER
PRIMER

SKUNDER

TERSIER

PRODUK
- Quarry Dust 0 - 5mm
- Screening 5 - 10mm
- Split 10 -20mm
- Split 20 – 30mm
- Split 30 – 40mm
 AGGREGATE

Fine Aggregate
Sand ( Pasir )

Medium & Coarse Aggregate

Screening & Split
( batuan sedang & kasar )
 Unified Soil Classification

Plasticity Chart for Lab. Clasification of fine grained soils

60
M = Silt
Plasticity chart
For clasification of finr-grained
50 C = Clay
soils and fine fraction of coarse
grained soils
O = Organic
CH
40 Atterberg Limits plotted in hatched
area are borderline classifications
Plasticity Index

requiring use dual symbols

30 Equation of A line PI = 0,73 ( LL – 20 )

CL
20
OH
&
10 OL MH
&
CL - ML
ML
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Liquid Limit
 Unified Soil Classification

70

60

50
Plasticity Index %

40
Sub-group
A – 7-5
30

A-6
20
A–7 Sub-group
A – 7-6
10

A-4 A-5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 100
80
Liquid Limit %
 SOIL CLASSIFICATION CHART
Lower Missisipi Valley
0 100

10 90 % tage of component

20 80 <10 Trace of
10 – 20 Little
30 70
1 20 – 35 Some
Clay 35 – 50 And
40 60

50 50

60
2 3 40
Sandy Clay Silty Clay
70 30
4 5
80
Clayey Sand Clayey Silt 20

90
7 8 10
6 Silty Sand Sandy Silt 9
100 Sand Silt 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% SILT Valley Devision US Eng. Dept
 Klasifikasi Tanah Lempung Ekspansif

Perubahan volume berdasarkan Colloidal content, Plastic Index dan Shrinkage Limit
Menurut Holtz & Gibbs ( 1956 )

Data dari Indeks Propertis

Probable
Derajat
Expansion
Colloidal content Plastic Shrinkage Ekspansifitas
(% total perubahan vol.)
( % < 0,0001 mm ) Index Limits

> 28 > 35 < 11 > 30 Sangat tinggi

20 – 31 25 – 41 7 – 12 20 – 30 Tinggi
13 – 23 15 – 28 10 – 16 10 – 20 Sedang
< 13 < 18 > 15 < 10 Lambat
 FINE AGGREGATE
SAND ( pasir )
Butiran 0,01 - 5,0mm
Bersih dan bergradasi
FM 2,30 – 3,10 ( ideal 2,70 )
FM (Finenes Modulus) :
Retained # 4,8,16,30,50 dan 100
dibagi 100

Koreksi Mix dengan FM

FM >2,70 < , per 0,20 = +/- 1,0%
COARSE AGGREGATE
BATU
Butiran 5.0 - 20,0mm
Bersih dan bergradasi
Keras
Bentuk kubikal
Rounded
Kubikal

Angular /
sub-angular

Pengaruh batu
Elongation Elongation & Flakiness
dalam mix
Flakiness
 SP. GRAVITY & ABSOPTION
OF AGGREGATE
Dry aggregate

Bulk Sp. Gravity = WA / VB

SSD Sp. Gravity = WB / VB

Berat Jenis ini dipakai untuk
perhitungan design beton
Berat A (WA)
Volume A (VA) App. Sp. Gravity = WA / VA
Aggr. + water (ssd)
Absorption = (WB – WA) / WA x 100

Keterangan :
WA = Berat Kering
WB = Berat SSD
VA = Volume absolut
VB = Volume + void
Berat B (WB)
Volume B (VB) SSD = Saturated Surface Dry
 TOTAL WATER
IN CONCRETE
Water

Water Absoption adalah :

air dalam aggregate

Free Water adalah :

Air untuk Beton ( Faktor Air Semen )

Water Allowance adalah :

Moist. Content - Absorption

Additional water adalah :

Aggregate
Free Water – Water Allowance
 ADMIXTURE
Meneral & Chemical admixture
( Obat tambahan )
Meneral admixture
Silica fume,Fly ash dan lain-lain
( untuk campuran semen )

Chemical admixture
Plastisizer, Accelerating, Retarder dan lain-lain
( untuk additive beton )
 CHEMICAL CONCRETE ADMIXTURE
( ASTM C-494 )

Type A Water reducing admixture

Type B Retarding Admixture
Type C Accelerating admixture
Type D Water reducing and retarding admixture
Type E Water reducing and accelerating admixture
Type F Water reducing high range admixture
Type G Water reducing high range and retarding admixture
 TEST AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregate :

- Sieve analysis
- Sp. Gravity & Absorption
- Sand Equivalent Coarse Aggregate :
- Organic Impurities
- Clay Lump - Sieve analysis
- Silt Content - Sp. Gravity & Absorption
- Soundness - Flakiness & Elongation
- Bulk Density - Abrasion
- Moisute Content - Soundness
- Bulk Density
- Moisture Content
 Test & Specification
of Concrete Materials

Fine Aggregates
Specification
1. Grading ASTM-C33 Spec. F/Aggr.
2. Sp. gravity of F/Aggr. ASTM-C128 2.50 – 3.00 gr/cc
3. Sand Equivalent. ASTM-D2419 > 65 %
4. Organic Impurities. ASTM-C40 <#3
5. Clay Lump ASTM-C142 < 1,0 %
6. Unit Weight. ASTM-C29 > 1,40 kg/ltr
 Test & Specification
of Concrete Materials

Coarse Aggregates
Specification
1. Grading ASTM-C33 Spec. C/Aggr.
2. Sp. gravity of F/Aggr. ASTM-C127 2.50 – 3.00 gr/cc
3. Abrasion ASTM-C131 < 35 %
4. Elongation Index BS 812 < 15 %
5. Flakiness Index BS 812 < 15 % %
6. Unit Weight. ASTM-C29 > 1,40 kg/ltr
 TESTING AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity Specific Gravity Moisture Content
Sieve Analysis
Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Aggregate
 ASTM SIEVE

Sieve dia. 8” Sieve Size

2”
11/2”
1”
¾”
½”
3/8”
¼”
#4
8
16
30
50
100
200
 BERAT JENIS AGREGAT HALUS

= 1.184 gram

Berat Pycnometer Berat Pycnometer + Water Berat Agregat

184 gram 684 gram 500 gram

= 988 gram Vol Pasir 1.184 – 988 = 196 gram

= 196 ml
 TESTING AGGREGATE
Sand Equivalent &
Soundness Test Clay Lump Organic Impurities
Silt Content
Aggregate NaCL (10%) NaOH (3%)

