ბიოლოგია მასწავლებელი10

n. zaaliSvili n.
iosebaSvili
biologia
X klasi
maswavleblis wigni
1
sagamomcemlo saxli
redaqtori: x. klau
teqredaqtori: g. CiqviniZe
mxatvrebi: l. siWinava
l. cxondia
dizaini,
komp. uzrunvelyofa: g. tabliaSvili
l. siWinava
sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.
tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52.
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Email: infotriasi@gmail.com
© sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~
ISBN EAN
2
sarCevi
Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb .................................................................................................4
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT ....................................8
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi .........................................................9
programis Sinaarsi ..........................................................................................................................15
masalis Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan da misi
saaTobrivi ganawilebis bade ...................................................................................................16
gakveTilebis scenarebi
§2. cilebi ............................................................................................................................................27
cilebis struqtura
§13. plastikuri cvla mcenareSi ..................................................................................................32
fotosinTezi
§20. sakvebis Sedgeniloba .............................................................................................................34
mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebi
vitaminebi da maTi daniSnuleba ( I gakveTili)
§20.sakvebis Sedgeniloba .............................................................................................................38
§20.
vitaminebi da maTi daniSnuleba( II gakveTili)
§20. sakvebis Sedgeniloba ............................................................................................................42
vitaminebi da maTi daniSnuleba( III gakveTili)
§25. sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT ...............................................................................................45
sunTqva traqeebiT
sunTqva layuCebiT
sunTqva filtvebiT. sunTqviTi parametrebi
§29. xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis tvinis agebuleba ................................................. 48
adamianis Tavis tvini
mexsiereba. mexsierebis meqanizmi
Zili. Zilis fazebi
§30. nervul sistemaze moqmedi nivTierebebi ...................................................................51
stimulatorebi, depresantebi, narkotikebi, halucinogenebi
pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao davalebebis kiTxvebze .................................56
informacia maswavleblisTvis
Tambaqo....................................................................................................................................................129
halucinogenebi ..................................................................................................................................132
trankvilizatorebi ........................................................................................................................134
narkotikis moxmarebis Sedegebi ..............................................................................................136
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Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb
saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas mTlianad gaviTvaliswineT erovnuli saswavlo

gegmis standartebi da misaRwevi Sedegebi.
X klasis programis SinaarsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebi dayofilia 10
Temad (logo 1), romelic gadanawilebulia 36 paragrafSi (logo 2). TiToeu-
li paragrafi agebulia standartuli sqemis mixedviT. paragrafi iwyeba im
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis CamoTvliT, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis yu-
radRebis koncentrireba. is gansxvavebuli SriftiT aris gamoyofili da
aqvs Sesabamisi aRniSvna (logo 3). amas mosdevs paragrafis ZiriTadi teqsti,
romelic zogjer qveparagrafebadaa dayofili da aRniSnulia viwro zoliT
(logo 4).
1
2
3
4
7
5
vecadeT, rom teqstis ena yofiliyo martivi, moswavlisTvis advilad gasage-
bi, xolo masala iseTi formiT miwodebuli, rom moswavles ar gaZneleboda
teqstis ZiriTadi azris sakuTari sityvebiT aRwera da axsna. teqstSi moyva-
nilia magaliTebi cnebebis, movlenebisa da procesebis asaxsnelad.
teqstSi CarTulia ilustraciebi _ fotoebi, sqemebi, cxrilebi, naxatebi,
romlebsac didi funqciuri datvirTva aqvT _ zogjer isini teqstis nawils
warmoadgenen. TvalsaCinoeba da teqsti erT mxedvelobiT areSia moqceuli.
amiT vecadeT, rom TvalsaCinoeba advilad aRqmadi yofiliyo.
teqstSi CarTulia kiTxvebi, romelic wiTeli wertiliTaa moniSnuli (logo 5).
am mimarTulebiTi kiTxvebiT vcdilobT moswavleebi etapobrivad miviyva-
noT cnebebis gagebamde. vfiqrobT, es kiTxvebi maT saSualebas miscems gai-
azron teqstSi mocemuli informacia, damoukideblad dasvan problema da
Seecadon mis gadaWras. teqstSi CarTuli praqtikuli samuSao mwvane rgoli-
Taa moniSnuli (logo 6). vfiqrobT, teqstis es nawili xels Seuwyobs swavlas
keTebiT, aRmoCeniT. paragrafis ZiriTad teqsts mohyveba daskvniTi nawili,
romelic mokled asaxavs paragrafis ZiriTad Sinaarss (logo 7).
paragrafis bolo nawili eTmoba Temis aTvisebis, codnis ganmtkicebisa da
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis aucilebel samuSaoebs. saxel-
mZRvanelos am nawilSi mocemulia savarjiSoTa erToblioba, romelic moi-
cavs dabali, saSualo da maRali sirTulis savarjiSoebs. maT mizans warmoad-
gens rogorc saazrovno operaciebis daufleba, ise kvlevis unar-Cvevebisa
da SemoqmedebiTobis ganviTareba.
savarjiSoebis TiToeuli tipi Sesabamisi logoTia moniSnuli.
eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao, tabulebis, cxrilebis, diagr-

amebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegebis analizi. X da XI klasis sa-
xelmZRvaneloebis am nawilSi Setanilia ramdenime mniSvnelovani
eqsperimenti, romelsac saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda biologiis
ganviTarebaSi. vecadeT moswavleebi am eqsperimentis `Tanamona-
wileebad~ gagvexada _ CagverTo misi dagegmvis, Catarebisa da Se-
degebis analizis procesSi.
sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi da testebi, romlebic moswavleebs uvi-

Tarebs movlenebis mizezebis axsnis, mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris
kavSirebis dadgenisa da arCevanis gakeTebis unars.
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rTuli kiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleebSi aviTarebs hipoTezis ga-
moTqmis, sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad argumentebis moy-
vanisa da Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTebis unar-Cvevebs. aseTi ti-
pis kiTxvebi saSualebas miscems moswavleebs, monawileoba miiRon
sxvadasxva saxis konkursebsa da viqtorinebSi.
aqve, xazgasmiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom kiTxvebi gamomdinareobs ara mxolod

gakveTilis teqstidan, aramed, umetes SenTxvevaSi, mTlianad eyrdnoba VII,
VIII da IX klasebSi ganvlil masalas. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, mxolod aseTi mid-
gomiT SeiZleba ganvaviTaroT moswavleebSi sagnebsa da movlenebSi wvdomis,
misi gaazrebisa da ganWvretis unari.
informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba da prezentacia.
modelis Seqmna
damatebiTi informacia da zogierTi rCeva paragrafSi ganxilul

TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieblad; internet-

misamarTebi.
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wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
kvl. X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis eta-

pebi.
kvl. X.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ mona-
cemebis aRricxva.
kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-
cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.
kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
cocxali samyaro
biol. X.5. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredSi mimdinare procesebze da

daasabuTos maTi mniSvneloba organizmisaTvis.
biol. X.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos sunTqvis procesis Taviseburebe-
bi mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi.
biol. X.7. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos kvebisa da monelebis mniSvneloba
organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis da energiiT uzrunvelsayo-
fad.
biol. X.8. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos fotosinTezze, rogorc mcenareu-
li biomasis warmomqmnel sakvanZo procesze.
biol. X.9. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos satransporto sistemis mniSvne-
loba organizmisaTvis.
biol. X.10. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos makoordinirebeli sistemebis
mniSvneloba organizmisaTvis.
biol. X.11. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos gamomyofi sistemis mniSvneloba
Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebisaTvis (homeostazi).
biol. X.12. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos sxvadasxva garemoSi mobinadre or-
ganizmebis moZraobis Taviseburebebze.
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wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi:
mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• gansazRvravs da ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;

• gansazRvravs Sesabamisi informaciis moZiebis wyaroebs;
• gamoTqvams argumentirebul mosazrebas/varauds;
• gansazRvravs monacemebis mopovebis gzebs (mag., cdiT, savele samuSaos
CatarebiT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxis irgvliv literaturis moZiebiT);
• ganarCevs mudmiv da cvlad (damokidebul, damoukidebel) parametrebs;
• gansazRvravs kvlevis pirobebs da Catarebis etapebs;
• arCevs saTanado xelsawyoebs/aRWurvilobas/instrumentebs, asabuTebs
arCevans;
• gansazRvravs monacemebis aRricxvis formebs (cxrilebi, grafikebi, sie-
bi, fotoebi, Canawerebi).
kvl.X.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / mona-

cemebis aRricxva.
• moiZiebs da aanalizebs Sesabamis informacias;

• iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas da atarebs dagegmil cdas
usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;
• awarmoebs dakvirvebas da/an gazomvebs, iRebs sarwmuno monacemebs;
• gegmavs da atarebs sakontrolo cdas;
• akvirdeba, zomavs, iyenebs informaciul-sakomunikacio saSualebebs mo-
nacemebis saTanado sizustiT registrirebisTvis (mag., drois monakveTSi
cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aRricxva);
• iyenebs saTanado wesebs sakuTari da sxvaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay-
ofad.
kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.
• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs, cxrilebs, grafikebs, siebs) monacem-

Ta warmosadgenad;
• iyenebs sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebs Tvisebrivi da rao-
denobrivi monacemebis dasamuSaveblad da warmosadgenad.
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• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an cvladebs Soris

damokidebulebis aRsawerad;
• aanalizebs monacemebs (mag., saSualo ariTmetikuli sididis da saSualo-
dan gadaxrebis dadgena), saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakontrolo cdis Se-
degebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoitans daskvnebi;
• ganixilavs, sakmarisia Tu ara monacemebi (raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad)
gamoTqmuli varaudis dasadastureblad an daskvnis gamosatanad;
• adarebs daskvnebs gamoTqmul varauds, gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi xsnis mi-
zezebs;
• ganixilavs dakvirvebisa da gazomvebis dros gamovlenil moulodnelo-
bebs, cdilobs maT axsnas;
• afasebs, iZleva Tu ara gamotanili daskvnebi morigi varaudis gamoTqmis
saSualebas;
• saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gegmavs momaval cdas;
• SeimuSavebs gamoyenebuli meTodebis daxvewis gzebs.
mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro
biol. X.5. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredSi mimdinare procesebze da

daasabuTos maTi mniSvneloba organizmisaTvis.
• msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

ganixilavs ujreds, rogorc erT mTlians;
• iyenebs membranis Txevad-mozaikur models ujredsa da garemos Soris
kavSiris sademonstraciod (mag., SerCeviTi gamtaroba, difuzia, osmosi,
aqtiuri transporti, endocitozi, egzocitozi, `Tavisianis~ da ùcxos~
cnoba);
• asabuTebs ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali araorganuli da organuli
nivTierebebis aucileblobas organizmisaTvis;
• ilustraciisa da/an modelis saSualebiT aCvenebs biopolimerebis ageb-
ulebebs Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas da msjelobs maT mniSvnelo-
baze TiToeuli ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis;
• wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze asabuTebs sicocx-
lisaTvis mis aucileblobas;
• atarebs cdebs da avlens katalizuri procesebis intensivobis damokide-
bulebas zogierT faqtorze (mag., temperatura, pH), monacemebs gamosax-
avs grafikulad da aanalizebs Sedegebs;
• msjelobs anaboluri da kataboluri procesebis arsze, aRwers da sqe-
maturad gamosaxavs maT mimdinareobas;
• moipovebs informacias kancerogenuri nivTierebebis rolze ujredis
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arakontrolirebadi gayofis procesSi _ simsivneebis ganviTarebaSi;
• varaudobs, Tu rogori iqneba ujredis metabolizmi konkretul situa-
ciaSi (mag., gonebrivi da fizikuri datvirTva, mosvenebis mdgomareoba,
hipoqsia, Tireotoqsikozi, diabeti), agrovebs informacias varaudis da-
sadastureblad.
biol. X.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos sunTqvis procesis Tavisebure-

bebi mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi.
• saubrobs sunTqvis produqtebiT ujredebis momaragebis gzebze da msj-

elobs cxoveluri da mcenareuli ujredebis mier energiis warmoqmnis
Taviseburebebze;
• warmosaxavs sunTqvis process, rogorc qimiuri reaqciebis jams da ganix-
ilavs glukozas, rogorc ujredis energiis ZiriTad wyaros;
• msjelobs aerobuli da anaerobuli sunTqvis Taviseburebebze. aRwers da
sqematurad gamosaxavs maT mimdinareobas, wers Sesabamis gantolebebs,
erTmaneTs adarebs am or process;
• msjelobs cxovelebsa da mcenareebSi mimdinare aerobuli / anaerobuli
procesebis msgavseba / gansxvavebaze;
• qmnis aerobuli sunTqvis modelebs (mag., qalaqisa da ujredis analogia
_ energiis wyaroebi da moxmarebis mizani TiToeulisaTvis);
• eqsperimentulad ikvlevs wvis process (mag., Saqris natexis wva daxurul
qilaSi). adarebs wvas da ujredul sunTqvas da msjelobs am ukanasknelis
upiratesobaze;
• aRwers gzebs, romliTac organizmi maragdeba JangbadiT (mag., sxeulis
zedapiri, traqeebi, layuCebi, filtvebi);
• saubrobs alveolis Tvisebebze da xsnis dazianebis dros alveolis arse-
bobisas gazTa cvlis Seferxebis mizezebs;
• asabuTebs sisxlis da sisxlis mimoqcevis mniSvnelobas naxSirorJangis
da Jangbadis transportirebis procesSi.
biol. X.7. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos kvebis da monelebis mniSvneloba

organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis da energiiT uzrunvelsayo-
fad.
• atarebs cdebs sakvebSi dagrovili energiis raodenobis gamosaTvlelad,

adarebs sakveb produqtebs energetikuli Rirebulebis mixedviT;
• asabuTebs sakvebis mniSvnelobas organizmis zrdisaTvis da energiiT mo-
maragebisaTvis;
• adarebs mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis kvebis tipebs da adgens
maT Soris principul gansxvavebas;
• ikvlevs sakvebis Sedgenilobas (organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebi,
vitaminebi), kvebiT Rirebulebas da energiis Semcvelobas, aanalizebs da-
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balansebuli kvebiTi racionis da TiToeuli komponentis mniSvnelobas
organizmisaTvis;
• sqematurad asaxavs sakvebi nivTierebebis gzas saWmlis momnelebeli sis-
temidan ujredebamde;
• asabuTebs miRebuli sakvebidan individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTie-
rebebis awyobis princips;
• moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtis kvebiT Rirebule-
baze da energiis Semcvelobaze da msjelobs dabalansebuli racionis
mniSvnelobaze sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufisaTvis;
• eqsperimentulad asabuTebs fermentebis moqmedebas sakvebis qimiur daS-
lis procesze da msjelobs temperaturisa da pH-is zemoqmedebiT fer-
mentuli aqtivobis cvlilebaze;
• acnobierebs monelebuli sakvebis aTvisebaSi sisxlis mimoqcevis siste-
mis mniSvnelobas.
biol. X.8. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos fotosinTezze, rogorc mcenareu-

li biomasis warmomqmnel sakvanZo procesze.
• msjelobs garemosaTvis mwvane mcenaris mniSvnelobaze;

• sqemis saxiT warmoadgens fotosinTezis sawyis da saboloo produqtebs;
• aRwers mcenaris satransporto sistemas da msjelobs wylis da mineral-
uri nivTierebebis moZraobis kanonzomierebebze;
• cdis saSualebiT ikvlevs sxvadasxva foTolSi (mag., feradi foTlebi,
ramdenime dRiT sibneleSi gaCerebuli foTlebi, damcvelobiTi safarve-
lis mqone foTlebi) saxameblis arseboba/ar arsebobas, adgens cxrils da
masSi warmodgenil monacemebs akavSirebs qlorofilis arsebobasTan;
• ikvlevs (eqsperimentulad, mza monacemebis analizis safuZvelze, simu-
laciuri programebis daxmarebiT) garemo faqtorebis (sinaTlis inten-
sivoba, temperatura, naxSirorJangis koncentracia) gavlenas fotosin-
Tezis procesze;
• ganasxvavebs fotosinTezsa da sunTqvas mcenareebSi;
• msjelobs fotosinTezis Sedegad foTlebSi warmoqmnili glukozis Sem-
dgom bedze (moixmareba sunTqvis procesSi, saxameblis warmosaqmnelad);
• warmoadgens referats mcenareuli biomasidan damzadebuli ekonomiku-
rad mniSvnelovani produqtebis Sesaxeb.
biol. X.9. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos satransporto sistemis mniSvn-

eloba organizmisaTvis.
• aanalizebs wylis da sakvebi nivTierebebis transportirebis meqanizms

mcenareebSi;
• ikvlevs garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebiT wylis transportirebis intensi-
vobis cvlilebebs mcenareebSi;
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• axasiaTebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis 4 ZiriTad komponents (are - sisx-
li, gamtari milebi — sisxlZarRvebi, tumbo _ guli, mimocvlis uSualo
segmenti — kapilarebi) da TiToeulis mniSvnelobas nivTierebaTa trans-
portis procesSi;
• ilustraciis gamoyenebiT aRwers sisxlis wiTeli ujredis moZraobas
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi (mag., erTi eriTrocitis moZraoba aorti-
dan marcxena parkuWamde);
• qmnis antigenisa da antisxeulis urTierTqmedebis models da msjelobs
am urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelobaze;
• ganasxvavebs sistolur da diastolur wnevas. zomavs sisxlis wnevas.
msjelobs gulis muSaobasa da sisxlis wnevas Soris arsebul urTierT-
damokidebulebaze.
• aRwers avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis mier gulisa da sisxlis wnevis reg-
ulirebis process;
• aanalizebs jansaRi cxovrebis wesis da janmrTelobaze moqmedi risk-faq-
torebis zegavlenis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas;
• axasiaTebs zogierT gul-sisxlZarRvovan paTologias (mag., aTerosklero-
zi, gulis manki, gulis kunTis infarqti).
biol. X.10. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos makoordinirebeli sistemebis

mniSvneloba organizmisaTvis.
• msjelobs organizmebSi gaRizianebis sapasuxod warmoqmnil procesebze;

