2.

Perhitungan Aktual Pada Alat Solar Water Heater

a. Menghitung Temperatur Rata-rata Fluida

t1 = 36.85 ˚C = 98.33 ˚F
t2 = 41.05 ˚C = 105.89 ˚F
tAV = t1 + t2
2
= 98.33 ˚F + 105.89 ˚F
2
= 102.11 ˚F

b. Heat Balance pada kolektor termal (radiasi)

Diketahui :
σ = Konstanta Stefan Boltzman
= 0.1714 x 10Btu/hr.ft²R⁴
ԑ = Emisivitas benda hitam = 1
A = Luas permukaan kolektor
= 1 m x 0.4 m = 0.4 m² = 4.31 ft²
t1 = 36.85 ˚C 558
t2 = 41.05 ˚C 565.56

Q = σ ԑ А Т⁴
= 0.1714 x 10Btu/hr.ft²R⁴x 1 x ### (561.69⁴ - 551.07⁴) ˚R
= 39.57 Btu/hr

c. Heat balance untuk memanaskan fluida (Q Berguna)

Q = m x cp x dT
Diketahui :
Diameter pipa = 0.5 inch, jari-jari (r) = 0.25 inch x 2.54 cm = 0.635 cm
Panjang pipa (L) = 5 meter x 100 cm = 500 cm

Volume Pipa (V) = π x r² x L

= 3.14 x 0.635² x 500 cm
= 633.06 cmᶟ
= 633.06 ml/1000 = 0.633 liter

Massa Fluida =ρ x v
= 0.997 gr/cmᶟ x 633.06 cmᵌ
= 631.16 gr x 2.205 x 10⁻³ lb
1 gr
= 1.392 lb
 Dari temperatur t.av, dengan melihat grafik 2 didapat spesifik heat (cp) :
cp = 1.09 Btu/lb.F ket: cp (Fig.2 Kern p.804)
Q = 1.392 lb x 1.09 Btu/lb.F x (105.9 - 98.3) F
Q = 11.43 Btu

d. Menghitung LMTD
t1 = 98.33 ˚F
t2 = 105.89 ˚F _
ΔT = 7.56 ˚F

LMTD = to - ti
ln to/ti
LMTD = (105.9 - 98.3) ˚F
ln 105.89 ˚F
98.33 ˚F
LMTD = 7.56 ˚F
ln 1.077
LMTD = 102.06 ˚F

e. Bilangan Rayleigh (Ra)

Fluid inner, pada diameter 0.5 inch
D = 1.27 cm
= 0.0127 m

Dari lampiran table A-9 sifat-sifat air JP. Holman P. 593 pada temperatur rata-rata (t AV) =
38.95˚C, Nilai k = 0.631 w/m˚c dan = 3.59 x l/mᶟ˚c

Ra = Gr. Pr

Gr. Pr =

= (2.91 x l/mᶟ˚c) x (38.9-33)˚c x (0.0127 m)ᵌ

= 308904.76
= 3.8 x 10⁵

f. Bilangan Nusselt
Dengan menggunakan daftar 7-1 pada JP. Holman P.304, didapatkan C = 0.53 dan
m = 1/4 sehingga:

Nu = 0.53 (Gr.Pr)
= 0.53 (3.5 x 10⁵)
 = 12.49

g. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Konveksi (h)

h = nu. k
d
= 12.49 x 0.631 w/m˚c
0.0127 m
= 620.8 w/m²˚c

h. Kerugian Energi (Q Loss)

Q Loss= Panas diterima oleh kolektor - Panas dipakai untuk memanaskan air
= (39.57 - 11.43) Btu
= 28.137 Btu

i. Efisiensi (ŋ)
ŋ = Q Berguna
x 100
Q diterima kolektor
= 11.43 Btu
x 100
39.57 Btu
= 28.89 %
11. Design Overall Coefficient (Ud)
Rd = 0.002
1 = 1 + Rd
Ud Uc
= 1 + 0.002
#NAME?

Ud = #NAME?
 LMTD Koefisien Konveksi (h)
102.06 620.8 w/m²˚c

Q Berguna Q Loss
11.43 Btu 28.137 Btu

Eff. 28.89 %

Keterangan:
σ = Konstanta Stefan Boltzman 5.669 x 10ˉ⁸ w/m²k⁴
T = Temperatur Absolut, K
ԑ = Emisivitas benda hitam = 1

38.95 t av

Perhitungan Lap Prak. SO

67.74 ˚F 1
107.51 ˚F 1.1

Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
102.11 ˚F 1.09
 oC l/mᵌ.oC
26.67 0.614 1.91
32.22 0.623 2.48x
37.78 0.63 3.3x
43.33 0.637 4.19
48.89

ata-rata (t AV) =
Interpolasi = y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
38.95˚C, 0.6310 3.59 x
0.6307

Perhitungan Lap Prak. SO

67.74 ˚F 1.05
107.51 ˚F 0.65
 Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
96.71 ˚F 0.76 atau 0.57

JH
10 1.5
20 1.8 Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
30 2
#NAME? 40 2.25
50 2.5
100 3
1000 6
2000 8
2500 10
5000 22.5
2189 8.76
2558 10.29
4132 18.16

Water k
32 ˚F 0.33
86 ˚F 0.356
140 ˚F 0.381
176 ˚F 0.398
Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)