Lump Pass. #200 = 2%

 TESTING AGGREGATE

Elongation & Bulk Density Los Angeles

Flakiness Aggregate Abrasion Test
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan gradasi butiran setiap
jenis batuan
Alat :
- Ayakan ukuran : 2”,11/2”,1”,3/4”,1/2”, 3/8”,1/4”
#4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100 dan 200
- Alat Pengering ; Oven atau Kompor gas
- Timbangan Kap. 3000g x 0,1g
Cara melakukan Tes :
- Siapkan contoh menggunakan sample Splitter
- Keringkan sample sampai tidak ada kandungan air
- Cuci sampai bersih dengan ayakan terakhir #200
material yang hilang sebagai lolos # 200
- Timbang sample kering dan catat sebagai berat –
tertahan # 200
- Ayak sesuai susunan ayakan yang sudah disiapkan.
- Timbang berat tertahan masing2 ayakan.
Perhitungan :
- Hitung % kumulatif tertahan dan
dapatkan % kumulatif lolos
- Hitung Finenes Modulus (FM) % tertahan
# 4,8,16,30,50 dan 100 dibagi 100
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION
COARSE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Berat Jenis dan
Penyerapan batuan kasar.
Alat :
- Keranjang kawat standar
- Ember diisi air .
- Alat Pengering ; Oven atau kompor gas.
- Lap kanebo
- Timbangan Kap. 3000g x 0,1g
Cara melakukan Tes :
- Siapkan contoh menggunakan sample Splitter
- Keringkan sample sampai tidak ada kandungan air
dan timbang sebagai berat A
- Rendam 24 jam dan lap permukaan kering jenuh.
- Timbang kondisi SSD sebagi berat B.
- Timbang dalam air sebagai berat C
Perhitungan :
- Bulk Sp. Gravity A/(B-C) (gr/cc)
- SSD Sp.Gravity B/(B-C) (gr/cc)
- Apparent Sp.Gravity A/(A-C) (gr/cc)
- Absorption (B-A)/A x 100 (%)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION
FINE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Berat Jenis dan
Penyerapan batuan halus.
Alat :
- Cone and Tamper
- Pycnometer ( Volumetric Flask 500ml)
- Glass plate
- Vacuum pump
- Alat Pengering ; Oven atau kompor gas.
- Timbangan Kap. 3000g x 0,1g
Cara melakukan Tes :
- Siapkan contoh menggunakan sample Splitter
- Rendam sample 24 jam dan keringkan sampai SSD
- Tes kondisi SSD menggunakan cone 3 lapis ditumbuk
masing2 10+10+5 sampai 1/3 bagian masih berdiri.
timbang 500g masukkan dalam Pyc.+ water dan vacuum
- Berat Pycnometer + water sebagai berat B .
- Keringkan sample sebagai berat A
- Berat Pycnometer+sample+water sebagi berat C.

Perhitungan :
- Bulk Sp. Gravity A/(B+500-C) (gr/cc)
- SSD Sp.Gravity 500/(B+500-C) (gr/cc)
- Apparent Sp.Gravity A/(B+A-C) (gr/cc)
- Absorption (500-A)/A x 100 (%)
SAND EQUIVALENT
FINE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Perbandingan Pasir dengan
lumpur secara kimia..
Alat :
- Graduated SE Cylinder
- Stopper Assembly
- Weight Foot Assembly
- Stock Solution ( Kimia )
- Thin Box
- Funnel.
Cara melakukan Tes :
- Masukkan sample kondisi natural kedalam Thin Box.
- Tekan sample dengan lebut dan penuhi thin Box.
- Masukka sampel tsb kedalam graduated cylinder.
Isi graduated cyl;. dengan solution ¾ bagian.
Kocok secara beraturan sebanyak 90 kali posisi datar.
- Berdirikan cylinder dan tambahkan solusion sampai batas.
- Lihat tinggi pasir dan lumpur sebagai tinggi h1
- Masukkan WFA dan catat tinggi pasir sebagai sebagai h2.

Perhitungan :
- Hitung SE = h2/h1 x 100 %
ORGANIC IMPURITIES
FINE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Kandungan Organic dalam
agregat halus dengan standar warna...

Alat :
- Glass Bottle (flat) kap. 300 ml
- Stock Solution NaOH
- Standar Warna

Cara melakukan Tes :

- Siapkan sample lolos # 4
- Masukkan sampel kedalam glass bottle setinggi 130 ml.
- Tambahkan Solution NaOH sampai 200 ml.
- Diamkan Sampel + Solution NaOH selama 24 jam.
- Baca dengan menggunakan Standar Warna..

Laporan/hasil :
- Sesuai dengan warna yang terdapat pada Standar Warna
dari No 1 d/d No 5
 SILT CONTENT
FINE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Kandungan lumpur dalam
agregat halus dengan cara volume.

Alat :
- Graduated Cylinder 250 ml
- Stock Solution NaCL ( Garam )

Cara melakukan Tes :

- Siapkan sample lolos # 4
- Masukkan sampel kedalam gladuated Cylinder setinggi 150 ml.
- Tambahkan Solution NaCL sampai 200 ml.
- Kocok dan letakkan Graduated Cyl. Diatas meja
- Diamkan Sampel + Solution NaCL selama 30 menit.
- Baca ketinggian lumpur saja sebagai h1
- Baca ketinggian Pasir + lumpur sebagai h2.

Perhitunganl :
- Silt Content h1/h2 x 100 (%)
 CLAY LUMP
FINE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan Gumpalan tanah liat dalam
agregat halus dan kasar.

Alat :
- Stainless / Glass Plate
- Air bersih

Cara melakukan Tes :

- Siapkan sample sesuai jenias bahan yang akan di tes
- Keringkan dan timbang sesuai dengan fraksi yang ada.
- Rendam sampel selama 24 jam.
- Remas-remas sampel sampai semua yang bukan batuan
hancur.
- Keringkan dan timbang sesuai fraksi yang di tes.
- Hitung % yang hilang dan bagi dengan % ayakan masing-
- Masing fraksi.

Perhitunganl :
- Jumlahkan % yang hilang setiap fraksi (%)
 L.A ABRASION
COARSE AGGREGATE
Maksud & Tujuan Tes :
- Untuk medapatkan % Keausan pada agregat kasar.

