Journal Reading
Konservasi Gigi
Disusun oleh:
INDAH DWITASARI
160112180075
Pembimbing
drg. Diani Prisinda, M.A.R.S., Sp.KG(K)
Abstrak
Pendahuluan: tujuan dari studi ini untuk mengevaluasi efek dari 2 konsentrasi
natrium hipoklorit berbeda pada penyembuhan dan sakit paska tindakan setelah
perawatan endodontik. Metode: 100 gigi molar mandibula dengan pulpa nekrosis dan
periodontitis apikalis kronis secara acak dibagi menjadi 2 grup perlakuan :
konsentrasi tinggi (HC) 5% natrium hipoklorit dan konsentrasi rendah (HC) 1%
natrium hipoklorit. Perawatan saluran akar dilakukan menggunakan protocol
terstandarisasi. Saluran akar dipreparasi menggunakan volume yang sama dari
masing-masing irigasi setelah setiap pergantian instrumen. Setelah preparasi
kemomekanis, irigasi akhir dilakukan dengan 5 mL 17% larutan EDTA diikuti oleh 5
mL 5% atau 1% natrium hipoklorit tergantung pada kelompok. Semua pasien diminta
untuk mencatat tingkat rasa sakit pada skala analog visual setiap 24 jam selama 1
minggu. Pada kunjungan kedua, saluran akar diobturasi, dan gigi direstorasi
permanen. Evaluasi klinis dan radiografi dilakukan setiap 3 bulan selama 12 bulan.
Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil: 86 gigi tersedia untuk
evaluasi pada follow-up 1 tahun. Tingkat penyembuhan keseluruhan yang diamati
adalah 76,7%. Penyembuhan yang lebih besar diamati pada kelompok HC (81,4%)
dibandingkan dengan kelompok LC (72,1%), tetapi perbedaannya tidak signifikan
secara statistik (P> .05). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam insiden nyeri
dan nilai nyeri yang ditemukan antara 2 kelompok (P> .05), dengan nilai yang lebih
rendah dilaporkan pada kelompok LC. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan LC atau HC
sodium hipoklorit tidak menghasilkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil klinis. (J
Endod 2019;-:1–7)
Kata kunci
Periodontitis apikalis, irigan, indeks periapical, sakit pasca tindakan, hasil perawatan.
Kepentingan
Ini adalah uji coba terkontrol acak pertama yang dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi efek
konsentrasi natrium hipoklorit pada hasil klinis. Penyembuhan yang baik dan respon
konsentrasi NaOCl yang digunakan, mulai dari 0,5% -5,25% ke atas. Namun, ada
konsentrasi NaOCl yang berbeda pada berbagai aspek seperti efek antimikroba,
dekalsifikasi dentin, kekerasan mikro, viabilitas sel induk di daerah apikal, viskositas,
jumlah debris terekstrusi, tegangan permukaan gigi, dan nyeri paska perawatan. Hasil
pada studi ini bersifat saling bertentangan. Beberapa studi menyarankan penggunaan
(2,5-7)
konsentrasi tinggi , dimana studi lain mengatakan tidak ada efek dengan
(8-10)
peninggian konsentrasi . Beberapa grup studi lain melaporkan tidak ada
hasil akhir jangka pendek untuk mengatur dan mencegah sakit. Kedua, hasil jangka
panjang termasuk penyembuhan klinis dan radiografis. Hal ini telah dikemukakan
bahwa irigan dapat mencapai apeks dan periapical tanpa tekanan berlebih melalui
(14)
injeksi dengan jarum suntik . Konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi lebih sitotoksik
dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi yang lebih rendah (15,16), dan memiliki potensi untuk
mengiritasi jaringan periapical selama tidak dapat dihindari seperti, meskipun dalam
menit, dapat ekstrusi. Selain itu, telah terbukti in vitro bahwa konsentrasi tinggi
(9)
NaOCl dikaitkan dengan ektrusi debris yang lebih kearah apical . Oleh karena itu,
konsentrasi NaOCl dapat, setidaknya secara teoritis, berkontribusi pada derajat nyeri
dengan fakta bahwa hubungan yang tepat antara jumlah pengurangan bakteri dan
konsentrasi NaOCl pada perawatan saluran akar in vitro di alam. Sebuah pencarian
literatur mengungkapkan 4 klinis studi meneliti masalah ini. Tiga dari studi ini
(18-20)
mengevaluasi efektivitas antibakteri , sedangkan 1 mengevaluasi nyeri pasca
(21)
operasi . Kontroversi seputar konsentrasi NaOCl dan kurangnya calon uji coba
terkontrol acak yang dirancang dengan baik, penelitian ini dirancang untuk
dari NaOCl (5% dan 1%). Hasil sekunder adalah kejadian dan keparahan nyeri pasca
operasi.
