TABEL PROTEKSI

TABEL PROTEKSI PADA SALURAN TRANSMISI

Macam Proteksi Uraian

Over current Protection Merupakan pengaman utama untuk
- Klas waktu dan Arus saluran distribusi dan back-up
- Directional atau untuk saluran utama, dimana
tidak directional pengaman utamanya adalah jarak
atau tipe lain yang cepat

Waktunya minimum rele inverse

definite dipilih untuk sistem waktu
yang sempit

Rele Instantaneous untuk arus

Proteksi gangguan ke tanah Pengaman gangguan ke tanah

terpisah yang ditambahkan hanya
untuk kebutuhan pengaman
gangguan phasa ke tanah

Pengaman Jarak Lebih cepat dari pengaman over

current. Kombinasinya tergantung
pada panjang saluran yang on

Pilot wiredifferential protection Untuk saluran transmisi yang

panjang (minimal 10 km)

Carrier Current Protection Untuk saluran transmisi yang

panjang dan sering terbukanya CB

TABEL PROTEKSI PADA GENERATOR

No. Macam Proteksi Kurang dari Diatas Diatas Diatas

1 MW 1 MW 1 MW 1 MW

Teknik Elektro ITS 1

TABEL PROTEKSI

1. Differential * *
2. Restriced earth fault * *
3. Stator turn to turn fault *
4. Time Over Current * *
5. Temperature
* * *
(thermo-detector)
6. Negative sequence
* * *
Current
7. Loss of Load * *
8. Loss of input-anti-
* * *
Motoring
9. Loss of field * *
10. Loss of synchronism * *
11. Over speed * Hanya untuk hydrogenerator
12. Over voltage * Hanya untuk hydrogenerator
13. Rotor earth fault * *
14. Back-up overcurrent * * *
15. Bearing temperature * *
16. Bearing insulation *

TABEL BEBARAPA KONDISI TIDAK NORMAL

DAN SISTEM PENGAMANNYA

No. Kondisi tak normal Pengaruh Pengaman

1. Panas Kelebihan Kumparan stator Thermocouples atau
beban dan isolasi rusak resistance
- beban naik terus karena terlalu thermometer
- sistem pendingin panas imbedded in stator
rusak slots and cooling
system.

Teknik Elektro ITS 2

TABEL PROTEKSI

Stator overload
protection with
overcurrent relay
2. Gangguan diluar Beban tidak Negative sequence
generator seimbang, tekanan protection untuk
pada kumparan mesin yang besar.
dan poros, panas
berlebihan yang Overload protection
memperpanjang untuk mesin yang
hubung singkat. kecil
3. Gangguan pada stator: Kumparan Blased differential
- antar phasa terbakar, protection, sensitive
- phasa ke tanah pengelasan pada earth fault protection,
- inter turn inti laminasi, mati inter turn fault
protection

No. Kondisi tak normal Pengaruh Pengaman

4. Rotor gangguan ke Satu gangguan Rotor earth-fault
tanah tidak berbahaya, Protection
kedua gangguan
menyebabkan
ketidakseimbangan
tekanan magnet
yang menyebabkan
kerusakan shaft
dan bearing.
5. Kehilangan medan Generator jalan Loss of field atau field
magnet sebagai generator failure protection
- CB medan magnet induksi yang
Teknik Elektro ITS 3
TABEL PROTEKSI

trip mendapat eksitasi

arus dari bus-bar.
Kecepatan
bertambah
6. Generator berubah jadi Pengaruhnya Reverse power
motor. tergantung pada protection by
Saat inpit dari prime prime mover yang directional power
mover berhenti, on dan jumlah relays detect the
generator mangambil daya yang diambil reversal of power
daya dari bus-bar dan dari bus-bar saat
berubah menjadi berubah jadi motor
motor sinkron pada
keadaan yang sama
7. Over voltage Isolasi terbakar Ligthning arrester
tersambung pada
terminal generator.

Table
Types of protection for Generators and their setting

Generator Type of Drive Type of protection used Suggested fault current Protection for exciter
Rating setting circuit and neutral
1 2 3 4 5
1. 20 percent full load 1. Neutral
Time graded earth fault current isolating switch
relay 125 percent full load 2. Field switch
2. current in the exciter field
Time graded over 10 to 20 percent of its circuit
Steam
current relay normal power rating
Turbine
3.
Reverse power relay
Below
(only for back pressure
1000 KVA
turbines)

1. Time graded earth 20 percent full load 1. Neutral isolating

Steam
fault relay current switch
Engine
2. Time graded over 125 percent full load 2. Field switch in the
or
current relay current exciter field circuit
Diesel
3. Reverse power 10 to 20 percent of its
Engine
normal power rating

Teknik Elektro ITS 4

TABEL PROTEKSI

1. Balanced earth 10 to 25 percent full 1. Neutral

fault relay or load current isolating switch
Differential protection 10 to 25 percent full or
1000 KVA
Steam (Merz-Price) load current Automatic neutral
to
Turbine 2. Reverse power 10 to 25 percent full breaker
5000 KVA
(only back pressure load current
turbine)

1. Balanced earth fault 10 to 25 percent full 1.For unattended

relay or load current elations, protection
Differential protection 10 to 25 percent full against field failure
(Merz-Price) load current Setting 20 to 30
1000 KVA
Water 2. over voltage 10 percent of normal percent of the normal
to
Turbine protection voltage excitation.
5000 KVA
2.Neutral isolating
switch or automatic
neutral breaker

Generator Type of Drive Type of protection used Suggested fault current Protection for exciter
Rating setting circuit and neutral
1 2 3 4 5
1. Differential protections 10 to 25 percent full 1. Field earth fault for
(Merz-Price) load current protecting 96% of the
or field winding (only for
Time graded earth fault 20 percent full generator above
relay load current 20.000 KVA)
Above Steam 2. Phase unbalance 10 to 25 percent 2.Automatic field
5000 KVA Turbine negative phase suppression switch
sequence only
3. Reverse power (only 10 to 25 percent full 3.Automatic neutral
back pressure turbine) load current breaker.

