AKADEMI ALMADINAH

AKADEMI ALMADINAH

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 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

DAFTAR ISI

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 11
A. Jenis Kata A. Passive Voice
B. Noun B. Simple Present

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 12
A. Pronoun Simple Past
B. This and These
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 3 Simple Future
Sentence (Kalimat Verbal dan Non verbal)
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 4 Comparison Degree
A. Modal and Auxiliary
B. Usage of Have/Has CHAPTER 15
Conditional Sentence
CHAPTER 5
Question Word CHAPTER 16
Tag Question
CHAPTER 6
How Much and How Many CHAPTER 17
Direct-Indirect
CHAPTER 7
A. Tenses (Active Voice) CHAPTER 18
B. Simple Present Relative Pronoun

CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 19
Simple Past Gerund

CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 20
A. Simple Future Causative Verbs
B. Rangkuman Tenses

CHAPTER 10
A. Emphatic
B. Request-Command
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 1
A. Jenis Kata
Jenis – jenis kata dalam bahasa Inggris
1. Pronoun (Kata Ganti) : They, we, you, I, she, ...
2. Adjective (Kata Sifat) : Good, Fussy, ...
3. Noun (kata benda) : Car, book, pen, ...
4. Conjuction (kata sambung) : And, but, or, while, ...
5. Verb (kata kerja) : Drink, eat, take, ...
6. Adverb (kata keterangan) : Now, well, seriously, ...
7. Interjection (kata seru) : Hi!, hello!, ouch, ...
8. Preposition (kata depan) : in, on, at, before, after, ...
I need water and sugar now but they need rice or money
1 5 3 4 3 6 4 1 5 3 4 3

B. Noun
Noun adalah kata benda dalam bahasa inggris yang digunakan untuk mendefinisikan
orang, tempat, hewan, tanaman, benda, kualitas akan sesuatu, atau suatu kegiatan.
1. Macam noun ada 8
1) Abstract Noun (Kata benda yang tidak berwujud)
Berfungsi menunjukkan benda yang tak berwujud.
Contoh : live (kehidupan), love (cinta), friendship (persahabatan), dsb.
Contoh kalimat : Love is important thing in our live

2) Collective Noun (Kata benda kolektif)

Berfungsi sebagai kata benda yang mempunyai arti majemuk.
Contoh : group (kelompok), class (kelas), battalion (batalyon) dsb.
Contoh kalimat : My school has many classes

3) Common Noun (kata benda umum)

Noun jenis ini adalah kata dasar yang sering diajarkan.
Contoh : teacher (guru), mobil (car), flower (bunga), dsb.
Contoh kalimat : She is a teacher.

4) Compund Noun
Gabungan dua kata, dimana kata pertama dan keduanya dijamakkan.
Contoh kalimat : This restaurant has some men servants

Singular (tunggal) Plural (jamak)

man servant men servants
woman servant women servants
man teacher men teachers

5) Concrete Noun (kata benda berwujud)

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Untuk menunjukkan kata benda yang memiliki wujud dengan kriteria dapat dilihat atau
disentuh.
Contoh : people (orang), book (buku), motorcycle (sepeda motor), dsb.
Contoh kalimat : My hobby is reading a book

6) Proper Noun (kata benda nama diri)

Yaitu nama orang, sekolah, perusahaan, kota, negara, dsb.
Contoh : John, Indonesia, Google, dsb.
Contoh Kalimat : Her name is Marry.

7) Countable and Uncountable Nouns

• Countable nouns
Benda yang dapat dihitung, baik secara singular maupun plural.
Contoh Kalimat : My brother drinks a glass of water.

• Uncountable nouns
Benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, misalnya : water (air), gula (sugar), udara (air), dsb.
Biasanya dditambahkan kata-kata some (sebagian) atau much (banyak untuk sesuatu
yang tidak dapat dihitung.
Contoh kalimat : I put a bottle of water on the table.
8) Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular (tunggal) + a (sebuah/satu) Plural (jamak) + many, several, some,

or a few (banyak, sebagian, atau
sedikit)
a ring (many, several, some, a few) rings
a week (many, several, some, a few) weeks
a room (many, several, some, a few) rooms
a book (many, several, some, a few) books
a months (many, several, some, a few) months
a glass (many, several, some, a few) glasses

2. Fungsi Noun dalam Kalimat

a. Subject of sentence (subyek dalam kalimat)
contoh : Ruby has known Tony for four years (Ruby telah mengenal Rony selama 4
tahun)
b. Subject/ object complement (subyek/obyek pelengkap)
contoh : He is a director (dia adalah seorang direktur)
c. direct/indirect object (obyek langsung atau tidak langsung)
contoh : you hit the nail on the head
d. object of preposition (objek preposisi/penempatan)
contoh : i was reading the magazine at home when the electricity went out.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 2
A. Pronoun
Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan sebuah kata benda (noun). Pronoun ini
digunakan untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata yang sifatnya monoton.
Seperti : manusia/orang, hewan, benda-benda, tempat, dan lain sebagainya.
Macam – macam pronouns dan penggunaannya :

Subject Object Possesive Possesive Reflexive

Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I me my ... mine myself
You you your ... yours yourself/selves
We us our ... ours ourselves
They them their ... theirs themselves
He her her ... hers herself
She him his ... his himself
It it its ... - itself

You bring your book for you yourself because its book is yours

Demonstrative Usage Example

Pronoun
That = ini • Untuk menunjukkan benda tunggal This is my book
di tangan/dekat.

That = itu • Untuk menunjukkan benda tunggal That is my book

di kejauhan.

These = ini • Untuk menunjukkan benda jamak These are my books

di tangan/dekat

Those = itu • Untuk menunjukkan benda jamak Those are my books

di kejauhan

The = ini / itu • Untuk menunjukkan benda tunggal The book is mine
atau jamak The books are mine
B. This and These
This diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal (singular noun), sedangkan these diikuti oleh kata
benda jamak (plural noun).
Kata this dan these digunakan sebagai kata tunjuk benda yang dekat.

This + Singular noun (tunggal) These + Plural noun (jamak)

This is my book (ini adalah bukuku) These are your pens (ini adalah pena-penamu)
This is your money (ini adalah uangmu) These are her bags (ini adalah tas-tas dia)
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CHAPTER 3
Sentence (Kalimat Verbal dan Non verbal)
Kalimat : kumpulan kata yang minimal terdiri atas subject + verb.
Konsep pemahaman kalimat Verbal dan kalimat Non Verbal
Kalimat Verbal Non Verbal
B. Indonesia Kalimat yang predikatnya Kalimat yang predikatnya
kata kerja selain kata kerja
B. Inggris • Kamu menangis •Kamu bahagia
Kalimat yang verb utamanya Kalimat yang verb utamanya
selain “Tobe” selalu “Tobe”
• You cry • You are happy
Macam-macam verb : Macam-macam Tobe : is,
V , V ( ), V , V , am, are, was, were, been, be,
V being.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 4
A. Modal and Auxiliary
Setiap jenis auxiliary verbs memberikan modifikasi makna yang berbeda-beda. Jika tense
auxiliary dan do auxiliary memodifikasi waktu serta subjek suatu kalimat, modal
auxiliary verbs memodifikasi kata kerja utama dengan mengekspresikan ability
(kemampuan), permission (permohonan), advisability (saran), necessity (kebutuhan) dan
possibility (kemungkinan). Jadi kita bisa artikan bahwa modal auxiliary verbs adalah salah
satu jenis kata kerja bantu yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi kata kerja utama (main
verbs) untuk mengungkapkan kemampuan/ability, permohonan/permission,
saran/advisability, kebutuhan/necessity, dan juga kemungkinan/possibility.
1. Jenis-jenis Modal Auxiliary
Modal auxiliary verbs tidak terpengaruh dengan siapa pelaku (subject) kalimat tersebut.
Modal auxiliary verbs hanya terpengerauh waktu saja; present, past dan future. Untuk
lebih jelasnya, lihat table berikut ini:

Makna Modal Present Past Time Future Time

Time
Ability can, be able to can, (am/is/are) could, (was/were) can, (will/shall)
(kemampuan) able to able to able to
Permission may, can may, can might, could may, can
(permohonan)
Advisability should, ought to should, ought to should, ought to should, ought to

Necessity must, have to must, have to had to must, have to

Possibility may may might may

1) Ability
Modal auxiliary verbs yang mengekspresikan ability (kemampuan) adalah can dan
(be) able to. Can dan (be) able to bisa digunakan untuk menunjukan kemampuan
suatu benda atau seseorang terhadap sesuatu, (fisik, belajar, dan kuasa untuk
melakukan sesuatu). Contoh:

➢ I can see you tonight.

➢ They are able to finish the race.

2) Permission
Dalam mengekspresikan suatu ungkapan permohonan suatu kata kerja, modal
auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah May dan Can. Ungkapan permohonan
tersebut biasanya digunakan dalam bentuk pertanyaan. Contoh:
➢ May I borrow you pencil, please?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

➢ Can John come to the movies with us tonight?

3) Advisability
Should dan ought to digunakan sebagai modal auxiliary verbs untuk menyatakan
suatu saran yang mana saran tersebut bisa terima atau di tolak. Contoh:

➢ You should do your homework every day.

➢ She ought to eat less if she wants to lose weight.

4) Necessity
Jika should dan ought to merupakan suatu saran yang bisa diterima atau di tolak,
must dan have to adalah modal auxiliary verbs yang mengungkapkan suatu kebutuhan
atau kebutuhan (necessity) yang harus dikerjakan atau dilakukan. Contoh:
➢ You must eat in order to live.
➢ I have to go to school everyday.

5) Possiblity
Modal auxiliary verbs juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukan kemungkinan
(posibility) suatu kata kerja terjadi. Dalam hal ini kita menggunakan may dan can.
Contoh:
➢ Something may go wrong.
➢ Can she still be at the station?