Bahan dan metode
Sarjana Institut Ilmu Gigi, Rohtak, Haryana, India (PGIDS / IEC / 2016/62). Subyek
penelitian direkrut dari kelompok pasien yang dirujuk untuk perawatan saluran akar
akar dasar setelah diagnosis nekrosis pulpa dengan apikal kronis periodontitis
(minimal ukuran ≥ 2.0 x 2.0 mm) pada gigi permanen mandibula pertama dan molar
kedua. Semua pasien lebih dari 18 tahun, dan diagnosis pulpa nekrosis adalah
dikonfirmasi dengan respon negatif terhadap tes dingin dan listrik dan tidak adanya
wanita hamil, dan pasien dengan riwayat asupan analgesik dalam 3 hari terakhir dan
antibiotik pada bulan lalu dikeluarkan dari penelitian. Gigi dengan keadaan
periodontal meragukan, gigi sebelumnya telah dirawat, dan gigi yang tidak cocok
secara berurutan untuk pasien yang memenuhi syarat. Seorang asisten klinis, sesuai
dengan kode yang disiapkan, memuat dan menyiapkan larutan masing-masing NaOCl
selama seluruh sesi pengobatan. Hal ini dipastikan bahwa baik pasien maupun
pengobatan.
Prosedur klinis
Prosedur saluran akar pada semua pasien dilakukan oleh operator tunggal
karies yang ekskavasi, dan dilakukan akses kavitas. Ruang pulpa debridement, dan
panjang bekerja ditentukan dengan bantuan sebuah apex locator elektronik (Root ZX;
J Morita, Tokyo, Jepang) dengan ukuran K-file 15. File ditempatkan di saluran akar
sampai tampilan apex locator menunjukkan “APEX.” Saat itu ditarik sampai
mencapai antara “APEX” dan “1.” Silicon stop disesuaikan dengan titik acuan, dan
panjang itu tercatat sebagai panjang kerja. Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan dengan
menggunakan Mtwo rotary files (VDW, Munich, Jerman) sesuai dengan instruksi
pabrik. Semua instrumen Mtwo digunakan dengan panjang kerja saluran akar (single-
length technique) menggunakan gerakan lembut masuk dan keluar. Lima mililiter 5%
dan 1% NaOCl digunakan sebagai irigasi setelah setiap perubahan instrumen dalam
Setelah instrumentasi saluran akar, saluran akar diirigasi dengan 5 mL larutan EDTA
17% selama 1 menit diikuti dengan irigasi akhir dengan 5 mL 5% atau 1% NaOCl
berdasarkan masing-masing grup. Saluran akar dikeringkan dengan paper point steril,
diisi dengan pasta kalsium hidroksida, dan direnstorasi dengan Cavit (3M ESPE,
Seefeld, Jerman). Pada kunjungan kedua, gigi itu kembali diisolasi dengan rubber
dam. Dressing intrakanal dihilangkan H-files dan irigasi berlebih dengan 5 mL baik
5% atau 1% NaOCl tergantung pada kelompok diikuti oleh 5 mL 17% EDTA dan
lateral dengan gutta-percha dan sealer berbasis zinc okside-eugenol pada kedua
Kriteria Evaluasi
Evaluasi Nyeri
Sebelum pemberian anestesi lokal, pasien diminta untuk mencatat rasa sakit
sebelum operasi pada skala analogi visual (VAS). Mereka diminta untuk mencatat
ada rasa sakit dan 10 yang menggambarkan sebagai nyeri maksimal, Satu minggu
kemudian, pasien kembali dengan kuesioner yang telah selesai. Nyeri pada VAS juga
dikategorikan menjadi ringan (1-3) , sedang (4-6) , dan berat (7- 10) untuk
Pvt Ltd, Mysore, India) menggunakan sensor digital (Carestream RVG 5200;
1 ). Tidak adanya rasa sakit dan nyeri pada palpasi / perkusi, tidak adanya
keterlibatan saluran sinus atau pembengkakan jaringan lunak, mobilitas gigi dari
kelas 1 atau kurang, dan tidak ada penurunan kedalaman periodontal probing
Nilai dari setiap gigi dinilai menggunakan indeks periapikal (PAI), skala 5-
point (22) .Variasi yang terjadi pada nilai PAI diatasi dengan penilaian status periapikal
yang dinilai dengan 2 pengamat. Kasus dengan 2 pengamat tidak setuju, memiliki
nilai semakin lebih tinggi. Kami berusaha untuk menganalisis lebih dari 1 cara.