• axasiaTebs mcenareuli hormonebis rols zrdis, ganviTarebisa da stim-
ulze sapasuxo reaqciebis koordinirebaSi;
• aanalizebs makoordinirebeli sistemebis mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saxis
ujredebisa da qsovilebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis;
• erTmaneTs adarebs nervul da endokrinul sistemebs (moqmedebis dro, in-
formaciis gadacemis forma, pasuxis xangrZlivoba, moqmedebis areali).
Sedegebs warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT;
• axasiaTebs tvinis sxvadasxva ubnis daniSnulebas da asabuTebs central-
uri nervuli sistemis integralur funqcias;
• saubrobs nervuli sistemisTvis zogierTi medikamentis damazianebel
efeqtze;
• aRwers hormonis gamoyofis ormxrivi regulaciis process (regulacia
centraluri nervuli sistemidan da regulacia mocemuli hormonis kon-
centraciiT sisxlSi);
• ganasxvavebs pirobiT da upirobo refleqsebs da sqematurad gamosaxavs
refleqsur rkals.
13
biol. X.11. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos gamomyofi sistemis mniSvneloba
Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebisaTvis (homeostazi).
• msjelobs organizmisaTvis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis au-

cileblobaze;
• eqsperimentulad asabuTebs difuziis da osmosis mniSvnelobas mcenareu-
li da cxoveluri qsovilisaTvis;
• axasiaTebs homeostazis procesSi monawile organoebs, cxrilis da/an dia-
gramis saxiT warmoadgens maT mier kontrolirebad procesebs (mag., Tir-
kmelebi — wylisa da marilebis regulacia);
• msjelobs uaryofiTi ukukavSiris principis Sesaxeb da iyenebs mas TiTo-
eul ujredSi garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis meqanizmis asaxsnelad;
• msjelobs kanis mniSvnelobaze organizmis temperaturis mudmivobis Se-
narCunebaSi da ganixilavs am process, rogorc uaryofiTi ukukavSiris
magaliTs.
biol. X.12. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos sxvadasxva garemos mimarT orga

nizmebis moZraobis adaptaciur Taviseburebebze.
• msjelobs ConCxisa da kunTebis daniSnulebaze organizmisaTvis (mag., sayr-

den-mamoZravebeli, damcvelobiTi);
• modelebze amoicnobs adamianis Zvlebsa da kunTebs da saubrobs maT fun-
qciaze;
• eqsperimentis saSualebiT adgens ZvlisaTvis organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebis mniSvnelobas;
• ganasxvavebs adamianis ConCxSi arsebuli sxvadasxva tipis ZvalTa SeerTe-
bebs, aRwers maT Taviseburebebs, msjelobs damatebiTi struqturebis
(iogis, myesis, xrtilis) mniSvnelobaze normaluri moZraobisaTvis, mohy-
avs moZravi SeerTebis analogiebi teqnikur konstruqciebSi;
• saubrobs kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmze, qmnis models antagonisti kunTebis
muSaobis principis (mag., orTava da samTava kunTebi) sademonstraciod;
• msjelobs frinvelTa ConCxis frenasTan dakavSirebul Taviseburebebze
(mag., Rruiani, msubuqi Zvlebi, sxeulis forma, dabalansebuli wona);
• msjelobs wyalSi mobinadre cxovelebis curvasTan dakavSirebul struq-
turul Taviseburebebze (mag., sxeulis forma, farflebi);
• msjelobs mcenareTa moZraobis sxvadasxva formebze (mag., fototropiz-
mi, geotropizmi).
14
programis Sinaarsi
ujredi. ujreduli Teoria, organoidebi da maTi funqciebi, atomuri da mo-

lekuluri Sedgeniloba, biopolimerebi, plastikuri da energetikuli cvla.
sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba. kvebis tipebi, sakvebis mravalferovneba, wyali,

mineraluri marilebi, cilebi, cximebi, naxSirwylebi, vitaminebi. am komponen-
tebis SefardebiTi Semcveloba sakvebSi da TiToeulis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba;
saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis zogadi agebuleba da calkeuli nawilebis fun-
qciebi; fermentebis daniSnuleba da moqmedebis Taviseburebani.
fotosinTezi da nivTierebaTa transporti mcenareebSi. fotosinTezi da kve-

ba, fotosinTezis intensivoba, foToli da fotosinTezi, fotosinTezi da
garemo, mcenare da mineralebi, fesvebis mier wylis da mineralebis Sewova,
satransporto sistema mcenareebSi, wylis moZraoba mcenareSi, transpiracia.
homeostazi. homeostazis zogadi daxasiaTeba, homeostazis xelSemwyobi pi-

robebi, kontroli sxeulis temperaturaze, eqskrecia: metabolizmis mavne
produqtebis gamoyofa, osmoregulacia da Tirkmelebis ukmarisoba.
koordinacia da pasuxi gaRizianebaze. gaRizianebadoba da aRgznebadoba —

cocxalis Tvisebebi. koordinacia: nervuli sistema, neironebi da refleqsuri
rkali, centraluri nervuli sistemis integraciuli funqcia; tvini, rogorc
centraluri nervuli sistemis procesori, narkotikebis damazianebeli moq-
medeba centralur nervul sistemaze, receptorebi da SegrZneba; Tvali, ro-
gorc SegrZnebis organo, endokrinuli sistema.
sunTqva. organizmis energetikuli masala, naxSirwylebis sxvadasxva tipebi,

aerobuli da anaerobuli procesebi, atf. sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT, tra-
qeebiT, layuCebiT, filtvebiT. adamianis sunTqviTi parametrebi, airTa cvla
- JangbadiT momarageba, filtvis ventilacia, Tambaqos mier gamowveuli daa-
vadebebi.
sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva. nivTierebaTa transporti cxovelebSi, sisxlis

komponentebi da maTi funqciebi. nivTierebebis cvla sisxlsa da qsovilebs
Soris kapilarebSi. guli, rogorc sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis tumbo. sisx-
lis wnevis regulacia da varjiSis mniSvneloba. guli (agebuleba, cirkulacia,
aorta, Rru venebi, filtvis arteria da vena, winaguli, parkuWi). gulis muSa-
oba. koronaruli momaragebis darRveva.
moZraoba. ConCxi, ConCxis Zvlebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba, kunTebis SekumSva

da energia. moZraoba haerSi, moZraoba wyalSi.
15
masalis Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan da misi saaTobrivi ganawilebis bade
16
Temis da paragrafis standartis Sesabamisi gakveTilis
dasaxeleba Sedegebi da indikatorebi raodenoba
1 2 3
I sicocxlis biol X.5.3. asabuTebs ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali araorganuli da organuli
molekulebi
biol X.5.5. wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze asabuTebs sicocx-
§1
organizmis qimiuri Sedge-
lisaTvis mis aucileblobas;
kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba. 3
niloba
araorganuli nivTierebebi
wyali da mineraluri
marilebi
I sicocxlis biol X.5.4. ilustraciisa da/an modelis saSualebiT aCvenebs biopolimerebis ageb-
molekulebi
ulebebs Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas da msjelobs maT mniSvnelobaze TiToeu-
li ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis;
§2 1
organuli nivTierebebi
cilebi. cilebis struqtura

molekulebi
biol X.5.6. atarebs cdebs da avlens katalizuri procesebis intensivobis damokide-
§3
organuli nivTierebebi bulebas zogierT faqtorze (mag., temperatura, pH), monacemebs gamosaxavs grafi-
cilebi. cilebis funqciebi kulad da aanalizebs Sedegebs;
3
kvl.X.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
ricxva.
1 2 3
molekulebi
biol X.5.4. ilustraciisa da/an modelis saSualebiT aCvenebs biopolimerebis ageb-
§4
naxSirwylebi: li ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis; 2
monosaqaridebi, kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
oligosaqaridebi,
polisaqaridebi
naxSirwylebis mniSvneloba

molekulebi
§5
li ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis; 3
lipidebi: cximebi,
fosfolipidebi, kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
cvilebi, steroidebi kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2.
lipidebis daniSnuleba ricxva.

molekulebi
§6
organuli nivTierebebi.
ulebebs Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas da msjelobs maT mniSvnelobaze TiToeu- 2
dnm -is aRmoCenis istoria li ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis;
17
1 2 3
18
molekulebi
§7
dnm -is qimiuri Sedgeniloba
Cargafis kanoni li ujredisaTvis da mTeli organizmisaTvis; 1
dnm-is rentgenuli kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
kristalografia
dnm -is molekulis ormagi
spiralis modeli
II ujredi biol X.5.1. msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

§8 kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
1
ujreduli Teoria

§9 ganixilavs ujreds, rogorc erT mTlians;
plazmuri membrana biol X.5.2. iyenebs membranis Txevad-mozaikur models ujredsa da garemos Soris
plazmuri membranis kavSiris sademonstraciod (mag., SerCeviTi gamtaroba, difuzia, osmosi, aqtiuri
agebuleba transporti, endocitozi, egzocitozi, `Tavisianis~ da ùcxos~ cnoba);
plazmuri membranis biol X.11.2. eqsperimentulad asabuTebs difuziis da osmosis mniSvnelobas mcena- 3
funqciebi reuli da cxoveluri qsovilisaTvis;
kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2
ricxva.