B. Usage of Have/Has (Penggunaan Kata Have, Has)

1. Penggunaan Kata Have, Has berdasarkan subjeknya
Beberapa kata dapat menggunakan has atau have menjadi subyek. Subjek sendiri dapat
berupa noun, pronoun, ataupun noun phrase.
Subjek Have/has Subjek Have/has
I Have Beautiful girl Has
You Have Beautiful girls Have
He has My friend Has
She has My friends Have
It has All of my friends Have
We have My father Has
They have My brother Has
Boy has Shinta (nama orang) Has
Boys have Budi (nama orang) Has
Girl has Etc…
Girls have

2. Penggunaan Kata Have, Has Berdasarkan Fungsinya

a. Fungsi kepemilikan, di gunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kepemilikan.
Contoh :
I have much money. (Saya punya banyak uang)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

She doesn't have money at all. (Dia tidak punya uang sama sekali.)

b. Fungsi keharusan, penggunaan fungsi ini seperti halnya penggunaan kata must yang
berarti harus. Untuk menggunakan fungsi ini, maka harus di ikuti dengan to.
Contoh :
I have study. (Saya harus belajar dengan giat.)
I don’t have study hard. (Saya tidak harus belajar dengan giat.)

c. Fungsi menyuruh, menunjukkan suatu perintah

Contoh :
My father has me study hard. (Ayahku menyuruh saya untuk belajar dengan giat.)
I have my room repaired. (Saya memperbaikkan kamarku.) – menyuruh orang lain
untuk membersihkan kamar.

d. Fungsi melakukan.
Contoh :
I was having lunch when the robbery happened. (Saya sedang makan siang ketika
perampokan terjadi.)
I was having dinner when the robbery happened. (Saya sedang makan malam ketika
perampokan terjadi.)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 5
Macam-macam Questions Words
Q. Words Example Explanation
Who (siapa) Who speaks English? ?S benda hidup
Whom (siapa) Whom do you call? ?O benda hidup
What (apa) What do you take? ?O benda mati
What (apa) What makes you happy? ?S benda mati
What (apa) What will you do? ?V
What for What for do you speak ? kegunaan
English?
What time What time do you come? ? waktu/pukul
What age What age are you? ? usia
What colour What colour is your car? ? warna
How (bagaimana) How did you go to school? ? cara
How are you? ? keadaan
How many + nouns How many people call you? ? benda yang dapat dihitung
How old How old are you? ? usia
How far How far is Pule from ? jarak
Jombang?
How long How long have you been ? waktu
here?
How often How often do you go to ? rentang waktu
Solo?
How many How many comes do you ? rentang waktu
come?
How deep How deep is this well? ? kedalaman
How wide How wide is this street? ? kelebaran
How tall How tal lis your brother? ? ketinggian
How high How high is that tree? ? ketinggian
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 6
How Much and How Many
How much dan how many adalah bentuk kata tanya (question word phrases) yang tersusun
atas gabungan antara kata tanya (question word) How dan determiner berupa Many/Much.
Many atau Much yang disebut juga dengan quantifier (kata yang berfungsi sebagai
penanda kata benda jamak (plural noun)). Penanda kata benda disini berarti mengacu pada
benda jamak atau menerangkan kata benda jamak.
How = Question Word
Much/Many = Digunakan untuk menanyakan kata benda jamak (Quantifier of plural
noun).
Sehingga:
How + Many
How + Much
(Question Word + Quantifier of Plural Noun)
Perbedaan antara Many dan Much
Many Much
digunakan untuk untuk menerangkan kata digunakan untuk untuk menerangkan kata
benda jamak yang dapat dihitung benda jamak yang tidak dapat dihitung
(Quantifier of Countable Noun) (Quantifier of Uncountable Noun).
Contoh: Contoh:
How many English books do you have? How much sugar do you need?
(Berapa banyak buku bahasa Inggris yang (Berapa banyak gula yang kamu
kau punyai?) butuhkan?)
How much is it?
Bisa berarti: "berapa banyak", bisa juga
"berapa harga".
Perhatikan penggunaan akhiran (atau Pada contoh diatas, terdapat kata benda
suffix) berupa: "-s" yang terdapat pada tidak dapat dihitung, yakni berupa:
kata benda /book/ yang merupakan tanda /sugar/ atau /gula/. Oleh karena kata
bahwa kata benda /book/ adalah jenis kata bendanya berupa /sugar/ yang merupakan
benda yang dapat dihitung (countable). kata benda tidak dapat dihitung, maka,
quantifier "Much" -lah yang harus
digunakan dan bukan /many/.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 7
A. Tenses (Active Voice)
Verb Tenses atau Active Voice yang artinya kalimat aktif, yaitu kalimat yang mana
subyek dari kalimatnya melakukan pekerjaan (kata kerjanya mempunyai awalan
“me/ber”)

B. Simple Present
1) SIMPLE PRESENT
Verbal Non verbal
RUMUS +) S + V1 (s/es) + O +) S + Tobe1 + C
He calls me She is happy
?S) Qw.s. + V1(s/es) + O ? ?S) Qw.s. + is/are + C ?
So, who calls you? So, wo is happy?
-) S + Do/does+ Not + V1 + O -) S + Tobe1 + Not + C
No., she doesn’t call me. No., she is not happy.
?) Do/does + S + V1 + O? ?) Tobe1 + S + C ?
Does she call you? Is she happy?
?V) Qw.v + Do/Does + S + do ? ?C) Qw.o + Tobe1 + S ?
What does she do? What is she?
?O) Qw.o + Do/Does + S + V1 ? ?A) Qw.A + Tobe1 + S + C ?
Whom does she call? When is she happy?
?A) Qw.A + Do/Does + S + V1 + O ?
TIME When does she call them?
Everyday. a) i eat rice everyday Menyatakan kebiasaan ( aktivitas yang
Always. rutin dikerjakan dari dulu, sekarang,
S V1 O
Often. hingga nanti)
Seldom. b) She usually watches television
Never.
c) She is always happy

Sometimes. d) water consists of hydrogen and menyatakan kebenaran umum

On and off. oxygen
Steadily.
e) the world is round
Generally.
S Tobe1 C

f) the boy is handsome

Usually. g) i love you menyatakan suara hati, baik dalam bahasa

Once a tulis maupun lisan
h) he misses her
week.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

Catatan :
1) Subyek dalam kalimat verbal
a. Untuk They/we/i/you memakai ‘V1’
b. Untuk she/he/it memakai ‘V1’ s/es
2) Subyek dalam kalimat non verbal
a. I memakai tobe ‘am’
b. You/we/they memakai tobe ‘are’
c. She/he/it memakai tobe ‘is’
3) Question words
a. Dalam kalimat verbal
- Question word tunggal yang menanyakan subyek, memakai ‘V1 s/es’
- Question word jamak yang menanyakan subyek, memakai ‘V1’
b. Dalam kalimat non verbal
- Question word tunggal yang menanyakan subyek, memakai ‘is’
- Question word jamak yang menanyakan subyek, memakai ‘are’
4) Cara-cara menambah ‘s/es’ pada V1
a. Verb yang berakhiran (ss,sh,ch,c,o) ditambah ‘es’
Kiss = kisses catch = catches go = goes
Wash = washes box = boces do = does
b. Verb yang berakhiran ‘y’ yang didahului konsonan diubah jadi ‘ies’
Study = studies try = tries fly = flies
c. Secara umum ditambahkan ‘s’
Call = calls bring = brings write = writes
5) Cara meletakkan adverb of frequency.
Biasanya diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utamanya.
Ex : He always studies English.
She usually visits me.
I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
6) Arti Tobe1 dalam kalimat non verbal
a. Adalah = he is a student (dia (lk) adalah seorang siswa)
b. Berasa = he is here (dia berada disini)
c. Menjadi = what is she? (dia menjadi apa?
d. Ø = she is happy. (dia (p) bahagia.)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Verbal Non verbal
RUMUS +) S + Tobe1 + V-ing + O +) S + Tobe1 + Being + C
She is coocking rice She is being happy.
?S) Qw.s. + is/are + V-ing + O ? ?S) Qw.s. + is/are + Being + C ?
So, who is cooking rice? So, who is being happy?
-) S + Tobe1 + Not + V-ing + O -) S + Tobe1 + Not + Being + C
No., he isn’t cooking rice. No., he is not being happy.
?) Tobe1 + S + V-ing + O ? ?) Tobe1 + S + Being + C ?
Is he cooking rice? Is he being happy?
?V) Qw.v + Tobe1 + S + doing ? ?C) Qw.o + Tobe1 + S + Being ?
What is he doing? What is he being happy?
?O) Qw.o + Tobe1 + S + V-ing ? ?A) Qw.A + Tobe1 + S + Being + C ?
What is he cooking? Why is she being sad?
?A) Qw.A + Tobe1 + S + V-ing + O ?
TIME Where is he cooking cassava?
Now. i) john is sleeping now Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang
Right now. S Tobe1 O terjadi pada saat kita berbicara
At present. j) i am cooking rice sekarang ini (now)
Nowadays. k) she is being happy
This l) i am taking five courses this menyatakan aktivitas yang umum
morning. semester dikerjakan, umumnya berlangsung
This ..... m) john is trying to improve his work minggu ini, bulan ini, atau tahun ini.
habits
n) she is writing another book this
year

Catatan :
Ketentuan pembentukan V-ing :
1. Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan dibaca pendek, dan diakhiri
dengan satu huruf mati yang didahului oleh satu vokal, maka huruf terakhir
digandakan :
get = getting sit = sitting
put = putting set = setting
2. Jika bersuku kata dua dan diakhiri dengan huruf mati ‘L’, maka huruf ‘L’ digandakan
lalu ditambah ‘ing’.
Travel = travelling quarrel = quarrelling
Kecuali jika ‘L’ didahului dua vokal, maka hanya ditambah ‘ing’
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

3. Jika diakhiri dengan huruf ‘e’ yang didahului konsonan, maka huruf ‘e’ langsung
dihilangkan terus ditambah ‘ing’.
Invite = inviting write = writing
4. Jika diakhiri dengan huruf ‘e’ yang didahului huruf vokal, maka huruf ‘e’ langsung
ditambah ‘ing’.
See = seeing agree = agreeing
5. Jika berakhiran ‘ie’ maka diganti dengan ‘y’ lalu ditambah ‘ing’
Die = dying lie = lying
6. Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih dan suku terakhir
dibaca dengan tekanan, dan diakhiri dengan satu huruf mati, maka huruf mati itu
digunakan lalu ditambah ‘ing’.
Admit = admitting prefer = preferring
7. Secara umum ditambah ‘ing’
Speak = speaking call = calling
Test = testing train = training
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

3) PRESENT PERFECT
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Have/Has + V3 + O
She has eaten rice
?S) Qw.s. + Have/Has + V3 + O ?
So, who has eaten rice?
-) S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + O
No, he has not eaten rice
?) Have/Has + S + V3 + O?
Has eaten rice?
?V) Qw.v + Have/Has + S + Done ?
What he has done?
?O) Qw.o + Have/Has + S + V3 ?
What has he eaten?
Non verbal
+) S + Have/Has + Been + C
They have been hungry
?S) Qw.s. + Have/Has + Been + C ?
So, who has been hungry?
-) S + Have/Has + Not + Been + C
No, i haven’t been hungry
?) Have/Has + S + Been + C ?
Have you been hungry?
?C) Qw.o + Have/Has + S + Been?
What have you been?
?A) Qw.A + Have/Has + S + Been + C ?
Why have you been full?

TIME ?A) Qw.A + Have/Has + S + V3 + O ?