Pertama, kita menganggap PAI sebagai skala ordinal dan membandingkan nilai pada
berdasarkan keadaan sembuh / tidak sembuh dengan hasil dikotomis. Gigi yang
nilai #3 dianggap tidak sembuh. Klinis dan radiografi pemeriksaan tindak lanjut
dilakukan oleh 2 pemantau independen (ST dan JD) yang buta pada kelompok
Ukuran sampel
Ukuran sampel minimum yang diperlukan untuk membandingkan data ordinal
(23)
ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode Walters . Dengan daya= 0,90, P < . 05,
dan minimum klinis signifikan berarti perbedaan antara kelompok ditetapkan pada
0,50 unit (standar deviasi 1.0 Unit) saat menggunakan perubahan nilai PAI sebagai
hasil utama, ukuran sampel minimal 42 subyek per kelompok dibutuhkan untuk
Analisis Statistik
Smirnov untuk tes normalitas menunjukkan distribusi tidak normal. Tes Mann-
Whitney U digunakan untuk membandingkan umur, PAI, dan nilai nyeri dilakukan
antar kelompok, dimana tes Chi-Square digunakan untuk hasil dikotomi seperti jenis
kelamin, insidensi nyeri, dan penyembuhan. Tes Wilcoxon rank digunakan untuk
mengevaluasi perubahan nilai PAI dan tingkat nyeri pada interval yang berbeda pada
tailed. Regresi logistic binomial digunakan untuk mencari hubungan antara faktor
Hasil
karena fraktur instrument, dan 13 pasien hilang pada saat follow up (6 pasien pada
kelompok HC dan 7 pasien pada kelompok LC). Total dari 86 pasien tersedia untuk
menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada distribusi jenis kelamin (P> .05)
dan umur subjek (P> .05) diantara kedua kelompok (Tabel 1).
menunjukkan perbedaan tidak signifikan pada intensitas nyeri paska perawatan pada
penurunan nyeri yang signifikan selama 5 hari pertama setelah perawatan pada
kelompok HC dan 4 hari pertama pada kelompok LC (P > .05). Tidak ada pasien
pada masing-masing kelompok melaporkan adanya nyeri berat pada interval waktu
paska perawatan (Gambar 3). Hari kedua, dilaporkan adanya nyeri ringan pada
Dua puluh empat persen dari pasien dalam kelompok HC (11/45 pasien) dan 20%
mengungkapkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (P> .05) (Tabel 3).
diamati adalah 76,7% (66/86). Penyembuhan yang lebih besar diamati pada
perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik (P> 0,05) (Tabel 4). Analisis Cohen
kappa untuk perjanjian antar penilai menentukan nilai kappa 0,75. Analisis regresi
mengungkapkan bahwa tidak ada variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil
pengobatan.
Diskusi
periodontitis apikal dengan cara cleaning, shaping, disinfecting, dan filling sistem
saluran akar tetap tidak tersentuh bahkan dengan teknologi instrumentasi nikel-
saluran akar Penelitian ini dirancang untuk menilai efek klinis dari penggunaan
periapikal dan juga pada nyeri pasca operasi. Solusi dengan konsentrasi tinggi paling
kecelakaan NaOCl yang mungkin terjadi ketika konsentrasi NaOCl yang lebih tinggi
(26)
digunakan . Oleh karena itu, telah disarankan bahwa konsentrasi klinis yang
serendah mungkin harus digunakan untuk memastikan keselamatan pasien, dan solusi
1% telah terbukti irigan yang efektif dengan potensi iritasi yang lebih rendah.