96.71 °F ###

Pada diameter pipa 0.5 inch

ID = 0.546 inch
OD = 0.84 inch

ID = ### 1 ft = 0.046 ft
30.48 cm

OD = 2.1336 cm x 1 ft = 0.07 ft
30.48 cm
Pada Jam Intensitas
Ke T in T out Radiasi T Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9:10 29 31.6 232 45.2
9:20 29 31.7 233 45.8
9:30 29 31.9 245 47.2
9:40 29.1 32.1 256 49.2
9:50 29.2 32.3 290 50.5
10:00 29.2 32.4 310 51.6
10:10 29.3 32.2 297 51.1
10:20 29.4 32 280 49.8
10:30 29.4 32.5 317 50.5
10:40 29.5 33.2 361 51.9
10:50 29.7 34.6 420 53.5
11:00 29.8 35.2 462 55.7
11:10 30 36.3 490 57.4
11:20 30 37 509 57.5
11:30 30.3 36.8 441 55.8
11:40 31 37.1 520 58.8
11:50 31.2 37.8 579 64.2
12:00 31.5 38 670 67
12:10 32.3 40.2 678 67.1
12:20 32.5 41 768 68
12:30 32.5 40.3 780 68.8
12:40 32.4 39 772 68
12:50 32.8 41.8 790 72
13:00 33 42.6 807 76
13:10 33.4 44.6 836 78
13:20 33.5 45.2 821 77.5
13:30 34 46.8 825 76.8
13:40 34.5 49.2 854 77.6
13:50 34.8 46.5 785 73
14:00 35 47.1 839 75.2
14:10 35.5 47.6 867 76.6
14:20 36 46.2 829 74.2
14:30 36.5 45.8 780 69.6
14:40 37 45.1 762 67.4
14:50 37.2 44.6 620 64.5
15:00 37.5 43.9 590 58. 7
Pada Jam Intensitas
Ke T in T out Radiasi T Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 29.5 30.1 128 35.6
9.2 29.7 30.3 139 36.1
9.3 29.8 30.8 175 40.2
9.4 30 30.7 170 41
9.5 30.2 30.6 150 38.2
10 30.2 31.2 192 39.9
10.1 31.4 32.9 238 42.5
10.2 31.9 34 480 57.8
10.3 32.2 34.3 488 58.2
10.4 32.6 34.8 490 58.7
10.5 32.8 36 550 60.5
11 32.9 36.2 567 61.2
11.1 33.1 36.5 580 61.8
11.2 33.3 36.8 582 62.1
11.3 33.5 37.2 590 64.2
11.4 33.6 37.5 600 64.5
11.5 33.8 37.8 612 65.8
12 34.2 38.4 615 66.3
12.1 34.2 38.5 620 66.7
12.2 34.4 38.8 710 67.5
12.3 34.5 39.2 715 68.2
12.4 34.7 41 802 69.6
12.5 34.9 41.2 830 70.5
13 35 41.3 862 71
13.1 35 41.7 880 71.4
13.2 35.5 41.9 897 72.2
13.3 35.8 42.5 931 73.5
13.4 35.8 42.6 899 71.2
13.5 36 42.4 890 71
14 36.2 42.2 851 69.8
14.1 36.4 42.1 855 69.5
14.2 36.4 41.8 720 67.6
14.3 36.5 41.2 705 66.2
14.4 36.8 39.7 620 58.2
14.5 36.9 39.9 630 59.2
15 37 40 632 59.3
Pada Jam Intensitas
Ke T in T out Radiasi T Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 29.8 30.5 145 38.4
9.2 30 30.7 151 39.5
9.3 30 30.8 168 39.9
9.4 30 30.7 88 37.2
9.5 30.2 31 123 37.7
10 30.3 31.2 130 39
10.1 31.5 32.8 373 53.4
10.2 31.7 34 460 66.9
10.3 31.9 32.7 373 64.3
10.4 33.7 34.4 473 67.7
10.5 33.8 35.1 483 68.9
11 33.8 35 480 57.8
11.1 33.8 35.8 521 63.4
11.2 33.8 37.2 893 70.6
11.3 33.9 37.5 887 71.2
11.4 34 40 955 78.9
11.5 34.2 39.2 892 75.2
12 34.3 38.6 616 68.1
12.1 34.4 38.8 630 69.3
12.2 34.4 39.2 725 70.2
12.3 34.5 39.7 840 70.9
12.4 34.7 40.5 862 71.3
12.5 34.8 41.8 905 71.6
13 34.8 42 908 71.7
13.1 35 42.4 930 72.2
13.2 35 42.5 931 72.6
13.3 35.2 42.5 934 72.8
13.4 35.3 42.4 930 72.4
13.5 35.4 42.3 931 71.7
14 35.4 41.8 840 70.6
14.1 35.5 41.4 789 66.9
14.2 35.6 41 756 64.3
14.3 35.8 41.2 760 64.5
 14.4 36.1 39.6 610 59.2

14.5 36.3 39.9 650 60.6

15 36.5 39.7 634 60.2

Pada Jam Intensitas

Ke T in T out Radiasi T Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 30 30.8 275 35.4
9.2 30 31.2 301 36.5
9.3 30.1 31.8 330 38.9
9.4 30.2 31.8 332 38.2
9.5 30.3 31.6 328 37.5
10 30.3 32.2 340 38
10.1 30.4 32.6 375 40.4
10.2 30.5 32.8 462 46.8
10.3 30.5 32.7 443 45.2
10.4 30.6 34.5 483 46.5
10.5 30.8 35.2 498 48.7
11 31 35.4 504 54.2
11.1 31.2 35.8 522 56.4
11.2 31.5 36.2 675 64.5
11.3 31.6 37.6 687 65.2
11.4 31.7 39 745 67.9
11.5 31.9 39.4 782 68.3
12 32 40.6 796 69.2
12.1 32.2 40.8 810 70.2
12.2 32.3 40.9 825 70.5
12.3 32.5 41 840 71.8
12.4 32.4 41.5 862 72
12.5 32.8 41.8 902 76.5
13 33 42 908 76.7
13.1 33.2 42.2 917 77.1
13.2 33.5 42.8 920 77.6
13.3 34 42.7 890 72.5
13.4 34.2 42.5 830 70.2
13.5 34.5 42.3 801 69.6
14 35 42.2 780 68.2
14.1 35.5 42.9 795 68.8
14.2 36.2 41.6 726 66.7
14.3 36.5 41.5 670 65.2
14.4 36.8 41.2 656 63.5
14.5 37 39.8 640 61.6
15 37.2 38.5 605 59.5