Alat :
- Los Angeles Abrasion Machine
- Steel Ball
- Pan Penampung

Cara melakukan Tes :

- Siapkan contoh menggunakan Sample Splitter.
- Keringkan material sampai tidak ada kandungan air dalam
agregat.
- Timbang sampel sesuai fraksi yang ditentukan.sebagai berat (a)
- Masukkan sampel kedalam mesin LA Anrasion.
- Masukkan Steel Ball sesuai grading yang di tes
- Set mesin pada putaran 500.
- Setelah selesai ayak sampel dengan ayakan # 12 sebagai
berat (b)

Perhitungan :
- Abraion = (a-b)/a x 100 (%)
 PASTA SEMEN
( Perbedaan faktor air semen )
Mix 1 Mix 2
Pasta Semen Pasta Semen
w/c 0,50 w/c 0,30

Encerkan
dengan additive

Pasta Lemah Pasta kuat

Volume besar Volume kecil
 UNIT WEIGHT & SPECIFIC GRAVITY
( Berat isi dan Berat Jenis )
Berat isi Berat Jenis Gap Grading

Volume 1.000cc Volume 1.000cc Volume 1.000cc

Berat batu (W1) = 1,500 gr Berat batu (W1) = 1,500 gr Tanpa

Volume tempat (V) = 1.000 cc Volume tempat (V) = 1.000 cc Medium aggr.
Berat isi BI = W1/V = 1,50 gr/cc Brt batu+air (W2) = 1.923 gr
Brt air Wa=W2-W1 = 423 gr
Volume batu Vb=1000-Wa = 577 cc ( gr )
Berat Jenis BJ = W1/Vb = 2,60 gr/cc
 MORTAR
( sebagai pengisi rongga )
Beton Kuat Beton Lemah
(mortar cukup) (mortar lebih)

Interlock open
 SPECIFIC SURFACE AGGREGATE
Berat (gram)
Kasar = Specific Surface rendah
100gr 100gr 100gr 100gr 100gr
Halus = Specific Surface tinggi
1 bagian Specific Surface rendah = diperlukan binder sedikit
Specific Surface tinggi = diperlukan binder banyak
2 bagian

4 bagian Specific Surface ( m2/kg )

50cm2 S = ( 0,25 G + 2,75 S + 12 s + 135 f ) x 0,01

6 bagian
dimana :
75cm2
G = % > 6,0mm
8 bagian
100cm2 S = % 3,15 – 6,0 mm
S = % 0,08 – 3,15 mm
F = % < 0,08 mm
125cm2

150cm2
 BINDER
( sesuai dengan butiran batuan )
Sangat tebal

Tebal

Sedang

1 bagian
Tipis

2 bagian Sangat tipis

4 bagian

6 bagian

8 bagian
 BINDER
( sesuai dengan W/C Ratio )
W/C Ratio W/C Ratio W/C Ratio
0,50 0,40 0,30
Lemah Sedang Kuat

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3

Pasta Semen Pasta Semen Pasta Semen
w/c 0,50 w/c 0,40 w/c 0,30
Diencerkan Diencerkan
dengan Plastisizer dengan Plastisizer
Water 150 Ltr Water 120 Ltr Water 90 Ltr
PC=300 kg 95,0 Ltr PC=300 kg 95,0 Ltr PC=300 kg 95,0 Ltr

Pasta 245 Ltr Pasta 215 Ltr Pasta 185 Ltr

Solid content 39% Solid content 44% Solid content 50%
CORRECTED WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE
IN CONCRETE BY WATER ALLOWANCE

Mortar Weight of Aggr. 1.100 kg

(SSD Basic Weight)

M/C ( Moist. Content ) 5,20 %

Absoption 1,50 %

Water over SSD

3,70 %
M/C - Absoption
Water Allowance

Corrected Weight
Aggregate of Aggregate 1.141 kg
Weight of aggr + ( 1 + W% over ssd )
READY-MIXED CONCRETE
( Beton Siap Pakai )
Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium
Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton
 BETON ADALAH
Kekuatan beton tergantung dengan
faktor air semen ( f.a.s )
Solid Content
Semen Binder Thikness
Pengisi celah agregat
Pasta
Air
+Additive
Menurunkan pemakaianair Mortar
Fine agg. ( Pasir )
BETON
Bergradasi
Coarse aggr.( Split )

Media utama Hasil akhir yang baik

 SPECIFICATION
FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30
Spec. Limits
F/Aggr.
60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50 50
Spec. Limits
C/Aggr.
40 60

30 70

20 80

10 90

0 45
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 FINE, MEDIUM & COARSE AGGREGATES

100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

Nat. Sand 2
50 50
Scrg 5/10

40 60

Nat. Sand 1 70
30

20 80

Split 10/20
10 90

0 46
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 FINE, MEDIUM & COARSE AGGREGATES

100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30
Spec. Limits
F/Aggr.
60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50 50
Spec. Limits Scrg 5/10 Nat. Sand
C/Aggr.
40 60
Nat. Sand 2
30 70

20 80

Split 10/20
10 90

0 47
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 SPECIFICATION
BRITISH STANDARD “D”max 20,0mm
100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60
ZONE 1 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50
ZONE 2 50

ZONE 3
40 60
ZONE 4
30 70

20 80

10 90

0 48
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 SPECIFICATION
BRITISH STANDARD “D”max 20,0mm
100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60
ZONE 1 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50
ZONE 2 50
Scrg 5/10 Nat. Sand 1
ZONE 3
40 60
ZONE 4
Nat. Sand 2
30 70

20 80

Split 10/20
10 90

0 49
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 DREUX – FRANCE
IDEAL GRADING
100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50 50

40 60

30 70

20 80

10 90

0 50
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 DREUX – FRANCE
IDEAL GRADING
100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50 50
Scrg 5/10 Nat. Sand 1
40 60
Nat. Sand 2
30 70

20 80

Split 10/20
10 90

0 51
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 SPECIFICATION
AND COMBINED AGGREGATES
BS “D” 20mm
Combined Grading Curve
100 0

90 10

80 20
45%

70 30

60
ZONE 1 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50
ZONE 2 50
Scrg 5/10 Nat. Sand 1
27%

ZONE 3
40 60
ZONE 4 Nat. Sand 2
30 70

20 80
28%

Split 10/20
10 90
Combined aggr 1
Combined aggr 2
0 52
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 Calculation of Combined Aggregates
Using Bristish Standard “D” 20mm
ASTM Natural Screening Split Combined Ideal grading Specification
Sieve Sand 1 Sand 2 5/10 10/20 Aggregates Zone 4 F/Aggr C/Aggr
Inch mm 1 2
1” 25,0 100 100 100 100 100
‘3/4” 19,0 100 62,6 83,2 83,2 92 90 - 100
‘1/2” 12,5 96,0 20,0 62,9 62,8 68 -
3/8” 9,5 68,8 3,8 48,2 47,4 50 20 - 55
‘1/4” 6,3 40,3 2,0 39,8 38,0 38 100 -
#4 4,75 100 17,6 1,0 33,2 30,7 35 95 - 100 0 - 10
8 2,36 89,6 100 4,0 26,2 26,2 32 80 - 100 0-5
16 1,18 63,8 78,0 1,8 18,4 20,0 20 50 - 85 0-2
30 0,60 39,5 52.0 1,0 11,3 13,3 12 25 - 60
50 0,30 23,5 30.0 6,6 7,5 6 5 - 30
100 0,15 6,3 15.0 1,8 3,8 3 0 - 10
200 0,075 2,3 5.0 2,3 2,3 2,30,6 2,31,3 0 0-3 0-1