radiografi dan ada atau tidak adanya tanda-tanda klinis dan gejala gigi yang dirawat
keberhasilan perawatan gigi secara endodontik jika tetap ada dan berfungsi dalam
(28-31)
rongga mulut . Dalam penelitian kami, kami menggunakan nilai PAI untuk
(22)
evaluasi radiografi. Indeks dikembangkan oleh Orstavik et al sebagai kriteria
didasarkan pada korelasi histologis dengan nilai PAI 1 hingga 2 yang didefinisikan
sebagai sembuh atau meradang minimal dan nilai 3 sampai 5 didefinisikan sebagai
Dalam penelitian kami, kami telah mencoba untuk menjaga faktor penganggu
yang ketat sehingga efek eksklusif konsentrasi NaOCl dapat ditentukan. Studi
sebelumnya telah mengamati tingkat keberhasilan yang lebih rendah pada gigi
dengan pulpa nekrotik dan radiolusen periapikal (28-33). Molar rahang bawah juga telah
dilaporkan memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang lebih buruk daripada gigi berakar
tunggal karena anatomi kompleks gigi posterior mandibula dengan banyak bifurkasi
dan trifurkasi dalam sepertiga apikal, sirip, ismus, dan kanal aksesori sehingga sulit
(34, 35)
dibersihkan dan juga mengurangi kemungkinan penyembuhan periapikal . Oleh
karena itu, memilih molar rahang bawah dengan pulpa nekrotik dan periodontitis
apikal membantu kami mengevaluasi masalah dalam 1 dari skenario kasus terburuk
dan membantu meminimalkan efek perancu dari faktor-faktor yang disebutkan
sebelumnya.
Perbedaan yang tidak signifikan diamati antara nilai PAI kelompok pada
tindak lanjut 3-, 6-, 9, dan 12 bulan. Setelah dikotomi-omisasi, 66 pasien (76,7%)
diklasifikasikan sebagai sembuh (PAI # 2). Kasus yang lebih sembuh (81,4%)
perbedaannya lagi tidak signifikan secara statistik. Studi klinis sebelumnya telah
melaporkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan antara khasiat antimikroba dari berbagai
(18, 19)
konsentrasi NaOCl . Karena bakteri adalah penyebab utama kegagalan
(36, 37)
endodontik , hasil ini dengan cara menguatkan temuan penelitian kami. Namun,
bahkan jika ini dipotong berdasarkan penelitian lain yang telah menunjukkan
kemanjuran yang lebih baik dari konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi, ada beberapa faktor
lain yang dapat membantu menjelaskan perbedaan yang berubah menjadi tidak
signifikan dalam penelitian ini. Pengisian terus menerus dari irigasi mungkin telah
menyediakan sumber konstan ion hipoklorit. Lebih lanjut, EDTA mungkin juga telah
meningkatkan aksi NaOCl dengan menghilangkan smear layer dan debris dari kanal
(38)
. Salah satu faktor utama yang menghambat penyembuhan setelah prosedur
endodontik adalah perkolasi apikal dari isi saluran karena perolehan yang tidak
(39)
adekuat . Kualitas obturasi terjamin pada semua pasien yang dimasukkan dalam
bakteri yang optimal dicapai melalui prosedur endodontik. Ada kemungkinan bahwa
lebih rendah mungkin relatif lebih sedikit, itu mungkin sudah cukup untuk
mendorong penyembuhan karena bakteri residual akan ditutup setelah pengisian yang
mungkin juga telah membantu dalam mencapai desinfeksi optimal pada kedua
jam. Meskipun insiden nyeri yang lebih rendah dilaporkan pada kelompok LC
tidak signifikan (P> 0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam intensitas
nyeri pasca operasi antara 2 kelompok yang diamati pada interval waktu yang diuji.
Hasil penelitian kami berbeda dengan penelitian terbaru yang menilai nyeri pasca
(21)
operasi pada molar mandibula dengan pulpitis ireversibel tanpa patosis periapikal .
Studi melaporkan rasa sakit pasca operasi yang secara signifikan lebih rendah pada
kelompok NaOCl 5,25% dibandingkan dengan kelompok NaOCl 2,5% selama 3 hari
pertama. Perbedaan dalam temuan penelitian itu dan yang dikirim sebelumnya dapat
dikaitkan dengan perbedaan dalam pulpa preoperatif dan status periapikal gigi dan
(21)
metodologi yang diadopsi. Farzaneh et al melakukan perawatan saluran akar
bahkan setelah instrumentasi dan debridemen yang cermat karena sifat anti-bakteri
(42)
dan antijamurnya . Juga, kalsium hidroksida menmediasi netralisasi
(43)
lipopolisakarida dan dengan demikian membantu meminimalkan peradangan .