Intensitas Intensitas
Radiasi Radiasi
(w/m²) (w/m²)
9:10 232 128 145 275 302 295 264
9:20 233 139 151 301 330 320 288
9:30 245 175 168 330 350 330 312
9:40 256 170 88 332 431 441 378
9:50 290 150 123 328 460 450 420
10:00 310 192 130 340 489 458 425
10:10 297 238 373 375 492 470 490
10:20 280 480 460 462 675 650 530
10:30 317 488 373 443 725 686 575
10:40 361 490 473 483 802 690 610
10:50 420 550 483 498 858 755 655
11:00 462 567 480 504 871 822 642
11:10 490 580 521 522 820 825 655
11:20 509 582 893 675 867 876 676
11:30 441 590 887 687 840 891 794
11:40 520 600 955 745 950 912 811
11:50 579 612 892 782 752 900 820
12:00 670 615 616 796 837 924 824
12:10 678 620 630 810 785 930 860
12:20 768 710 725 825 750 937 877
12:30 780 715 840 840 623 920 890
12:40 772 802 862 862 687 887 902
12:50 790 830 905 902 711 879 860
13:00 807 862 908 908 722 890 862
13:10 836 880 930 917 755 920 870
13:20 821 897 931 920 782 1014 885
13:30 825 931 934 890 760 965 905
13:40 854 899 930 830 775 958 895
13:50 785 890 931 801 812 870 886
14:00 839 851 840 780 792 832 875
14:10 867 855 789 795 778 781 834
14:20 829 720 756 726 772 729 790
14:30 780 705 760 670 760 720 775
14:40 762 620 610 656 746 655 750
14:50 620 630 650 640 730 660 720
15:00 590 632 634 605 640 634 664
 T in T out Intensitas Radiasi T Absorber Alumunium
Percobaan Ke
(˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
30/6/2018 32.111 39.228 580.972 62.657
2/7/208 33.797 37.614 594.306 60.478
3/7/2018 33.761 37.664 632.667 63.086
6/7/2018 32.594 38.039 645.972 59.889

T in T out Intensitas Radiasi T Absorber Tembaga

Percobaan Ke
(˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
7/7/2018 33.966 41.317 700.861 75.089
9/7/2018 32.678 41.850 746.556 76.117
10/7/2018 32.519 40.994 701.917 70.703
11/7/2018 33.381 41.314 649.333 68.964
Alumunium
Pada Jam Ke T in T out Intensitas Radiasi T Absorber
Keterangan
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9:10 29.57 30.75 195 38.65 Berawan
9:20 29.67 30.97 206 39.47 Berawan
9:30 29.72 31.32 229.5 41.55 Berawan
9:40 29.82 31.32 211.5 41.4 Berawan
9:50 29.97 31.37 222.7 40.97 Berawan
10:00 30 31.75 243 42.12 Berawan
10:10 30.65 32.62 320.7 46.85 Cerah
10:20 30.87 33.2 420.5 55.32 Cerah
10:30 31 33.05 405.2 54.55 Cerah
10:40 31.6 34.22 451.7 56.2 Cerah
10:50 31.77 35.22 487.7 57.9 Cerah
11:00 31.87 35.45 503.2 57.22 Cerah
11:10 32.02 36.1 528.2 59.75 Cerah
11:20 32.15 36.8 664.7 63.67 Cerah
11:30 32.32 37.27 651.2 64.1 Cerah
11:40 32.57 38.4 705 67.52 Cerah
11:50 32.77 38.55 716.2 68.37 Cerah
12:00 33 38.9 674.2 67.65 Cerah
12:10 33.27 39.57 684.5 68.32 Cerah
12:20 33.4 39.97 757 69.05 Cerah
12:30 33.5 40.05 793.7 69.92 Cerah
 12:40 33.55 40.5 824.5 70.22 Cerah
12:50 33.82 41.65 856.7 72.65 Cerah
13:00 33.95 41.97 871.2 73.85 Cerah
13:10 34.15 42.72 890.7 74.67 Cerah
13:20 34.37 43.1 892.2 74.97 Cerah
13:30 34.75 43.62 895 73.9 Cerah
13:40 34.95 44.17 878.2 72.85 Cerah
13:50 35.17 43.37 851.7 71.32 Cerah
14:00 35.4 43.32 827.5 70.95 Cerah
14:10 35.72 43.5 826.5 70.45 Cerah
14:20 36.05 42.65 757.7 68.2 Cerah
14:30 36.32 42.42 728.7 66.37 Cerah
14:40 36.67 41.4 662 62.07 Cerah
14:50 36.85 41.05 635 61.47 Cerah
15:00 37.05 40.52 615.2 59.66 Cerah

Tembaga
Pada Jam Ke T in T out Intensitas Radiasi T Absorber
Keterangan
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9:10 29.92 31.35 276.5 38.6 Berawan
9:20 30 31.6 306.7 40.85 Cerah
9:30 30.15 32.22 325.5 42.52 Cerah
9:40 30.27 33.12 397.5 47.25 Cerah
9:50 30.45 33.8 420 50.52 Cerah
10:00 30.55 34.02 443.5 53.8 Cerah
10:10 30.67 34.35 468.5 55.87 Cerah
10:20 30.8 35.27 576.2 61 Cerah
10:30 30.9 36.05 617.7 64.27 Cerah
10:40 30.97 36.52 653.5 66.62 Cerah
10:50 31.17 37.97 705.7 70.57 Cerah
11:00 31.3 40.25 727.7 74.4 Cerah
11:10 31.47 41.4 753 72.62 Cerah
11:20 31.62 41.95 774.7 77.65 Cerah
11:30 31.95 42.82 804 75 Cerah
11:40 32.3 43.75 845.7 81.75 Cerah
11:50 32.62 43.65 798 76.4 Cerah
12:00 32.85 44.85 852.5 81.97 Cerah
12:10 33.02 45 851.2 81.1 Cerah
12:20 33.27 45.22 860.2 82.85 Cerah
12:30 33.45 44.35 815.7 78.32 Cerah
12:40 33.6 44.4 825.7 81.82 Cerah
 12:50 33.75 44.75 823.7 82.4 Cerah
13:00 34 45.12 834 85.75 Cerah
13:10 34.22 45.45 848.7 87.5 Cerah
13:20 34.5 46.12 884 90.42 Cerah
13:30 34.9 46.6 889.7 90.2 Cerah
13:40 35.2 46.62 894.5 90.3 Cerah
13:50 35.45 46.52 862 88.42 Cerah
14:00 35.7 46.2 804.7 85.75 Cerah
14:10 36 45.9 794.5 84.5 Cerah
14:20 36.4 45.25 752.7 82.45 Cerah
14:30 36.72 44.87 727.5 79.55 Cerah
14:40 37.07 44.37 697.7 76.85 Cerah
14:50 37.57 44.12 674.2 71.67 Cerah
15:00 37.92 43.4 599.5 66.27 Cerah