Why has he eaten cassava?
Already. a) she has eaten rice menyatakan aktivitas yang pokoknya
(sudah) S has V3 O sudah selesai dikerjakan tanpa diketahui
........just b) she has been hungry waktunya secara jelas dan biasanya
(baru saja) berakibat pada di saat sekarang
........yet.
(belum) c) i have flown o nan airplane many menyatakan kegiatan yang telah terjadi
For. times berulang – ulang sebelumnya
(selama) d) we have had four tests so far this
Since. semester
(sejak) e) i have been here since seven jika menggunakan since dan for
o’clock since + waktu tertentu
f) i have known him for many years for + durasi/ lama waktunya

catatan :
they, we, i you ...... have (jamak)
she, he, it, ali .........has (tunggal)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
4) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Have/Has +Been + V-ing + O
They have been doing it
?S) Qw.s. + Have/Has +Been+V-ing + O?
So, who has been doing it?
-) S + Have/Has + Not +Been +V-ing + O
No, we haven’t been doing it
?) Have/Has + S + Been + V-ing +O?
Have we been doing it?
?V) Qw.v + Have/Has +S+Been + doing?
What have we been doing?
?O) Qw.o + Have/Has + S+ Been+V-ing ?
What have we been doing?
?A) Qw.A+Have/Has+S+Been+V-ing +O?
When have we been tearing it?
a) i have been sleeping
S tobe V-ing
b) i have been living here since 1985 until now
c) it has been raining all day
Non verbal
+) S + Have/Has + Been + Being + C
She has been being sad
?S) Qw.s.+Have/Has+Been +Being+C ?
So, who has been being sad?
-) S + Have/Has+Not+Been+Being +C
No, he hasn’t been being sad
?) Have/Has + S + Been + Being + C ?
Has he been being sad?
?C) Qw.c + Have/Has + Been + Being ?
What has he been being?
?A) Qw.A+Have/Has+Been+Being+ C?
Why has he been being glad?
menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang
berlangsung selama beberapa waktu
sampai sekarang.
keterangan waktu : for....until now,
since.....until now, for an hour until now,
all morning, all day, all week
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 8
Simple Past
1) SIMPLE PAST
Verbal Non verbal
RUMUS +) S + V2 + O +) S + was/were + C
She bought a pen She was angry
?S) Qw.s. + V2 + O ? ?S) Qw.s. + was/were + C ?
So, who bought a pen? So, who was angry?
-) S + Did + Not + V2 + O -) S + was/were + Not + C
No., he didn’t buy a pen No., he was not angry.
?) Did + S + V1 + O? ?) was/were + S + C ?
Did he buy a pen? Was he angry?
?V) Qw.v + Did + S + do ? ?C) Qw.c + was/were + S ?
What did he do? What was he?
?O) Qw.o + Did + S + V1 ? ?A) Qw.A + was/were + S + C ?
What did he buy? When was she patient?
?A) Qw.A + Did + S + V1 + O ?
TIME When did he buy?
Yesterday a) i walked to school yesterday menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi
(kemarin) S V2 O diwaktu tertentu di masa lampau, dan
Last night b) i bought a new car three days ago tidak boleh dibilang telah
(tadi malam) c) she was angry
Last .... S Tobe C
Two days d) i stood under a tree when jika menggunakan kata sambung
ago. (2 hari 1 when, kalimat pertama kejadian yang
yang lalu) it began to rain pertama kemudian kejadian disusul
.......ago. 2 kalimat kedua setelah when
e) when she heard a strange noise, she catatan :
got up to investigate Qw.s tunggal memakai ‘was’
Qw.s jamak memakai ‘were’
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
2) PAST CONTINUOUS
RUMUS Verbal
+) S + Tobe2 + V-ing + O
They were reading a book
?S) Qw.s. + Tobe2 + V-ing + O ?
So, who was reading a book?
-) S + Tobe2 + Not + V-ing + O
No, I was not resding a book.
?) Tobe2 + S + V-ing + O ?
Were you reading a book?
?V) Qw.v + Tobe2 + S + doing ?
What were you doing?
?O) Qw.o + Tobe2 + S + V-ing ?
What were you reading?
?A) Qw.A + Tobe2 + S + V-ing + O ?
TIME Where was they reading
magazine?
At 7 a) they were reading a book
o’clock last S Tobe2 V-ing O berlangsung dikerjakan di masa lampau
night. b) she was being sad
At....last.....
c) i was standing under a tree
1 1 : past continuous
when it began to rain
2
d) while i was walking down the street,
it began to rain
e) it rained this morning
f) it was raining this morning
Non verbal
+) S + Tobe2 (was/were) + C
They were being sad
?S) Qw.s. + Tobe2 + Being + C ?
So, who was being sad?
-) S + Tobe2 + Not + Being + C
No., i was not being sad
?) Tobe2 + S + Being + C ?
Were you being sad?
?C) Qw.c + Tobe2 + S + Being ?
What were you being?
?A) Qw.A + Tobe2 + S + Being + C ?
When were you being glad?
a
menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang
Jika menggunakan when
2 : past tense
pada beberapa kasus past tense dan past
continuous hampir mempunyai arti yang
sama
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
3) PAST PERFECT
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Had + V3 + O
She had eaten rice
?S) Qw.s. + Had + V3 + O ?
So, who had eaten rice?
-) S + Had + Not + V3 + O
No, he hadn’t eaten rice
?) Had + S + V3 + O?
Had he eaten rice?
?O) Qw.o + Had + S + V3?
What had he eaten?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S + V3+ O ?
Where had she eaten cassava?
a) she had eaten rice
S Had V3 O
b) she had been hungry
c) my parents had already eaten
Past Perfect
when I got home
Simple Past
d) I got home after my parents had already left
e) My parents had already left before i got home
Non verbal
+) S + Had + Been + C
She had been hungry
?S) Qw.s. + Had + Been + C ?
So, who had been hungry?
-) S + Had + Not + Been + C
No, he hadn’t been hungry
?) Had + S + Been + C ?
Had he been hungry?
?C) Qw.C + Had + S + Been?
What had he been?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S + Been + C ?
Why had he been patient?
menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi di masa
lampau yang waktunya sudah terlalu
lama, sehingga berdampak dimasa
sekarang.
atau untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang
sudah terjadi sebelum ada aktivitas
dimasa lampau itu juga.
waktu penggunaan
when : Past Perfect + Simple Past
after : Simple Past + Past Perfect
before : Past Perfect + Simple Past
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
4) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Had + Been + V-ing + O
She had been calling me
?S) Qw.s. + Had + Been + V-ing + O ?
So, who had been calling you?
-) S + Had + Not + Been + V-ing + O
No, he hadn’t been calling me
?) Had + S + Been + V-ing + O ?
Had he been calling you?
?V) Qw.v + Had + S + Been + doing?
What had he been doing?
?O) Qw.o + Had + S + Been + V-ing ?
Whom had he been visiting?
?A) Qw.A+Had +S+ Been + V-ing + O?
Why had he been visiting you?
a) she had been calling me
S Tobe V-ing O
b) he had been being sad
c) i had been waiting for him since ten a’clock
Non verbal
+) S + Had + Been + Being + C
We had been being sad
?S) Qw.s. + Had + Been + Being + C ?
So, who had been being sad?
-) S + Had + Not + Been + Being + C
No, he hadn’t been being sad
?) Had + S + Been + Being + C ?
Had he been being sad ?
?C) Qw.c + Had + S + Been + Being ?
What had he been being?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S + Been + Being + C?
When had he been being sad?
menyatakan aktivitas yang telah
berlangsung beberapa lama dimasa lampau
ketika ada peristiwa lain yang terjadi pula
dimasa lampau.
durasi waktu lebih ditekankan
waktu penggunaan :
P.P.C.T when S.Ps.T
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 9
A. Simple Future
1) SIMPLE FUTURE
Verbal Non verbal
RUMUS +) S + Modal1 + V1 + O +) S + Modal1 + Be + C
They will speak english She will be happy
?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 + V1 + O ? ?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 + Be + C ?
So, who will speak english? So, who will be happy?
-) S + Modal1+ Not + V1 + O -) S + Modal1 + Not + Be + C
No, he will not speak english No, he won’t happy
?) Modal1 + S + V1 + O? ?) Modal1 + S + Be + C ?
Will he speak english? Will he be happy?
?V) Qw.v + Modal1+ S + do ? ?C) Qw.C + Modal1 + S + Be?
What will he do? What will he be?
?O) Qw.o + Modal1+ S + V1 ? ?A) Qw.A + Modal1 + S + Be + C ?
What will he speak? When will he be sad?
?A) Qw.A + Modal1+ S + V1 + O ?
When will they speak javanese ?
Tomorrow a) they will speak english menyatakan aktivitas yang akan
(besok) S Modal1 V1 O dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang.
Next b) she will be happy
week catatan : untuk membuat kalimat pengandaian
(minggu I, we,.................................... shall (conditional sentence type I)
depan) You, they, she, he, it ali. ..... will
Next
time/later
(nanti)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
2) FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Modal1 + Be + Ving + O
We can be eating rice
?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 + Be + V-ing + O ?
So, who can be eating rice?
-) S + Modal1 + Not + Be + V-ing + O
No, he can’t be eating rice
?) Modal1 + S + Be + V-ing + O ?
Can he be eating rice?
?V) Qw.v + Modal1 + S + Be + doing ?
What can he be doing?
?O) Qw.o + Modal1 + S + Be + V-ing ?
What can he be eating?
?A) Qw.A + Modal1+S+Be+V-ing + O?
When can we be eating cassava?
At.....tomorrow a) we can be eating rice
At the same S Modal1 Ving O terjadi dimasa yang akan datang
time next......... she can be being sad
At...... next...... b) i am going to be studying at library
Catatan : PM1 :
Will ................tobe1 going to
Shall ...............tobe1 going to
Can .................tobe1 able to
May ................tobe1 allowed to
Must .............has to/ have to
Non verbal
+) S + Modal1 + Be + Being + C
She can be being sad
?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 +Be +Being + C ?
So, who can be being sad?
-) S + Modal1 + Not + Be + Being + C
No, he cannot be being sad
?) Modal1 + S + Be + Being + C ?
Can he be being sad?
?C) Qw.c + Modal1 + S + Be + Being ?
What can he be being?
?A) Qw.A +Modal1+S+Be+Being + C?
When can he be being glad?
menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang
bentukan continuous menggunakan be
going to :
be going to + be + ing
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
3) FUTURE PERFECT
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Modal1 + Have + V3 + O
I must have loved her
?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 + Have + V3 + O?
So, who must have loved her?
-) S + Modal1 + Not + Have + V3 + O
No, he must not have loved her
?) Modal1+ S + Have + V3 + O?
Must he have loved her?
?V) Qw.v + Modal1 + S + Have + Done?
What must he have done?
?O) Qw.o + Modal1 + S + Have + V3?
Whom must he have loved?
?A) Qw.A + Modal1 + S+ Have+V3+ O?
When must he have loved her?
By ... a) they must have been here
next .... S Modal1 + Have + Been C
By the b) i must bought this house by the end
end of of this year
this c) I will have finished my homework by
month. the time i go out on date tonight
Non verbal
+) S + Modal1 + Have + Been + C
They must have been here
?S) Qw.s. + Modal1 + Have + Been + C ?
So, who must have been here?
-) S + Modal1 + Not + Have + Been + C
No, he must not have been here
?) Modal1 + S + Have + Been + C ?
Must he have been here?
?A) Qw.A + Modal1 + S + Have + Been + C?
When must he have been there?
menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah
dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang.
waktu penggunaan : by the time, by next time,
by......next, by the end of this month
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
4) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verbal
RUMUS +) S + Mdl1 + Have +Been + Ving + O
She will have been eating rice
?S) Qw.s.+ Mdl1+Have+Been+V-ing +O?
So, who will have been eating rice?
-) S + Mdl1 +Not+Have+Been +V-ing +O
No, he won’t have been eating rice
?) Mdl1 + S + Have+Been+V-ing + O ?
Will he have been eating rice?
?V) Qw.v +Mdl1+S+Have+Been +doing ?
What will he have been doing?
?O) Qw.o +Mdl1 +S+Have+Been+ V-ing ?
What will he have been eating?
?A) Qw.a+Mdl1+S+Have+Been+V-ing
+O?
When will he have been eating banana?
For..by.. a) she will have been
next... S Modal1 + Have + Been
by the eating rice
end of.. Ving O
For....by b) she will have been being sad
the end c) when professor jone retires next
of.... month, he will have been teaching 45
years
Non verbal
+) S + Mdl1 + Have + Been + Being + C
She will have been being sad
?S) Qw.s. +Mdl1+Have+Been+Being + C ?
So, who will have been being sad?
-) S + Mdl1 + Not + Been + Being + C
No, he won’t have been being sad
?) Mdl1 + S + Have +Been+Being +C ?
Will he have been being sad?
?C) Qw.c +Mdl1 +S+Have+Been+Being ?
What will he have been being?
?A) Qw.A+Mdl1+S+Have+Been+Being
+C?
Why will he have been being happy?
menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah
sedang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu
dimasa yang akan datang.
durasi waktu lebih ditekankan.
waktu penggunaan : for...by,,,next.., for...by
the end of...
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