§10 ganixilavs ujreds, rogorc erT mTlians;
birTvi kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
ribosoma
1
endoplazmuri bade
goljis kompleqsi
1 2 3
§11 kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
lizosoma 2
mitoqondria
qloroplasti
citoConCxi
III nivTierebaTa cvla biol X.5.7. msjelobs anaboluri da kataboluri procesebis arsze, aRwers da sqe-
maturad gamosaxavs maT mimdinareobas;
ujredSi
biol X.6.2.
X.6.2.warmosaxavs sunTqvis process, rogorc qimiuri reaqciebis jams da ga-
§12 nixilavs glukozas, rogorc ujredis energiis ZiriTad wyaros;
plastikuri da
biol X.6.3. msjelobs aerobuli da anaerobuli sunTqvis Taviseburebebze. aRwers
energetikuli cvla
da sqematurad gamosaxavs maT mimdinareobas, wers Sesabamis gantolebebs, erTma-
ujreduli sunTqva
neTs adarebs am or process;
biol X.6.6.
X.6.6.eqsperimentulad ikvlevs wvis process (mag., Saqris natexis wva daxurul
qilaSi). adarebs wvas da ujredul sunTqvas da msjelobs am ukanasknelis upirate- 2
sobaze;
kvl.X.2
ricxva.
kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-
alebis gamoyenebiT.
III nivTierebaTa cvla biol X.8.2. sqemis saxiT warmoadgens fotosinTezis sawyis da saboloo
produqtebs;
ujredSi
kvl.X.2
§13 ricxva.
plastikuri cvla mcenareebSi 2
fotosinTezi
19
1 2 3
20
IV fotosinTezi da biol X.8.1. msjelobs garemosaTvis mwvane mcenaris mniSvnelobaze;
transporti mcenareebSi biol X.8.4. cdis saSualebiT ikvlevs sxvadasxva foTolSi (mag., feradi foTlebi,
ramdenime dRiT sibneleSi gaCerebuli foTlebi, damcvelobiTi safarvelis mqone
§14
foTlebi) saxameblis arseboba/ar arsebobas, adgens cxrils da masSi warmodgenil
foTlis agebuleba
monacemebs akavSirebs qlorofilis arsebobasTan;
mcenaris sunTqva da foto-
sinTezi biol X.8.5. ikvlevs (eqsperimentulad, mza monacemebis analizis safuZvelze, simu-
laciuri programebis daxmarebiT) garemo faqtorebis (sinaTlis intensivoba, tem-
peratura, naxSirorJangis koncentracia) gavlenas fotosinTezis procesze; 2
biol X.8.6. ganasxvavebs fotosinTezsa da sunTqvas mcenareebSi;
kvl.X.2
ricxva.
alebis gamoyenebiT.
IV fotosinTezi da biol X.8.3. aRwers mcenaris satransporto sistemas da msjelobs wylis da mineral-
transporti mcenareebSi uri nivTierebebis moZraobis kanonzomierebebze;
§15 biol X.8.7. msjelobs fotosinTezis Sedegad foTlebSi warmoqmnili glukozis Sem-
mcenare da mineralebi dgom bedze (moixmareba sunTqvis procesSi, saxameblis warmosaqmnelad);
mineraluri marilebis kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. 1
mniSvneloba cenareebisTvis kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
mineraluri marilebis
ujredebSi SeRwevis gzebi
sasuqebi
IV fotosinTezi da biol X.8.3. aRwers mcenaris satransporto sistemas da msjelobs wylis da mineral-
transporti mcenareebSi uri nivTierebebis moZraobis kanonzomierebebze;
§16 kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2
ricxva. 3
plastikuri cvla mcena-
reebSi kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
fotosinTezi
1 2 3
V sakvebi da saWmlis biol X.7.3. adarebs mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis kvebis tipebs da adgens
maT Soris principul gansxvavebas;
moneleba
biol X.7.5. sqematurad asaxavs sakvebi nivTierebebis gzas saWmlis momnelebeli
§17 sistemidan ujredebamde;
heterotrofuli kvebis biol X.7.6.
X.7.6.asabuTebs miRebuli sakvebidan individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niv-
tipebi
2
Tierebebis awyobis princips;
erTujredianebis, kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-
uxerxemlo da xerxemliani
alebis gamoyenebiT.
cxovelebis kveba da
moneleba
V sakvebi da saWmlis biol X.7.5. sqematurad asaxavs sakvebi nivTierebebis gzas saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemidan ujredebamde;
moneleba
biol X.7.8.
X.7.8.eqsperimentulad asabuTebs fermentebis moqmedebas sakvebis qimiur
§18
ZuZumwovrebis saWmlis daSlis procesze da msjelobs temperaturisa da pH-is zemoqmedebiT fermentuli
1
momnelebeli sistema aqtivobis cvlilebaze;
moneleba piris RruSi kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2
moneleba kuWSi ricxva.
V sakvebi da saWmlis biol X.7.5. sqematurad asaxavs sakvebi nivTierebebis gzas saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemidan ujredebamde;
moneleba
biol X.7.6.
X.7.6.asabuTebs miRebuli sakvebidan individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niv-
§19 Tierebebis awyobis princips;
sakvebis moneleba wvril
biol X.7.8.
X.7.8.eqsperimentulad asabuTebs fermentebis moqmedebas sakvebis qimiur 2
nawlavSi
Sewova wvril nawlavSi daSlis procesze da msjelobs temperaturisa da pH-is zemoqmedebiT fermentuli
msxvili nawlavis funqciebi aqtivobis cvlilebaze;
kvl.X.2
ricxva.
V sakvebi da saWmlis biol X.7.2. asabuTebs sakvebis mniSvnelobas organizmis zrdisaTvis da energiiT mo-
maragebisaTvis;
moneleba
biol X.7.4. ikvlevs sakvebis Sedgenilobas (organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebi,
§20 vitaminebi), kvebiT Rirebulebas da energiis Semcvelobas, aanalizebs dabalansebu-
sakvebis Sedgeniloba 3
li kvebiTi racionis da TiToeuli komponentis mniSvnelobas organizmisaTvis;
mcenareuli da cxoveluri
kvl.X.2
sakvebi
21
ricxva.
vitaminebi, maTi
daniSnuleba kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
1 2 3
22
V sakvebi da saWmlis biol X.7.2. asabuTebs sakvebis mniSvnelobas organizmis zrdisaTvis da energiiT mo-
maragebisaTvis;
moneleba
biol X.7.7.
X.7.7.moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtis kvebiT Rirebuleba-
§21 ze da energiis Semcvelobaze da msjelobs dabalansebuli racionis mniSvnelobaze
sakvebis energetikuli Ri- sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufisaTvis;
rebuleba kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2 2
sakvebSi energiis gansazR- ricxva.
vra
adamianis moTxovnileba
alebis gamoyenebiT.
energiaze
dabalansebuli kveba
VI sisxli da sisxlis mimo- biol X.9.3. axasiaTebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis 4 ZiriTad komponents (are -
qceva sisxli, gamtari milebi - sisxlZarRvebi, tumbo - guli, mimocvlis uSualo segmenti
§22 - kapilarebi) da TiToeulis mniSvnelobas nivTierebaTa transportis procesSi;
satransporto sistema kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
cxovelebSi
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema 1
uxerxemlo cxovelebSi
Tevzebis, amfibiebis,
qvewarmavlebisa da
frinvelebis sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistema
§23 - kapilarebi) da TiToeulis mniSvnelobas nivTierebaTa transportis procesSi;
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis biol X.9.5. qmnis antigenisa da antisxeulis urTierTqmedebis models da msjelobs 1
Sedgeniloba am urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelobaze;
sisxlis Semadgeneli
komponentebis funqciebi
1 2 3
- kapilarebi) da TiToeulis mniSvnelobas nivTierebaTa transportis procesSi;
§24
biol X.9.4. ilustraciis gamoyenebiT aRwers sisxlis wiTeli ujredis moZraobas
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi (mag., erTi eriTrocitis moZraoba aortidan marcxena
mimoqcevis sistema
gulisa da sisxlZarRvebis parkuWamde);
agebuleba da funqciebi biol X.9.6. ganasxvavebs sistolur da diastolur wnevas. zomavs sisxlis wnevas.
gulis ciklis fazebi msjelobs gulis muSaobasa da sisxlis wnevas Soris arsebul urTierTdamokideb-
zogierTi gul- ulebaze. 3
sisxlZarRvovani biol X.9.8. aanalizebs jansaRi cxovrebis wesis da janmrTelobaze moqmedi risk-
paTologiebi faqtorebis zegavlenis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas;
kvl.X.1.moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
kvl.X.1.
kvl.X.2
ricxva.
alebis gamoyenebiT.
VII sunTqva biol X.6.7. aRwers gzebs, romliTac organizmi maragdeba JangbadiT (mag., sxeulis
§25 zedapiri, traqeebi, layuCebi, filtvebi);
sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT biol X.6.8. saubrobs alveolis Tvisebebze da xsnis dazianebis dros alveolis arse-
sunTqva traqeebiT bobisas gazTa cvlis Seferxebis mizezebs;
sunTqva layuCebiT biol X.6.9.
X.6.9.asabuTebs sisxlis da sisxlis mimoqcevis mniSvnelobas naxSirorJangis 3
sunTqva filtvebiT da Jangbadis transportirebis procesSi.
ZuZumwovrebis sunTqva. kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2
sunTqviTi parametrebi ricxva.
VIII homeostazi biol X.11.1. msjelobs organizmisaTvis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis
§26 aucileblobaze;
homestazuri meqanizmis biol X.11.4.msjelobs
X.11.4. uaryofiTi ukukavSiris principis Sesaxeb da iyenebs mas
struqtura TiToeul ujredSi garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis meqanizmis asaxsnelad;
deteqtori, sakontrolo biol X.11.5.msjelobs
X.11.5. kanis mniSvnelobaze organizmis temperaturis mudmivobis 1
centri, efeqtori SenarCunebaSi da ganixilavs am process, rogorc uaryofiTi ukukavSiris magaliTs.
Termoregulacia. Termore-
23
gulaciaSi monawile struq-
turebi
1 2 3
24
VIII homeostazi biol X.11.3.
X.11.3.axasiaTebs homeostazis procesSi monawile organoebs, cxrilis da/an
diagramis saxiT warmoadgens maT mier kontrolirebad procesebs (mag., Tirkmelebi
§27 - wylisa da marilebis regulacia);
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia
eqskrecia da osmoregula-
cia mtknari wylis, zRvisa da 3
xmeleTis cxovelebSi
Tirkmelebi _ adamianis eqs-
kreciisa da osmoregulaciis
mTavari organo
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.1. msjelobs organizmebSi gaRizianebis sapasuxod warmoqmnil proces-
cia ebze;
§28 biol X.10.3.
X.10.3.aanalizebs makoordinirebeli sistemebis mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saxis
nervuli da endokrinuli ujredebisa da qsovilebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis;
sistema. maTi moqmedebis biol X.10.4.
X.10.4.erTmaneTs adarebs nervul da endokrinul sistemebs (moqmedebis dro,
2
Taviseburebebi informaciis gadacemis forma, pasuxis xangrZlivoba, moqmedebis areali). Sedegebs
nervuli sistemis tipebi warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT;
nervuli impulsis buneba kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-
refleqsuri rkali alebis gamoyenebiT.
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.5. axasiaTebs tvinis sxvadasxva ubnis daniSnulebas da asabuTebs central-
cia uri nervuli sistemis integralur funqcias;
xerxemliani cxovelebis Ta-
vis tvinis agebuleba 2
mexsiereba. mexsierebis meqa-
nizmi
Zili. Zilis fazebi
1 2 3
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.6. saubrobs nervuli sistemisTvis zogierTi medikamentis damazianebel
cia efeqtze;
nervul sistemaze moqmedi 1
nivTierebebi
stimulatorebi, depresante-
bi, narkotikebi, halucino-
genebi
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.1. msjelobs organizmebSi gaRizianebis sapasuxod warmoqmnil proces-
ebze;
cia
vl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
§31 kvl.X.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / monacemebis aR-
kvl.X.2.
receptorebi
mxedvelobis organos age-
ricxva. 3
buleba kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
mxedvelobis receptorebis
tipebi
feradi mxedveloba
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.3. aanalizebs makoordinirebeli sistemebis mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saxis
ujredebisa da qsovilebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis;
cia
biol X.10.4. erTmaneTs adarebs nervul da endokrinul sistemebs (moqmedebis dro,
§32 informaciis gadacemis forma, pasuxis xangrZlivoba, moqmedebis areali). Sedegebs
endokrinuli sistema warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT;
xerxemliani cxovelebis biol X.10.7. aRwers hormonis gamoyofis ormxrivi regulaciis process (regulacia
Sinagani sekreciis 3
centraluri nervuli sistemidan da regulacia mocemuli hormonis koncentraciiT
jirkvlebi hormonebis
sisxlSi);
moqmedebis meqanizmi
kvl.X.2.
hipofizi da hipoTalamusi
_ sasicocxlo procesebis ricxva.
mTavari regulatorebi kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
25
1 2 4
26
IX koordinacia da regula- biol X.10.2. axasiaTebs mcenareuli hormonebis rols zrdis, ganviTarebisa da stim-
cia ulze sapasuxo reaqciebis koordinirebaSi;
§33 biol X.12.8. msjelobs mcenareTa moZraobis sxvadasxva formebze (mag., fo-
mcenareuli hormonebi totropizmi, geotropizmi). 3
auqsinebi, giberelinebi, kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
eTileni, abscizini kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
X moZraoba biol X.12.1. msjelobs ConCxisa da kunTebis daniSnulebaze organizmisaTvis (mag.,

§34 sayrden-mamoZravebeli, damcvelobiTi);
hidrostatikuri ConCxi biol X.12.2. modelebze amoicnobs adamianis Zvlebsa da kunTebs da saubrobs maT 2
garegani ConCxi funqciaze;
Sinagani ConCxi kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
X moZraoba biol X.6.3.msjelobs

X.6.3. aerobuli da anaerobuli sunTqvis Taviseburebebze. aRwers
§35 da sqematurad gamosaxavs maT mimdinareobas, wers Sesabamis gantolebebs, erTma-
kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmi neTs adarebs am or process;
ujreduli sunTqva fizikuri biol X.12.2. modelebze amoicnobs adamianis Zvlebsa da kunTebs da saubrobs maT
gadatvirTvis dros funqciaze;
biol X.12.4. ganasxvavebs adamianis ConCxSi arsebuli sxvadasxva tipis ZvalTa
SeerTebebs, aRwers maT Taviseburebebs, msjelobs damatebiTi struqturebis (io- 2
gis, myesis, xrtilis) mniSvnelobaze normaluri moZraobisaTvis, mohyavs moZravi
SeerTebis analogiebi teqnikur konstruqciebSi;
biol X.12.5.saubrobs
X.12.5. kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmze, qmnis models antagonisti kun-
Tebis muSaobis principis (mag., orTava da samTava kunTebi) sademonstraciod;
X moZraoba biol X.12.6. msjelobs frinvelTa ConCxis frenasTan dakavSirebul Taviseburebe-

§36 bze (mag., Rruiani, msubuqi Zvlebi, sxeulis forma, dabalansebuli wona);
moZraoba haerSi biol X.12.7 ..msjelobs wyalSi mobinadre cxovelebis curvasTan dakavSirebul
2
frinvelis ConCxis agebuleba struqturul Taviseburebebze (mag., sxeulis forma, farflebi);
moZraoba wyalSi kvl. X.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
gakveTilebis scenarebi
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§2
cilebi
cilebis struqtura
Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

Sedegi:
biol. X. 5. 4
4. ilustraciisa da sanimuSo modelis saSualebiT aCvenebs bio-
polimerebis agebulebebs Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas.
msjelobs maT mniSvnelobaze TiToeuli ujredisTvis da mTe-
li organizmisTvis.
gakveTilis mizani:
moswavles Seeqmnas warmodgena cilis molekulis agebulebaze. axsnas, rogor
warmoiqmneba cilis pirveladi, meoreuli, mesameuli da meoTxeuli struq-
turebi.
moswavleTa drois
aqtivobebi Sefasebis forma
organizeba ganawileba
saSinao davalebis
mTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba
Semowmeba
dakvirveba moswavleTa
axali masalis
mTeli klasi 20 wT. aqtiurobaze axali masalis
wardgena
wardgenis procesSi
praqtikuli dakvirveba moswavleTa
individualuri 15 wT.
samuSao individualurad muSaobaze
saSinao davalebis
individualuri 5 wT. dakvirveba
pirobis gacnoba
gakveTilis msvleloba
axali masalis wardgena

mimarTeT klass: cilebi organuli nivTierebebis umniSvnelovanesi jgufia,
romlebsac organizmSi mravalgvari funqciebi akisria. amis gamo cilebs pro-
teinebic ki uwodes, rac pirvels niSnavs. cilebis agebuleba maTi agebulebis
specifikurobidan gamomdinareobs.
cilis molekula polimeria.
27
ganumarteT, rom cilis monomeri aminomJavaa.
dawereT dafaze aminomJavas zogadi formula da miuTiTeT aminojgufi, kar-
boqsilis jgufi, radikali.
auxseniT, rom cilis molekulis SenebaSi oci sxvadasxva aminomJava monawi-
leobs, romlebic erTmaneTisgan mxolod radikalebiT gansxvavdeba. uCveneT
aminomJavas formulaSi radikali.
H2N CH COOH
1 2
R
3
1. aminojgufi
2. karboqsilis jgufi
3. radikali
uCveneT tabula.
hidrofoburi aminomJavebi
valini fenilalanini alanini

hidrofiluri aminomJavebi
cisteini serini Tirozini

dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli aminomJavebi
(CH2)n
N
N +H 3
- N +H
COO
glutaminis mJava lizini histidini
hkiTxeT klass: tabulaze warmodgenilia zogierTi hidrofoburi, dadebi-

Tad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli aminomJava. rogor fiqrobT, ra aniWebs maT
aseT Tvisebebs?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: aminomJavaTa aseT Tvisebebs maTi radikalebi gansazR-
vravs.
mimarTeT klass: gaixseneT, rogor nivTierebebs vuwodebT hidrofoburs?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: `hidrofobia~ wylis SiSs niSnavs. hidrofoburi
bunebis nivTierebebi wyalSi ar ixsneba.
ganumarteT klass: cilis molekulis warmoqmnisas aminomJavebi erTmaneTs
kovalenturi, e.w. peptiduri bmebiT ukavSirdeba da warmoqmnis grZel Zafs,
romelsac polipeptidi hqvia.
28
dawereT dafaze dipeptidis warmoqmnis reaqcia da miuTiTeT peptiduri bma.
peptiduri bma
HN CH COOH
dipeptidi
R1 H2O R2 R1 R2
ganumarteT klass, rom termini `poli~ bevrs niSnavs da hkiTxeT: rogor fiq-
robT, ras niSnavs termini `polipeptidi~?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: rogorc Cans, polipeptidSi bevri peptiduri bma unda
iyos, anu polipeptidis SenebaSi mravali aminomJava unda monawileobdes.
gamoiZaxeT romelime moswavle da sTxoveT, Seecados dafaze daweros dipep-
tididan tripeptidis, tripeptididan tetrapeptidis warmoqmnis reaqciebi.
hkiTxeT mas: ra poziciebi ukavia polipeptidis grZel jaWvSi peptidur
bmebsa da radikalebs?
moswavle pasuxobs: peptiduri bmebi Zafismagvar struqturas qmnis, xolo ra-
dikalebi Zafis gareT aris mimarTuli.
ganumarteT klass: cilis amgvar, Zafisebr struqturas cilis pirveladi
struqtura hqvia. polipeptiduri jaWvis warmoqmnisTanave Zafi spiralurad
ixveva da cila e.w. meoreul struqturaSi gadadis. am struqturaSi cilas zam-
baris forma aqvs, romlis xveulebs peptiduri bmebi warmoqmnis, xolo radi-
kalebi zambaris gareT aris mimarTuli.
cilis meoreuli struqturis sademonstraciod nebismieri zambara (Tundac
gamaTbobelis) gamogadgebaT.
ganumarteT, rom cilas `zambaris~ formas susti wyalbaduri bmebi unarCu-
nebs, romelic mezobel xveulebs Soris warmoiqmneba. TiToeul xveuls sami
aseTi bma afiqsirebs, amitom cilis spirali formasac inarCunebs da, amave
dros, drekadic aris.
ganumarteT, rom amis Semdeg spirali Zafis gorgaliviT ixveva. cilis am
struqturas mesameuli struqtura hqvia.
gamoiZaxeT romelime moswavle da sTxoveT, daaxvios zambara Zafis gorga-
liviT. mas es gauWirdeba, zambara xelidan gausxlteba da isev Zvel formas
daubrundeba.
ganumarteT, rom zambaris gorglad daxvevaSi, anu cilis mesameuli struqtu-
ris dafiqsirebaSi aminomJavaTa radikalebi monawileobs. auxseniT, rom zo-
gierTi cilis molekulaSi ramdenime mesameuli struqturis mqone gorgali
erTiandeba da cilis meoTxeuli struqtura warmoiqmneba.
uCveneT saxelmZRvaneloSi cilis sxvadasxva struqturis amsaxveli ilustra-
cia.
imaSi dasarwmuneblad, Tu ramdenad kargad gaerkvnen moswavleebi Tqven mier
wardgenil masalaSi, daurigeT maT danarTi 1 da mieciT garkveuli dro samu-
Saos Sesasruleblad.
29
danarTi 1.
isargeble mocemuli cxriliT da gvipasuxe:
hidrofoburi aminomJavebi
valini fenilalanini alanini

hidrofiluri aminomJavebi
cisteini serini Tirozini

dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli aminomJavebi
(CH2)n
N
N +H 3
- N+H
COO
glutaminis mJava lizini histidini
1. ilustraciaze cilis erT-erTi struqturis modelia.

rogor fiqrob:
a. cilis romel struqturas asaxavs ilustracia?
b. cilis molekulis ra nawili warmoqmnis spirals?
g. ras asaxavs spiralTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva for-
misa da Seferilobis figurebi?
a. ....................................................................................................
b. ....................................................................................................
g. ....................................................................................................
2.
a. davuSvaT, rom cilis spiralTan dakavSirebuli ori figura aminomJavebi
_ valini da alaninia.
gviCvene, rogor formas miiRebs spirali aminomJavebis aseTi ganlagebis
gamo. gaiTvaliswine, rom cilis struqturis warmoqmna citoplazmaSi, anu
wylian garemoSi xdeba.
30
b. cilis spiralTan dakavSirebuli ori figura glutaminis mJava da lizi-
nia.
gviCvene, rogor Seicvlis spirali formas mocemuli aminomJavebis urT-
ierTqmedebis Sedegad.
g. davuSvaT, cilis molekulaSi erTmaneTTan axlos aminomJava lizini da

histidini aRmoCnda.
gviCvene, rogor formas miiRebs spirali amis gamo.
d. zemoT motanili magaliTebidan gamomdinare moifiqre, romeli Zalebi

monawileoben cilis mesameuli struqturis CamoyalibebaSi?
d. .............................................................................................................................................
e. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs cilis pirvelad da mesameul struqturebs
Soris?
e. .............................................................................................................................................
31
III nivTierebaTa cvla ujredSi
§13
plastikuri cvla mcenareSi
fotosinTezi