Pipa Alumunium
80
Suhu (˚C)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 30 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9: 9: 9: :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5
10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14

Waktu (Wib)
T in T out

Pipa Tembaga
100
Suhu (˚C)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 30 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9: 9: 9: :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5
10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14

Waktu (Wib)
T in T out T absorber
30
20
10
0
10 30 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9: 9: 9: :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5 :1 :3 :5
10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14

Waktu (Wib)
T in T out T absorber
 In te n s i ta s R a d i a s i (w / m ²)

245
289
310
340
350 1200

402 1000

422 800

450 600

485 400

512 200

555 0

576 Waktu (Wib)

712 30/06/2018
07/07/2018
02/07/2018
09/07/2018
03/07/2018
10/07/2018
06/07/2018
11/07/2018
680
691
710
720
825
830
877
830
827
845
862
850
855
929
950
880
720
785
720
655
640
587
460
Pada Jam Intensitas T
Ke T in T out Radiasi Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 30.2 32.1 302 45.2
9.2 30.2 32.4 330 46.7
9.3 30.4 32.6 350 49.4
9.4 30.5 33.5 431 52.4
9.5 30.7 34 460 56.8
10 30.9 34.1 489 62.1
10.1 31.2 34.2 492 64.8
10.2 31.3 35.6 675 69.2
10.3 31.4 36.2 725 75.5
10.4 31.5 36.7 802 78.3
10.5 31.9 37.8 858 80.5
11 32.2 42.8 871 85.7
11.1 32.6 42.5 820 70.3
11.2 32.8 43.7 867 90
11.3 33.2 44.3 840 71.6
11.4 33,5 44.8 950 91.5
11.5 34.3 43.2 752 68.4
12 34.4 45.2 837 82.5
12.1 34.7 44.8 785 76.6
12.2 34.8 44.7 750 75.3
12.3 35.1 41.9 623 60.5
12.4 35.2 42 687 72.2
12.5 35.2 43.4 711 74.5
13 35.3 43.7 722 82.4
13.1 35.5 45 755 89.5
13.2 35.9 45.3 782 91.6
13.3 36 45.1 760 88.9
13.4 36.1 45.2 775 89.5
13.5 36.3 45.8 812 92.2
14 36.4 45.7 792 90.1
14.1 36.5 45.5 778 88.2
14.2 36.5 45.3 772 87.4
14.3 36.9 45.1 760 83.4
14.4 37.3 44.8 746 76.8
14.5 37.6 44.6 730 74.5
15 37.8 43.8 640 68.7
Pada Jam Intensitas T
Ke T in T out Radiasi Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 30 31.6 295 37.8
9.2 30.1 31.8 320 40.5
9.3 30.2 32.5 330 41.4
9.4 30.2 33.6 441 50.5
9.5 30.4 34.2 450 53.4
10 30.5 34.3 458 53.8
10.1 30.5 34.5 470 54.9
10.2 30.6 35.7 650 62.5
10.3 30.7 36.4 686 65.4
10.4 30.7 36.8 690 66.2
10.5 30.8 38.5 755 70.8
11 30.9 42.2 822 81.2
11.1 31 42.5 825 81.3
11.2 31.1 43.8 876 84.2
11.3 31.2 44.5 891 85.4
11.4 31.6 44.8 912 89.5
11.5 31.8 44.7 900 90
12 32 45.2 924 92.6
12.1 32 45.5 930 92.8
12.2 32.2 45.7 937 93.3
12.3 32.3 45.4 920 90.5
12.4 32.4 45.2 887 88.5
12.5 32.5 45.4 879 87.3
13 32.8 45.7 890 88.2
13.1 33.2 46 920 90.5
13.2 33.5 47.8 1014 98.5
13.3 34.2 47.3 965 95.2
13.4 34.5 46.8 958 93.5
13.5 34.8 46.5 870 87.4
14 35.2 46.2 832 84
14.1 35.7 45.3 781 80.5
14.2 36.5 44.8 729 78.4
14.3 36.8 44.7 720 77.5
14.4 37.1 43.7 655 76.2
14.5 38 43.6 660 70.8
15 38.4 43.4 634 65.7
Pada Jam Intensitas T
Ke T in T out Radiasi Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 29.5 30.6 264 36.2
9.2 29.6 30.9 288 38.5
9.3 29.8 31.2 312 40.8
9.4 30 32.5 378 46.2
9.5 30.2 33.8 420 49.4
10 30.3 33.9 425 50.5
10.1 30.4 34.6 490 52.9
10.2 30.5 35.2 530 57.8
10.3 30.5 35.8 575 60.4
10.4 30.6 36.4 610 63.8
10.5 30.8 38.2 655 68.5
11 30.9 37.8 642 66.8
11.1 30.9 38 655 67.5
11.2 31 38.4 676 69.2
11.3 31.2 40.2 794 74.4
11.4 31.5 42.6 811 75.5
11.5 31.6 43.7 820 76
12 32 43.9 824 76.6
12.1 32.2 44.5 860 78.2
12.2 32.3 44.7 877 79.5
12.3 32.4 44.9 890 80.8
12.4 32.6 45.6 902 85.8
12.5 32.8 45.3 860 84.3
13 33.2 45.4 862 84.2
13.1 33.4 45.6 870 84.6
13.2 33.8 45.8 885 86.1
13.3 34.2 47.2 905 88.5
13.4 34.6 46.9 895 87.8
13.5 34.9 46.6 886 86.7
14 35.2 46.4 875 85.2
14.1 35.4 46 834 84.1
14.2 35.8 45.5 790 81.4
14.3 36 45.2 775 78.8
14.4 36.4 44.8 750 77.6
14.5 36.8 44.5 720 72.5
15 37.4 43.2 664 68.2
Pada Jam Intensitas T
Ke T in T out Radiasi Absorber
(Wib) (˚C) (˚C) (w/m²) (˚C)
9.1 30 31.1 245 35.2
9.2 30.1 31.3 289 37.7
9.3 30.2 32.6 310 38.5
9.4 30.4 32.9 340 39.9
9.5 30.5 33.2 350 42.5
10 30.5 33.8 402 48.8
10.1 30.6 34.1 422 50.9
10.2 30.8 34.6 450 54.5