B. Rangkuman Tenses
now
past future

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS

xxxxxxxxxxx

The world is around I am studying right now

I study everyday
SIMPLE PAST PAST CONTINUOUS

I studied last night I was studying when they came

SIMPLE FUTURE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

I will study tomorrow I will be studying when you come

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have already studied Chapter One I have been studying for two hours
PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I had already studied Chapter One before I I had been studying for two hours before my
began to study Chapter Two friends came
FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I will have already have studied Chapter Four I will have been studying for two hours by the
before I study Chapter Five time you arrive
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 10
A. Emphatic
1. Emphatic (kalimat penegas)
Untuk menegaskan arti dari pernyataan positif.
Structure :
S + Do/does/Did + V1 + ............
Contoh : I do love you = aku sangat mencintaimu.
We did come here = kami benar-benar datang kesini.

B. Request-Command
1. Request-Command
(kalimat perintah dan permintaan)
1) COMMAND
a. Command to do (kalimat perintah untuk melakukan sesuatu) :
Structure
V1 + O
Contoh : Open the door.
Open the door, Supra.
Untuk memperhalus kalimat perintah, digunakan “please” yang biasanya diletakkan
pada awal atau akhir kalimat.
Structure :
V1 + O, please.
Atau
Please V1 + O
Contoh : open the door, please.
Please open the door.

b. Command not to do (kalimat perintah untuk tidak melakukan sesuatu) :

Structure :
Don’t + V1 + O, please.
Please don’t + V1 + O.
Contoh : Don’t open the door.
Don’t open the door, please.
Please don’t open the door.
Catatan :
- Untuk membuat command pada kalimat non verbal, maka “V1” diganti “be”
Contoh : be careful, please.
Don’t be lazy, please.
- Sedangkan untuk meyakinkan atau menyatakan kejengkelan kepada orang yang
diperintah, kita gunakan “do” pada kalimat perintah.
Contoh : Do open the door.
Do be quick.
- Pada kalimat perintah yang menyatakan ajakan digunakan “Let us ... (Let’s)”
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

Contoh : let’s go.

2) REQUEST
Adalah bentuk kalimat permintaan yang menggunakan kata “will” atau “would”.
Contoh : Will you help me, please?
Would you help me, please? = lebih sopan.
Would you like to help me, please? = lebih sopan lagi.
Would you mind helping me, please? = paling sopan.
Catatan : - Mind selalu diikuti V1 ing
- Letak “please” bisa di tengah kalimat.
Contoh : Will you please help me?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 11
A. Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai pekerjaan, dengan demikian maka
kata kerjanya mempunyai awalan “ter/di”.
Aturan membuat passive voice :
1) Kalimatnya harus mempunyai kata kerja transitif.
2) Obyek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi subyek dalam kalimat pasif.
3) Subyek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi By Obyek dalam kalimat pasif.
4) Selalu menggunakan Tobe + V3.
5) Perubahan-perubahan yang lain tergantung pada masing-masing bentuk waktu
(tenses).

B. Simple Present
1) SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
ACTIVE
+). S + V1 (s/es) + O
They speak English.
?S). Qw.s. + V1 (s/es) + O?
So, who speaks English?
-) S + Do/does + Not + V1 + O.
No, we don’t speak English.
?) Do/does + S + V1 + O?
Do we speak English?
?O) Qw.o + Do/Does + S + V1 ?
What do we speak ?
PASSIVE
+). S +Tobe1 + V3 + By + O.
English is spoken by them.
?S). Qw.s + is/are + V3 + By + O?
So, what is spoken by us?
-). S + Tobe1 + Not + V3 + By + O
No., English isn’t spoken by us.
?). Tobe1 + S + V3 + By + O?
Is English spoken by us?
?O). By + Qw.o + Tobe1 + S + V3?
By whom is English spoken?

2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

ACTIVE
+). S + Tobe1 + V1 ing + O
They are eating rice.
?S). S + is/are + V1 ing + O ?
So, who is eating rice?
-). S + Tobe1 + Not + V1 ing + O
No, we aren’t eating rice.
?). Tobe1 + S + V1 ing + O ?
Are we eating rice?
?V). Qw.v + Tobe1 + S + doing?
PASSIVE
+) S + Tobe1 + Being + V3 + By O.
Rice being eaten by them
?O). By Qw.o + Tobe1 + S + Being + V3?
So, by whom is rice being eaten?
-). S + Tobe1 + Not + Being + V3 + By O
No, rice isn’t being eaten by us
?). Tobe1 + s + Being + V3 + By O
Is rice being eaten by us?
?V). Qw.v + Tobe1+Being+done+By O?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
What are we doing?
?O). Qw.o + Tobe1 + S + V1 ing ?
What are we eating?
?A). Qw.A + Tobe1 + S + V1 ing + O?
Why are they eating rice?
3) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE
+) S + Has/Have + V3 + O
They have eaten rice
?S) Qw.s + Has/Have + V3 + O?
So, who has eaten rice?
-) S + Has/Have + Not + V3 + O
No, we haven’t eaten rice
?) Has/Have + S + V3 + O?
Have we eaten rice?
?V). Qw.v + Has/Have + S + Done?
What have we done?
?O). Qw.A + Has/Have + S + V3 + O?
What have we eaten?
?A). Qw.A + Has/Have + S + V3 + O?
When have they eaten rice?
4) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
ACTIVE
+) S + Have/Has +Been + V-ing + O
They have been eating rice
?S) Qw.s. + Have/Has +Been + V-ing + O ?
So, who has been eating rice?
-) S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V-ing + O
No, we haven’t been eating rice
?) Have/Has + S + Been + V-ing + O ?
Have we been eating rice?
What is being done by us?
?S). Qw.s + Tobe1 +Being+V3 + By O?
What is being eaten by us?
?A). Qw.A + Tobe1 + S +Being+V3+By O
Why is rice being eaten by them?
PASSIVE
+) S + Has/Have + Been + V3 + By O
Rice has been eaten by them
?O) By Qw.o + Has/Has + S +Been +V3?
So, by whom has rice been eaten?
-) S + Has/Have + Not +Been+V3+By O.
No, rice hasn’t been eaten by us
?) Has/Have+S + Been + V3 + By O?
Has rice been eaten by us?
?V) Qw.v + Has/Have +Been+done+By O?
What has been eaten by us?
?S) Qw.s + Has/Have +Been+ V3 + By O?
What has been eaten by us?
?A) Qw.A + Has/Have +Been + V3 + By O?
When has rice been eaten by them?
PASSIVE
+) S + Has/Have + Been + Being + V1 + By O
Rice has been being eaten by them
?O) By Qw.o + Has/Have + S+Been+Being+V3?
So, by whom has rice been being eaten?
-) S + Has/have+ Not+Been +Being+V3+By O
No, rice hasn’t been being eaten by us.
?) Has/Have +S +Been +Being + V3 + By O?
Has rice been being eaten by us?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

?V) Qw.v + Have/Has + S + Been + doing ? ?V) Qw.v + Has/Have+Been+Being +Done+By O

What have we been doing?
?O) Qw.o + Have/Has + S + Been + V-ing ?
What have we been eating?
?A) Qw.A + Have/Has +S + Been+ V-ing + O?
When have we been eating rice?
What has been being done by us?
?S) Qw.s+ Has/Have +Been+Being+ V3 + By O?
What has been being eaten by us?
?A) Qw.A + Has/Have + S +Been+Being + V3+ By
O
When has rice been being eaten by them?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
CHAPTER 12
Simple Past
1) SIMPLE PAST TENSE
ACTIVE
+) S + V2 + O
They ate rice
?S) Qw.s. + V2 + O ?
So, who ate rice?
-) S + Did + Not + V2 + O
No, we didn’t eat rice
?) Did + S + V1 + O?
Did we eat rice?
?V) Qw.v + Did + S + do ?
What did we do?
?O) Qw.o + Did + S + V1 ?
What did we eat?
?A) Qw.A + Did + S + V1 + O ?
When did they eat rice?
2) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTIVE
+) S + Tobe2 + V-ing + O
She was calling me
?S) Qw.s. + Tobe2 + V-ing + O ?
So, who was calling me?
-) S + Tobe2 + Not + V-ing + O
No, he wasn’t calling me
?) Tobe2 + S + V-ing + O ?
Was he calling you?
?V) Qw.v + Tobe2 + S + doing ?
What was he doing?
?O) Qw.o + Tobe2 + S + V-ing ?
Whom was he calling?
?A) Qw.A + Tobe2 + S + V-ing + O ?
PASSIVE
+) S + was/were + V3 +By O
Rice was eaten by them
?O).By O Qw.o + Tobe2 + S + V3 ?
So, by whom was rice eaten?
-) S +Tobe2 +Not +V3+By O
No, rice was not eaten by us
?) Tobe2 + S + V3 + By O?
Was rice eaten by us?
?V). Qw.v +Tobe2 + Done + By O?
What was done by us?
?S). Qw.s +Tobe2 + V3 + By O?
What was eaten by us?
?A). Qw.A +Tobe2 + S + V3 + By O?
When was rice eaten by them?
PASSIVE
+) S + Tobe2 + Being+ V3 + By O
I was being called by her
?O). By Qw.o +Tobe2 S+Being+V3 ?
So, by whom were you being called?
-). S + Tobe2 + Not + Being + V3 + By O
No, I wasn’t being called by him
?). Tobe2 + s + Being + V3 + By O
Were you being called by him?
?V). Qw.v + Tobe2+Being+done+By O?
What was being done by him?
?S). Qw.s + Tobe2 +Being+V3 + By O?
Who was being called by him?
?A). Qw.A + Tobe2 + S +Being+V3+By O
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH
When was she calling you?
3) PAST PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE
+) S + Had + V3 + O
They had studied English
?S) Qw.s. + Had + V3 + O ?
So, who had studied English?
-) S + Had + Not + V3 + O
No, we hadn’t studied English
?) Had + S + V3 + O?
Had we studied English?
?O) Qw.o + Had + S + V3?
What had we studied?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S + V3+ O ?
Why had they studied English?
4) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
+) S + Had + Been + V-ing + O
He had been eating rice
?S) Qw.s. + Had + Been + V-ing + O ?
So, who had been eating rice?
-) S + Had + Not + Been + V-ing + O
No, we hadn’t been eating rice
?) Had + S + Been + V-ing + O ?
Had we been eating rice?
?V) Qw.v + Had + S + Been + doing?
What had we been doing?
?O) Qw.o + Had + S + Been + V-ing ?
What had we been eating?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S + Been + V-ing + O ?
When were you being called by him?
PASSIVE
+) S + Had + Been + V3 + By O
English had been studied by them
?O) By Qw.o + Had + S +Been +V3?
So, by whom had English been studied?
-) S + Had + Not +Been+V3+By O.
No, English hadn’t been studied by us.
?) Had +S + Been + V3 + By O?
Had English been studied by us?
?V) Qw.v + Had +Been+done+By O?
What had been done by us?
?S) Qw.s + Had +Been+ V3 + By O?
What had been studied by us?
?A) Qw.A + Had +Been + V3 + By O?
Why had English been studied by them?
+) S + Had + Been + Being + V1 + By O
Rice had been being eaten by him
?O) By Qw.o + Had + S+Been+Being+V3?
So, by whom had rice been being eaten?
-) S + Had + Not+Been +Being+V3+By O
No, rice hadn’t been being eaten by us
?) Had +S +Been +Being + V3 + By O?
Had rice been being eaten by us?
?V) Qw.v + Had +Been+Being +Done+By O?
What had been being done by us?
?S) Qw.s+ Had +Been+Being+ V3 + By O?
What had been being eaten by us?
?A) Qw.A + Had + S +Been+Being + V3+ By O
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