Sedegi:
biol X.8.2. sqemis saxiT warmoadgens fotosinTezis sawyis da saboloo
produqtebs;
kvl. X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba.
kvl. X. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
gakveTilis mizani:
qaRaldis qromatografiis meTodis gamoyenebiT aRmoaCinos mcenaris foTol-
Si sxvadasxva saxis pigmenti: yviTeli qsantofili, mwvane qlorofili, narin-
jisferi karotini, wiTeli anTociani. imsjelos am pigmentebis sxvadasxva Sem-
cvelobaze foTolcvenia da maradmwvane mcenareebSi.
moswavleTa drois
saSinao davalebis mTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba
Semowmeba
eqsperimenti jgufuri 30 wT. dakvirveba jgufSi muSaobasa

da daskvnebis gakeTebis
unarebze
mimarTeT klass: qlorofilis garda mcenareebi yviTel, narinjisfer da wi-

Tel pigmentebs Seicaven. qlorofili Crdilavs maT, Tumca, Semodgomaze, ro-
desac qlorofili iSleba, es pigmentebi lamazad aWrelebs mcenareebs. qaRal-
dis qromatografiis meTodiT Tqven SegiZliaT gamoavlinoT es pigmentebi
foTolSi da daakvirdeT maT Semcvelobas foTolcvenia da maradmwvane mcena-
reebis foTlebSi. qaRaldis qromatografiis principi im faqts emyareba, rom
sxvadasxva qimiuri Tvisebebisa da zomis molekulebi celulozis fibrilebs
Soris sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobs, gansxvavebul manZilebs gadis da erTma-
neTs scildeba. qaRaldze isini sxvadasxva poziciaSi myofi patara laqebisa da
zolebis saxiT gamovlindeba.
32
cdisTvis saWiro masala: romelime foTolcvenia mcenaris, mag., nekerCxlis
foTlebi da naZvis an fiWvis wiwvebi, 100 ml-iani kolba, faifuris sanayi, ace-
toni an izopropilis spirti, filtris qaRaldi, makrateli, pipeti, qimiuri
Wiqa.
gayaviT klasi or jgufad da daurigeT cdisTvis saWiro masala da instruqcia.
erTi jgufi ikvlevs pigmentebis Semcvelobas foTolcvenia xis foTlebSi,
meore ki _ maradmwvane mcenareTa wiwvebSi.
instruqcia
daWeri foTlebi Zalian wvrilad, Semdeg faifuris sanaySi CaWylite. gadai-
tane kolbaSi da daumate acetoni ise, rom siTxe foTols faravdes. daaxure
kolbas mWidrod saxuravi da dadgi Tbili wylis abazanaze 60 wuTi. kolba dro-
dadro anjRrie. daWeri filtris qaRaldi 1 sm. siganis lentebad. filtris
qaRaldis lentze, qveda kididan daaxloebiT 2 sm-iT maRla, pipetiT daitane
foTlis acetoniani eqstratis 1-2 wveTi. daayovne, sanam wveTi SeSreba da Sem-
deg imave adgilas isev daitane eqstraqtis 1-2 wveTi. daacade gaSroba. qimiur
WiqaSi Caasxi acetoni. Wiqis Tavze moaTavse minis wkiri, miamagre masze filt-
ris qaRaldi da CauSvi acetonSi ise, rom misi bolo acetons exebodes, magram
acetoni ver wvdebodes mwvane laqas. Wiqas mWidrod gadaafare polieTileni
ise, rom acetoni ar aorTqldes.
qromatografirebas 24 saaTi mainc dasWirdeba, raTa pigmentebi erTmaneTs

kargad dascildes. amitom meore dRes amoiRe Wiqebidan filtris qaRaldebi
da gaaSre.
uCveneT moswavleebs Semdeg mecadineobaze qromatogramebi, romlebic erT-

maneTisgan gansxvavebuli iqneba. moswavleebma unda SeZlon, erTmaneTisgan ga-
nasxvavon da amoicnon or qromatogramas Soris romeli ekuTvnis maradmwvane
mcenares da romeli _ foTolcvenias.
33
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§20
sakvebis Sedgeniloba
vitaminebi da maTi daniSnuleba

Sedegi:
biol. X.7.4. ikvlevs sakvebis Sedgenilobas (organuli da araorganuli niv-
Tierebebi, vitaminebi).
kvl. X.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvlevis procesebis ganxorcieleba.
I gakveTilis mizani:
gaecnos sakvebi produqtebis Sedgenilobas, misi Semadgeneli calkeuli niv-
Tierebebis funqciebs. eqsperimentis gziT aRmoaCinos vitaminebi sakveb pro-
duqtSi.
moswavleTa drois
saSinao davalebis jgufuri, mTeli

10 wT. dakvirveba
Sedegebis gacnob klasi
dakvirvebis gziT axali

axali masalis
mTeli klasi 20 wT. informaciis aRqmis unarebis
wardgena
Sefaseba
jgufuri muSaobis unarebis

eqsperimenti jgufuri 15 wT.
Sefaseba
axali masalis wardgena:

ganumarteT klass, rom organoebis muSaobisTvis, maTi nawilebis ganaxlebis-
Tvis, saSeni masalis warmoqmnisTvis organizms esaWiroeba energia da gansazR-
vruli nivTierebebi. kveba organizmis yvela am saWiro nivTierebebiT moma-
ragebaa, radgan am saWiro nivTierebebs sakvebi produqtebi Seicavs.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: gaixseneT, ra roli aqvs cilebs Cvens organizmSi?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: cilebs organizmisTvis struqturuli, energetikuli,
katalizuri, moZraobiTi, damcvelobiTi funqciebi gaaCnia.
34
gaacaniT moswavleebs ilustracia, sadac warmodgenilia cilebiT mdidari
cxoveluri da mcenareuli produqtebi.
ganumarteT klass: cilebis kvebiTi Rirebuleba damokidebulia mis aminomJa-
vur Sedgenilobaze. cilebis moxmarebis dRiuri norma Seadgens 80-120 grams.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ratomaa mniSvnelovani, rom bavSvebisa da orsulebis
sakvebi mdidari iyos cilebiT?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: cilebi agebs ujredebis yvela organoids. amitom bav-
SvebisTvis, rogorc mozardebisTvis da orsulTaTvis, romlebmac unda uz-
runvelyon nayofis zrda-ganviTareba, cilebiT mdidari sakvebi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ra daniSnuleba aqvs Cvens organizmSi cximebs?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: cximebs energetikuli da struqturuli daniSnuleba
gaaCnia.
ganumarteT klass: cximis normebs gansazRvraven asakis, fizikuri datvirTvis,
klimatis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cximis moxmarebis normad miRebu-
lia dRe-RameSi 100-185 gr.
uCveneT moswavleebs ilustracia, sadac mocemulia cximebiT mdidari cxove-
luri da mcenareuli produqtebi.
ganumarteT klass, rom naxSirwylebi organizmis ZiriTadi sawvavia. adamianis
mier dRis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli sakvebi 60-70%-mde naxSirwyals unda Sei-
cavdes.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ratom ar ganicdis organizmi praqtikulad arasdros
naxSirwylebis naklebobas?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: Tu adamianma naxSirwylebi arasakmarisi raodenobiT
miiRo, is organizmSi cilebisa da cximebisgan sinTezdeba.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ra gsmeniaT vitaminebis Sesaxeb? Tqveni azriT, ras unda
niSnavdes termini àvitaminozi~?
mas Semdeg, rac moismenT moswavleebis pasuxs am kiTxvebze, da pasuxi ki nam-
dvilad mravalgvari iqneba, ganumarteT klass, rom vitaminebi dabalmoleku-
luri organuli nivTierebebia, romlis Zalze mcire raodenobaa saWiro uj-
redSi metabolizmis normaluri warmarTvisTvis. vitaminebi organizmSi ar
sinTezdeba, is adamianma sakvebTan erTad unda miiRos. arsebobs bevri vitamini,
maT laTinuri asoebiT aRniSnaven. ganasxvaveben wyalSi da cximSi xsnad vitami-
nebs.
mimarTeT klass, rom Tevzis qonSi an umi kvercxis yviTrSi D vitaminis, xolo
vaSlis wvenSi C vitaminis aRmoCena sakmaod martivad aris SesaZlebeli.
dayaviT klasi 4-5 moswavlian jgufebad da TiToeul jgufs mieciT cdisTvis
saWiro masala da instruqcia.
35
D vitaminis aRmoCena Tevzis qonSi an kvercxis yviTrSi
masala: sinjara, graduirebuli pipeti, wkiri, bromis xsnari, Tevzis

qoni an umi kvercxis yviTri.
Caasxi sinjaraSi 1 ml Tevzis qoni an kvercxis yviTri. daamate 1 ml
bromis xsnari. Seurie xsnarebi wkiriT.
bromis bromis
xsnari xsnari
1 ml 1 ml
1 ml 1 ml
narevis momwvano-mocisfrod Seferadeba D vitaminis arsebobaze

miuTiTebs.
C vitaminis aRmoCena vaSlis wvenSi
masala: sinjara, graduirebuli pipeti, wkiri, qimiuri Wiqa, saxamebeli,

mduRare wyali, wyali, vaSlis wveni, 5%-iani iodis xsnari.
moamzade cotaodeni saxameblis webo. amisTvis 1 gr saxamebeli gaxseni 200

ml mduRare wyalSi da wkiriT mourie.
gaxexe vaSli da gamowure. Caasxi sinjaraSi 2 ml vaSlis wveni, daamate 10 ml
wyali da 1 ml webo. wkiriT mourie. narevs wveT-wveTobiT daamate 5%-iani
iodis xsnari. wveTobiT damatebisas SeamCnev, rom lurji Seferiloba
warmoiqmneba, romelic morevis Semdeg qreba. wveTebis damateba iqamde
gaagrZele, sanam ar warmoiSoba stabiluri lurji Seferiloba, romelic
morevis Semdeg ar qreba.
C vitaminis aRmoCenis teqnika dafuZnebulia im faqtze, rom C vitaminis
_ askorbinis mJavas molekulebi advilad iJangeba iodiT. rogorc ki io-
di daJangavs mTel askorbinis mJavas, misi Semdegi wveTi ukve saxamebels
Seferavs lurjad.
36
cdis Catarebis Semdeg hkiTxeT moswavleebs:
 cdis rogori mimdinareobisas SegiZlia ivaraudo, rom vaSlis wvenSi ar
aris C vitamini?
moswavleebi savaraudod gipasuxeben: Tu narevi iodis xsnaris damatebisas
maSinve galurjda da morevis Semdeg ar dakarga feri, es imas niSnavs, rom
vaSlis wvenSi C vitamini ar aris.
ganumarteT klass: C vitaminze organizmis dRiuri moTxovnileba limoniT
SegiZliaT daikmayofiloT. gamoTvaleT, ra raodenobis limonia saWiro yo-
veldRiurad, Tu vivaraudebT, rom limonis masa 100 gramia, xolo mozrdili
adamianis dRiuri moTxovnileba 100 mg-ia.
gamoiZaxeT dafasTan romelime moswavle, romelic gamoiangariSebs, Tu ra
raodenobis limonia saWiro C vitaminze dRiuri normis dasakmayofileblad.
moswavle savaraudod pasuxobs: dRiuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad
saWiroa 1/5 limonis Wama.
37
§20

Sedegi:
biol. X. 7.4. ikvlevs sakvebis Sedgenilobas (organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebi, vitaminebi).
kvleva X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvlevis procesebis ganxorcieleba.
kvleva X. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
II gakveTilis mizani:
eqsperimentis gziT gamoavlinos zogierTi nivTiereba rZeSi.
moswavleTa drois
saSinao davalebis
Semowmeba
jgufSi muSaobis unarebze

eqsperimenti jgufuri 30 wT.
dakvirveba
samecniero
dakvirveba daskvnis gakeTebis
terminologiis mTeli klasi 5 wT.
unarze
gaSifvra
auxseniT klass: rZe srulfasovani, maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis mqone produq-

tia. is Seicavs yvela im aucilebel nivTierebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs bavS-
vis zrda-ganviTarebas sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi. gTavazobT
cdas, romliTac Tqven SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, gamoavlinoT rZeSi Semavali
zogierTi nivTiereba.
am mizniT klasi dayaviT jgufebad, daurigeT Sesabamisi masala da instruqcia.
38
zogierTi nivTierebis gamovlena rZeSi
masala:
ori 200 ml qimiuri Wiqa spirtqura
ori cali sinjara Zabri
filtris qaRaldi pipeti
kalciumis qloridis (CaCl2) xsnari rZe
instruqcia:
qimiur WiqaSi CaasxiT rZe da aduReT 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. dadgiT ga-
sacieblad. gaciebul rZes gausinjeT gemo.
romeli organuli nivTierebis gemos igrZnobT? .........................................

ratom fiqrobT ase?.................................................................................................
daakvirdiT rZis zedapirs. risi wveTebi gaCnda rZis zedapirze?
ratom fiqrobT ase? ................................................................................................
ratom ver amCnevdiT am wveTebs duRilis dros? .........................................
.........................................................................................................................................
gadaasxiT rZe mTlianad meore qimiur WiqaSi. daakvirdiT carieli Wi-
qis fskers.
ras xedavT? ................................................................................................................
romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa? ...........................................................................
pipetiT gadaitaneT sinjaraSi10 ml rZe. daamateT kalciumis qlori-

dis xsnari. SeanjRrieT.
ra cvlilebas amCnevT rZes sinjaraSi? ............................................................

romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa? ...........................................................................
gafiltreT rZe da daakvirdiT filtratis qaRaldze naleqs. romel
sakveb produqts gagonebT? ............................................................................
daakvirdiT filtris fers, gazomeT misi moculoba. monacemebi Caiwe-
reT.
.........................................................................................................................................
romeli araorganuli nivTiereba qmnis rZis ZiriTad masas?
.........................................................................................................................................
romeli organuli nivTierebaa rZeSi didi raodenobiT?
.........................................................................................................................................
rZeSi zogierTi nivTierebis gamovlenis Semdeg gaakeTeT daskvna.
daskvna: ........................................................................................................................
39
gTavazobT instruqciis Sevsebul variants:
zogierTi nivTierebis gamovlena rZeSi

masala:
ori 200 ml qimiuri Wiqa spirtqura
ori cali sinjara Zabri
filtris qaRaldi pipeti
kalciumis qloridis (CaCl2) xsnari rZe
instruqcia:
qimiur WiqaSi CaasxiT rZe da aduReT 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. dadgiT ga-
sacieblad. gaciebul rZes gausinjeT gemo.
romeli organuli nivTierebis gemos igrZnobT? _ naxSirwylis (Saqris).
ratom fiqrobT ase? _ imitom, rom motkboa.
daakvirdiT rZis zedapirs. risi wveTebi gaCnda rZis zedapirze? _ cxi-
mis.
ratom fiqrobT ase? _ imitom, rom cximis wveTebi msubuqia da is rZis
zedapirze moeqca.
ratom ver amCnevdiT am wveTebs duRilis dros? _ duRilis dros rZis
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali molekulebi swrafad moZraobda da cximis mo-
lekulebi ver axerxebda erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas da wveTSi gaerTi-
anebas.
gadaasxiT rZe mTlianad meore qimiur WiqaSi. daakvirdiT carieli Wiqis
fskers.
ras xedavT? _ naleqs (nadebs).
romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa? _ cila, romelmac ver gauZlo maRal
temperaturas.
pipetiT gadaitaneT sinjaraSi10 ml rZe. rZes daamateT kalciumis qlo-
ridis xsnari. SeanjRrieT.
ra cvlilebas amCnevT rZes sinjaraSi? _ rZe aiWra, sinjaraSi gaCnda
naleqi.
romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa? _ cila, romelic marilis zemoqmede-
biT xsnadi mdgomareobidan uxsnadSi gadavida.
gafiltreT rZe da daakvirdiT filtris qaRaldze naleqs. romel
sakveb produqts gagonebT? _ xaWos.
daakvirdiT filtratis fers, gazomeT misi moculoba. monacemebi Cai-
wereT. _ filtrati gamWvirvalea.
romeli araorganuli nivTiereba qmnis rZis ZiriTad masas? _ wyali.
romeli organuli nivTiereba aris rZeSi didi raodenobiT? _ cilebi.
rZeSi zogierTi nivTierebis gamovlenis Semdeg gaakeTeT daskvna.
daskvna: rZe Seicavs wyals, naxSirwylebs, cximebs, cilebs. rZe am nivTi-
erebebis narevia.
40
CaibareT jgufis mier Sevsebuli oqmebi.
rZeSi zogierTi nivTierebis gamovlenis eqsperimentis sqema
gavacieT
41
§20