10.3 31 35.8 485 55.8

10.4 31.1 36.2 512 58.2
10.5 31.2 37.4 555 62.5
11 31.2 38.2 576 63.9
11.1 31.4 42.6 712 71.4
11.2 31.6 41.9 680 67.2
11.3 32.2 42.3 691 68.6
11.4 32.6 42.8 710 70.5
11.5 32.8 43 720 71.2
12 33 45.1 825 76.2
12.1 33.2 45.2 830 76.8
12.2 33.8 45.8 877 83.3
12.3 34 45.2 830 81.5
12.4 34.2 44.8 827 80.8
12.5 34.5 44.9 845 83.5
13 34.7 45.7 862 88.2
13.1 34.8 45.2 850 85.4
13.2 34.8 45.6 855 85.5
13.3 35.2 46.8 929 88.2
13.4 35.6 47.6 950 90.4
13.5 35.8 47.2 880 87.4
14 36 46.5 720 83.7
14.1 36.4 46.8 785 85.2
14.2 36.8 45.4 720 82.6
14.3 37.2 44.5 655 78.5
14.4 37.5 44.2 640 76.8
14.5 37.9 43.8 587 68.9
15 38.1 43.2 460 62.5
Tabel 1. Konstanta Laju Pemanasan Air Pada Pipa Alumunium

ΔT LMTD Uc
Percobaan Ke
˚C ˚F Btu/hr.ft².°F
1 7.117 96.050 11.613
2 3.817 96.220 11.607
3 3.903 96.240 11.605
4 5.444 95.470 11.669

Tabel 2. Konstanta Laju Pemanasan Air Pada Pipa Tembaga

ΔT LMTD Uc
Percobaan Ke
˚C ˚F Btu/hr.ft².°F
1 7.351 99.600 11.298
2 9.172 98.840 11.358
3 8.475 97.950 11.440
4 7.933 99.050 11.344

Tabel 1. Data Hasil Perhitungan SWH Menggunakan Pipa Alumunium

Pada jam Ke Intensitas Radiasi Koefisien Konveksi Q Berguna Q Loss
(Wib) (w/m²) (w/m²˚c) (Btu) (Btu)
9:10 195 169.9 3.09 7.1
9:20 206 175.4 3.41 7.84
9:30 229.5 187.4 4.2 9.68
9:40 211.5 184 3.94 9.08
9:50 222.7 180.6 3.68 8.48
10:00 243 193.8 4.6 10.63
10:10 320.7 288 5.2 12.08
10:20 420.5 306.8 6.16 14.36
10:30 405.2 294.1 5.42 12.63
10:40 451.7 324.2 6.95 12.04
10:50 487.7 358.9 9.18 21.65
11:00 503.2 364.4 9.53 22.51
11:10 528.2 383.2 10.88 25.78
11:20 664.7 601.7 12.42 29.53
11:30 651.2 613.9 13.24 31.55
11:40 705 645.4 15.64 37.48
11:50 716.2 645.5 15.52 37.23
12:00 674.2 651.3 15.86 38.14
12:10 684.5 666.1 16.97 40.95
12:20 757 675.4 17.71 42.85
12:30 793.7 680.2 17.66 42.76
 12:40 824.5 687.9 18.76 45.51
12:50 856.7 714.9 21.2 51.71
13:00 871.2 721.2 21.74 53.1
13:10 890.7 737.4 23.27 57.07
13:20 892.2 743.5 23.74 59.34
13:30 895 750.4 24.16 59.6
13:40 878.2 740.8 25.16 62.23
13:50 851.7 736.5 22.35 55.15
14:00 827.5 730.9 21.59 53.32
14:10 826.5 729.8 21.23 52.53
14:20 757.7 698.3 17.99 44.43
14:30 728.7 684.8 16.63 41.07
14:40 662 640.1 12.88 31.72
14:50 635 620.8 11.43 28.13
15:00 615.2 590.7 9.44 23.2

Tabel 2. Data Hasil Perhitungan SWH Menggunakan Pipa Tembaga

Pada jam Ke Intensitas Radiasi Koefisien Konveksi Q Berguna Q Loss
(Wib) (w/m²) (w/m²˚c) (Btu) (Btu)
9:10 276.5 254 3.76 8.66
9:20 306.7 264.4 4.21 9.71
9:30 325.5 290.2 5.45 12.63
9:40 397.5 325.7 7.52 17.49
9:50 420 346.5 8.86 20.67
10:00 443.5 351.6 9.18 21.45
10:10 468.5 360 9.75 22.82
10:20 576.2 387.6 11.87 27.89
10:30 617.7 409.5 13.7 32.31
10:40 653.5 421.8 14.78 34.93
10:50 705.7 662.6 18.17 43.23
11:00 727.7 702.3 24.04 57.74
11:10 753 726.7 26.74 64.58
11:20 774.7 757.2 27.86 67.46
11:30 804 772.7 29.39 71.5
11:40 845.7 788.9 31.04 75.9
11:50 798 782.6 29.92 73.21
12:00 852.5 806.1 32.65 80.33
12:10 851.2 807.3 32.61 80.35
12:20 860.2 809 32.56 80.37
12:30 815.7 800.2 29.66 73.01
12:40 825.7 786.5 29.4 72.42
12:50 823.7 792.5 29.97 73.98
13:00 834 797.5 30.34 75.06
13:10 848.7 802 30.68 76.05
13:20 884 813.2 31.8 79.13
13:30 889.7 818.6 32.08 80.09
13:40 894.5 815.1 31.33 78.32
13:50 862 809.5 30.38 75.98
14:00 804.7 798.5 28.81 72.04
14:10 794.5 765.8 27.17 67.92
14:20 752.7 549.9 24.27 60.62
14:30 727.5 534.9 22.35 55.8
14:40 697.7 515.2 20.01 49.94
14:50 674.2 498 17.97 44.87
15:00 599.5 468.4 15.02 37.46