(44)
Ghoddusi et al telah menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kalsium hidroksida dapat
yang berbeda dan melaporkan bahwa konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan
(13) (8) (45)
lebih banyak sitotoksisitas, erosi dentin , degradasi kolagen , dekalsifikasi ,
(46)
deproteinasi dentin, dan ketegangan permukaan gigi sambil mengurangi
(47)
microhardness, modulus elastis, dan kekuatan lentur dentin . Selain itu, penelitian
lebih besar ketika konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi digunakan dibandingkan dengan
(18, 19)
konsentrasi rendah . Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dan mempertimbangkan
efek buruk dari konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi, dapat disarankan bahwa tidak ada
Table 3. Perbandingan antar kelompok dengan nilai Periapical Index (PAI) pada
periode awal dan follow up
Nilai Mean PAI
Mean ± SD
Konsenrtrasi Konsenrtrasi
Periode Waktu p value
Tinggi Rendah
Awal 4.07 0.83 3.77 0.78 .088
Bulan ke-3 3.12 0.73 3.16 0.53 .432
Bulan ke-6 2.56 0.63 2.70 0.60 .312
Bulan ke-9 1.93 0.70 2.14 0.71 .171
Bulan ke-12 1.65 0.78 1.77 0.87 .586
Keterbatasan yang mungkin dari penelitian ini termasuk peserta yang berhenti
dalam jaringan periapikal lebih awal jika dibandingkan dengan radiografi periapikal.
Jumlah dinding yang utuh pada gigi yang terlibat berpotensi memengaruhi prognosis
Keterbatasan lain dari penelitian kami adalah bahwa tidak ada sampling bakteriologis
yang dilakukan untuk menentukan beban mikroba yang tersisa di kanal setelah irigasi
dengan hasil klinis dapat membantu lebih memahami biologi penyembuhan setelah
perawatan endodontik. Penelitian ini adalah yang pertama dari jenisnya yang
Meskipun hasil yang diperoleh secara statistik tidak signifikan, topik ini memerlukan
eksplorasi lebih lanjut untuk meniadakan atau menegaskan temuan. Terakhir, karena
penelitian ini mengeksplorasi efek konsentrasi khususnya pada gigi dengan pulpa
Kesimpulan
NaOCl sebagai irigasi endodontik sudah memadai, dan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the
effect of 2 different concentrations of sodium hypochlo-
S odium hypochlorite
(NaOCl) is currently the
Significance
This is the first randomized controlled trial
rite on healing and postoperative pain after primary end- most widely used irrigant conduct-ed to evaluate the effect of the
odontic treatment. Methods: One hundred mandibular because of its anti-
bacterial (1, 2) and tissue- concentration of so-dium hypochlorite on clinical
molars with pulp necrosis and chronic apical periodonti-
dissolving properties (3, outcome. Favorable healing and pain response
tis were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: high- 4).Various concentrations
of NaOCl are being used, were observed with both concentrations.
concentration (HC) 5% sodium hypochlorite and low-
concentration (LC) 1% sodium hypochlorite. Root canal
treatment was performed using a standardized protocol. ranging from 0.5%–5.25% and above. However, a controversy exists regarding the
Canals were prepared using equal volumes of respective optimum concentration of NaOCl to be used in endodontic procedures. Several
irrigants after each instrument change. After chemome- researchers have tried to assess the influence of different concentrations of NaOCl on
chanical preparation, the final flush was performed with 5 various aspects such as antimicrobial efficacy, tissue dissolution, penetration into
mL 17% EDTA solution followed by 5 mL 5% or 1% dentin, capacity to remove the smear layer, decalcification of dentin, microhardness,
sodium hypochlorite depending on the group. All pa-tients viability of stem cells in the apical region, viscosity, amount of debris extrusion, tooth
were asked to record the degree of pain on a vi-sual surface strain, and postoperative pain. The results of these studies have been conflicting
analog scale every 24 hours for 1 week. At the second in nature. Some studies have advocated the use of a higher concentration (2, 5–7),
visit, canals were obturated, and the teeth were restored whereas others have shown a negative impact of a rise in concentration (8–10). Yet
permanently. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were another group of studies has reported no significant difference of varying
performed every 3 months for 12 months. The data concentrations with respect to antimicrobial efficacy, tissue dissolution, and smear
collected were statistically analyzed. Results: Eighty-six layer removal capacity (11–13).
teeth were available for evaluation at the 1-year follow- While performing root canal treatment, an endodontist has 2 primary objectives in mind. The
up. The overall healing rate observed was 76.7%. first short-term outcome is the control and prevention of pain. The second long-term objective
Greater healing was observed in the HC (81.4%) group includes radiographic and clinical healing. It has been suggested that the irrigant may reach the
compared with the LC group (72.1%), but the difference apex and the periapical region without forceful injection through a syringe (14). Higher
was not statistically signifi-cant (P > .05). No significant concentrations, being more cytotoxic than lower ones (15, 16), have more potential to irritate the
differences in pain inci-dence and pain scores were found periapical tissue during such unavoidable, albeit minute, extrusions. Moreover, it has been shown
between the 2 groups (P >.05), with lower values reported in vitro that a high concentration of NaOCl is associated with more apical extrusion of debris (9).