Sedegi:
biol. X. 7.4. ikvlevs sakvebis Sedgenilobas (organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebi, vitaminebi).
kvl. X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvlevis procesebis ganxorcieleba.
III gakveTilis mizani:

sakvebi produqtis kvebiTi Rirebulebis gansazRvra, varaudis eqsperimenta-
lurad Semowmeba.
moswavleTa drois
axali masalis
jgufuri, mTeli dakvirvebis gziT axali
wardgena 30 wT.
klasi informaciis aRqmis, jgufuri
eqsperimentiT
muSaobisa da dasknebis
jgufuri, mTeli gakeTebis unarebis Sefaseba
diskusia 10 wT.
klasi
eqsperimentis Catareba
ganumarteT klass, rom yovel sakveb produqts kvebiTi Rirebuleba gaaCnia.
sakveb Rirebulebas produqtebSi Semavali organuli da araorganuli nivTie-
rebebi gansazRvravs. magaliTad, kartofilis kvebiTi Rirebuleba saxameblis
raodenobazea damokidebuli.
hkiTxeT klass: Tu Tqven kartofilis kvebiTi Rirebulebis SenarCuneba gsurT,
rodis iqceviT sworad?
a. kartofils TliT, recxavT, WriT patara naWrebad da wvavT;
b. kartofils TliT, WriT patara naWrebad, recxavT da wvavT.
42
klasSi gaCndeba pasuxis gansxvavebuli versiebi. iqnebian a da b variantebis
momxreebi.
hkiTxeT klass: ratom fiqrobT, rom Tqven mier arCeuli varianti kartofils
kvebiT Rirebulebas unarCunebs?
rogor gesmiT termini `kvebiTi Rirebuleba~?
sakuTari mosazrebebis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad, dayaviT klasi 4-5 moswav-
lian jgufebad da SesTavazeT cdis Catareba.
daurigeT TiToeul jgufs cdisTvis saWiro masala da instruqcia.
kartofilis kvebiTi Rirebulebis gansazRvra
masala:
2 cali qimiuri Wiqa menzura
lanceti saxazavi
2 cali graduirebuli sinjara pipeti
wkiri saaTi
romelime jiSis kartofilis gorgli iodis xsnari
instruqcia:
gaTaleT kartofilis gorgli, CamoaWeriT mas kubis formis, ori erT-
nairi zomis (sigrZe _ 3 sm, sigane _ 3 sm, simaRle _ 3 sm) naWeri. erT-erTi
naWeri daWeriT wvrilad. mTliani naWeri moaTavseT a WiqaSi, xolo daWri-
li _ b WiqaSi. orives erTdroulad daasxiT 100 ml wyali. daayovneT 5
wT. drodadro urieT wkiriT. 5 wuTis Semdeg a da b Wiqebidan a da b sin-
jarebSi gadaitaneT 5-5 ml siTxe da daumateT TiTo wveTi iodis xsnari.
daakvirdiT siTxeebis Seferilobas a da b sinjarebSi. xedavT maT Soris
gansxvavebas? Seferilobis intensivobis mixedviT imsjeleT Tqveni mo-
sazrebis sisworeSi.
didformatian qaRaldze sqematurad gamosaxeT cdis mimdinareoba da
miuwereT daskvna. formatebsa da sinjarebs gaukeTeT jgufis Sesabamisi
aRniSvna.
jgufebi klasis winaSe warmoadgenen formatebsa da sinjarebs.

savaraudod, jgufebis mier sqemebi Semdegi saxiT iqneba warmodgenili
(ix. danarTi 1).
sqemebis gacnobisas yuradReba miaqcieT, ramdenad sworad aris warmodgenili
sqemaze cdis etapebi.
yvela jgufis mier mowodebuli a sinjarebi moaTavseT erT StativSi, xolo
b sinjarebi _ meoreSi. Seferilobis ukeT danaxvis mizniT sinjarebis ukana
mxares moaTavseT TeTri qaRaldi. mTeli klasi akvirdeba, aris Tu ara gansx-
vaveba a Stativisa da b Stativis sinjarebSi arsebuli siTxeebis Seferilobas
Soris.
isini xedaven, rom yvela b sinjaraSi xsnari ufro muqia, vidre yvela a sinja-
raSi. amis safuZvelze moswavleebi midian im daskvnamde, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
kartofils wvrilad daWris Semdeg garecxaven da Sewvaven, misi kvebiTi Rire-
43
buleba bevrad Semcirdeba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi wyalSi bevrad meti saxame-
beli gadava.
amis Semdeg moswavleebi unda daakvirdnen, aris Tu ara gansxvaveba b Stativis
sinjarebis siTxeebis Seferilobas Soris. mcire gansxvavebas isini aucile-
blad SeamCneven. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs gamoumuSavdeT cdis standartu-
lad, erTnair pirobebSi Catarebis unar-Cveva da miRebuli Sedegebis inter-
pretaciis unari, mieciT maT saSualeba, gamoTqvan varaudi _ ras SeiZleba
gamoewvia aseTi gansxvaveba.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavleebi ver asaxeleben gansxvavebis mizezebs, dasviT
kiTxvebi:
•zustad daicaviT cdis yvela etapze instruqciis pirobebi?
•zustad gazomeT kartofilis naWrebi?
• erTnairi sididis naWrebad
daWeriT kartofili? cdis sqematuri gamosaxuleba
•zustad 100 ml. wyalSi mo-
aTavseT es naWrebi?
•ramden xans urieT da daa-
yovneT kartofili wyalSi?
•zustad 5 ml. siTxe gadaita-
neT sinjarebSi?
•ramdeni wveTi iodi daamateT
siTxes sinjarebSi?
•cdisTvis yvela jgufma er-
Ti da imave jiSis kartofili
gamoiyena?
cdis monacemebis interpreta-
ciis Semdeg, Tu moswavleebma
sworad gaiges naxSirwylebis
daniSnuleba organizmisTvis,
unda upasuxon Tqven mier das-
mul kiTxvas: rogor unda da-
amzados brinjis kerZi adami-
anma, romelsac gaxdoma surs?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: brin-
ji moxarSvamde didxans unda
Caalbos wyalSi, Semdeg wya-
li gadaRvaros, es procedura
ramdenjerme gaimeoros da mxo-
lod amis Semdeg moxarSos.
44
VII sunTqva
§25
sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT
sunTqva traqeebiT
sunTqva layuCebiT

Sedegi:
biol. X.6.7. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos sunTqvis procesebis Tavisebure-
bebi mcenareebsa cxovelebSi. aRwers gzebs, romliTac organizmi
maragdeba JangbadiT (mag., sxeulis zedapiri, traqeebi, layuCebi,
filtvebi).
kvl. X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvlevis procesebis ganxorcieleba.
gakveTilis mizani:
moswavle gaecnos layuCisa da filtvis agebulebas da agebulebis Tavisebu-
rebebi daakavSiros sunTqvasTan. gamoumuSavdes praqtikuli muSaobis, dak-
virvebis, ganWvretisa da monacemTa interpretaciis unar-Cvevebi.
moswavleTa drois
saSinao davalebis
Semowmeba
axali masalis dakvirveba jgufSi muSaobis

jgufuri, mTeli
wardgena 35 wT. unarebze da sagakveTilo
klasi
eqsperimentiT procesebSi CarTulobaze
saSinao davalebis
mTeli klasi 5 wT.
gacnoba
dayaviT klasi 4-5 moswavlian jgufebad. daurigeT danarTi da kvlevisTvis

saWiro masala.
45
danarTi
dakvirveba layuCebisa da filtvebis agebulebaze da agebulebis

Taviseburebebis dakavSireba sunTqvasTan
masala:
Tevzis layuCebi da qaTmis filtvebi, qimiuri Wiqa wyliT, pinceti,
lanceti, sapreparato nemsi, lupa.
instruqcia:
1. moacileT Tevzs layuCis saxuravebi da frTxilad amoiReT layuCebi.
daaTvaliereT isini lupiT.
ra ferisaa layuCebi? ratom? ---------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. ramdeni firfitisgan Sedgeba TiToeuli layuCi? --------------------------
3. rogori agebuleba aqvs TiToeul firfitas? -------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. rogor fiqrobT, ra mniSvneloba unda hqondes firfitebis raodeno-
basa da formas Jangbadis STanTqmis TvalsazrisiT? ----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. amoiReT qaTmis gulmkerdidan filtvebi. daaTvaliereT garedan. ra
ferisaa filtvebi? ratom? ------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. gaWeriT erTi filtvi da gadanaWeri daaTvaliereT lupiT. ras xe-
davT? rogori agebuleba aqvs filtvs? --------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. CadeT layuCi da filtvi wylian WiqaSi.
ras xedavT? -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------
ra aris amis mizezi? ---------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. mouWireT filtvs xeli. ra daemarTa filtvs? ratom? -------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. ra mniSvneloba aqvs filtvis amgvar agebulebas Jangbadis STanTqmis
TvalsazrisiT? --------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
daskvna:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46
pasuxebi danarTSi dasmul kiTxvebze:
1. wiTeli, vinaidan isini daqselilia kapilarebiT.
2. oTxi.
3. TiToeuli firfita warmoadgens rkals uamravi nemsisebri gamonazar-
diT.
4. oTxi firfita da masze uamravi gamonazardi zrdis Jangbadis Semwov ze-
dapirs.
5. filtvebi vardisferi an wiTelia, vinaidan is daqselilia kapilarebiT.
6. filtvs Rrublisebri agebuleba aqvs.
7. layuCi CaiZira, xolo filtvi tivtivebs. buStukebi haeriT aris savse,
amitom filtvi msubuqia da is wyalSi tivtivebs.
8. filtvi deformirda, vinaidan buStukebidan haeri nawilobriv gamoidev-
na.
9. buStukebis didi raodenoba zrdis filtvis zedapirs, ris gamoc izrdeba
haeridan sisxlSi gadasuli Jangbadis raodenoba.
daskvna:
layuCebi da filtvebi imgvaradaa agebuli, rom isini maqsimalurad moipove-
ben Jangbads maTi saarsebo garemodan.
47
IX koordinacia da regulacia
§29
xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis tvinis agebuleba
Zili. Zilis fazebi

Sedegi:
biol. X. 10. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos makoordinebeli sistemis mniSv-
neloba organizmisTvis.
gakveTilis mizani:
sakuTar organizmsa da sxva adamianebze dakvirvebis gziT Seqmnas warmodgena
mexsierebis meqanizmze da imsjelos mis rolze organizmis funqcionirebaSi.
moswavleTa
aqtivobebi drois ganawileba Sefasebis forma
organizeba
saSinao davalebis individualuri,

10 wT.
Sedegebis gacnoba mTeli klasi
axali masalis wardgena mTeli klasi 15 wT. dakvirveba
praqtikuli samuSao da
mTeli klasi 15 wT.
diskusia
saSinao davaleba mTeli klasi 5 wT.
axali masalis wardgena:

mimarTeT klass: warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: Tqven didxans, SuaRamemde,
gulmodgined swavlobdiT gakveTils, meore dRes ki skolaSi gamokiTxvisas
aRmoCnda, rom araferi iciT _ TiTqos gakveTili arc ki wagikiTxavT.
hkiTxeT klass: ras uwodebT tvinis funqcias _ daafiqsiros, Seinaxos da
aRadginos miRebuli informacia?
48
moswavleebi pasuxoben: es funqcia mexsierebaa.
hkiTxeT: ra daemarTeboda adamians am unaris gareSe?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: am unaris gareSe adamiani codnas ver SeiZenda.
SesTavazeT moswavleebs gaixsenon adreuli bavSvobidan raime faqti, movlena
an adamiani da daasaxelon mizezi, romelmac am informaciis myari dafiqsireba
gamoiwvia maT gonebaSi.
moswavleebi asaxeleben faqtebs da imarTeba diskusia. diskusiis Sedegad midi-
an daskvnamde, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi mizezi Zlieri STabeWdileba iyo.
ganumarteT klass, rom mecnierebi dRemde zustad ver garkveulan mexsierebis
meqanizmSi, Tumca, erT-erTi hopoTezis Tanaxmad, gadamwyveti roli am pro-
cesSi Tavis tvinis erT-erT mediators _ glutaminis mJavas eniWeba, romelic
Tavis efeqts mxolod Zlieri STabeWdilebisas avlens.
imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ratom SeCerda mecnierTa yuradReba am mediatorze,
riTaa is gamorCeuli sxva mediatorebisgan, mimarTeT klass: warmoidgineT,
rom ardadegebma, romelic zamTris kurortze gaatareT, Zlieri STabeWdile-
ba moaxdina Tqvenze. iq kargad gaerTeT: bevri isrialeT, grZnobdiT msusxav
yinvas saxeze, wiwvovani tyis suns, saRamos usmendiT musikas, cekvavdiT, mi-
irTmevdiT sayvarel nugbars, gaicaniT bevri adamiani. mas Semdeg sakmaod didi
dro gavida.
zafxulSi, televizorSi Tvali mohkariT Tovls da zamTris ardadegebis situ-
acia Tvalwin warmogidgaT. ra xdeboda mTe-
li am periodis ganmavlobaSi Tqvens tvinSi?
rogor moaxerxa am mediatorma tvinSi infor-
maciis dafiqsireba da aRdgena?
kurortze yofnisas, Tqven erTdroulad
aRgegznoT mxedvelobis, smenis, ynosvis, ge-
movnebis receptorebi, romlebmac infor-
macia tvinis sxvadasxva ganyofilebis nei-
ronebs gadasca. am neironebma wredi Seqmna.
kavSiri wredSi CarTul neironebs Soris
glutaminis mJaviT xorcieldeboda. swored
aq vlindeba glutaminis mJavas gansakuTreb-
uloba. sxva neiromediatorebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic receptorze ze-
moqmedebiT, mxolod mcire xniT aRagzneben neirons, glutaminis mJavas aqvs
unari, receptorze erTjeradi zemoqmedebiT, didxans amyofos neironi ag-
znebul mdgomareobaSi. wredSi CarTuli neironebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi iyo.
sul mcire signali sakmarisi aRmoCnda wredis erT-erTi wevris asagznebad da
man momentalurad aiyolia ansamblis sxva wevrebi, amitom ardadegebis situa-
cia Tvalwin cxadad warmogidgaT.
uCveneT ilustracia saxelmZRvaneloSi.
ganumarteT, rom grZnobaTa organoebidan Sesuli informacia tvinSi srulad
aRibeWdeba. am informacias didi moculoba aqvs da tvini mxolod mcire xniT
imaxsovrebs, xangrZlivad ki mxolod is `gadainaxeba~, romelmac didi STabeW-
dileba moaxdina masze.
49
SesTavazeT moswavleebs, Seamowmon sakuTari mexsierebis moculoba da si-
zuste.
daurigeT maT ilustraciebi da Sesabamisi instruqcia (danarTi 1).
danarTi 1
gansazRvre sworad dasaxelebuli figu-

rebis procenti:
sworad dasaxelebuli figurebis ricx-
vi gayavi figuraTa saerTo raodenobaze
da miRebuli Sedegi 100-ze gaamravle.
Sefaseba:
90% - 100% _ saukeTeso
70% - 90% _ Zalian kargi
50% - 70% _ kargi
30% - 50% _ damakmayofilebeli
10% -30% _ cudi
0% -10% _ Zalian cudi
am samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg yvela moswavle warmoadgens sakuTar monace-

mebs.
Tanaklaselebi adareben erTmaneTs testis Sedegebs. monacemebi gansxvavebu-
li iqneba.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs, romelTac mexsierebis sakmaod dabali procenti aRmo-
aCndaT, xom ver daasaxeleben aseTi Sedegis mizezs.
moswavleebi, savaraudod, aRniSnaven, rom samuSaos Sesrulebis momentSi ar
iyvnen mobilizebuli da yuradReba gafantuli hqondaT.
ganumarteT: damaxsovrebisa da daswavlis efeqturobisTvis uaRresad mniS-
vnelovania, rom tvini daculi iyos yovelgvari zedmeti informaciisgan, ra-
Ta mas mieces saWiro informaciis analizisa da gaazrebis saSualeba.
hkiTxeT klass: rogor iqceviT maSin, rodesac gakveTils swavlobT, masala
ki Tqvenze STabeWdilebas ar axdens, ar mogwonT.
moswavleebi pasuxoben: iZulebuli varT, teqsti bevrjer wavikiTxoT.
hkiTxeT klass: xom ver aRwerT, ra xdeba am dros tvinSi? rogor imaxsovrebs
is masalas?
moswavleebi pasuxoben: Cven neironebs xangrZlivad agznebul mdgomareoba-
Si mravaljeradi gaRizianebiT vamyofebT da amiT vaiZulebT, myari kavSiri
Seqmnan informaciis dasafiqsireblad.
50
§30
nervul sistemaze moqmedi nivTierebebi