Intensitas Radiasi Intensitas Radiasi Ir Koefisien Konveksi

(w/m²) (w/m²) Rata-rata (w/m²˚c)
195 276.5 235.75 169.9
206 306.7 256.35 175.4
229.5 325.5 277.5 187.4
211.5 397.5 304.5 184
222.7 420 321.35 180.6
243 443.5 343.25 193.8
320.7 468.5 394.6 288
420.5 576.2 498.35 306.8
405.2 617.7 511.45 294.1
451.7 653.5 552.6 324.2
487.7 705.7 596.7 358.9
503.2 727.7 615.45 364.4
528.2 753 640.6 383.2
664.7 774.7 719.7 601.7
651.2 804 727.6 613.9
705 845.7 775.35 645.4
716.2 798 757.1 645.5
674.2 852.5 763.35 651.3
684.5 851.2 767.85 666.1
757 860.2 808.6 675.4
793.7 815.7 804.7 680.2
824.5 825.7 825.1 687.9
856.7 823.7 840.2 714.9
871.2 834 852.6 721.2
890.7 848.7 869.7 737.4
892.2 884 888.1 743.5
895 889.7 892.35 750.4
 878.2 894.5 886.35 740.8
851.7 862 856.85 736.5
827.5 804.7 816.1 730.9
826.5 794.5 810.5 729.8
757.7 752.7 755.2 698.3
728.7 727.5 728.1 684.8
662 697.7 679.85 640.1
635 674.2 654.6 620.8
615.2 599.5 607.35 590.7

alumunium tembaga
Intensitas Intensitas
Q Berguna Q Loss Q Berguna
Radiasi Radiasi Ir
(w/m²) (w/m²) Rata-rata (Btu) (Btu) (Btu)
195 276.5 235.75 3.09 7.1 3.76
206 306.7 256.35 3.41 7.84 4.21
229.5 325.5 277.5 4.2 9.68 5.45
211.5 397.5 304.5 3.94 9.08 7.52
222.7 420 321.35 3.68 8.48 8.86
243 443.5 343.25 4.6 10.63 9.18
320.7 468.5 394.6 5.2 12.08 9.75
420.5 576.2 498.35 6.16 14.36 11.87
405.2 617.7 511.45 5.42 12.63 13.7
451.7 653.5 552.6 6.95 12.04 14.78
487.7 705.7 596.7 9.18 21.65 18.17
503.2 727.7 615.45 9.53 22.51 24.04
528.2 753 640.6 10.88 25.78 26.74
664.7 774.7 719.7 12.42 29.53 27.86
651.2 804 727.6 13.24 31.55 29.39
705 845.7 775.35 15.64 37.48 31.04
716.2 798 757.1 15.52 37.23 29.92
674.2 852.5 763.35 15.86 38.14 32.65
684.5 851.2 767.85 16.97 40.95 32.61
757 860.2 808.6 17.71 42.85 32.56
793.7 815.7 804.7 17.66 42.76 29.66
824.5 825.7 825.1 18.76 45.51 29.4
856.7 823.7 840.2 21.2 51.71 29.97
871.2 834 852.6 21.74 53.1 30.34
890.7 848.7 869.7 23.27 57.07 30.68
892.2 884 888.1 23.74 59.34 31.8
895 889.7 892.35 24.16 59.6 32.08
878.2 894.5 886.35 25.16 62.23 31.33
851.7 862 856.85 22.35 55.15 30.38
827.5 804.7 816.1 21.59 53.32 28.81
826.5 794.5 810.5 21.23 52.53 27.17
757.7 752.7 755.2 17.99 44.43 24.27
728.7 727.5 728.1 16.63 41.07 22.35
662 697.7 679.85 12.88 31.72 20.01
635 674.2 654.6 11.43 28.13 17.97
615.2 599.5 607.35 9.44 23.2 15.02
 Ko ef sie n Ko nve ks i (w / m ²˚c)
Al Tembaga
Efisiensi ΔT LMTD
(%) (˚C) ˚F
30.32 30.24 1.18 86.28
30.3 30.21 1.3 86.57
30.26 30.15 1.6 86.93
800
30.25 30.06 1.5 87.02
700
30.24 29.99 1.4 87.2 600
30.2 29.97 1.75 87.57 500
400
30.07 29.93 1.97 88.93 300
30.01 29.84 2.33 89.65 200
100
30.01 29.77 2.05 89.63
0
29.86 29.72 2.62 91.22
29.77 29.59 3.45 92.26 Intensitas Radiasi (w/m
29.74 29.39 3.58 92.55
29.67 29.28 4.08 92.33
29.6 29.23 4.65 93.99
29.55 29.13 4.95 94.56
29.44 29.03 5.83 95.78
29.41 29.01 5.78 96.09
29.36 28.89 5.9 96.61
29.29 28.87 6.3 97.45
29.25 28.83 6.57 97.91
29.23 28.89 6.55 98.08
 29.19 28.87 6.95 98.51
29.08 28.83 7.83 99.76
29.04 28.79 8.02 100.15
28.97 28.74 8.57 100.99
28.92 28.67 8.73 101.52
28.85 28.6 8.87 102.33
28.79 28.57 9.22 102.99
28.83 28.56 8.2 102.51
28.82 28.57 7.92 102.68
28.78 28.57 7.78 103.14
28.82 28.59 6.6 102.72
28.82 28.6 6.1 102.77
28.87 28.61 4.73 102.2
28.89 28.59 4.2 102.06
28.91 28.62 3.47 101.78