Finene Modulus % 2,77 2,25 - - - - 2,3 – 3,1

Specific gravity (ssd) gr/cc 2,623 2,589 2,610 2,602 2,610 2,600
Absorbtion % 1,30 1,80 2,04 1,26 1,482 1,629
Sand Equivalent % 91,0 78,0 - - - - G/S = 2,26
Organic Impurities - #1 #3 - - - - S/G = 0,44
Soundness %
G/S = 2,012
Flakiness Index % - - 5,0 3,0 - -
S/G = 0,497
Abrasion % - - 22,0 21,0 - -
Bulk Density t/m3 1,52 1,45 1,50 1,45 1,48 1,47

Blending Aggregates 1 28 % 27 % 45 % 100 %

2 25 % 30 % 45 % 100 %
 SPECIFICATION
AND COMBINED AGGREGATES
IDEAL DREUX “D” 20mm
Combined Grading Curve
100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30
60%

60 40

Retained ( % )
Passing ( % )

50 50
Scrg 5/10 Nat. Sand
40 60
Nat. Sand 2
12%

30 70

20 80
28%

Split 10/20
10 90
Combined aggr 1
Combined aggr 2
0 54
100
mm 50 37,5 25 19 12,5 6,3 4,75 2,36 1,18 0,60 0,30 0,015 0,075
ASTM
inch 2" 11/2" 1" 3/4" 1/2" 1/4" # 4 #8 # 16 # 30 # 50 # 100 # 200
11/4" 3/8"
 Calculation of Combined Aggregates
Using DREUX Ideal Grading “D” 20mm
ASTM Natural Screening Split Combined Ideal grading Specification
Sieve Sand 1 Sand 2 5/10 10/20 Aggregates DREUX F/Aggr C/Aggr
Inch mm 1 2
1” 25,0 100 100 100 100 100
‘3/4” 19,0 100 62,6 77,6 77,6 70 90 - 100
‘1/2” 12,5 96,0 20,0 51,5 51,4 42 -
3/8” 9,5 68,8 3,8 38,5 37,6 39 20 - 55
‘1/4” 6,3 40,3 2,0 34,0 32,2 35 100 -
#4 4,75 100 17,6 1,0 30,7 28,3 33 95 - 100 0 - 10
8 2,36 89,6 100 4,0 25,6 25,6 27 80 - 100 0-5
16 1,18 63,8 78,0 1,8 18,1 19,8 22 50 - 85 0-2
30 0,60 39,5 52.0 1,0 11,2 13,2 16 25 - 60
50 0,30 23,5 30.0 6,6 7,5 10 5 - 30
100 0,15 6,3 15.0 1,8 3,8 5 0 - 10
200 0,075 2,3 5.0 2,3 2,3 2,30,6 2,31,25 0 0-3 0-1

Finene Modulus % 2,77 2,25 - - - - 2,3 – 3,1

Specific gravity (ssd) gr/cc 2,623 2,589 2,610 2,602 2,609 2,600
Absorbtion % 1,30 1,80 2,04 1,26 1,35 1,52
Sand Equivalent % 91,0 78,0 - - - - G/S = 2,18
Organic Impurities - #1 #3 - - - - S/G = 0,46
Soundness % G/S = 2,26
Flakiness Index % - - 5,0 3,0 - - S/G = 0,44
Abrasion % - - 22,0 21,0 - -
Bulk Density t/m3 1,52 1,45 1,50 1,45 1,476 1,458

Blending Aggregates 1 28 % 12 % 60 % 100 %

2 25 % 15 % 60 % 100 %
 DREUX CALCULATION FOR IDEAL GRADING
OF COMBINED AGGREGATES

K VALUE
Cement vibration
(kg/m3) aggr weak norm strong
rd cr rd al cr rd cr
400 + plast. -2 0 -2 0 -2 0
400 0 +2 0 +2 0 +2
350 +2 +4 +2 +4 +2 +4
300 +4 +6 +4 +6 +4 +6
250 +6 +8 +6 +8 +6 +8
200 +8 +10 +8 +10 +8 +10
rd rounded cr crushed aggregat

Formula : where Y Point A D/2

D Max. Size aggr.
Y(D/2) = 50 – D + K + Ks K correct. Aggr and cement.
Ks (FM x 6 ) - 15
 CALCULATION CEMENT CONTENT
IN CONCRETE DESIGN
w/c ratio
c/w ratio Table Coefficient of Aggregate
Cement Dosage
.33 3.0
Dimension of Aggregate
Quality of
aggregate Fine Medium Coarse
.36 2.8 (D<16mm) (25<D<40mm) (D<63mm)

Kg/m3
.38 2.6
Excelent 0,55 0,60 0,65
550 Good 0,45 0,50 0,55
.42 2.4 Fair 0,35 0,40 0,45
500
.45 2.2 Calculation of Cement Content for Concrete
450 As follow
s s’
.50 2.0

400
28 =G c ( c/w – 0,5 )
.56 1.8

350
Where :
s
.62 1.6

28 = Compr. Strength required at 28 days

.71 1.4
300
with 20% margin on Cyl. 15 x 30 cm
.83 1.2
250 s’c = Strength of Cement at 28 days
1.0 1.0
200
C = Dosage of Cement in kg / m3
E = Dosage of Water in Ltr/ m3
2 4 6 8 10 12 G = Coefficient of Aggregates ( in table )
Slump in Cm
 CALCULATION CEMENT CONTENT
IN CONCRETE DESIGN

Calculation Cement Content for Concrete

s 28 =G s’
c ( c/w – 0,5 )

Example :
Specified Strength K-225 = 225 kg/cm2 on Cube 15 x 15 cm
186 kg/cm2 on Cylinder 15 x 30 cm

186 = 0,50 x 400 ( C/W – 0,5 )

C/W = ( 186 / 200 ) + 0,5
C/W = 0,92 + 0,50
C/W = 1,42

Result C = 300 kg/m3 at Slump 8,5 cm ( from Dreux graph )

W = 300/1,42 = 211 Ltr/m3
W/C = 211 / 300 = 0,70
Reduce Water and increase Slump use Plastisizer WRA
 DESIGN
HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Cement Content min 400 kg/m3

Silica Fume min 5,0 % bwc
W/C Ratio max. 0,30
G/S ( Gravel / sand ) > 2,0
Slump min 10,0 cm
Admixture HRWR > 1,5 % ( sesuaikan dg slump)

Untuk beton HES ( High Early Strength ) menggunakan Semen Khusus

 VOL. OF MATERIAL IN CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN K100 K150 K175 K225 K250 K300 K350 K400 K450 K500 K550 K600 K650 K700 K750
1. w/c ratio - 0,80 0,70 0,65 0,59 0,56 0,52 0,47 0,43 0,41 0,38 0,36 0,33 0,32 0,31 0,30
2. Portland Cement kg 190 250 260 300 320 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 550 550 550
3. Silica Fume kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 40
4. Fine Aggregate % 50% 50% 48% 45% 45% 43% 43% 40% 40% 38% 38% 36% 36% 34% 32%
5. Coarse Aggregate % 50% 50% 52% 55% 55% 57% 57% 60% 60% 62% 62% 64% 62% 66% 68%