Sedegi:
biol. X. 10. 6. saubrobs nervuli sistemisTvis zogierTi medikamentis dama-
zianebel efeqtze;
gakveTilis mizani:
moswavleebi gaerkvnen paTologiuri damokidebulebis arsSi; gaacnobieron,
ras niSnavs, iyo damokidebuli; ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs damokidebulebas; ra
problems uqmnis adamians paTologiuri damokidebuleba.
SesTavazeT moswavleebs gaixsenon, ras akeTeben siamovnebiT yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi da maTi naTqvami dafaze daafiqsireT. Semdeg sTxoveT, dafiqrd-
nen da gaixsenon, rogor grZnoben Tavs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver axorcieleben
maT mier dasaxelebul qcevas.
CamowereT dafaze calke, Semawuxebeli an uaryofiTi gancdebi da auxseniT
moswavleebs, rom aseTive grZnobebi, mxolod bevrad ufro Zlieri intensi-
vobiT, awuxebs adamians, romelsac Camouyalibda avadmyofuri damokidebu-
leba raimes mimarT. ra Tqma unda, arc erTi Cvengani ar aris bolomde Ta-
visufali: siyvaruli, ojaxuri da megobruli movaleobebi, pasuxismgebloba
axlobeli adamianebis winaSe _ yvelaferi es damokidebuls gvxdis garemoze,
magram Tu raime qcevam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da gadafara sxva
interesebi, es pirovnebis gaRaribebas iwvevs.
damokidebulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi:
• adamians ar SeuZlia, uari Tqvas damokidebulebis obieqtze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom problemebi eqmneba (Tavs ver ikavebs, kargavs kontrols sakuTar
Tavze)
• adamiani cdilobs, damalos an Searbilos Tavisi mdgomareobis seriozulo-
ba : `roca momindeba, maSinve SemiZlia Sevwyvito”
• ufasurdeba sxva interesebi: adamianis interesebis sfero TandaTan viw-
rovdeba da bolos mxolod damokidebulebis obieqtiT Semoifargleba.
mimarTeT klass: rogor ganvasxvavoT damokidebuleba ubralo gatacebis-
51
gan? gatacebis mqone adamians SenarCunebuli aqvs gare samyarosTan srul-
fasovani kontaqti, mas sWirdeba sayvareli saqmianobisgan dasveneba da sxva
rameze gadarTva, igi ar ugulvebelyofs axloblebis interesebs da SeuZlia,
siamovneba sxva saqmeSic hpovos. adamiani SeiZleba damokidebuli gaxdes ama
Tu im qcevaze an nivTierebaze. Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben qceviT da qimiur
damokidebulebas.
auxseniT klass, ras niSnavs qceviTi da qimiuri damokidebuleba da ganumar-
teT maTi Taviseburebebi.
miawodeT klass damokidebulebis sxvadasxva variantebis CamonaTvali: azar-
tul TamaSebze (kazino, totalizatori), televizorze, kompiuterul TamaSe-
bze, telefonze, serialebze, Tambaqoze, alkoholze, aralegalur narkotike-
bze da sxva.
dayaviT klasi ramdenime jgufad.
TiToeulma jgufma unda SearCios damokidebulebis erT-erTi forma, warmo-
idginos am damokidebulebis mqone adamiani da 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi aRweros:
• rogoria am adamianis erTi rigiTi dRe;
• ra problemebi gauCnda mas damokidebulebis gamo (janmrTelobis, urTier-
Tobebis, finansuri da sxva).
5 wuTis Semdeg TiToeuli jgufis romelime wevri warmoadgens saerTo namuSe-
vars. sxva jgufebis wevrebs SeuZliaT SekiTxvebis dasma.
SekiTxvebiT mieciT sasurveli mimarTuleba msjelobas. amis Semdeg klasSi ga-
marTeT saerTo jgufuri diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saerToa Tqven mier ward-
genil sxvadasxva tipis damokidebulebis mqone adamianTa problemebs Soris.
52
§30

Sedegi:
biol. X.10.6. saubrobs nervuli sistemisTvis zogierTi medikamentis dama-
zianebel efeqtze;
gakveTilis mizani:
informaciis miwodeba narkotikebis organizmze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
masala: dafa/carci an didi formatis qaRaldi da markerebi, konteineri.

mosamzadebeli samuSao: gaakeTeT debulebebis cxrilis asli da
daWeriT an patara zomis baraTebze dawereT mocemuli debulebebi.
baraTebi dakeceT da moaTavseT konteinerSi.
hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ra ucxo nivTierebebi xvdeba adamianis organizmSi? pa-
suxad SeiZleba dasaxeldes narkotikebi, alkoholi, Tambaqo, wamlebi, ste-
roidebi da sxva.
xazi gausviT, rom zogierTi nivTiereba sasikeTo zegavlenas axdens janmr-
Telobaze, Tu is eqimis daniSnulebiT miiReba, magaliTad, vitaminebi da wam-
lebi, magram maTi arasworad miReba Zalian sazianoa.
auxseniT, rom es TamaSi Seexeba narkotikebs da maT zegavlenas janmrTelobaze.
TamaSis wesebi aseTia:
• ori gundi ejibreba erTmaneTs, vis aqvs ufro swori codna narkotikebis mav-
neobasTan dakavSirebiT. yoveli swori pasuxisaTvis gundi miiRebs qulas.
• gundebis wevrebi rigrigobiT amoiReben dakecil baraTs konteineridan. zog
baraTze mcdari azri weria, zogi debuleba ki simarTles Seesatyviseba.
• gundis wevri kiTxulobs debulebas da mTeli gundi erTad fiqrobs pasuxze.
dro pasuxisTvis SezRudulia.
monawileebi iyofian or gundad da sxdebian oTaxis urTierTsapirispiro mxa-
res. gundebi irCeven saxels.
romelime gundis erT-erTi wevri amoiRebs baraTs, kiTxulobs debulebas da
gundTan erTad iRebs gadawyvetilebas. swori pasuxisTvis gundi iRebs qulas.
53
damatebiTi informaciisTvis, romelic asabuTebs, ratom aris debuleba swori
an mcdari, gunds damatebiTi qula eniWeba.
Tu gunds ara aqvs swori pasuxi, miawodeT damatebiTi informacia. Semdeg
meore gundis warmomadgeneli iRebs yuTidan baraTs da procedura meorde-
ba. ecadeT, yvela monawilem moaswros baraTis amoReba. imisTvis, rom TamaSi
cocxlad warimarTos, pasuxebisTvis mieciT mokle dro _ 30-60 wami.
TamaSis dasasruls, dro dauTmeT diskusias.
sakiTxebi diskusiisTvis:
1. sxva ra narkotikebze gsmeniaT mozardebisgan?
2. sxva ra mcdari azrebi gagigiaT? romeli maTganis sjeraT Tqvens nacno-
bebs?
3. romeli iyo TqvenTvis axali da moulodneli am debulebebidan?
4. Tqveni azriT, romeli miTia yvelaze saziano? ratom?
saresurso masala savarjiSosTvis.

debulebebi:
1. alkoholi aris nivTiereba, romelic iwvevs damokidebulebas, magram ar
miekuTvneba narkotikebs.
2. mozardebis meti nawili moixmars alkohols, naklebi _ marixuanas.
3. manqanis marTva marixuanas zemoqmedebis qveS ufro usafrTxoa, vidre al-
koholis zemoqmedebis qveS.
4. yava, Cai da bevri gaziani sasmeli Seicavs narkotiks.
5. iSviaTia, rom mozardi iyos alkoholizmiT daavadebuli.
6. sigaretis moweva iwvevs damokidebulebas.
7. bevri narkomaniiT daavadebuli, Tavdapirvelad marixuanis momxmarebe-
li iyo.
8. alkoholizmi daavadebaa.
9. narkotiki exmareba adamians problemebis mogvarebaSi.
11. erTi Wiqa yaviT da civi SxapiT SeiZleba mTvrali adamianis gamofxizleba.
12. zogierT adamianze alkoholi ufro Zlierad moqmedebs, vidre sxvebze.
13. steroidebis miReba eqimis daniSnulebis gareSe ara mxolod kanondar-
Rvevaa, aramed saxifaTocaa.
14. alkoholi aZlierebs seqsualobas.
17. roca adamiani Tavs anebebs sigarets, organizmSi xdeba miyenebuli zianis
gamosworeba.
18. sigareti zians ayenebs orsul qals, magram ar moqmedebs nayofze.
19. mxolod ludis sma Tavidan agvacilebs alkoholTan dakavSirebul prob-
lemebs.
21. alkoholizmiT daavadebulTa umravlesoba usaxlkaroa.
22. alkoholizmi memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
23. sigaretis xandaxan moweva ar vnebs janmrTelobas.
24. marixuana ar aris saziano.
25. alkoholi problemebs qmnis mxolod maSin, Tu adamiani mas wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi moixmars.
54
§30

Sedegi:
biol.X.10.6.saubrobs nervuli sistemisTvis zogierTi medikamentis dama-
biol.X.10.6.
zianebel efeqtze;
gakveTilis mizani:
sakuTari poziciis argumentirebulad dasabuTebisa da TanamSromlobis una-
rebis gavarjiSeba.
masala: furclebi, kalmebi.
1. dayaviT klasi ramdenime jgufad. TiToeul jgufs mieciT davaleba, Sei-

muSavon kanoni TambaqosTan, alkoholTan da narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT.
TiToeulma jgufma unda warmoadginos gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi,
mag:
I jgufi – dedebis gaerTianeba, romelTa Svilebi etanebian narkotiks;
II jgufi – axalgazrduli organizaciebis gaerTianeba;
III jgufi – biznesmenebis gaerTianeba;
IV jgufi – religiuri gaerTianeba;
V jgufi – qalaqis administraciis warmomadgenlebi;
VI jgufi – Sinagan saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenlebi da a.S.
moswavleebi TviTon irCeven, romel jgufSi undaT muSaoba.
Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr, es CamonaTvali SeiZleba Seicvalos.
kanonproeqtis SemuSavebisTvis moswavleebs mieciT 20 wT. amis Semdeg Ti-

Toeuli kanonproeqti ganixileT `qalaqis sakrebulos~ sxdomaze erToblivi
kanonis Sesaqmnelad.
klasSi gamarTeT diskusia, romlis dros moswavleebi gauziareben erTmaneTs
TavianT STabeWdilebebs.
55
pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao
davalebebis kiTxvebze
§1
organizmis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
araorganuli nivTierebebi
wyali da mineraluri marilebi
1 dedamiwis qerqi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Seicavs Jangbads,

siliciums, alumins da rkinas.
2 adamianis organizmSi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Sedis Jang-
badi, naxSirbadi, wyalbadi da azoti.
3 rkinis nakleboba anemias iwvevs.
4 iodis naklebobasTan endemuri Ciyvia dakavSirebuli.
5 ftoris deficiti kariess iwvevs.
6 wylis es Tviseba icavs Cvens organizms temperaturis mkveTri rye-
vebisgan.
7 es icavs wylis organizmebis ujredebs maTSi yinulis kristalebis
gaCenisgan. garda amisa, zogierTi cxoveli wyalsatevis fskerze
izamTrebs. wylis gayinva fskeridan rom dawyebuliyo, isini dai-
Rupebodnen.
1. mze Tanabrad anaTebs wyalsac da qviSasac, Tumca, mzis energi-

is nawili wyalbaduri bmebis gaxleCas xmardeba, amitom is nak-
lebad Tbeba.
2. saRamos wyali ufro Tbilia, vidre qviSa, imitom, rom qviSisgan
gansxvavebiT, is Znelad kargavs siTbos.
3. haeri CO2 -s Seicavs. misi gaxsniT wvimis wyalSi naxSirmJava war-
moiqmneba, romelic odnav amJavianebs wyals.
4. manqanebisa da sawarmoebis gamonabolqvi zrdis haerSi naxSir-
orJangisa da gogirdis oqsidis koncentracias. isini wvimis wyal-
Si ixsneba da mJavebs warmoqmnis. amitom qalaqis wvimis wylis
pH ufro dabali unda iyos im adgilebis wvimis wyalTan Sedare-
biT, sadac naklebi avtomobili da fabrika-qarxanaa.
56
2.
baqteriebis raodenoba 10,00 5,50

9,50 5,25
9,00 5,00
pH
8,50 4,75
4,50
8,00
7,50 4,25
4,00
1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58 1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58
dReebi dReebi
a. kanis pH pirveli sami kviris ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda.

b. myar sapons maRali pH unda hqonoda.
g. baqteriebis raodenobam mkveTrad daiwyo kleba ocdameTerT-
mete dRidan.
d. Txevad sapons dabali pH unda hqonoda.
e. rogorc Cans, mJava areSi baqteriebi ver mravldeba. kanis da-
bali pH icavs Cvens organizms baqteriebis SeWrisagan.
v. SesaZloa am dros kanis pH izrdebodes.
O
O H
+
+
3. wylis erTi molekula wyalbaduri
H
H O
+
+
bmebiT wylis oTx sxva molkulas ukav- H
+
H
+
Sirdeba.
H
O
+
O
H
+
H
H
+
+
dilis saaTebSi mzis amosvlamde da mzis Casvlis Semdeg wylis pH
daaxloebiT 5-is tolia, vinaidan am dros fotosinTezi ar mimdi-
nareobs da wyali mdidaria CO2-iT, rac wylis mJavianobas zrdis.
11 saaTis Semdeg TandaTan izrdeba pH-is ricxviTi maCvenebeli,
romelic piks 17 saaTisTvis aRwevs. am dros pH 7,5-is tolia. ro-
gorc Cans, am dros gamoyofili CO2 maqsimalurad STainTqmeba
mcenareebis mier, amitom mJavianoba mcirdeba.
5
pH
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
dro (sT)
57
§2
cilebi. cilebis struqtura
1.
a. ilustracia cilis meorad struqturas asa-
xavs.
b. spirals peptiduri bmebi warmoqmnis.
g. spiralTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva formisa
da Seferilobis figurebi aminomJavaTa radi-
kalebia.
2.
a. valinisa da alaninis hidrofoburi radikalebi erTmaneTis mi-
marTulebiT imoZravebs da sabolood erTad aRmoCndeba, ris
gamoc spirali moixreba.
b. glutaminis mJavas uaryofiTad damuxtuli radikali lizinis

dadebiTad damuxtul radikals miizidavs da spirali im ubanSi
moixreba.
g. lizinisa da histidinis dadebiTad damuxtuli radikalebi erT-

maneTs ganizidavs da spirali gadaixreba.
d. cilis mesameuli struqturis warmoqmnaSi aminomJavebis radi-

kalebs Soris warmoqmnili hidrofoburi da eleqtrostati-
kuri Zalebi monawileobs.
58
e. cilis pirveladi struqtura gansazRvravs cilis mesameul
struqturas, anu cilis mesameuli struqturis gorglis
forma mTlianadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli aminomJa-
vebi aSenebs cilis molekulas.
moxarSuli kvercxis cila aRar renaturirdeba. amaze misi fizi-

kuri Tvisebebis Seuqcevadi cvlileba metyvelebs _ moxarSuli
kvercxis cila veRar ibrunebs siblantesa da gamWvirvalobas.
§3
cilebi. cilebis funqciebi
1 cilis damSlel fermentebs proteazebi ewodeba, xolo lipide-

bis damSlels _ lipazebi.
2 substrats aqtiur centrSi droebiT SesaZloa susti eleqtrosta-
tikuri Zalebi akavebdes, magaliTad, fermentis aqtiuri centris
uaryofiTad damuxtul aminomJavebis radikalebsa da substra-
tis dadebiTad damuxtul nawilebs Soris an piriqiT.
3 es inhibitorebi substratis konkurentebi arian.
4 Zvlis wiTel tvinSi eriTrocitebis warmoqmna xdeba. hemoglobi-
nis molekulebi rkinas Seicavs.
5 cila-receptorebi sxvadasxva specifikuri gamRizianeblebis mo-
qmedebiT struqturas icvlian. amas saboloo Sedegad am gamRi-
zianeblis aRqma mohyveba.
1.
a. aracocxal bunebaSi reaqciis siCqa-
re temperaturis matebis propor- A
reaqciis siCqare
ciulad izrdeba, radgan tempera-

turis gazrdisas izrdeba moreagire
nivTierebaTa siCqare, e.i. izrdeba ma-
Ti Sexvedris albaToba.
b. garkveul sididemde temperaturis
matebisas izrdeba fermentisa da sub-
stratis Sexvedris albaToba. temperatura
g. maRal temperaturaze fermentis mo-
59
lekulebi denaturirdeba, ami-
tom maTi aqtiuri centri defor- B
reaqciis siCqare
mirdeba. masSi substrati veRar
Tavsdeba da reaqcia veRar mim-
dinareobs.
d. 400C-ze zemoT fermentebi dena-
turirdeba da reaqciebis mimdi-
nareoba Cvens organizmSi brkol-
temperatura
deba.
2.
a. pH-is cvlileba cvlis aqtiuri centris struqturas.
b. pH 2-ze pepsinia aqtiuri, xolo pH 7-ze _ ujredis citozo-
lis fermentebi.
reaqciis siCqare
B
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
pH
3.
kiTxvebi pasuxebi
a. romeli movlena an parametri Jangbadis buStukebis gamoyofa.