Efisiensi ΔT LMTD
(%) ˚C ˚F
30.24 1.43 87.14
30.21 1.6 87.43
30.15 2.07 88.12
30.06 2.85 88.14
29.99 3.35 89.79
29.97 3.47 90.08
29.93 3.68 90.48
29.84 4.47 91.4
29.77 5.15 92.18
29.72 5.55 96.25
29.59 6.8 94.09
29.39 8.95 96.17
29.28 9.93 97.31
29.23 10.33 97.92
29.13 10.87 98.97
29.03 11.45 100.09
29.01 11.03 100.32
28.89 12 101.55
28.87 11.98 101.84
28.83 11.95 102.26
28.89 10.9 102.55
28.87 10.8 101.89
28.83 11 102.33
 28.79 11.12 102.88
28.74 11.23 103.37
28.67 11.62 104.21
28.6 11.7 105
28.57 11.42 105.3
28.56 11.07 105.46
28.57 10.5 105.43
28.57 9.9 105.46
28.59 8.85 105.28
28.6 8.15 105.26
28.61 7.3 105.16
28.59 6.55 105.41
28.62 5.48 105.11

Koefisien Konveksi
(w/m²˚c)
254
264.4
290.2
325.7
346.5
351.6
360
387.6
409.5
421.8
662.6
702.3
726.7
757.2
772.7
788.9
782.6
806.1
807.3
K o ef s ie n K o n v e ks i (w / m ² ˚ c )

809
800.2
786.5
792.5
797.5
802
813.2
818.6
1000
800
600
400
200
 K o ef s ie n K
1000
815.1
800
809.5 600
798.5 400
765.8 200

549.9 0

534.9
515.2
Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)
498 Al umuni um Tembaga
468.4

tembaga

Q Loss

(Btu)
Q Be rgu n a d an Q L o ss (Bt u )

8.66
9.71
12.63
17.49
20.67
21.45
90
22.82
80
27.89 70
Q Loss Tembaga
32.31 60
Q Loss Alumunium
34.93 50
40 Q Berguna Tembaga
43.23 30 Q Berguna
57.74 Alumunium
20
64.58 10
0
67.46
71.5
75.9 Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)
73.21
80.33
80.35
80.37
73.01
72.42
73.98
75.06
76.05
79.13
80.09
78.32
75.98
72.04
67.92
60.62
55.8
49.94
44.87
37.46
Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)
 In te n s i ta s R a d i a s i (w / m ²)

U c (B tu /h r.ft².°F )
Pip
13
1200
12.5
1000
12
800 11.5
600 11
400 10.5
200 10

Waktu (Wib) Int

30/06/2018 02/07/2018 03/07/2018 06/07/2018
07/07/2018 09/07/2018 10/07/2018 11/07/2018

U c (B tu/h r.ft².°F )
Pipa Alumunium
80
Suhu (˚C)

70 P
60 13
50 12.5
40 12
11.5
30
11
20 10.5
10 10
0 9.5
10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00
9: 9: 9: 9: 9: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 15:

Waktu (Wib) Inte

T in T out T Absorber

Pipa Tembaga Pip

Panas (Btu)

100
70
Suhu (˚C)

90
80 60
70 50
60 40
50
30
40
30 20
20 10
10 0
0 5 5 7 7 2
10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00
9: 9: 9: 9: 9: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 15: 19 1 1. 20. 51. 2 8.
2 3 4 5
Waktu (Wib) Intensita
T in T out T absorber
 10 0
0 5 5 7 7 2
10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 19 1. 20. 51. 2 8.
9: 9: 9: 9: 9: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 10: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 11: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 12: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 15:
21 3 4 5
Waktu (Wib) Intensita
T in T out T absorber

Aliran Batch

Panas (Btu)
120 90
LMTD ˚F

80
100
70
80 60
50
60 40
30
40 20
10
20
0
0
44 89 33 78 22 67 11 56 75 44 89 33 78 22 67 11 56 0.5 444 889 333 778 222 667 111 556 625 444 889 333 778 222 667 111 556 625
44 88 33 77 22 66 11 55 .43 44 88 33 77 22 66 11 55 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 .5 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 0.
944 888 833 777 722 666 611 555 0 444 388 333 277 222 166 111 055 44 88 33 77 22 66 11 55 0 444 388 333 277 222 166 111 055
81 88 95 02 09 16 23 30 44 51 58 65 72 79 86 93 069 138 208 277 347 416 486 555 9 6 3 0 7 4 1 8
56 57 58 59 59 60 61 61
3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
Waktu (Wib) 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Intens
Alumunium Tembaga
Uc (Btu/hr.f ².°F)

Efs
30.5
Aliran Batch
30 30

ŋ (%)
25 29.5

20 29

15 28.5

10 28

5 27.5

Waktu (Wib)
Alumunium Tembaga
U c (B tu /h r.ft².°F )

Pipa Alumunium
13
12.5
12
11.5
Uc
11
10.5
10

Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)

U c (B tu/h r.ft².°F )

Pipa Tembaga
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5

Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)

Pipa Alumunium
Panas (Btu)

70
60
50
40
30 Q
20 Berguna
Q Loss
10
0
5 5 7 7 2 5 5 5 7 2 5 2
19 1 1 . 2 0 . 5 1 . 2 8 . 7 0 8 4 . 2 4 . 9 0 . 7 8 . 2 6 . 66
2 3 4 5 6 8 8 8 8
Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)
 0
5 5 7 7 2 5 5 5 7 2 5 2
19 1 . 2 0 . 5 1 . 2 8 . 7 0 8 4 . 2 4 . 9 0 . 7 8 . 2 6 . 66
21 3 4 5 6 8 8 8 8
Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)

Pipa Tembaga
Panas (Btu)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Q
20 Berguna
10 Q Loss
0

Intensitas Radiasi (w/m²)

Efsiensi (ŋ) Vs Waktu

30.5

30
ŋ (%)