When had he been eating rice? When had rice been being eaten by him?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 13
Simple Future
1) SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE
PASSIVE
+) S + Mdl1/MdlII + V1 + O +). S + + Be + V3 + By O
We will/would betray him
He will/would be betraied by us
?S) Qw.s. + Mdl1/MdlII + V1 + O ?
?O). By Qw.o + +S+Be+V3?
So, who will/would betray him?
-) S + Mdl1/MdlII + Not + V1 + O So, by whom will/would he be betraied?

No, she will/would not betray him -). S + + Not + Be + V3 + By O.

?) Mdl1/MdlII + S + V1 + O? No, he will/would not be betraied by her
Will/would she betray him?
?). + S + Be + V3 + By O?
?V) Qw.v + Mdl1/MdlII + S + do ?
He will/would be betraied by her?
What will/would she betray?
?V). Qw.V + + Be +Done+ By O?
?O) Qw.o + Mdl1/MdlII + S + V1 ?
Whom will/would she betray? What will/would be done by her?
?A) Qw.A + Mdl1/MdlII + S + V1 + O ? ?S).Qw.S + + Be+ V3 +By O?
Why will/would we betray him?
Who will/would be betraied by her?

?A). Qw.A + + S + Be+ V3 By O?

Why will/would he be betraied by us?

2) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST FUTURE
ACTIVE PASSIVE

+) S + + Be + Ving + O +). S + + Be + Being + V3 + By O

A pen be being bought by her

?O). By Qw.o + +S+ Be + Being +V3?

?S) Qw.s. + + Be + V-ing + O ?
So, by whom a pen be being bought?

-). S + + Not + Be + Being +V3 + By O.

-) S + + Not + Be + V-ing + O
No, a pen not be being bought by him
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

?) + S + Be + Being + V3 + By O?

a pen be being bought by him?

?) + S + Be + V-ing + O ?
?V). Qw.V + + Be + Being +Done+ By O?
he be buying a pen?
What be being done by him?
?V) Qw.v + + S + Be + doing ?

What she be doing?

3) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

PAST FUTURE
ACTIVE PASSIVE

+) S + + Have + V3 + O +). S + + Have + Been + V3 + By O

They have visited us. We have been visited by them

?S) Qw.s. + + Have + V3+ O ? ?O). By Qw.o + +S+ Have + Been +V3?

So, who have visited us? So, by whom he have been visited?

-) S + + Not + Have + V3 + O -). S + + Not + Have + Been + V3 + By O.

No, he not have visited us No, we not have been visited by him

?) + S + Have + V3 + O ? ?). + S + Have + Been + V3 + By O?

he have visited us? he have been visited by him?

?V) Qw.v + + S + Have + done? ?V). Qw.V + + Have + Been +Done+ By O?

What he have done? What have been done by us?

?O) Qw.o + + S + Have +V3 ? ?S).Qw.S + + Have + Been + V3 +By O?

Whom he have visited? Who have been visited by him?

4) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST FUTURE
ACTIVE PASSIVE

+) S + + Have + Been + Ving + O +). S + + Have + Been + Being + V3 + By O

They have been meeting her She have been being met by him
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

?S) Qw.s. + +Have+Been +V-ing + O ? ?O). By Qw.o + +S+ Have+ Been+ Being+V3?

So, who have been meeting her? So, by whom she have been being met?

-) S + + Not + Have+Been + V-ing + O -). S + + Not +Have +Been+ Being +V3+ By O

No, she not have been meeting her No, she not have been being met by him

?) + S + Have+ Been + V-ing + O ? ?). + S + Have + Been + Being + V3 + By O?

he have been meeting her? she have been being met by him?

?V) Qw.v + + S+Have+ Been+doing ? ?V). Qw.v + +Have+Been+Being+Done+By O?

What she be doing? What have been being done by him?

?O) Qw.o + + S + Have+Been + V-ing ? ?S).Qw.S + + Have +Been + Being + V3 +By O?

Whom he have been meeting her? Who have been being met by him?

?A) Qw.A + + S+Have+Been +V-ing + O? ?A). Qw.A + + S+Have+Been+Being+V3 By O?

When they have been meeting her? When she have been being met by them?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 14
Comparison Degree
1. Comparison Degree
( Tingkat perbandingan )

Kebanyakan kata sifat yang menunjukkan sifat, dua buah kata sifat kuantitatif, yaitu
much dan little, dan dua buah kata sifat bilangan, yaitu many dan few, mempunyai
tingkat perbandingan ( degree of comparison ).

1) The Degrees of Comparison ( tingkat perbadingan ) berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu :

- The Possitive degree ( tingkat biasa )
- The Comparative ( tingkat lebih/perbandingan )
- The Superlative ( tingkat paling )
1. Kata sifat terdiri dari satu suku saku dan beberapa kata sifat bersuku kata dua dua
dapat dibentuk Comparative dengan menambahkan -est atau -st.
a. Jika Positive berakhir dalam dua huruf mati atau dalam satu huruf mati yang
didahului oleh dua huruf hidup, -er dan -est ditambahkan :
Positive Comperative Super lative
( Kata sifat awal ) ( bentuk lebih ) ( bentuk paling )
Rich = kaya Richer = .... Riches =....
Thich = tebal Thicher =........ Thikckest =....
Long = panjang Longer =...... Longest = ....

b. Jika Positive berakhir dalam satu huruf mati dan huruf mati itu didahulu oleh
sebuah vokal pendek, huruf mati terakhir digandakan kemudian ditambah -er
dan -est :
Big = besar Biggest = ...... Biggest = ....
Wet = basah Wetter = .... Wettest =....
Hot = panas Hotter = .... Hottest = ...

c. Jika Positive ditambahkan -e, hanya -r dan -st ditambahkan :

Nice = baik Nicer = ...... Nicest = ......
Fine = baik/bagus Finer = ...... Finest = ......
Wise = arif Wiser = ...... Wisest = ......

d. Jika Positive berakhiran dalam -y, dan itu didahului oleh huruf mati, -y dirubah
menjadi -i, lalu ditambahkan -er dan -est :
Wry = ...... Wrier = ...... Wriest = ......
Dry = ...... Drier = ...... Driest = ......
Happy = ...... Happier = ...... Happiest = ......
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

e. Jika -y didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, -y tidak dirubah menjadi -i, tapi
langsung ditambahkan -er dan -est atau -r dan -st :
Gay = rian Gayer = ...... Gayest = ......
Coy = pemalu Coyer = ...... Coyest = ......
Grey = mendung Greyer = ...... Greyest = ......

f. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran -some, -ow, le, -er,
ditambahkan -r/-er dan -st/est :
Wholesome = sehat Wholesomer = ...... Wholesomest = ......
Narrow = sempit Narrower = ...... Narrowest = ......
Noble = mulia Nobler = ...... Noblest = ......
Clever = pandai Cleverer = ...... Cleverest = ......

2. Kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua (yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata
awal) atau lebih, ditambahkan more untuk membentuk Comparative dan most
untuk Superlative :
Famous = terkenal More famous = ...... Most famous = ......
Useful = berguna More useful = ...... Most useful = ......
Interesting = menarik More interesting = ...... Most interesting = ......

3. Beberapa kata sifat dibentuk dengan cara tak beraturan (irregular) untuk
comparative dan superlative :
Fore = depen Former = ...... Formost, first = ......
Bad = jelek Worse = ...... Worst = ......
Good = baik Better = ...... Best = ......
Much = banyak More = ...... Most = ......

Catatan :
a. Former = yang terlebih dahulu/tadi, yang pertama (diantara dua hal/benda)
- I prefer the former fabric ( saya leboh menyukai kain tadi)
b. Later = yang belakangan
- I will take the later plane (saya mau naik kapal terbang yang belakangan)
c. Latter = yang belakangan.yg terakhir (diantara dua benda)
- I will take the latter book (saya mau membeli buku yang terakhir/dari dua
buku)
d. Latest = yang terbaru, yang terakhir sampai sekarang.
- What is the lastest news of the war? (bagaimana kabar terakhir (terbaru)
perang itu?)
e. Last = yang terakhir (penghabisan)
- This is our last opportunity (inilah kesempatan terakhir kita)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

4. Ada enam buah adverbs (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk positive degree, tetapi
mempunyai bentuk comparative dan superlative :
Fore = didepan Further = ...... Furthest = ......
Far = jauh Farther = ...... Farthest = ......
In = (di) dalam Inner = ...... Innermost, inmost = ......
Out = di luar Outter, utter = ...... Uttermost, utmost = ......
Beneath = di bawah Nether = ...... Nethermost = ......
Up = (ke) atas Upper = ...... Uppermost = ......

Kata benda top, dipakai sebagai kata sifat, mempunyai bentuk Superlative,
topmost (yang paling atas). Akan tetapi ia tidak mempunyai Comparative.
Catatan :
a. Further = lebih lanjut .
I shall get further information (saya akan memperoleh informasi yang lebih
lanjut)
b. Farther = lebih jauh (jarak)
Bangkok is the farther than manila (bangkok lebih jau daripada manila.
5. Kata-kata sifat tertentu tidak dapat diperbandingkan :
Perfect = sempurna Unique = unik
Supreme = tertinggi Natural = alamiah
Right = benar Wrong = salah
etc.