SeiZleba gamogadges reaqciis siCqaris
maxasiaTeblad?
b. yvela sinjaraSi elodebi buStebis katalaza neitralur areSi
gamoyofas? ratom? muSaobs, amitom meore da mesame
sinjaraSi buStukebi naklebad
gamoiyofa.
g. romel sinjaraSia mosalodneli pirvel sinjaraSi, romelSic
fermentis yvelaze maRali aqtivoba? neitraluri area.
ratom?
d. rogor fiqrob, ra Seicvleboda, naklebi raodenobiT gamoiyo-
kartofilis kubebi pirdapir rom foda Jangbadi. kartofilis
mogeTavsebina sinjarebSi? ra azri daqucmacebisas, ufro met
hqonda kartofilis daqucmacebas? ujredSia SesaZlebeli katala-
zas aRmoCena.
5. rogorc Zalian maRal, aseve dabal temperaturaze fermenti

ar muSaobs.
60
1. mZime metalebi fermentebis Seuqcevadi inhibitorebia.
2. meoTxe antigens.
1 2 3
4 5 6
3.
a. cilis laqebs proteazebi aqroben.
b. cximis laqa lipazebs amoyavs qsovilidan.
g. 1000 C -ze fermentebi denaturirdeba.
a. wyalbaduri bmebi. keratins renaturaciis unari aqvs.

b maRal temperaturaze wyalbaduri bmebi wydeba.
§4
naxSirwylebi: monosaqaridebi, oligosaqaridebi,
polisaqaridebi
naxSirwylebis mniSvneloba
1 formulis mixedviT, naxSirwylebi naxSirbadisa da wylisgan Sed-

geba da maTi raodenoba erTmaneTis tolia. Tumca, naxSirwyle-
bis molekulaSi wyalbadisa da Jangbadis atomebi wylis mole-
kulas ar qmnis.
2 Rv iZlis glikogenis daSlis Sedegad sisxlSi glukoza gada-
61
dis, romelic sxeulis yvela ujreds amaragebs energiiT.
3 qitinovani garsi am organizmebis zrdas aferxebs, amitom intensi-
uri zrdis periodSi isini qitinazaTi qitinovan safarvels Slian.
C6H12O6 _ glukoza; C6H12O6 _ fruqtoza.
1. daanawile samive paketis SigTavsi 3-3 patara dozad. moniSne

samive. daasxi samive maTgans ramdenime wveTi Zmari. fxvnili,
romelic buStukebs warmoqmnis, saWmeli sodaa.
darCenili ori paketidan erTi saxamebelia, meore ki saqaro-
za. Cayare isini wyalSi da mourie. fxvnili, romelic kargad
gaixsneba saqarozaa, xolo saxamebeli TeTr emulsias warmo-
qmnis.
1. dedamiwaze yvelaze gavrcelebuli elementia Jangbadi, ara-
organuli nivTiereba wyali, organuli nivTiereba celuloza.
2. am termits celulaza gaaCnia. is reducentia.
3.
qitinazas aqtivoba
1. spora;
2. sporis gaRiveba;
3. hifebis warmoqmna;
4. miceliumis zrda;
5. zrdasruli forma.
1 2 3 4 5
sokos sasicocxlo cikli
spora ujredia, romelic qitinovani kedliT aris dafaruli. is

icavs masSi arsebul ujreds garemos zemoqmedebisgan. am dros
qitinaza, romelic Slis qitinis, ar muSaobs. misi aqtivoba nu-
lis tolia. gaRivebuli sporidan qudiani sokos miwisqveSa mice-
liumi da qudi unda ganviTardes. am dros qitinaza aqtiurdeba
da Slis sporas qitinovan safarvels. miceliums grZeli Zafebi
_ hifebi warmoqmnis. maT sigrZeSi zrdas qitinovani kedeli ar
unda uSlides xels. amitom gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri qitinaza hi-
febis warmoqmnisa da miceliumis zrdis periodSia. qitinazas
aqtiuroba isev nuls utoldeba, rodesac sokos hifebi zrdas
wyvets.
4. C5H10O5. dezoqsiriboza C5H10O4, ribozasagan gansxvavebiT, nak-
leb Jangbads unda Seicavdes.
1. qitinazas saSualebiT es mcenareebi daavadebis gamomwvev so-

koebs ebrZvian _ Slian maTi ujredis kedels.
62
2. marcvleulis mosavlianobas mkveTrad amcirebs sxvadasxva-
gvari sokovani daavadebebi. maT winaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
efeqturi iqneboda sokos ujredidan qitinazaze pasuxismge-
beli genis gadatana mcenaris ujredSi. Semdeg am ujredidan
qsoviluri kulturis meTodiT mcenaris gamozrda.
§5
lipidebi: cximebi, fosfolipidebi, cvilebi, steroidebi
lipidebis daniSnuleba
1 isini wyalbadebiT ar aris gajerebuli.

3 gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba am faqts wylis deficitis
pirobebSi mcxovrebi organizmebisTvis aqvs.
5 estrogenebis moqmedebiT gogonaTa organizmSi izrdeba sar-
Zeve jirkvlebi, iwyeba cximis dagroveba TeZoebis midamoSi,
zomaSi matulobs menjis Zvlebi, sakvercxeebSi iwyeba kvercx-
ujredebis momwifeba. androgenebis zemoqmedebiT ConCxi gaZ-
lierebulad izrdeba, biWebis sxeuli mamakacisTvis damaxasia-
Tebel formas iZens _ menji viwroa, mxrebi ganieri. izrdeba
kunTebis masa, saxeze da sxeulze matulobs Tmianoba, Cndeba
ltolva sapirispiro sqesisadmi.
6 am hormonis samizne organo Tirkmelia.
7 cvili icavs Sua yursa da SigniTa yurs masSi wylis, mtvrisa da
baqteriebis moxvedrisgan.
1. Tu mcenaris Tesls qaRaldze gasres, masze cximis laqa dar-

Ceba.
3. pincetiT aiRe kaklis lebnis nawili, moukide mas cecxli.
lebnis wvis periodSi lebnis Tavze daiWire mina. minaze wylis
wveTebi warmoiqmneba.
4. zeTiani Wiqa sinjariT warmo-
adgens im civ wylebSi mcxovrebi
organizmebis models, romleb-
sac kanqveS cximi ugrovdebaT.
63
5. 6.
H
O
lecitini
+ H
+ zeTi
+H
O
+H
H
+
O
H
+
+
H
O
+
H
+
H
O
+
H
+
H
+
+
+ H
H
H
Zmris
O
wyalxsnari
7.
damcvelobiTi energetikuli wylis wyaroa
aqvs funqcia
aqvs funqcia cximi, zeTi aqvs funqcia
aris aris aris
damcvelobiTi cvili lipidi steroidi sasignalo
aris
fosfolipidi
aqvs funqcia
struqturuli
1.
hidrofiluri hidrofoburi
sufris marili, cvili, karaqi,

Saqari, fexsacmlis sacxi,
saWmeli soda navTi, benzini
2.
samSeneblo Tboregulacia
energetikuli endogenuri wylis
wyaro
64
3.
cximi damcvelobiTi
cvili energetikuli
fosfolipidi samSeneblo
steroidi sasignalo
4. yvela termins lipidi aerTianebs.
1. Zalian daamZimebda mis sxeuls, aseve ver gamoadgeboda endoge-

nuri wylis wyarod.
2. `baqteriofobia~ baqteriebisadmi avadmyofuri SiSis aRmniSv-
neli terminia.
1. fermerma vaSlebs damcvelobiTi cvilis fena moxsna da maTSi

lpobis baqteriebi da sokoebi SeiWrnen.
2. Seucvlel cximovan mJavebs is wyalmcenareebi asinTezeben, rom-
lebiTac Tevzi ikvebeba.
§6
organuli nivTierebebi. dnm
dnm-is aRmoCenis istoria
wyliT savse saTli swrafi trialisas wyali saTlidan ar iRvreba.

brunvaTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan erTad wyali iwyebs saTlidan gad-
moRvras. brunvis siCqaresa da gravitaciul Zalas Soris pirdapir-
proporciuli damokidebulebaa _ rac metia brunvis siCqare, miT
metia am dros warmoqmnili gravitaciuli Zala.
kiTxva ase unda dasmuliyo: ra roli SeiZleba hqondes nukleins mem-

kvidruli niSnebis CamoyalibebaSi, ganayofierebis Sedegad warmo-
qmnili organizmi xom mSobliur individebs hgavs?
aseTi Sedegi sanjRrevelas etapis gamotovebas SeiZleba gamoewvia,

radgan am SemTxvevaSi fagebi baqteriebs ver CamoSordeboda.
65
xe
siT
sanjRrevelaSi centrifugireba naleqi

gadatana
xe
siT
naleqi
sanjRrevelaSi centrifugireba
gadatana
herSis da Ceizis eqsperimenti
§7
dnm-is qimiuri Sedgeniloba
Cargafis kanoni
dnm-is rentgenuli kristalografia
dnm-is molekulis ormagi spiralis modeli
1. a_ a_ g_c
c_cc_g
g_T
T_c
c_TT_TT
T_TT_cc_ g_g
g_c
c_a
a_ g_ a_ a
2.
a. aseTi ganlageba arRvevs Cargafis kanonis im punqts, romelic
amtkicebs, rom a = T da g = c.
b. r. franklinis monacemebiT dnm-is molekulis sigane mTel mis
sigrZeze erTnairia da 2 nm-is tolia. dnm-is molekulaSi erT-
maneTis pirispir mdgomi adeninisa da guaninis didi zomis mo-
lekulebi dnm-is molekulis am adgils gaafarToebda, xolo
erTmaneTis pirispir mdgomi citozini da Timini am adgils Se-
aviwroebda.
1. kibis sayrden vertikalur RerZebs qmnis dezoqsiribozasa da
66
fosformJavas molekulebi,
maT Soris warmoqmnili myari
kovalenturi bmebiT, xolo
kibis safexurebs _ azoto-
vani fuZeebi, maT Soris arse-
buli wyalbaduri bmebiT.
2. `Cangreulia~ kibis qvemodan
mesame safexuri, radgan ara-
komplementaruli citozi-
ni da adenini erTmaneTTan
wyalbaduri bmebiT ver da-
kavSirdeba.
1. sworia g.
a T
T a
g c
g c
T a
c a
g c
a T
2. sworia g.
wyalbaduri bmebi dnm-is molekulis formasa da, aqedan gamomdin-

are, mis fizikur Tvisebebs gansazRvravs. oTaxis temperaturaze,
siTboSi bmebi advilad SeiZleba gawydes da dnm fizikuri Tvisebe-
bi Seicvalos. miSeri am faqts _ nukleinis Tvisebebis cvlilebas,
misi gamoyofisas akvirdeboda. Tumca, mas warmodgenac ar hqonda,
ra iyo amis mizezi. is, ubralod, cdilobda Tavidan aecilebina
nukleinis Tvisebebis cvlileba da amitom siciveSi muSaobda.
1.
67
II ujredi
§8
ujreduli Teoria
a. organoidebs ujredis citoplazmaSi moTavsebul specialur

nawilebs uwodeben, romlebsac gansazRvruli funqcia gaaCnia.
moswavlisTvis cnobili organoidebia: citoplazma, birTvi,
qloroplasti, vakuoli. es organoidebi mas sinaTlis mikros-
kopSi aqvs nanaxi.
g. cxovelur ujredSi ar aris vakuoli, qloroplasti, ujredis
kedeli.
2.
a. eleqtronuli mikroskopiT SesaZlebelia dnm-is danaxva.
b. eleqtronul mikroskopSi atomebi ar Cans.
g. baqteriis agebulebis gamokvleva eleqtronuli mikroskopiT
aris SesaZlebeli.
d. leiSmanioziT daavadebuli adamianis gamosakvlevad sinaTlis
mikroskopi gamodgeba.
3.
vxedavT
SeuiaraRebeli sinaTlis eleqtronuli

TvaliT mikroskopiT mikroskopiT
dizenteriuli ameba,
eqinokoki, askarida wiTuris gamomwvevi,
tripanosoma,
Sidsis gamomwvevi
triqinela
68
II ujredi
§9
plazmuri membrana
plazmuri membranis agebuleba
plazmuri membranis funqciebi
naxSirwylebi fosfolipidebs ukavSirdeba. maT glikolipidebi

ewodeba.
1 es nivTierebebia cximebi, steroidebi, aseve organuli gamxsnele-
bi _ acetoni, spirti, qloroformi.
1. pirveli kubi hipertonul xsnarSia moTavsebuli. wyali ujrede-

bidan gareT gamova da kubi zomaSi Semcirdeba.
meore kubi izotonur xsnarSia, amitom is igive zomis darCeba.
mesame kubi hipotonul xsnarSia moTavsebuli. masSi wyali Seva
osmosis gziT da kubi zomaSi moimatebs.
1. fosfolipidebi membranaSi erT Sred ver ganlagdeba, radgan

Tu isini ise dalagda, rom damuxtuli Tavebi ujredgare hi-
drofiluri garemosken mimarTa, maSin maTi hidrofoburi ku-
debi citoplazmisken aRmoCndeba miqceuli. citoplazmaSi ki
hidrofiluri garemoa. amitom fosfolipidebi Semotrial-
deba da Tavebs axla citoplazmisken miaqcevs. magram amjerad
`diskomforti~ maT hidrofobur kudebs Seeqmneba, romlebic
qsoviluri siTxisken iqneba miqceuli. ase ganuwyvetlad itri-
alebs membranaSi erT Sred ganlagebuli fosfolipidebis mo-
lekulebi.
2. aminomJavebi ujredSi transporterebis _ gadamtani cilebis
saSualebiT aRwevs.
3. alkoholi daubrkoleblad gadis plazmuri membranebis fos-
folipidebis hidrofobur barierSi.
4. zafxulSi maRal temperaturaze, aqvaporinebis gavliT, wylis
molekulebi mcenaris ujredebs tovebs. mwvanili Wkneba. maci-
varSi Tavdaxurul qilaSi mwvanili nakleb wyals aorTqlebs.
aorTqlebas dabali temperatura da Tavdaxurul qilaSi hae-
ris maRali tenianoba aferxebs.
1. pirvel SemTxvevaSi eriTrociti izotonur xsnarSia moTavse-

buli, amitom is misTvis damaxasiaTebel formas inarCunebs.
meore SemTxvevaSi eriTrociti hipotonur xsnarSia, amitom
69
masSi garemodan wyali Sedis da is gaibereba. mesame SemTxveva-
Si eriTrociti hipertonul xsnarSia. eriTrocitidan wyali
gamodis da is iCuteba.
1 2 3
2. meore situaciaSi mcenaris ujredi hipotonur xsnarSia mo-

Tavsebuli. masSi osmosiT wyali aRwevs da ujredis vakuoli
ibereba. mesame situaciaSi ujredi hipertonul xsnarSia. am
dros wyali vakuolidan da citoplazmidan gareT gamodis. va-
kuoli da citoplazma moculobaSi mcirdeba da citoplazma
scildeba ujredis kedels.
1 2 3
1
2
3. es hipoTeza uaryves, radgan is ver xsni-
da gaadvilebuli difuziiT ionebisa
da hidrofiluri nivTierebebis trans-
ports, aseve aqtiur transports.
4. cila A fosfolipidis uaryofiTad

damuxtul Tavebs aminomJavebis dadebi-
Tad damuxtuli radikalebiT ukavSir-
deba. B cilis zeda ubani dadebiTadaa
damuxtuli da fosfolipidebs ukav-
Sirdeba, xolo qveda nawili hidrofo-
bur aminomJavebs Seicavs, romlebic
fosfolipidebis hidrofobur kudebs
70
ukavSirdeba. C cilis zeda da qveda nawili aminomJavebis da-
debiTad damuxtuli radikalebiT fosfolipidebis uaryo-
fiTad damuxtul Tavebs ukavSirdeba. misi centraluri nawili
ki hidrofoburi aminomJavebiT fosfolipidebis kudebTan am-
yarebs kavSirs. amitom is membranaSi myarad fiqsirdeba.
5. mariliani wyali fesvis ujredebisTvis hipertonuli garemoa,
amitom fesvis ujredebidan wyali gareT iwyebs gamosvlas da
mcenare Wkneba.
1. g.
2. baqteriebi amiT Tavs icaven membranis zedmeti gamyarebisgan.
zedmetad myari membrana kargavs normaluri funqcionirebis
unars. cnobilia, rom ujeri fosfolipidebi zrdian membranis
denadobas.
3.
A _ cxel klimatur pirobebSi mcxovre-
fosfolipidebis
bi organizmebi.
Semcveloba
B _ zomier klimatur pirobebSi mcxov-
rebi organizmebi.
C _ civ klimatur pirobebSi mcxovrebi
organizmebi.
4. A B C
gaadvilebuli difuzia Jangbadi organizmebi
fagocitozi wyali
difuzia spirti
osmosi aminomJava
cila
5.
membranuli
transporti
patara didi zomis

molekulebi molekulebi
aqtiuri
pasiuri tranporti
transporti endocitozi egzocitozi
ionebi cila
gaadvilebuli
difuzia osmosi receptorda- receptorda-
difuzia
moukidebeli mokidebuli pinocitozi
endocitozi endocitozi
spirti glukoza wyali

cila qolesterini xsnarebi
71
II ujredi
§10
birTvi
ribosoma
endoplazmuri bade
goljis kompleqsi
1 birTvis garsi ori membranisgan Sedgeba.