in the LC group. Conclusions: The use of LC or HC There-fore, the concentration of NaOCl may, at least theoretically, contribute to the degree of
sodium hypo-chlorite did not result in a significant postoperative pain. The realization of the second objective requires a reduction of the microbial
difference in the clinical outcome. (J Endod 2019;-:1–7) burden within the root canals to a level that does not interfere with perira-dicular healing (17). The
results of studies conducted to evaluate the effect of concen-tration of NaOCl on bacterial reduction
Key Words have not been consistent. Although several in vitro studies have shown a positive correlation
Apical periodontitis, irrigants, periapical index, postop- between concentration and bacterial reduction (2, 6), others could not demonstrate the same (12).
erative pain, sodium hypochlorite, treatment outcome The discrepancy in re-sults, taken together with the fact that the precise relationship between the
amount of bacterial reduction and healing remains to be elucidated, indicates that role of NaOCl
concentration in endodontic outcome is still not clear.
From the Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
Address requests for reprints to Dr Pankaj Sangwan, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India 124001. E-mail
address: drps_1@yahoo.co.in 0099-2399/$ - see front matter
Copyright ª 2019 American Association of Endodontists.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.003
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2019 NaOCl and Primary Root Canal Treatment 1
studies exploring this issue. Three of these studies evaluated depending on the group. Canals were dried with sterile absorbent paper points,
antibacte-rial effectiveness (18–20), whereas 1 evaluated filled with calcium hydroxide paste, and restored with Cavit (3M ESPE, Seefeld,
postoperative pain (21). In wake of the controversy surrounding the Germany). In the second visit, the tooth was again iso-lated under a rubber dam.
concentration of NaOCl and the lack of well-designed prospective The intracanal dressing was removed with H-files and copious irrigation with 5
randomized controlled trials, the present study was designed to mL of either 5% or 1 % NaOCl de-pending on the group followed by 5 mL 17%
compare endodontic outcome after the use of 2 different EDTA and a final rinse with 5 mL 5% or 1% NaOCl. Canals were then dried
concentrations of NaOCl (5% and 1%). The secondary outcome with absorbent paper points and obturated using the lateral condensation
was the incidence and severity of postoperative pain. technique with gutta-percha and zinc oxide–eugenol–based sealer in both groups.
Af-ter obturation, the cavity was restored permanently with composite resin
Materials and Methods restoration. An immediate postoperative radiograph was then taken using preset
exposure parameters.
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical
Com-mittee of the Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences,
Rohtak, Har-yana, India (PGIDS/IEC/2016/62). Study subjects
were recruited from the pool of patients referred for initial Evaluation Criteria
nonsurgical root canal treat-ment in the Post Graduate Department Pain Evaluation
of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. Before the administration of local anesthesia, patients were asked to record
The study population was composed of patients requiring primary root the preoperative pain on a visual analog scale (VAS). They were asked to record
canal treatment after the diagnosis of pulpal necrosis with chronic apical the severity of pain using a 10-cm VAS scale, with 0 depicting no pain and 10
periodontitis (minimum size $ 2.0 2.0 mm) in mature per-manent mandibular depicting maximum pain imaginable, every 24 hours for 7 days after
first and second molars. All patients were over 18 years of age, and a diagnosis intervention. One week later, patients returned with the completed
of pulpal necrosis was confirmed by a negative response to cold and electrical questionnaires. Pain on the VAS was also categorized into mild (1–3), moderate
tests and the absence of bleeding on entering the pulp chamber. Diabetics, (4–6), and severe (7–
immunocompro-mised patients, pregnant females, and patients with a history of 10) to enhance clinical interpretability.