Composition by weight

1. Portland Cement kg 190 250 260 300 320 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 550 550 550
2. Silica Fume kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 40
3. Fine Aggregate kg 1032 976 941 858 848 787 780 719 704 662 651 613 608 573 538
4. Coarse Aggregate Kg 1028 973 1015 1044 1032 1039 1030 1074 1053 1076 1058 1085 1076 1108 1140
5. Water ltr 152 175 169 177 179 187 183 181 185 182 184 178 176 171 165

Absolute volume

1. Portland Cement ltr 61 80 83 96 102 115 124 134 143 153 162 172 175 175 175
2. Silica Fume ltr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 18
3. Fine Aggregate ltr 394 373 359 327 324 300 298 274 269 253 249 234 232 219 205
4. Coarse Aggregate ltr 394 373 389 400 395 398 395 411 403 412 405 416 412 425 437
5. Water ltr 152 175 169 177 179 187 183 181 185 182 184 178 176 171 165

Volume material in concrete ( 1000 ltr )

1000 Water
Legend 900
Water 800
F/aggr. (sand)
Volume (liter)

700
Sand 600
Split 500
400 C/aggr. (split)
Binder 300
200
100 Cement
 RATIO VOID FILLED WITH MORTAR
DESIGN K100 K150 K175 K225 K250 K300 K350 K400 K450 K500 K550 K600 K650 K700 K750
1. w/c ratio - 0,80 0,70 0,65 0,59 0,56 0,52 0,47 0,43 0,41 0,38 0,36 0,33 0,32 0,31 0,30
2. Portland Cement kg 190 250 260 300 320 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 550 550 550
3. Silica Fume kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 40
4. Fine Aggregate % 50% 50% 48% 45% 45% 43% 43% 40% 40% 38% 38% 36% 36% 34% 32%
5. Coarse Aggregate % 50% 50% 52% 55% 55% 57% 57% 60% 60% 62% 62% 64% 64% 66% 68%

Composition by weight

1. Portland Cement kg 190 250 260 300 320 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 550 550 550
2. Silica Fume kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 40
3. Fine Aggregate kg 1032 976 941 858 848 787 780 719 704 662 651 613 608 573 538
4. Coarse Aggregate Kg 1028 973 1015 1044 1032 1039 1030 1074 1053 1076 1058 1085 1076 1108 1140
5. Water ltr 152 175 169 177 179 187 183 181 185 182 184 178 176 171 165

Absolute volume

1. Portland Cement ltr 61 80 83 96 102 115 124 134 143 153 162 172 175 175 175
2. Silica Fume ltr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 24
3. Fine Aggregate ltr 394 373 359 327 324 300 298 274 269 253 249 234 232 219 205
4. Coarse Aggregate ltr 394 373 389 400 395 398 395 411 403 412 405 416 412 425 437
5. Water ltr 152 175 169 177 179 187 183 181 185 182 184 178 176 171 165

Void Filled with Mortar

1. Vol. C/Aggregate ltr 394 373 389 400 395 398 395 411 403 412 405 416 412 425 437
2. Bulk C/Aggregate ltr 709 671 700 720 712 716 711 740 726 742 730 749 742 764 786
3. Void ltr 315 298 311 320 316 318 316 329 323 330 324 333 330 340 349
4. Vol. Mortar Ltr 606 627 611 600 605 602 605 589 597 588 595 584 583 564 546

5. Ratio Void / Mortar ltr 1,92 2,10 1,96 1,87 1,91 1,89 1,92 1,79 1,85 1,78 1,83 1,76 1,77 1,66 1,56
 BETON
Dengan F.A.S berbeda

Description MIX-1 Absolute MIX-2 Absolute

kg Vol (ltr) kg Vol (ltr)

F.A.S 0.56 0.40

Semen 3.14 300 95.5 300 95.5
A ir 1.00 168 168.0 120 120.0
F/aggr. 2.62 45% 868.0 331.3 925.0 353.0

C/aggr. 2.60 55% 1053.0 405.2 1122.0 431.5

2.389.0 1000.0 2.467.0 1000.0

 VOLUME MATERIAL PADA W/C Ratio
YANG BERBEDA
VOLUME 1.0 m3 MIX-1 MIX-2
W/C ratio 0.56 W/C ratio 0.40
1000

900 Air
800 Semen
700

600 F/Aggr.
500

400

300

200 C/Aggr.
100
0

Air 168 liter Air 120 liter

Berarti ada pengurangan void 48.0 liter ( 4.80%)

Pengurangan void berarti membuat

Lebih padat dan kedap air
 KOMPOSISI BETON DG VOLUME
( Contoh Ad. 1 : 2 : 3 )
1 Bagian Semen

2 Bagian Pasir
3 Bagian Batu
Air secukupnya
Admixture ( bila diperlukan )
 PERHITUNGAN KOMPOSISI BETON
DARI VOLUME MENJADI BERAT
Adukan 1 : 2 : 3
Density Berat Berat Loose Berat Absolute Berat mat.
Jenis Bahan
loose jenis semen vol. material Vol. Per m3

- Semen 1 1,200 3,14 50,0 kg 41,7 1,0 50,0 15,9 309,0

- Pasir 2 1,500 2,60 83,4 2,0 125,1 48,1 773,1

- Batu 3 1,450 2,58 125,1 3,0 181,4 70,3 1121,0

- Air 1,000 1,00 0,55 27,5 27,5 170,0

Total = 161,8
1000/161,8 = 6,18 kali
 PERHITUNGAN DESIGN BETON
Beton K-250
Berat Absolute
Berat & Komposisi
Jenis Bahan Jenis unit Volume
% Bahan per m3
kg/ltr (ltr)
- Semen 3,140 kg 320,0 101,9 320,0
- Air 1,000 ltr w/c 0,55 176,0 176,0
1000 - 277,9 = 722,1 ltr
- Pasir 2,600 kg 45% 844,8 844,8
- Batu 2,580 kg 55% 1024,7 1024,7
- Admix. 1,100 kg 0,35% 1,12 1,12
 PERHITUNGAN KOMPOSISI BETON
DARI BERAT MENJADI VOLUME
Beton K-250
Density Berat Loose Perbandingan
Jenis Bahan unit
loose kg Volume Loose vol.