2) Pemakaian
1. Positive degree
Tingkat biasa, tidak untuk menandingkan melainkan memberi keterangan tentang
sifat suatu benda. Contoh : Tomy is tall.
a. ........... as + adj + as ............ = (+) se ....., sama....... seperti
........... so/as + adj + as .......... = (-) tak se..., tidak sama .... seperti
Dina is as pretty as her mother.
Linda is not so lazy riska
b. ........... the same + as + noun1
Anto is the same as his brother.
c. ........... the same + noun2 + as + noun1
Lia has the same beauty as her mother
Linda doesn’t have the same laziness as Riska.
d. ........... different from + noun1
Vera is different from Deby.
e. ........... different + noun2 + from + noun1
Mia has different intelligence from Riska.
Catatan :
Noun2 merupakan kata benda jadian / kata benda yang ada hubungannya dengan
kata sifat yang bersangkutan.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

2. Comparative degree (tingkat lebih)

Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan tidak sama dalam hal sifat yang tertentu,
kita menggunakan comparative degree.
Rumus
Comparative + than
- The boy is cleverer that that. (anak laki=laki itu lebih pandai daripada
anak laki-laki itu)
Catatan :
a. John is cleverer than his brother. (john lebih pandai diantara kedua anak laki-
laki itu)
b. John is the clevere of the two boys. (john adalah yang lebih pandai diantara
kedua anak laki-laki itu)
Apabila ada dua orang atau benda diperbandingkan, Comparative harus dipakai.
Bentuk kalimat (a) dan (b) tidak berarti sepenuhnya hal yang sama.
Bentuk (a) hanya menunjukkan keunggulan.
Bentuk (b) menunjukkan pemilihan yang lebih baik diantara yang satu dengan
yang lain.

3. Superlative degree
Apabila seseorang atau sebuah benda dikatakan melebihi atau mengungguli semua
orang atau benda yang lain dan sama macamnya, kita menggunakan superlative
degree dengan the .... of.
Rumus :
the + Superlative + of

the + Superlative + noun + in

Keterangan : yang dimaksud dengan noun dalam rumus kedua tersebut adalah
orang atau benda yang didahulio oleh kata sifat superlative.
Contoh :
- She is the tallest of all the girls. (ia paling tinggi diantara semua gadis)
- Mount everest the higest mountain in the world. (gunung everest adalah
gunung yang tertinggi di dunia.)

Catatan 1 :
Superlative degree tidak boleh juga dinyatakan oleh bentuk comparative, dengan
cara yang sebagai berikut ini :
- The girl is the cleverer than other girls. (gadis ini lebih pandai daripada
semua gadis yang lain)
Catatan 2 :
Kadang-kadang kata sifat very dalam pengertian yang benar-benar atau yang
sebenarnya (actual or real), demi kepentingan penegasan atau penekanan, disispkan
diantara kata the dan sifat superlative.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

- She is the very best student in our class. (ia adalah siswa yang benar-benar
terbaik di kelas kita.)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 15
Conditional Sentence
1. Conditional Sentence
(Kalimat Pengandaian)
Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian/ bersyarat yang terdiri dari dua bagian,
yaitu :
1) If clause (syarat)
2) Main clause (hasil)
Contoh : If she comes here, I will meet her.
If clause main clause
pada dasarnya conditional sentence dibagi menjadi 3 type, yaitu :
1. Type I ( Future possible / future conditional sentence)
2. Type II (Present unreal / present conditional sentence)
3. Type III (Past unreal / past conditional sentence)

1) Type I (Future possible)

Mengandaikan sesuatu di masa yang akan datang. Jika ... (yang akan datang), maka ...
(kemungkinan besar terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi)
a. Rumus Utama :
➢ If clause = Simple present (+/-)
➢ Min clause = simple future tense (+/-/?)
example : if you study hard, you will get success.
(Jika kamu belajar dengan giat, kamu akan sukses.)
you will get success if you study hard.
(Kamu akan sukses jika kamu belajar dengan giat.)
Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya :
1) Habitual result = If. S. Present Tense + S. Present Tense
Contoh : If you eat rice, you are full. (jika kamu makan nasi, kamu kenyang)

2) Asking for permission = If. S. Present T. + May/might/can/could/would

Contoh : If I am sick, might I go home?
(Jika saya sakit, bolehkah saya pulang?)

3) Giving Permission = If. S. Present Tense + May/can/could ...

Contoh : If you are sick, you may go home.
(jika kamu sakit, kamu boleh pulang.)

4) Request = If. S. Present Tense + Will/would/can/could ... ?

Contoh : If you are free, would you like to help me?

5) Prohibition = If. S. Present Tense + May not/ must not/ don’t...

Contoh : If you are sick, don’t go to school.
(jika kamu sakit, jangan pergi ke sekolah!)
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

6) Advice = If. S. Present Tense + Have to/had better/should/ought to/be

supposed to ...
Contoh : If you are sleepy, you had better slept.
(jika kamu tidur, lebih baik tidur)

b. Pengganti If
- Unless - Otherwise
- Provided that - Supposing
Contoh :
If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass an exam.
(jika kamu tidak belajar dengan giat, kamu tidak akan lulus ujian)
- Unless you study hard, you won’t pass an exam.
(kecuali kalau kamu belajar keras, kamu tidak akan lulus ujian)
- Supposing you don’t study hard, you won’t pass an exam
(seandainya kamu tidak belajar giat, kamu tidak akan lulus ujian)

2) Type II (Present Unreal/Present Conditional Sentence)

Mengandaikan sesuatu yang mana kenyataannya berlawanan dengan keadaan sekarang.
Jika .... (sekarang), maka ... (hampir tidak mungkin karena kenyataannya berlawanan di
saat sekarang)
a. Rumus utama :
If clause = Simple Past Tense (+/-).
Main clause = Simple past future (+/-/?)
Contoh :
If maria came here on tome, she would meet her father.
(jika maria datang kesini tepat waktu, dia akan bertemu bapaknya)
Kenyataan = maria tidak bertemu ayahnya.
Alasan = maria datang tidak tepat waktu.
Kalau ditulis dalam bahasa inggris :
Real d=fact : maria doesn’t meet her father because she doesn’t come here on
time.
b. Pengganti if :
- Unless - Otherwise
- But for - Supposing
Example :
If you don’t study hard, you wouldn’t pass an exam
= unless you study hard, you wouldn’t pass an exam
Notes: Bila if clause adalah kalimat non verbal, maka semua subyek memakai
to be “were”.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

3) Type III ( Past Unreal / Past Conditional Sentence)

Mengandaikan sesuatu yang terjadi di waktu lampau jika ... (kemarin), maka ... (tidak
mungkin dan biasanya berupa penyesalan).
a. Rumus Utama :
If clause = Past Perfect Tense
Contoh : If I had had a plane, I would have gone abroad.
(Jika aku telah memiliki sebuah pesawat terbang, aku seharusnya telah
pergi ke luar negeri).
Real fact :
I didn’t go abroad because i dod not have a plane.
(aku tidak pergi ke luar negeri karena aku tidak memiliki sebuah pesawat
terbang)
b. Pengganti If :
- Unless - Otherwise
- But for - Supposing
Contoh :
If you had not invited him, he would have come here
= unless you had invited him, he wouldbn’t have come here
= otherwise you had invited him, he wouldn’t have come here
= supposing you had invited him, he would have come here
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 16
Tag Question
1. Tag Question
(Pertanyaan penegas)
Bentuk pernyataan pendek yang ditambahkan pada akhir kalimat dan ini berfungsi untuk
mempertegas pernyataan atau untuk meminta persetujuan.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia = ..................., bukan?
a. Cara membuat tag question :
1. Subyek dalam tag question harus “pronoun”, yaitu :
They, we, i ,you, he, she, it.
a. Bila subyek dalam pernyataan adalah = “everyone, everybody, someone,
somebody, anyone, anybody”, maka subyek dalam tag question menjadi
“they”
b. Bila subyek dalam pernyataan adalah “eveything,something, anything”,
maka subyek dalam tag question menjadi “it”
2. “Not” dalam tag question disingkat menjadi “n’t”
3. “Auxiliary” harus diulang dalam tag question.
4. Bila tidak mempunyai “Auxiliary”, maka digunakan “Do/does/did” dalam tag
question.
5. Bila pernyataan positif (+) maka tag questionnya negatif (-) dan bila pernyataan
negatif (-) maka tag questionnya positif (+)

Contoh :
- You speak english, don’t you?
- She loves you, doesn’t she?
- He does not study english, does he?
- Someone comes to my house, don’t they?
- Everything is ok, isn’t it?

Catatan :
Will not = won’t Would not = woudn’t
Shall not = shan’t Should not = shouldn’t
Cannot = can’t Could not = couldn’t
May not = mayn’t Might not = mightn’t
Must not = musn’t Did not have to = didn’t have to
➢ Jika dalam pernyataan terdapat auxiliary yang lebih dari satu maka gunakan yang
terdekat dengan subyek.
Contoh :
- We have been meeting him, haven’t we?
- She will be away for two months, won’t she?
- They would be coming by train, wouldn’t they?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

➢ Bila pernyataannya adalah kalimat komplek, maka gunakan “Main Clause”

untuk membuat tag question.
Contoh :
If I cry, you will cry, won’t you?
She will meet her father if she comes on timw, won’t she?
➢ Bila subyek dalam pernyataan berbentuk kombinasi :
I + all subjects = we
We + all subjects = we
You + all subjects except i/we = you
Subyek III (S/P) + Subyek III (S/P) = they

Contoh :
- I and he will go abroad, won’t we?
- She and he will come, won’t they?
- You and i can stop here, can’t we?
- You and we eat rice, don’t we?

b. Exception (pengecualian)
1) Bila dalam pernyataan subyeknya adalah “There”, maka subyek dalam Tag
Questionnya tetap “There”
Contoh :
There is a car, isn’t there?
2) “I’m atau I am” dalam pernyataan yang bermakna (+) maka dalam Tag
Questionnya menjadi “aren’t I”
Contoh :
- I’am clever, aren’t I?
3) Bila suatu pernyataan mempunyai bentuk positif tapi bermakna negatif baik
dikarenakan oleh subyek, verb, obyek, atau keterangan waktunya maka tag
questionnya harus berbentuk positif (+).
Contoh :
Yang disebabkan oleh subyek :
- No. one is perfect in the world, are they?
- Nothing is ok, is it?
Karna obyek :
- I love No. girl, do I?
- It is impossible, is it?
Karna kata kerja :
- She dislikes you, does she?
Karna keterangan :
Bila kalimat (+) mendapat sisipan “Hardly, never, seldom, rarely, barely,
scarcely” maka kalimat tersebut akan bermakna semi negatif bahkan full negatif,
sehingga tag questionnya (+)
Misal :
- You never understand me, do you?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

- I seldom visit you, do i?