anal-gesic intake within the past 3 days and antibiotics in the last month were
excluded from the study. Periodontally compromised teeth, pre-viously accessed Radiographic and Clinical Evaluation
teeth, and teeth that were not suitable for rubber dam isolation were also excluded Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed every 3
from the study. months until 12 months after root canal treatment. All the radiographs
were obtained using the same digital imaging system (Intraskan DC X-
After informed consent was obtained, the patients were randomly ray machine; Skanray Technologies Pvt Ltd, Mysore, India) using a
allocated to 1 of the 2 study groups based on the concentration of dig-ital sensor (Carestream RVG 5200; Carestream Health Inc,
NaOCl: the high-concentration group (HC) (5% NaOCl) and the low- Rochester, NY) with standardized exposure parameters. The change in
concentration group (LC) (1% NaOCl). An equal proportion random- periapical radiolucency observed at the 12-month follow-up visit was
ization allocation ratio was followed by using envelopes that contained assessed (Fig. 1). The absence of pain and tenderness to
concealed assignment codes, which were assigned sequentially to palpation/percussion, the absence of a sinus tract or any associated soft
eligible patients. A clinical assistant, in accordance with the code pre- tissue swelling, tooth mobility of grade 1 or less, and no deterioration
pared, loaded and supplied respective solutions of NaOCl during the in periodontal probing depth compared with the baseline measurements
entire session of treatment. It was ensured that neither the patient nor comprised the criteria for clinical success.
the primary investigator was aware of the concentration of the irri-gant The scoring of each tooth was performed according to the periap-ical index
used during the treatment visit. (PAI), a 5-point scale (22). To overcome the observer vari-ation in recording PAI
scores, periapical status was assessed by 2 observers. In case the 2 observers did
Clinical Procedure not agree, the higher of the scores was assigned. We attempted to analyze success
The root canal procedures in all the patients were performed by a single in more than 1 way. First, we considered PAI as an ordinal scale and compared
operator (N.V). The patients received local anesthesia (2% lido-caine with the scores observed in each group. Second, we divided the teeth in each group
1:80,000 epinephrine) using a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block. After on the basis of a healed/not healed dichotomous outcome. Teeth showing a PAI
rubber dam isolation, caries were excavated, and the access cavity was prepared. score #2 were considered healed, whereas those showing a score $3 were
The pulp chamber was debrided, and the working length was determined with considered not healed. Clinical and radio-graphic follow-up examinations were
the help of an electronic apex locator (Root ZX; J Morita, Tokyo, Japan) with performed by 2 independent ob-servers (S.T. and J.D.) who were blinded to the
size 15 K-files. The file was placed in the canal until the apex locator display treatment groups. Interexaminer reliability was analyzed with Cohen kappa
indicated “APEX.” It was then withdrawn until it reached the flashing bar analysis.
between “APEX” and “1.” The silicone stop was adjusted to the reference point,
and the length was recorded as the working length. Root canal prepa-ration was
performed using Mtwo rotary files (VDW, Munich, Germany) according to the Sample Size
manufacturer’s instructions. All Mtwo instruments were used to the full length The minimum sample size required for comparing the ordinal
of the canals (single-length technique) using a gentle in-and-out motion. Five data was determined using the Walters method (23). With power =
milliliters of 5% and 1% NaOCl was used as the irrigant after each instrument 0.90, P < .05, and the minimum clinically significant mean
change in the HC and LC groups, respectively. All the irrigation procedures were difference between groups set at 0.50 units (standard deviation 1.0
performed us-ing a 30-G needle placed 2 mm short of the working length. After unit) while using the change in PAI score as the primary outcome,
root canal instrumentation, canals were irrigated with 5 mL 17% EDTA so-lution a minimum sam-ple size of 42 subjects per group was required to
for 1 minute followed by a final wash with 5 mL 5% or 1% NaOCl adequately show a dif-ference in success. To ensure a minimum
sample size of at least 42 subjects at the 12-month follow-up
examination, the goal was to enroll 50 subjects in each group.
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2019 NaOCl and Primary Root Canal Treatment 3
Statistical Analysis significant difference in sex distribution (P > .05) and the
Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests because the Kolmogorov- age of the subjects (P > .05) between the groups (Table 1).
Smirnov test for normality showed nonnormal distribution. The Mann-Whitney The overall incidence of pain at 24 hours was reported to be 42.2%
U test was used to compare age, PAI, and pain scores between the groups, (38/90 patients) with less incidence of pain reported in the LC group
whereas the chi-square test was used for dichotomous variables like sex, (37.8%) than the HC group (46.7%). However, the difference was sta-
incidence of pain, and healing. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to tistically not significant (P > .05) (Table 2). Intergroup comparison
evaluate the change in PAI scores and pain levels at different time intervals showed no significant difference in postoperative pain intensities at any
within each group. The level of significance was set at .05 using 2-tailed of the tested time intervals (P > .05). Intragroup comparison showed
analyses. Binominal logistic regression was used to find an association between
significant pain reduction for the first 5 days after treatment in the HC
prognostic factors and outcome.