29.5

29

28.5

28

27.5

Waktu (Wib)
Alumunium Tembaga
2. Perhitungan Aktual Pada Alat Solar Water Heater

a. Menghitung Bilangan Rayleigh (Ra)

Fluid inner, pada diameter 0.5 inch
D = 1.27 cm = 0.0127 m

sifat-sifat udara di evaluasi pada suhu film :

36.85 ˚C
41.05 ˚C
+
2
= 36.85 ˚C + 41.05 ˚C
2
= 38.95 ˚C
Dari lampiran table A-9 JP. Holman P.589 pada 38.95 ˚C dilakukan interpolasi
dimana :

˚C k

26.67 0.614 1.91 x

43.33 0.637 4.19 x

Interpolasi :

Nilai k =

= 0.631 w/m²˚c

Nilai =

= 3.59 x l/mᶟ˚c

Ra = Gr. Pr

Gr. Pr =

= (3.59 x l/mᶟ˚c) x (41.05.-36.85)˚c x (0.0127 m)ᵌ

= 308904.76
 = 3.08 x 10⁵

b. Menghitung Bilangan Nusselt

Dengan menggunakan daftar 7-1 pada JP. Holman P.304, didapatkan nilai C = 0.53 dan
m = 1/4 sehingga :
Nu = 0.53 (Gr.Pr)
= 0.53 (3.08 x 10⁵)
= 12.49

c. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Konveksi (h)

h = nu. k
d
= 12.49 x 0.631 w/m˚c
0.0127 m
= 620.8 w/m²˚c
11. Design Overall Coefficient (Ud)
Rd = 0.002
1 = 1 + Rd
Ud Uc
= 1 + 0.002
#NAME?

Ud = #NAME?
 LMTD Koefisien Konveksi (h)
#DIV/0! 620.8 w/m²˚c

Q Berguna Q Loss
0.00 Btu 39.568 Btu

Eff. 0.00 %

˚K k v pr p = 1/Tf
38.95˚C, 300 0.02624 15.69 0.708
350 0.03003 20.76 0.697
interpolasi = 38.95 ˚K 0.00645 -10.78 0.765 0.02567394

y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)

oC l/mᵌ.oC
26.67 0.614 1.91
32.22 0.623 2.48x
37.78 0.63 3.3x
43.33 0.637 4.19
48.89

Interpolasi = y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
38.95˚C, 0.6310 3.59 x
0.6307

Nilai k = ### 3.59 x l/mᶟ˚c

i C = 0.53 dan
 JH
10 1.5
20 1.8 Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
30 2
#NAME? 40 2.25
50 2.5
100 3
1000 6
2000 8
2500 10
5000 22.5
2189 8.76
2558 10.29
4132 18.16

Water k
32 ˚F 0.33
86 ˚F 0.356
140 ˚F 0.381
176 ˚F 0.398
Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)

96.71 °F ###

Pada diameter pipa 0.5 inch

ID = 0.546 inch
OD = 0.84 inch

ID = ### 1 ft = 0.046 ft
30.48 cm

OD = 2.1336 cm x 1 ft = 0.07 ft
30.48 cm
b. Heat Balance pada kolektor termal (radiasi)
Diketahui :
σ = Konstanta Stefan Boltzman Keterangan:
= 0.1714 x 10ˉBtu/hr.ft²R⁴ σ=
ԑ = Emisivitas benda hitam = 1 T=
A = Luas permukaan kolektor ԑ=
= 1 m x 0.4 m = 0.4 m² = 4.31 ft²
t1 = 36.85 ˚C 558
t2 = 41.05 ˚C 565.56
38.95
Q = σ ԑ А Т⁴
= 0.1714 x 10ˉBtu/hr.ft²R⁴x 1 x 4.3056 ft² x (561.69⁴ - 551.07⁴) ˚R
= 39.57 Btu/hr

c. Heat balance untuk memanaskan fluida (Q Berguna)

Q = m x cp x dT
Diketahui :
Diameter pipa = 0.5 inch, jari-jari (r) = 0.25 inch x 2.54 cm = 0.635 cm
Panjang pipa (L) = 5 meter x 100 cm = 500 cm
Perhitungan Lap Prak. S
Volume Pipa (V) = π x r² x L 67.74 ˚F
= 3.14 x 0.635² x 500 cm 107.51 ˚F
= 633.06 cmᶟ
= 633.06 ml/1000 = 0.633 liter Interpolasi
38.95 ˚F
Massa Fluida =ρ x v
= 0.997 gr/cmᶟ x 633.06 cmᵌ
= 631.16 gr x 2.205 x 10⁻³ lb
1 gr
= 1.392 lb
Dari temperatur t.av, dengan melihat grafik 2 didapat spesifik heat (cp) :
cp = 0.93 Btu/lb.F ket: cp (Fig.2 Kern p.804)
Q= 1.392 lb x 0.93 Btu/lb.F x (0.0 - 0.0) F
Q = 0.00 Btu

d. Menghitung LMTD
t1 = 0 ˚F
t2 = 0 ˚F _
ΔT = 0 ˚F

LMTD = to - ti
ln to/ti
LMTD = (0.0 - 0.0) ˚F
ln 0 ˚F
0 ˚F
LMTD = 0 ˚F
ln #DIV/0!
LMTD = #DIV/0!

g. Kerugian Energi (Q Loss)

Q Loss= Panas diterima oleh kolektor - Panas dipakai untuk memanaskan air
= (39.57 - 0.00) Btu
= 39.568 Btu

h. Efisiensi (ŋ)
ŋ = Q Berguna
x 100
Q diterima kolektor
= 0.00 Btu
x 100
39.57 Btu
= 0.00 %
Keterangan:
Konstanta Stefan Boltzman 5.669 x 10ˉw/m²k⁴
Temperatur Absolut, K
Emisivitas benda hitam = 1

t av

Perhitungan Lap Prak. SO

1
1.1

y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
0.93
Perhitungan Lap Prak. SO
67.74 ˚F 1.05
107.51 ˚F 0.65

Interpolasi y = y1+(x-x1)/x2-x1)*(y2-y1)
96.71 ˚F 0.76 atau 0.57