- Mimin hardly knows my money, does she?
4) “Had, has/have” dalam pernyataan yang berarti “memiliki” maka harus diulang
“Has/have, had” dalam tag questionnya.
Contoh :
I have a book, haven’t i?
She had a pen, hadn’t she?
5) Bila dalam pernyataan terdapat “few/little” maka Tag questionnya adalah (+) tapi
bila dalam pernyataan terdapat “a few/a little” maka tag questionnya adalah (-)
Contoh :
He got a little money, didn’t he?
He got little money, did he?
6) Bila dalam pernyataan terdapat kata “only” maka tag questionnya bisa (+) atau (-
).
Contoh :
She only loves me, doesn’t she?
She only loves me, does she?

c. Tag question in command sentence

1. Bila pernyataannya dalam bentuk command to do atau command not to do,
maka tag questionnya adalah “will you”.
Contoh :
Open the door, will you?
Don’t open the door, will you?
Please be careful, will you?
2. Bila pernyataannya adalah kalimat ajakan (invitation) yang ditandai dengan
“Let’s”, maka tag questionnya adalah “shall we”.
Contoh : Let’s speake english, shall we?
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 17
Direct-Indirect
1. Direct-Indirect (reported speech)
Dalam pelajaran ini kita akan menemukan dua bagian kalimat yakni main clause (induk
kalimat) dan subordinate clause (anak kalimat). jika kita ingin mengubah dari direct
(kalimat langsung) menjadi indirect (kalimat tidak langsung) kita harus mengerti subyek
dan obyek di SC, karena subyek dan obyek pada SC akan diberikan kepada subyek atau
obyek pada MC dengan peraturan sebagai berikut:
a. Orang pertama pada SC
i, me, my...., mine, myself diberikan ke subyek pada MC
we, us, our...., ours, ourselves
b. Orang kedua pada SC
You, you, your ...., yours, yourself/yourselves diberikan ke obyek pada MC
c. Orang ketiga pada SC :
She, her, her ...., hers, herself
He, him, his ...., his, himself tetap
They, them, their ...., theirs, themselves
1) Penggunan Kata Sambung “That”
a. Jika kalimat pada MC berbentuk simple present dan SC berbentuk positif (+) atau
negative (-), nanti pada kalimat tak langsung kita menggunakan kata sambung
“that + subyek”
Contoh :
(D) He tells her, “You are my friend”
MC SC
(I) He tells her that she is his friend.

b. Jika kalimat pada MC adalah Simple Past, maka nanti dalam kalimat tak langsung
SC berubah menjadi bentuk yang lebih tinggi dengan aturan sebagai berikut :
b.1. Simple Present Simple past
Present Continuous past continuous
Present Perfect past perfect
present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
simple past past perfect
past continuous past perfect continuous
past perfect Constant
past perfect continuous constant
simple future past future
future continuous past future continuous
future perfect past future perfect
future perfect continuous past future perfect continuous
past future past future perfect
past future continuous past future perfect continuous
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past future perfect constant

past future perfect continuous constant
b.2. Perubahan keterangan waktu dan tempat
this = ini that = itu
these = ini those = itu
come = datang go = pergi
here = disini, kesini there = disana, kesana
hence = dari sini thence = dari sana
hither = ke/menuju tempat ini theither = ke/menuju tempat itu
ago = (yang) lalu before = lebih dahulu
now = sekarang then = pada waktu itu
today = hari ini that day = hari itu
tomorrow = besok next day = hari berikutnya
yesterday = kemarin the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
last night = tadi malam the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
nect week = minggu depan the following week = minggu berikutnya
thus = begini so = begitu

Contoh :

(D) She told him, “You don’t call me”

( I ) She told him that he did not call her.

2) Penggunaan kata sambung “If/whether”

Jika pernyataan dalam SC berbentuk kalimat tanya tanpa question word, maka nanti
dalam kalimat tak langsung kita menggunakan kata sambung “if/whether”
Contoh :
(D) She asked him, “Don’t you call me?”.
( I ) She asked him if he didn’t call her.
3) Penggunaan kata sambung “Question word its self + subyek”
digunakan jika pernyataan pada SC berbentuk kalimat tanya yang menggunakan
“question word”
contoh :
(D) They asked me, “Why is yours ours too?”
( I ) They asked me why mine is theirs too.

4) Penggunaan kata sambung “To + V1 / Be” atau “Not To + V1 / Be”

To + V1 / Be , digunakan jika pernyataan pada SC adalah request/command to do,
tapi Not To + V1 / Be digunakan jika pernyataan pada SC adalah request /
command not to do.
Contoh :
(D) She asked him, “would you like to buy car for me, please?”
( I ) She aked him to buy car for her.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 18
Relative Pronoun
1. Relative Pronoun
1) Introduction
terms :
➢ Clause
Adalah kumpulan kata-kata yang terdiri dari sebuah subyek dan verb.
➢ Independent clause/main clause (Induk kalimat)
Kalimat yang mengandung kata benda yang terletak di subyek/obyek.
➢ Dependent clause/sub clause (anak kalimat)
Kalimat yang mengandung kata ganti yang terletak di subyek/obyek.
➢ Adjective clause / relative clause
Adalah anak kalimat yang mengubah/ menjelaskan sebuah benda. yang
menggambarkan, mengidentifikasi atau memberi informasi lebih tentang benda
tersebut.
➢ Relative pronoun
Sebuah penghubung untuk menggabungkan SC (anak kalimat) dan MC (induk
kalimat)
2) Using subject pronouns
Who, which, that
Catatan :
➢ Who = digunakan untuk orang
➢ Which = digunakan untuk benda dan hewan
➢ That = digunakan untuk orang, benda dan hewan.
➢ Jika kata utama (the man, the lady, the book, etc) dirubah menjadi subyek pada
anak kalimat (SC), yang digunakan sebagai subyek pengganti. posisi kata benda
utama pada induk kalimat (MC) bisa menjadi subyek atau obyek. subyek
pengganti selalu terletak setelah kata benda utama.
contoh :
MC : The lady is my sister. ( perempuan itu adalah saudaraku)

SC : She is studying english. (dia sedang belajar bahasa inggris)

RP : (a) The lady who is studying engish is my sister
(b) the lady that is studying english is my sister
penjelasan :
➢ The lady : disebut kata benda utama, karena masih membutuhkan penjelasan
lebih lanjut
➢ Who/that : disebut relative pronoun sebagai subyek, kareba posisi who/that
adalah pengubah dari she, dan posisi dari she di anak kalimat (SC) sebagai
subyek.
➢ Who is studying english : disebut relative clause
3) Using object pronouns
Who(m), which, that
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Catatan :
➢ Tempat adjective clause sedekat mungkin dengan kata benda yang dimodifikasi
➢ Who biasanya digunakan seperti sebagaimana whom, khususnya dalam speaking.
Whom umumnya digunakan hanya di bahasa inggris yang sangat formal.
➢ Object pronoun biasanya dihilangkan dari adjective clause (subject pronoun tidak
boleh dihilangkan)
➢ Whom = digunakan untuk orang
Which = digunakan untuk benda
That = digunakan untuk benda maupun orang
Contoh :
- MC : The boy was swimming.

SC : I saw him.
RP : (a) The boy who(m) i saw was swimming
(b) The boy that i saw was swimming.
(c) The boy Ø i saw was swimming.

- MC : I visited the boy.

SC : You helped him.

RP : (a) I visited the boy who(m) you helped.
(b) I visited the boy that you helped
(c) I visited the boy Ø you helped.
4) Pronouns sebagai obyek dari kata depan
➢ Di formal inggris, kata depan berada di awal adjective clause
➢ Pada penggunaan sehari-hari, kata depan ada setelah subyek dan kata kerja dari
adjective clause.
➢ Jika kata depan berada di awal adjective clause, hanya whom atau which yang
boleh digunakan. Kata depan tidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh that atau
who.
Contoh :
- MC : The boy was swimming

SC : I told you about him.

RP : (a) The boy about who(m) i told you was swimming.
(b) The boy who(m) i told you about was swimming.
(c) The boy that i told you about was swimming.
(d) The boy Ø i told you about was swimming.
- MC : The science is the most waited.
SC : We are looking for it.
RP : (a) The science for which we are looking is the most waited
(b) The science which we are looking for is the most waited
(c) The science that we are looking for is the most waited
(d) The science Ø we are looking for is the most waited
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

5) Using whose
Catatan :
➢ “Whose” digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan. Mempunyai arti sama
seperti possesive pronoun yang lain, my...., your...., our...., their...., her...., his....,
its..... “whose” dihubungkan ke kata benda, seperti :
his car whose car
her book whose book
Whose dan kata benda tersebut terhubung untuk diletakkan pada awal dari
adjective clause. Whose tidak bisa dihilangkan.
➢ “Whose” biasanya menjelaskan orang, tapi boleh juga digunakan untuk
menjelaskan benda dan hewan.
Contoh :
- MC : Is the man very proud?

SC : His son is not a naughty boy

RP : Is the man whose son is not naughty boy very proud?
- MC : Is the clavichord an old musical instrument?

SC : Its string were broken.

RP : Is the clavichord whose strings were broken an old musical
instrument?
- MC : The tiger cant’t run.

SC : His leg was fired by the hunter.

RP : The tiger whose leg was fired by the hunter can’t run.

6) Using where and when

catatan :
➢ “Where” digunakan dalam adjective clause untuk menjelaskan tempat (kota,
negara, ruangan, rumah, dsb) jika “where” digunakan, kata depan tidak
termasuk adjective clause. jika “where” tidak digunakan, kata depan harus
diikutkan.
➢ “When” digunakan dalam adjective clause untuk menjelaskan kata benda dalam
bentuk waktu (tahun, hari, abad, dsb). penggunaan kata depan dalam adjective
clause yang menjelaskan kata benda dalam bentuk waktu adalah sedikit berbeda
dari yang sejenis adjective clause lainnya. kata depan digunakan untuk
mendahului “which”. dengan cara lain kata depan dihilangkan.
contoh :
- MC : The town is small.

SC : I grew up there (in that town).

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RP : (a) The town where i grew up is small.

(b) The town in which i grew up is small.
(c) The town which i grew up is small.
(d) The town that i grew up is small.
(e) The town Ø i grew up is small.
- MC : I always remember the day.

SC : I met you then.

RP : (a) I always remember the day when i met you.
(b) I always remember the day on which i met you.
(c) I always remember the day that i met you.
(d) I always remember the day Ø i met you.
 AKADEMI ALMADINAH

CHAPTER 19
Gerund
1. Gerund
1) Gerund adalah bentukan -ing dari kata kerja bahasa inggris ketika digunakan sebagai
kata benda.
➢ I am writing a letter.
kata kerja (verb)
➢ I like this writing.
kata benda (noun)
verb gerund
box = meninju boxing = tinju/pukulan
cook = memasak cooking = masakan
dream = mimpi dreaming = impian

2) Kinds of gerund
1. Gerund sebagai subyek
Kata benda yang dibentuk dari bentukan -ing dari kata kerja bahasa inggris yang
terletak di subyek.
Contoh :
➢ Running is very good for health.
➢ Listening to music in the morning can make me fresh.

2. Gerund sebagai obyek / pelengkap

kata benda yang dibentuk dari bentukan -ing dari kata kerja bahasa inggris yang
terletak di obyek/pelengkap.
Contoh :
➢ The important thing for my health is running
➢ We make eating
➢ My darling hopes smiling

3. Gerund sebagai predikat

bentukan -ing bukan predikat, tetapi fungsi dari predikat sebagai pusat untuk
membuat subyek dan obyek dapat dirukarkan tanpa membuat arti lain.
Contoh :
➢ Eating is my hobby = my hobby is eating
S O S O
➢ Her activity every Friday is discussing with her friend = discussing with her
friend is her activity every Friday.
➢ My main duty in this town is not looking for a job = looking for a job is not my
main duty in this town.