- Semen 1,200 kg 320,0 267,0 1,0 bagian

- Pasir 1,500 kg 845.0 563.0 2,1 bagian

- Batu 1,450 kg 1025,0 831,0 3,1 bagian

- Air 1,000 ltr 176,0 176,0 176,0

 ACTUAL W/C Ratio
Moisture Content of Concrete : W% = ( Wwet – Wdry) x 100
Composition Material of Concrete :
Basic Weight
Material Absorp. M/C % Beton
Weight dry
-Semen (Wc) 320 320 kg A. Brt Basah (Ww) 2.500 gr
-Pasir (ssd basic) 845 2,60 823 kg B. Brt Kering (Wd) 2.270 gr
-Batu (ssd basic) 1.025 1,50 1.010 kg C. Brt air (Ww-Wd) 230 gr

- Total (Wssd) 2.190 Total (Wdb) 2.153 kg W% C/B x 100 10,13 %

Wabs 37 kg
-Air (w/c 0,55) 176 Ltr
-Admixture 1,12 Ltr

Actual W/C ratio of Concrete = [(W% x Wdb)-Wabs) / Wc

[(10,13% x 2.153 kg)-37kg] / 320 kg = 0,566
 Guide Concrete DESIGN
Grade W/C F/Aggr C/Aggr G/S PC R P Slump

K-100 0,83 50% 50% 1,00 190 0,30 10 +/-2

K-150 0,70 48% 52% 1,08 250 0,30 10 +/-2
K-175 0,65 48% 52% 1,08 260 0,30 10 +/-2
K-225 0,61 45% 55% 1,22 300 0,35 10 +/-2
K-250 0,55 45% 55% 1,22 320 0,35 10 +/-2
K-300 0,54 43% 57% 1,32 360 0,35 8 +/-2
K-350 0,49 40% 60% 1,50 390 0,35 0,30 8 +/-2
K-400 0,45 40% 60% 1,50 420 0,35 0,40 8 +/-2
K-450 0,43 38% 62% 1,63 450 0,35 0,50 8 +/-2
K-500 0,42 36% 64% 1,78 480 0,35 0,60 6 +/-2
K-550 0,38 34% 66% 1,94 510 0,35 0,70 6 +/-2
K-600 0,35 32% 68% 2,13 540 0,35 0,80 6 +/-2
 Concrete Strength Development
500

450
120%
420kg/cm2
400
Margin Strength sbm =sbk + k(s)
100%
350
350kg/cm2
Comp. Strength ( kg/cm2 )

85%
300 SF = 1,70 300kg/cm2
75%
250 263kg/cm2

200
50%
175kg/cm2
150

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 28 56
0 6 12 18 24 hours
Age of Specimen ( day )
 Grade & Strength of Concrete
Grade Kg/cm2 Psi Mpa Kg/cm2 Mpa Remarks
Cube 15x15 cm Fc ’- Cyl 15x30 cm

K-100 100 1.422 9,80 83,0 8,13

K-150 150 2.133 14,70 124,5 12,16
K-175 175 2.489 17,16 145,3 14,25
K-225 225 3.200 22,06 186,8 18,31
K-250 250 3.555 24,51 207,5 20,34
K-300 300 4.267 29,41 249,0 24,41
K-350 350 4.978 34,31 290,5 28,48
K-400 400 5.689 39,22 332,0 32,55
K-450 450 6.400 44,12 373,5 36,62
K-500 500 7.111 49,12 415,0 40,69
K-550 550 7.823 53,92 456,5 44,75
K-600 600 8.534 58,82 498,0 48,82
14,223 10,2 0,83 10,2
 CONVERSION

1,0 Inch = 2,54 Cm

1,0 Cm = 0,39 Inch
1,0 kN = 102 Kg
1,0 Kg = 0,0098 kN
1,0 Kgf = 2,2048 lbf
1,0 lbf = 0,4545 Kgf

1,0 Kg/cm2 = 0,098 Mpa (N/mm2)

1,0 Mpa = 10,2 Kg/cm2
1,0 Kg/cm2 = 14,223 psi (lb/inch2)
1,0 psi = 0,0703 Kg/cm2
 CONVERSION

1,0 Inch = 2,54 Cm

1,0 Cm = 0,39 Inch
1,0 kN = 102 Kg
1,0 Kg = 0,0098 kN
1,0 Kgf = 2,2048 lbf
1,0 lbf = 0,4545 Kgf

1,0 Kg/cm2 = 0,098 Mpa (N/mm2)

1,0 Mpa = 10,2 Kg/cm2
1,0 Kg/cm2 = 14,223 psi (lb/inch2)
1,0 psi = 0,0703 Kg/cm2
 Grade & Strength of Concrete
Grade Kg/cm2 Psi Mpa Kg/cm2 Mpa Remarks
Cube 15x15 cm Fc ’- Cyl 15x30 cm

K-100 100 1.422 9,80 83,0 8,13

K-150 150 2.133 14,70 124,5 12,16
K-175 175 2.489 17,16 145,3 14,25
K-225 225 3.200 22,06 186,8 18,31
K-250 250 3.555 24,51 207,5 20,34
K-300 300 4.267 29,41 249,0 24,41
K-350 350 4.978 34,31 290,5 28,48
K-400 400 5.689 39,22 332,0 32,55
K-450 450 6.400 44,12 373,5 36,62
K-500 500 7.111 49,12 415,0 40,69
K-550 550 7.823 53,92 456,5 44,75
K-600 600 8.534 58,82 498,0 48,82
14,223 10,2 0,83 10,2
 BLENDED CEMENT
With Silica Fume

Initial S/Fume Corrected Efficiency Total Total

METHOD cement 8% Cement factor S/Fume Cement’ous
kg kg kg kg kg

Substitution 320 25,6 294.4 2.0 12.8 307,2

(pengganti)

Additional 320 25,6 345,6 - 25,6 345,6

(tambahan)
 BLENDED CEMENT
With Fly Ash
Initial F/Ash Corrected Efficiency Total Total
METHOD cement 15% Cement factor F/Ash Cement’ous
kg kg kg kg kg

Substitution 320 48,0 294.4 0.65 73.8 345,8

(pengganti)

Additional 320 48,0 345,6 - 48,8 368,8

(tambahan)
 TRIAL MIX AND
DAILY REVIEW MIX-DESIGN
 TEST CONCRETE
Fresh Concrete :

-M/C Aggregate for Concrete

-M/C of Concrete
-Temperature of Concrete
-Workability of Concrete
-Air Content of Concrete
Harden Concrete :
-Density / yield of Concrete
-Compressive strength
-Flexural strength
-Tensile strength
 TEST M/C, TEMPERATURE & AIR CONTENT
OF FRESH CONCRETE
Moisture Content Temperature Air Content
of Fresh Concrete of Fresh Concrete of Fresh Concrete
 WORKABILITY TEST
ON CONCRETE
Concrete Concrete
Slump Test Flow Test
 MAKING,CASTING & CURING
CONCRETE SPECIMEN
Casting Casting Curing
Concrete Cube Concrete Cylinder Concrete Specimen
 CAPPING
CONCRETE SPECIMEN
Capping Capping
with Sulfur / Gypsum with Unboded
CONCRETE STRENGTH TEST