Water 1. Differential protections 10 to 25 percent full 1.For unattended

Turbine or load current station protection
Time graded earth fault 20 percent full against field failure,

Teknik Elektro ITS 5

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relay load current Sotting 20 to 30

2.Over voltage 10 percent of normal percent normal
voltage excitation
2.Filed earth fault for
protecting 96% of the
field winding.
3. Automatic field
suppression switch
3.Automatic neutral
breaker.

Table Power Transformer Protection

Abnormal Condition Protection Remarks

Incipient faults below oil level Buchholz relay sounds Buchholz relay used for
resulting in decomposition of oil, alarm (Gas actuated relay) transformer of rating 500 KVA
faults between phases and between and above
phase and ground

Large internal faults phase to phase,
phase to ground, below oil level
1. Buchholz relay trips the
circuit breaker
2. Merz Price percentage
differential protection
3. High speed high set
overcurrent relay
Buchholz relay too slow and less
sensitive
Merz Price percentage
differential protection used for
transformers of and above 5 MVA

Teknik Elektro ITS 6

TABEL PROTEKSI

1. Merz Price percentage For transformer of and above 5

differential protection MVA
Earth faults 2. Earth fault relay a. Instantaneous Restricted
E.F. Relay
b. Time lag E.F Relay

1. Graded time lag over Protection of distribution

current relay transformer
Through faults
2. H.V Fuses Small distribution transformer up
to 500 KVA

1. Thermal overload relay Generally temperature indicators

are provided on the transformers.
Overloads 2. Temperature relays Temp. increase is indicated on
sound alarm control board also. Fans started
at certain temp.

Abnormal Condition Protection Remarks

High Voltage Surges due lightning, 1. Horn gaps Not favoured for important
switching transformer
2. Lightning arresters In addition to L.A.s for incoming
lines

Only fuses for earth fault protections and phase fault

Small distribution transformer
Transformers in important locations ratings 500
KVA and above
protection. Overload protection generally not
provided
For more important transformers of about 500 KVA
Over current relays
Instantaneous earth fault relays
Restricted earth fault protection
Over urrent protection
Buchholz relay

Teknik Elektro ITS 7

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Table Protection of Large Generator Transformer Unit

Protection of Generator Generator-transformer overall differential protection*

Transformer together
Generator protection Generator differential protection*
Stator earth fault protection*
Negative phase sequence protection against-
unbalanced loading***
Inter-turn fault protection
Reverse power protection
Field failure protection**
Rotor earth fault protection
Temperature sensors in slots***
Overcurrent relays in stator and rolar circuits
Lightning arrester for generator overvolatage protection

Protection of unit Differential protection*

auxiliary transformer Restricted earth fault protection*

Teknik Elektro ITS 8

TABEL PROTEKSI

Buchholz relay
Overcurrent protection
Winding and oil temperature sensors

Protection of main HV overcurrent protection*

transformer HV Restricted earth fault protection*
Buchholz relay
Winding and oil temperature sensors
Lightning arresters on HV side

Protection of Generator Generator-transformer overall differential protection*

Transformer together
Preventive measures Continous monitoring of outlet temperature of gaseous
sound alarm on control or liquid coolants
panel Flow monitors
Low noiler pressure alarm/trip
Lubrication oil failure
Emergency trip
Low vacuum
* Trip generator c.b., close throttle valves, open field c.b.,open auxiliary c.b
** Close emergency throttle valves main c.b. opened only after operation of
interlocking reverse power relay
*** Trip main circuit breaker only

Teknik Elektro ITS 9

TABEL PROTEKSI

Protection Chart for Induction Motors

Abnormal Alternate forms of protections Remarks

condition from which choice is made
Overload - Overload release - overload protection givem for
- Thermal overload relays almost all motors

- Inverse overcurrent relays

- Miniature circuit breaker
with built in trip

Phase fault and - HRC fuses - Differential protection

earth faults - High set instantaneous becomes economical for

overcurrent relays motors above about 1200

- Differential protection HP. Below this high set

instantaneous protection is
preferred

Undervoltage - undervoltage release - undervoltage release

incorporated every
starter
- undervoltage relays - undervoltage relays used

Teknik Elektro ITS 10

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in certain applications

Unbalanced - Negative phase sequence - only in special

Voltage relay applications

Reverse phase - Phase reversal relays - Generally at support

sequence point
- Prevents reverse of
running

Abnormal Alternate forms of protections Remarks

condition from which choice is made
Single Phasing - Usual thermal overload - Recently developed
relays static single phasing
- Special single phase devices becoming
preventer popular

Stalling - thermal relays

- Instantaneous O.C Relays

Rotor Faults - Instantaneous overcurrent - only for motors

relays

Teknik Elektro ITS 11

TABEL PROTEKSI

Teknik Elektro ITS 12