4. Gerund as noun modifier

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bentukan -ing digunakan untuk menceritakan tentang fungsi dari kata benda, dan
kata benda tersebut tidak melakukan apapun.
Contoh :
➢ My room is not beside the living room.
➢ The meeting room is clean after we swept it.
➢ Ponsen was waiting for me in the waiting room.
➢ Did you buy the writing book in super market?
➢ The walking stick is not needed by the strong man.
➢ Was the parking are burnt in the middle of the night last week?
5. Gerund as short prohibition
Bentukan -ing digunakan untuk membuat larangan.
contoh :
➢ No smoking
➢ No dating
➢ No climbing
➢ I see “No Parking” in parking area.

3) Keys of gerund
1. Gerund After Other verb
Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian :
a. Beberapa kata kerja (verb) adalah subyek pasiv. Meskipun memiliki arti pasiv
tapi tidak dilarang untuk menjadi obyek setelah -ing . jadi jika kita meletakkan
obyek, harus menggunakan passive infinitive (tobe + V3).
Want require
Need deserve
Contoh :
➢ My motorcycle wants washing = sepeda motorku perlu dicuci
➢ Our house will be used for wedding party, so it needs painting = rumah
kami akan digunakan untuk pesta perkawinan, jadi perlu dicat.
➢ The chicken require frying before being eaten = ayam-ayam itu hendaknya
digoreng sebelum dimakan.
➢ The girls deserve praising because of her carrier = gadis itu layak dihadiahi
karena karirnya.
Catatan :
Kata kerja diatas bisa diikuti oleh “V1” tetapi mempunyai arti aktif.
Contoh :
➢ I want to help you = aku ingin membantumu
➢ She deserves to forget = dia (pr) pantas melupakanmu.

b. Beberapa verb harus diikuti oleh bentuk -ing dan mempunyai arti aktif, yaitu :
Admit = ............................ Mention = ............................
Advise = ............................ Mind = ............................
Anticipate = ............................ Miss = ............................
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Appreciate = ............................ Postpone = ............................

Avoid = ............................ Practice = ............................
Can’t help = ............................ Quite = ............................
Complete = ............................ Recall = ............................
Consider = ............................ Recalled = ............................
Delay = ............................ Recomended = ............................
Deny = ............................ Resent = ............................
Discuss = ............................ Resist = ............................
Dislike = ............................ Risk = ............................
Enjoy = ............................ Suggest = ............................
Finish = ............................ Tolerate = ............................
Keep = ............................ Understand = ............................

Contoh :
➢ He admitting cheating in the examination yesterday.
➢ I will complete reading my term paper tomorrow.
➢ She delayed giving me information yesterday.
➢ I enjoy meeting with my old friend.
➢ She finished doing her duty.
➢ She can’t help thinking about him.
➢ Keep trying even you have ever failed!
➢ She mentioned going to movie.
➢ Alex postpone paying back the dept.
➢ He quits trying to solve the problem.
➢ I don’t recalled meeting him before.

Tidak semua bisa diikuti gerund, tetapi harus diikuti dengan to ifinitive, yaitu :

Afford = ............................ Manage = ............................

Agree = ............................ Mean = ............................
Appear = ............................ Offer = ............................
Arrange = ............................ Plan = ............................
Ask = ............................ Prepare = ............................
Beg = ............................ Pretend = ............................
Care = ............................ Promise = ............................
Claim = ............................ Refuse = ............................
Consent = ............................ Seem = ............................
Decide = ............................ Struggle = ............................
Demand = ............................ Swear = ............................
Expect = ............................ Threaten = ............................
Fail = ............................ Volunteer = ............................
Hesitate = ............................ Wait = ............................
Hope = ............................ Wish = ............................
Learn = ............................
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Contoh :
➢ They agreed to help us
➢ He begged to be received in their organization.
➢ I don’t care to hear their critics.
➢ I have decided to leave on Monday
➢ I expected to be able to going to mecca
➢ She failed to get a good value.
➢ Don’t hesitate to as for my help.
➢ He learned to play the piano.
➢ She managed to finish her work early.
➢ Richard offered to clean my house.
c. Beberapa verb yang bisa diikuti oleh bentuk -ing atau infinitive (V1), tetapi
mempunyai arti yang berbeda, yaitu :
Forget = ............................ Regret = ............................
Go on = ............................ Stop = ............................
Like = ............................ Try = ............................
Remember = ............................
a) Forget
➢ Forget + gerund = lupa dengan apa yang telah terjadi atau yang telah
dilakukan.
Contoh :
- I forget buying a book in the market
- She forgets telling her experience.
➢ Forget + to V1 = lupa untuk melakukan sesuatu.
- My parents forget to invite the chief of village.
b) Go on
➢ Go on + gerund = melanjutkan apa yang telah sedang dilakukan atau
sesuatu yang berlangsung.
Contoh :
- Even though it’s hard, i will go on solving this problem.
➢ Go on + to V1 = mengubah menjadi sesuatu yang baru.
- After one year she worked in a lawyer’s office, now she goes to
work in a bank.

c) Like
➢ Like + gerund = menikmati
Contoh :
- I like studying english because it can help me in future.
➢ Like + to V1 = memilih untuk ....
- Before he works in the firm, he liked to work in the rice field.
d) Remember
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➢ Remember + gerund = mengingat apa yang sudah dilakukan atau yang

sudah terjadi.
Contoh :
- My brother remembers hitting a dog when he was in Jakarta.
➢ Remeber + to V1 = mengingat apa yang harus dilakukan.
- The king remembers to show his power to everybody in the world.
e) Regret
➢ Regret + gerund = menyesali apa yang sudah terjadi.
Contoh :
- You regret knowing that i am not a good guy.
➢ Regret + to V1 = menyesali tentang apa yang akan diucapkan.
Contoh :
- I regret to inform you that you will not get good score on your
exam.
f) Stop
➢ Stop + gerund = menghentikan apa yang sedang dilakukan.
Contoh :
- The protector that stops protecting me wants to kill my dog.
➢ Stop + to V1 = menghentikan atau menjeda untuk melakukan kegiatan
lain.
Contoh :
- The teacher stops to educate you.
g) Try
➢ Try + gerund = membuat percobaan.
Contoh :
- When I saw the baby crying, i tried making him calm but he did
not want to stop crying.
➢ Try + to V1 = berusaha.
Contoh :
- I tried to call mr. chooper but the lines was busy.

d. Beberapa verb bisa diikuti keduanya, baik diikuti oleh bentuk -ing atau
infinitive (V1), yang mempunyai arti sama, yaitu :
Begin = ............................ Hate = ............................
Start = ............................ Love = ............................
Continue = ............................ Prefer = ............................
Contoh :
➢ - My nephew began to work for about ten years ago.
- My nephew began working for about ten years ago.
➢ - i love lie on my back and to stare on the sky.
- i love lie on my back and staring on the sky.
2. Gerund after adjective
a. Gerund after possesive adjective
(my..., your..., our..., their..., her..., his..., its....)
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Contoh :
- My writing is better than yours
- I never stop my loving
b. Gerund after qualititative adjective
(good, romantic, happy, great, nice, sweet, beautiful, etc.)
Contoh :
- You must get happy ending
- Nice studying is hoped by me
c. Gerund after interrogative adjective
Question word yang bisa digunakan adalah :
What, Which, Whose, How many.
Contoh :
- What singing do you sing?
- Whose speaking makes you confuse?
d. Gerund after demonstrative adjective
(a/an, this, that, the, these, those)
Contoh :
- She will not attend this meeting tonight
- This processing is used to increase the quality of our product.
3. Gerund after number
a. Gerund after cardinal number
(1,2,3,4,5, ... )
Contoh :
- Two kissings from my sister are very nice.
- Three meetings had been passed by them.
b. Gerund after ordinal number
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th,.....)
Contoh :
- First loving will never be died.
- You will be the speaker in the third meeting.
c. Gerund after fraction number
( ½ , 1/3, ¼, 1/8, 2/3, 3/8, 7/8, ....)
½ = one second or a half
2/3 = two third
2 = two and three forth
Contoh :
- She only followed a half meeting yesterday.
- Two third understanding is not enough for you.
4. Gerund after preposition

Before = ............................ For = ............................

After = ............................ To = ............................
In front of = ............................ From = ............................
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Between = ............................ On = ............................

Inside = ............................ Of = ............................
Without = ............................ At = ............................
About = ............................ In = ............................
By = ............................ Beside = ............................
Over = ............................ Off, etc = ............................
Contoh :
➢ - The river is in front of building.
- You must pray unto Allah before sleeping.
5. Gerund after time
(morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night, Sunday, Monday, week, month, year.)
Contoh :
➢ - Morning running is good for our health.
- She likes Saturday night dating.

6. Gerund in meaning “cause”

Gerund digunakan untuk mengubah arti dari “cause (karena)”, untuk
menggunakan gerund ini pada kalimat, gerund harus diletakkan di awal kalimat
yang memiliki satu subyek, satu kegiatan dan mempunyai akibat.
Contoh :
➢ - Studying everyday, a am clever.
- Eating rice very much, you can be very fat.

7. Gerund in meaning “while”

Digunakan untuk membuat kalimat sederhana dari dua kegiatan, satu subyek di
waktu yang bersamaan.
Contoh :
➢ - Sitting, you are writing.
- Standing here, i am teaching.
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CHAPTER 20
Causative Verbs
1. Introduction
Bentuk causative adalah struktur yang digunakan untuk menanyakan seseorang untuk
melakukan sesuatu, atau membuat sesuatu untuk diselesaikan (subyek tidak
melakukannya secara langsung.

2. Kinds of causative form

a. Active object (obyek aktif)
a. Using have
Causative “have” diikuti oleh bare infinitive (V 1). “have” memberi arti subyek
yang meminta obyek untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Bentuk :
S+ Have + Object + Bare Infinitive
(beberapa tenses) (biasanya orang)
Contoh :
- Father had mechanic repair his car.
- We can have our friend be quite when our teacher is giving explanation.
b. Using get
Causative “get” diikuti oleh to infinitive. “get” memberi arti subyek yang
meminta obyek untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Bentuk :
S+ Get + Object + To Infinitive
(beberapa tenses) (biasanya orang)
Contoh :
- The coach has gotten the players to have enough preparation before facing the
competition.
- My teacher gets me to study hard.
c. Using make
causative “make” diikuti oleh bare infinitive. “make” memberi arti subyek
memaksa obyek untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Bentuk :
S+ Make + Object + Bare Infinitive
(beberapa tenses) (biasanya orang)
Contoh :
- My mother always make me do what she wants.
- Your father made you stay at home till he came here.
b. Passive object (obyek pasif)
a. Using have
Causative “have” diikuti oleh past participle (V 3). “have” memberi arti subyek
yang meminta obyek untuk diselesaikan dan subyek tidak melakukannya secara
langsung.
Bentuk :
S+ Have + Object + Past Participle (by someone)
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(beberapa tenses) (biasanya benda)

Contoh :
- I have the story written.
- Lia doesn’t want to have his hair cut.
- The big boss made his money kept.
b. Using get
Causative “get” diikuti oleh past participle. “get” memberi arti subyek yang
meminta obyek untuk diselesaikan dan subyek tidak melakukannya secara
langsung.
Bentuk :
S+ Get + Object + Past Participle (by someone)
(beberapa tenses) (biasanya benda)
Contoh :
- The student should get their homework corrected.
- My mother always gets the flower watered.

Catatan :
Untuk causative “make” tidak umum digunakan di passive object.

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