Cube Compression Test Cylinder Compression Test

CONCRETE STRENGTH TEST
Beam Cylinder
Flexural Test Spliiting Tensile Test
 CERTIFICATE OF
SAMPLING & TESTING
READY-MIXED CONCRETE
( Beton Siap Pakai )

Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium

Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton
 Flow Chart
WET-MIX BATCH PLANT SYSTEM
MUTU BETON
DAPAT DIBUAT SAMA
KARENA DIADUK
DITEMPAT YANG SAMA
Stock Aggregates
SLUMP BETON DAPAT DIMONITOR
Cement MELALUI AMPERE MIXER
Silo

Cement
Wighing hopper

Wheel Loader
Groud Aggregates Bin
Concrete
Sand Screening Split 10/20 Split 20/30 Loading chute

Water
Weighing belt with hopper
Tank

Truck Mixer

Timbang agregat Naikkan agregat Timbang semen Semua bahan diaduk Beton siap dikirim
Sesuai komposisi Melalui loading conveyor Ukur air, dan masukkan Dalam Plant Mixer Ke Proyek
campuran Ke Loading chute Melalui loading chute Dan dituang kedalam TM
 WET-MIX BATCH PLANT
With Computerized System
 Kontrol Kekentalan Beton
melalui amphere meter & Pressure meter

amp Slump (cm) Grafik Kontrol Slump Beton

20 20
25 18 60
30 15 50
Amp

40
35 12
30
40 8 20
50 6 10

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
S lump ( cm )
 COMPARISON BETWEEN
WET & DRY-MIX BATCH PLANT

Wet-mix System

1 2 3

Transit Mixer : 1st,2nd,3rd and all , quality of concrete are the same

Dry-mix System
? ?? ???
1 2 3

Truck Mixer : 1st,2nd,3rd and all , quality of concrete depend quality of barrel mixer
 PAN & TWIN-SHAFT MIXER
Wet-mix System

Planitary Pan Mixer Twin-shaft Mixer

 URUTAN MATERIAL
CAMPURAN BETON
URUTAN
BAHAN JENIS
1 2 3 4 FINAL

SEMEN 100% 100%

PASIR 100% 100%

BATU 100% 100%

AIR 60% 40% 100%

OBAT 100% 100%

Proses > Aduk merata Aduk sampai homogen

 DAILY CONTROL
MATERIAL & PLANT

BATCHING - PLANT
Check semua sistem
timbangan
- Gantungan Load cell
- Kebersihan Load cell
- Kabel Load cell
- Bin aggregate

AGGREGATES ADMIXTURE
Tugas pagi di Laboratorium
Check secara visual stock - Test Aggregate Check dan Perbaiki mutu
- Test Strength Beton Admixture
material - Buat Laporan harian
- Posisi stock Teknikal - Aduk sampai merata
- Kebersihan stock - Lihat warnanya apakah ada
- Mutu material perobahan
- Ambil sampel untuk tes SITE LABORATORY - Ambil sampel bila diperlukan
harian dan MC
 DAILY CONTROL AND MONITORING
OF CONCRETE PRODUCTION

LABORATORY BATCHING PLANT SLUMP STAND

Test M/C of Aggregates Adjust weight of aggr. Monitoring every truck
Every day by water allowance And adjust Slump ( if required )

BATCH-CARD
Submit Batching Card
Every day

j
 PROSEDUR
PROSES CAMPURAN BETON

1. Masukkan air 60% putar supaya air membasahi mixer

2. Masukkan Pasir dan Batu terus diaduk,
supaya agregat basah dan menyerap air.
3. Masukkan Semen dan Bahan Pozzolan aduk bersama Agregat.
4. Masukkan sisa air + Obat Beton dan terus diaduk.
5. Aduk semua Bahan sampai homogen.

Keterangan :
Air dan Batu diaduk sebelum semen ditambahkan supaya-
memberikan kesempatan untuk terjadi penyerapan air kedalam batu.
dan menyebarkan partikel halus yang ada dalam agregat halus.
 FLOW CHART
QUALITY CONTROL & PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Incoming Material Testing Material Mixing Process Sampling & Cating

MAETRIALS TEST FREQUENCY BATCHING PLANT TEST FREQUENCY

PORTLAND CEMENT Material Delivery

Certificate

Specific gravity Once

Workabilty As
Abrasion on selection of
Test Specification
Clay Lump or
Soundness Any change of
Compressive As
Unit Weight source
FINE AGGREGATE Strength Specification
Chemical Mixing
COARSE
Sieve Analysis Impurities Process
AGGREGATE Flexural As
Moist. Content Daily Strength Specification
QUICK TEST Compurized Wet-mix
Sand Equivalent
Sieve Analysis operation System
Org. Impurities Tensile As
¼”, #4,8 & 200
Strength Specification
CHEMICAL / Material Delivery
MINERAL Certificate
ADMIXTURE
Qui
WATER Chemical Monthly
Impurities
Moisture Content & Absorption
Moisture Content
Weight wet aggregate = Ww
Weight dry aggregate = Wd

M/C (%) = ( Ww – Wd ) x 100

Absorption
Weight dry aggregate = Wd
Weight ssd aggregate = Wssd

Absorp. (%) = (Wssd-Wd) x 100

 READY-MIXED CONCRETE
( Beton Siap Pakai )

Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium

Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton
 TRANSPORT BETON

Pengiriman beton ke Lapangan

- Ukur jarak antara Plant ke Proyek ( km )
- Hitung waktu tempuh dan hambatan di jalan ( jam )
- Buat perencanaan setting beton dengan obat beton sesuai
waktu yang dibutuhkan.
- Awasi selama perjalanan dengan selalu melihat kondisi beton
bilamana waktunya sudah melampaui waktu perencanaan.
Tambahkan obat bila diperlukan.
- Tes kekentalan beton saat tiba di lapangan, bila kekentalannya
sudah menurun segera tambahkan obat pengencer atau air
dan semen sesuai w/c beton tsb.
 HOT WEATHER CONCRETE
ACI - 305
deg C
5 15 25 35

Relative humadity % 100

90

80

70

60

50

40
30

20

10

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40km/h
Air temperature deg F

To use this chart 32km/h

0.8
Enter with air temperature
move up to relative humidity
0.7
Move right to concrete 24km/h
temperature 0.6 3.0

Move down to wind

velocity 0.5
16km/h

Move left; read approx 0.4 2.0

rate of evaporation
0.3 8km/h

0.2 3km/h 1.0

0.1

Rate of evaporation, lb/sq ft/hr 0 kg/m2/h

Effect of Concrete and air temperature relative humidity, and wind velocity
On the rate of evaporation of surface moisture from concrete
 CONSEPT OF SLUMP LOSS
BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE
Graph of Slump Loss ( log ) Placing
Transporting time time Finishing time

20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
Fludified
13.0
Concrete
12.0
Slump in Cm