group and in the first 4 days in the LC group (P < .05). No patient in
either group reported severe pain at any postoperative time interval
(Fig. 3). By the second day, only mild pain was reported by patients in
Results both groups. There was no significant difference in the mean analgesic
Out of 100 patients enrolled in the study, 1 patient in the HC group was consumption between the HC (0.35 0.71) and LC (0.28 0.62) groups (P
excluded because of instrument fracture, and 13 patients were lost to follow-up > .05). Twenty-four percent of the patients in the HC group (11/45
(6 patients in the HC group and 7 in the LC group). A total of 86 patients were patients) and 20% of the patients in the LC group (9/45) required
available for the final analysis with 43 patients in each group (Fig. 2). An analysis analgesics, with no significant difference between the groups (P > .05).
of the demographics of patients revealed no
Figure 2. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flowchart of participants throughout the trial.
Figure 2. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flowchart of participants throughout the trial.
mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis without periapical pathosis consideration the deleterious effects of a higher
(21). The study reported significantly lower postoperative pain in the concentration, it can be suggested that there is no significant
5.25% NaOCl group compared with the 2.5% NaOCl group during the advantage of using HC over LC NaOCl.
first 3 days. The difference in the findings of that study and the pre-sent Possible limitations of this study include participant dropouts and
one may be attributed to the differences in the preoperative pulpal and the use of radiographs for determining the healing rate. Sophis-ticated
periapical status of the teeth and the methodologies adopted. Far-zaneh techniques like cone-beam computed tomographic imaging may be
et al (21) conducted root canal treatment in a single visit. The present used in future studies because they have been reported to detect changes
study was conducted in 2 sittings. An interappointment antimi-crobial in periapical tissue earlier when compared to periap-ical radiography.
dressing with calcium hydroxide was given to prevent recovery and The number of intact walls in the involved teeth can potentially affect
multiplication of microorganisms in the root canal space remaining the prognosis of endodontic treatment. This factor was not taken into
even after careful instrumentation and debridement because of its anti- account in the present study. Another limitation of our study was that
bacterial and antifungal properties (42). Also, calcium hydroxide me- no bacteriologic sampling was performed to determine the microbial
diates the neutralization of lipopolysaccharides and thus helps in burden remaining in the canals after irriga-tion with 5% and 1%
minimizing inflammation (43). Ghoddusi et al (44) have shown that the NaOCl. The relation between bacterial reduc-tion and endodontic
use of calcium hydroxide can reduce the incidence of postoperative success still remains elusive, with little research done to explore the
pain. topic. Studies involving microbiological analysis along with clinical
Several previous studies have compared different concentrations outcome may help better understand the biology of healing after
of NaOCl and reported that higher concentrations cause more cytotox- endodontic treatment. The present study is the first of its kind that
icity, erosion of dentin (13), collagen degradation (8), decalcification explores the issue of the clinical effect of NaOCl concentration in
(45), dentin deproteination, and tooth surface strain (46) while reducing permanent teeth. Although the results ob-tained were found to be
microhardness, elastic modulus, and flexural strength of dentin (47). statistically nonsignificant, this topic war-rants further exploration in
Moreover, the studies analyzing antibacterial efficacy have not shown order to negate or affirm the findings. Lastly, because the study
consistent results, with some studies showing that the intracanal explored the effect of the concentration spe-cifically in teeth with
reduction of microbiota is not any greater when a higher concentration necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis, the re-sults cannot be
is used in comparison with a low concentration (18, 19). Based on the generalized to teeth with differing pulpal and periapical status.
results of the present study and taking into
Conclusion 21. Farzaneh S, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, et al. Effect of two different concentrations of
sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treat-ment:
Within the limitations of the study, it can be stated that the use a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Int Endod J 2018;51(Suppl 1):e2–11.
of 1% NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant is adequate, and higher 22. Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. Periapical index. A scoring system for radio-
concentra-tions may not provide any additional benefit. graphic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986;2:20–34.
23. Walters SJ. Sample size and power estimation for studies with health
related quality of life outcomes: a comparison of four methods using
the SF-36. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004;2:26.
Acknowledgments 24. Peters OA, Schonenberger K, Laib A. Effects of four Ni-Ti preparation
The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study. techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed
tomography. Int Endod J 2001;34: 221–30.
25. Dutner J, Mines P, Anderson A. Irrigation trends among American Association
of Endodontists members: a web-based survey. J Endod 2012;38:37–40.
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