11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

0 min 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 180 240 300 420 540

80 100 120 360 480 600
1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5 hr 7 hr 9 hr
6 hr 8 hr 10 h
Slump after mixing ( departure from plant ) = 11,0 cm
Add admixture on site to adjust slump to 15,0 cm (as requirement )
 Slump Beton sebagai Indikator

Komposisi Beton Sebagai indikator Perbaiki workability

Ketentuan Trial mix w/c ratio dengan Plastisizer

1. Semen 300 kg
2. Pasir 700 kg
3. Batu 1.200 kg
0,53 160 12 Tiba di site Perbaiki slump
4. Air w/c 0,50 150 liter slump 10+/-2 slump 6,0 cm dengan Plastisizer
0,47 140 8 w/c < 0,50 Menjadi > 12.0 cm
5. Retarder 1,0 ltr
6. Palstisizer 2.5 ltr
 Pouring of Concrete
on site

Pengecoran

- Cor beton saat kekentalannya masih memenuhi syarat

- Bila kekentalannya terlalu rendah, maka perbaiki dengan
obat beton secukupnya sampai mutu terpenuhi dan tidak
melebihi maksimum dosis obat beton tsb.
- Bila kekentalannya tinggi akibat hujan atau lainnya, perbaiki
dengan penambahan semen dilapangan dan aduk kembali.
 Texture & Curing of
Concrete on site

Texture
- Setting time ada 2 phase : Initial dan Final set
- Beri texture pada saat beton kondisi Initial Set.

Curing
- Semprotkan Curing Compound pada kondisi Final set.
- Gantikan curing compound setelah 24 jam dengan bahan
curing yang dibasahkan selama 7 hari
 CURING
Setelah final set s/d 24 jam
gunakan Curing Compound

Dari 24 jam s/d 7 hari Potong contraction joint

menggunakan bahan curing dan Pada umur antara 16 – 24 jam
basahi terus menerus dg air

Bilamana tidak di curing

air akan mengalami penguapan

Seperti memasak nasi

Tertutup rapat Terbuka

matangnya sempurna bagian atasnya mentah
 Cutting of
Concrete pavement
Cutting for Contraction Joint
- Cut / potong permukaan beton posisi melintang setian 4 – 5 m
- Kedalaman potongan 1/3 tebal beton
- Isi potongan dengan bahan sealant.
Tujuan pemotongan untuk contraction joint, supaya mengarahkan
retak beton pada saat terjadi proses kembang susut beton itu sendiri

mengembang

menyusut
 HEAT OF HYDRATION
OF CONCRETE
100
90

80
Pick heat of hydration

70 Semen memberikan sumbangan panas

Temperature deg. C

pada beton 10-13C / 100kg semen

60

50

40
Ambient temperature
30

20

10

0 -
3 7 14 28 56 hari
Age day
 TYPE OF CRACK
Shrinkable aggregates
Phisical Drying shrinkage
Crazing

Corrosion of reinforcement
Chemical Alkali-aggregate reaction
Cement carbonation
After
hardening Freeze / thaw cycle
Thermal External seasonal temp. Variation External restraint
Early thermal contraction
Internal temp. gradient
Type of Accidental overload
crack Structural Creep
Design Load

Early frost damage

Before Plastic shrinkage

Plastic
hardening Plastic settlement

Constructional Formwork movement

movement Sub-grade movement
READY-MIXED CONCRETE
( Beton Siap Pakai )

Bahan Baku & Tes Laboratorium

Design & Trial-Mix
Batching Plant & Produksi
Transport & Pelaksanaan Lapangan
Quality Control & Tes Beton
 Testing & Curing of
Ready-mixed Concrete

Testing & Curing

1. Workability ( Slump Test ) ASTM-C143

2. Making & Curing Concrete Test

Specimen in the laboratory ASTM-C192

3. Making & Curing Concrete Test

Specimen in the field ASTM-C31

4. Compressive Strength ASTM-C39

 SAMPLING AND TESTING

WORKABILITY TEST,
CASTING AND CRUSHING TEST

TESTING EQUIPMENT FILLING SLUMP CASTING CYLINDER MOLD

SAMPLING OF CONCRETE
FOR TESTING

Sampleing after Taken of 3

0,2m3 place
Sample
concrete blending
poured
& mixing in one source MEASURING SLUMP

5
CRUSHING 1
TEST t
Slump
Cone Strength =
Sample may Sample can Cylinder P/A
not be used for Compression
Mold
be used again specimen Machine
Cap. 300 Ton
 Testing & Curing of
Ready-mixed Concrete

Testing & Curing

1. Workability ( Slump Test ) ASTM-C143

2. Making & Curing Concrete Test

Specimen in the laboratory ASTM-C192

3. Making & Curing Concrete Test

Specimen in the field ASTM-C31

4. Compressive Strength ASTM-C39

 STRENGTH BETON
Compresion
P
Kuat Tekan (100%)
H
s =P/A
L
P
Kuat Lentur (12% x Tekan )
R = 3 PL / 2WH 2
Flexural H

½L ½L P
L=3H
Kuat Tarik (16% x Tekan)

T = 2 P / l.DL
Tensile D

Splitting Tensile

Beton sangat lemah menahan beban LENTUR

 Statistical Analysis
Concrete Strength
Number of specimen n Proportion falling below-
Strength : Mean strength savrg lower control level : k value
Max. strength smax. 1 in 6 16 % 1,00
Min. strength smin. 1 in 10 10 % 1,28
Range 100( smax.- smin ) 1 in 20 5% 1,64
savrg 1 in 25
1 in 33
4%
3%
1,75
1,88
S( Xarrg - X ) + S( X – Xavrg ) 1 in 40 2,5 % 1,96
Mean Deviation n 1 in 50 2% 2,05
Standard Deviation S S( X – Xavrg )² 1 in 100 1% 2,33
n-1
Coef.of Variation for different
Coeff. of Variation V 100 S / Xavrg standard percent
Probability Calculation t(n–1) ( Xavrg – R ) / S Description Field Lab.
Excelent below 3 below 2
Probability to get s> R Very Good 3-4 2-3
4-5 3-4
Characteristic of Strength sbk = sbm – k (S) Good
Fair 5-6 4-5
R = Specified Strength Poor Above 6 Above 5
 Target Strength of Concrete
Mix-Design

Margin Strength sbm = sbk + k (S)

Example : K-225
Characteristic of Strength = 225 kg/cm2
k value ( 1 in 20 - 5,0 % ) 1,64
Standard Deviation S = 30 kg/cm2 (design)

Margin Strength sbm = sbk + k (S)

sbm = 225 + 1,64 (30)
sbm = 274,2 kg/cm2
Standard Deviation S( X – Xavrg )²
S= n-1
 STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT

600

550

500

450

400
Comp. Strength ( kg/cm2 )

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 28 56
0 6 12 18
24 hours
Age of Specimen ( day )
 SEKIAN
TERIMA KASIH