2 birTvis agebuleba eleqtronuli mikroskopiTaa gamokvleuli.
3 xorklian endoplazmur bades ribosomebi ukavSirdeba da mas da-
maxasiaTebel garegnobas aniWebs.
4 egzotoqsini organizmSi garedan Semosul toqsikur nivTiere-
bebs hqvia.
5 aseT nivTierebebs endotoqsinebi hqvia.
6 detoqsikaciuri procesebi RviZlis ujredebSi mimdinareobs,
steroidebis sinTezi _ sasqeso jirkvlebSi. amitom gluv endo-
plazmur badeze dasakvirveblad es ujredebi jobs.
2 3 4
1. xorkliani endoplazmuri bade;
2.ribosoma;
3. cila;
4. vezikula.
7 am process egzocitozi hqvia. 1

8 pirveli vezikula xorkliani endo-
plazmuri badidan moemarTeba. mas-
Si cilis molekulaa moTavsebuli.
9 meore vezikula goljis kompleqsma
warmoqmna. is saeqsportod gamza-
debul cilas Seicavs da plazmuri
2
membranisken miemarTeba.
10 msgavsi procesi sanerwyve jirkvle-
bis, pankreasis, kuWis, nawlavis epi-
Telis ujredebSi mimdinareobs. goljis kompleqsi
72
1. xorkliani endoplaz- 1 2 3
muri bade;
2. ribosoma;
3. endoplazmur badeSi
warmoqmnili vezikula;
4. goljis kompleqsi; 4
5. goljis kompleqsSi
warmoqmnili vezikula.
5
1. sawarmos mmarTvelad birTvs moixseneben.

2. birTvis didi forebidan ribosomebis Semadgenelma nivTiere-
bebma _ makromolekulurma cilebma da nukleinis mJavebma
citoplazmaSi unda gadainacvlos.
1. endoplazmuri bade ujredis SigniT, plazmaSi arsebul bades

niSnavs.
2. plazmur membranas egzoplazmuri membrana SeiZleba uwodo.
3. endoplazmur badeze cilebisa da lipidebis sinTezi xdeba,
romelic mis ganaxlebis process xmardeba.
4. nerwyvi mdidaria cilebiT. misi damzadeba xorklian endo-
plazmur badeze xdeba, amitom sanerwyve jirkvalSi xorkliani
endoplazmuri bade Zlierad iqneba warmodgenili. RviZlis
ujredebSi ki kargad gamoCndeba gluvi endoplazmuri bade,
sadac detoqsikaciuri fermentebi aris moTavsebuli.
5.
Se
ic
cilebi av
s
aSenebulia
erTi endoplazmuri mdebareobs birTvTan
lipidebi membranisgan bade axlos
naxSirwylebi
gluvi xorkliani
aqvs funqcia
nivTierebaTa naxSirwylebis lipidebis kalciumis detoqsi-

transporti sinTezi sinTezi rezervuaria kacia
cilebis nivTierebaTa
sinTezi transporti
73
II ujredi
§11
lizosoma
mitoqondria
qloroplasti
citoConCxi
1 lizosoma ujreds moinelebs.

2 autofagia sakuTari Tavis STanTqmas niSnavs. mikroautofagia
niSnavs, rom ujredi sakuTar Tavs mTlianad ki ar inelebs, aramed
ujredis Semadgeneli nivTierebebis mxolod mcire nawils Slis,
magaliTad, cilebis nawils.
3 mitoqondriis SigniTa membranis danaoWeba zrdis mis farTobs,
masze ufro meti fermenti eteva. sunTqva aseT mitoqondriebSi in-
tensiurad mimdinareobs.
1.
ar aqvs membrana aqvs erTi membrana aqvs ori membrana
ribosoma gluvi endoplazmuri mitoqondria,

bade, xorkliani endo- qloroplasti,
plazmuri bade, birTvi
lizosoma,
goljis kompleqsi
2. mcenareuli ujredi cxoveluri ujredi
ujredis kedeli plazmuri membrana

plazmuri membrana endoplazmuri bade
endoplazmuri bade mitoqondria
vakuoli goljis kompleqsi
mitoqondria ujredis centri
qloroplasti birTvi
goljis kompleqsi ribosoma
birTvi lizosoma
ribosoma
74
1.
SemaerTebeli qsovili kunTovani qsovili
kunTovani qsovili didi raodenobiT Seicavs mitoqondriebs,

radgan mas SekumSvisTvis energia sWirdeba, mitoqondriebSi ki
energiis gamosamuSaveblad intensiurad mimdinareobs naxSir-
wylebis daJangva.
2. bayays kudi lizosomebis aqtiuri moqmedebiT uqreba.
3. am procesSi lizosomebia CarTuli.
ribosoma moneleba
mitoqondria detoqsikacia
endoplazmuri bade cilis sinTezi
lizosoma sunTqva
citoConCxi fotosinTezi
qloroplasti organoidebis moZraoba
1.
centri- centri- centri-

fugireba fugireba fugireba
dabali gazrdili maRali

siCqare siCqare siCqare
birTvebi mitoqondriebi ribosomebi
75
2. ujredSi neitralur pH-ze lizosomis fermentebi inaqti-
virdeba.
3.
organuli nivTiereba
Zvali struqturuli
Sedis qsovilebis aris aqvs
myesi SedgenilobaSi funqciebi katalizuri
cila
sisxli receptoruli
kunTi aSenebs ujredis organoidebs damcvelobiTi
moZraobiTi
membrana endoplazmuri goljis ribosoma lizosoma citoConCxi birTvi

bade kompleqsi
4. ujredebis zRvargadasuli gamravleba simsivnes warmoqmnis.

ujredebis dakargviT knindeba yvela organos funqciebi. kun-
Tovani ujredebis daRupva kaxeqsias iwvevs, neironebis daRup-
va _ nervuli sistemis funqciis moSlas.
5. sxvadasxva organoidebis membranebSi CaSenebuli cilebi am organ-
oidebis funqcias ganapirobebs. magaliTad, kunTovani qsovilis
endoplazmur badeSi CaSenebuli Ca2+-atf-zebi Ca2+-is ionebs ga-
datvirTavs da endoplazmur badeSi maT sacavebs qmnis. RviZlis
ujredebis endoplazmur badeSi detoqsikaciuri fermentebia
moTavsebuli. mitoqondriis membranis cilebi ujredul sunTq-
vaSi monawileobs. lizosomebis membranuli cilebi misi SigTavsis
mJava ares uzrunvelyofs da a.S.

§12
plastikuri da energetikuli cvla
ujreduli sunTqva
1 celulozaSi arsebuli energia siTbur da sinaTlis energiad

gardaiqmneba.
2 adenozintrifosfatis molekula azotovan fuZesTan _ adenin-
Tan dakavSirebul 3 fosfatis jgufs Seicavs. atf-Si makroer-
76
guli bmiT 2 fosfatis jgufia dakavSirebuli.
3 adf adenozindifosfats niSnavs, amf _ adenozinmonofosfats.
4 wyalbadis ionebi membranaTaSorisi sivrcidan, sadac maTi koncen-
tracia maRalia, moZraobs matriqsisken, sadac wyalbadis ionebi
cotaa. aseve, wyalbadis ionebi, romlebic dadebiTadaa damuxtu-
li, moZraobs uaryofiTad damuxtuli arisken, romelsac membra-
nis SigniT uaryofiTad damuxtuli Jangbadis ionebi qmnis.
5 membranaTaSoris sivrceSi wyalbadis ionebi grovdeba, iseve, ro-
gorc hidroeleqtrosadguris wyalsacavSi. rodesac wyalbadis
koncentracia garkveul zRvars miaRwevs, membranis arxi ixsneba,
romlis gavliT wyalbadis ionebi swrafad moZraobs. wyalsacavSi
wylis garkveuli donis miRwevis Semdeg rabebs xsnian da wyali
didi simaRlidan qvemoT maRali siswrafiT moZraobs. wyalbadis
moZraobis kinetikuri energia atf-is molekulaSi makroerguli
qimiuri bmis energiad gardaiqmneba. wylis kinetikuri energia
turbinebs abrunebs, romlis meqanikuri energia eleqtrul ener-
giad gardaiqmneba.
6 botulizmisa da tetanusis gamomwvevi baqteriebi. glikolizis
dros mxolod 2 molekula atf warmoiqmneba, rac 19-jer naklebia
aerobuli sunTqvis dros warmoqmnil energiaze.
7 rZemJava baqteriebs iyeneben mawvnis, iogurtis, araJnis warmoe-
baSi, aseve damwnilebisa da dasilosebisTvis.
8 sokoebi gamoiyeneba alkohluri sasmelebisa da sakonditro
nawarmis dasamzadeblad, aseve puris cxobaSi.
1. temperatura Jangbadis
o
(t c) moxmareba
(ml/wm)
Jangbadis moxmareba
2.0
1.5 10 0.5
20 1.0
1.0
30 2.0
0.5 40 1.5
50 0.3
60 0.0
10 20 30 40 50 60
temperatura
a. sunTqvis procesSi mravali fermenti monawileobs. maqsima-

lur aqtivobas rogorc Cans, isini 300C aRweven. ufro maRal
temperaturaze fermentebis moqmedeba brkoldeba, xolo 600C
-ze isini srulad denaturirdeba.
b. gaRivebul TeslebSi sunTqvis procesi Zalian intensiurad mim-
77
dinareobs, vinaidan am dros atf-is energias mcenare Canasaxis
zrda-ganviTarebis process axmars.
2.
glukoza
glikolizi
piroyurZnis mJava piroyurZnis mJava
spirtuli
duRili
rZemJava
duRili
aerobuli
sunTqva
rZemJava naxSirorJangi
naxSirorJangi eTanoli
3. pirveli comi afuvda, radgan spirtuli duRilisas naxSiror-

Jangi warmoiqmneba. meore coms odnav spirtis suni aqvs. mesa-
me comi odnav Tbilia, radgan am dros siTbo gamoiyofa.
1. coms asafueblad siTbo sWirdeba, radgan fermentuli reaq-

ciebis siCqare temperaturis zrdasTan erTad (garkveul niS-
nulamde) matulobs. Zalian maRali temperatura iseve cudad
moqmedebs comis afuebaze, rogorc Zalian dabali, vinaidan
Zalian maRal temperaturaze fermentebi denaturirdeba.
safuara sokoebi coms rogorc uJangbado, aseve Jangbadian pi-
robebSi afuebs, radgan isini fakultatiuri anaerobebia.
2. sakvebSi akumulirebul qimiur energias maqsimalurad aero-
buli organizmebi iyenebs. isini glukozas bolomde, erTnax-
Sirbadian naerTamde _ CO2-mde Slian da 38 molekula atf-s
warmoqmnian. xolo spirtuli da rZemJavuri duRilisas glu-
koza bolomde ar iSleba, warmoiqmneba ornaxSirbadiani spir-
ti da samnaxSirbadiani rZemJava da gacilebiT mcire raodeno-
biT atf.
3. es fermentebi membranebSia lokalizebuli da atf-is energias
ionebisa da nivTierebebis gradientis sawinaaRmdegod gadata-
nas axmars.
1. plastikuri cvla gansakuTrebiT intensiurad bavSvobis asak-

Si mimdinareobs, radgan am dros warmoqmnili organuli niv-
Tierebebi bavSvis zrdas xmardeba. xandazmul asakSi organiz-
mi aRar izrdeba da plastikuri cvlac Senelebulia. am dros
78
warmoqmnili organuli nivTierebebi mxolod `saremonto sa-
muSaoebs~ xmardeba, anu isini `daberebuli~ organoidebis axa-
li organoidebiT CanacvlebisTvis gamoiyeneba.
2. g.
3.
plazmuri membrana eleqtronebis gadatana
citoplazma glikolizi
mitoqondriis gareTa krepsis cikli

membrana
Jangbadis transporti
mitoqondriis SigniTa
membrana naxSirorJangis transporti
matriqsi
1. aerobuli sunTqvisas siTbos saxiT gamoTavisuflebuli ener-

gia fuWi danakargi ar aris, radgan fermentuli reaqciebis
siCqare organizmSi temperaturazea damokidebuli. dabal tem-
peraturaze metaboluri procesebi brkoldeba.
2. am dros atf-is warmoqmna wydeba. atf-is energia ki organizmSi
mimdinare praqtikulad yvela process xmardeba. adamiani ener-
giis deficitis gamo iRupeba.
3. Jangbadis nakleboba sunTqviTi jaWvis muSaobas aferxebs da
adamiani energetikul deficits ganicdis.
4.
a. safuara sokos sunTqvis intensivobaze, moswavleebi am dros

gamoyofili naxSirorJangis raodenobis mixedviT msjeloben.
b. yvelaze ukeT sunTqva pirvel sinjaraSi mimdinareobs, Sedare-
biT sustad meoreSi, xolo mesame da meoTxe sinjaraSi safuara
ar suTqavs.
g. SesaZloa, mesame sinjara gaacxeles da safuarebis fermentebi
denaturirda, xolo meoTxe sinjara macivarSi idga da dabal
temperaturaze sunTqvaSi monawile fermentebi ar muSaobs _
inaqtivirebulia.
79
§13
plastikuri cvla mcenareebSi
fotosinTezi
3 mitoqondriis SigniTa membranis msgavsad, Tilakoidis membra-

naSi mimdinareobs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis dagroveba
membranis sxvadasxva mxares.
4 protonebi membranis gareT unda gavides atf-sinTetazas arxis
gavliT. protonebis eleqtruli da koncentraciuli gradientis
energia atf-is sinTezs unda moxmardes.
Tilakoidis membrana → stroma → qloroplastis SigniTa membra-

na → membranaTaSorisi sivrce → qloroplastis gareTa membrana
→citoplazma → plazmuri membrana → ujredis kedeli → garemo.
`foto~ sinaTles niSnavs, `lizisi~ _ daSlas.
1.
g. A situacia sibneles asaxavs. am dros fotosinTezi ar mimdina-
reobs da Jangbadi ar gamoiyofa. aerobuli baqteriebi gafan-
tulia. B situacia sinaTleze xdeba. am dros baqteriebi Jang-
badiani arisken miiswrafvis da jgufebad grovdeba.
1 2
a. mecniers ainteresebda spi-
rogiras mier warmoqmnili
airis raoba.
b. engelmanma daaskvna, rom
es airi Jangbadia da is mxo-
lod sinaTlis pirobebSi
gamoiyofa.
A B
1. spirogira; 2. baqteriebi.
2.
a. mecniers ainteresebda, sinaTlis speqtris romel ubans iyeneb-
da spirogira fotosinTezisTvis.
80
b. man daadgina, rom qloroplas-
ti fotosinTezisTvis iyenebs 2
lurj da wiTel sxivebs.
3. fotosinTezSi moreagire ori-
ve nivTiereba _ wyali da nax-
SirorJangi _ Jangbads Seicavs.
mecnierebs ainteresebdaT reaq-
ciis produqtebis _ moleku-
luri Jangbadisa da glukozis
Jangbadis warmomavloba.
18 18 1
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
prizma
eqsperimentma daadastura, rom
Tavisufali Jangbadi wylis mo- 1. spirogira
lekulidan warmoiqmneba. 2. baqteriebi
4. Tu naxSirorJangSi Jangbads mo-
niSnav da moniSnuli Jangbadi glukozis molekulaSi aRmoCn-
deba, es imas daadasturebs, rom naxSirorJangi glukozis mole-
kulis warmoqmnaSi monawileobs.
IV fotosinTezi da transporti mcenareebSi

§14
foTlis agebuleba
mcenaris sunTqva da fotosinTezi
1. A foToli pirveli qoTnis is

foTolia, romelic NaHCO3-ian A
kolbaSi iyo moTavsebuli. haeri
am kolbaSi CO2-iT iyo mdidari,
amitom fotosinTezi daubrkole- B
blad mimdinareobda da foTolSi

saxamebeli dagrovda. B foTo-
C
li pirveli qoTnis mcenaris is
I II
foTolia, romelic KOH-ian kol-
baSi iyo moTavsebuli. KOH CO2-s STanTqavs, amitom foTlebSi
fotosinTezi ver warimarTa. C foToli meore qoTnis mcena-
res ekuTvnoda. man saxamebeli mxolod Sua, mwvane nawilSi daa-
grova.
81
2. pirvel kolbaSi fotosinTezis procesi ar warimarTa, radgan
mas folgis qaRaldi hqonda Semoxveuli. mcenare am pirobebSi
mxolod sunTqavda _ naxSirorJangs gamoyofda. naxSirorJang-
ma xsnari SeamJava, amitom man iisferi miiRo.
meore kolbaSi moTavsebuli mcenare fotosinTezsac awarmo-
ebda da sunTqavda kidec. Tumca, sinaTleze fotosinTezi uf-
ro intensiurad mimdinareobs, vidre sunTqva. amitom mcenarem
naxSirorJangi STanTqa, xsnari gatutianda da gayviTlda.
mesame kolbaSi mcenare arc sunTqavs da arc fotosinTezs awar-
moebs, radgan, mduRare wyalSi moTavsebis gamo, misi fer-
mentebi denaturirda. kolbaSi siTxis mJavianoba ar icvleba
da is narinjisferia.
I II III
3.
fotosinTezi sunTqva
1. warmoiqmneba organuli iSleba organuli nivTierebebi

nivTierebebi
glukozaSi dagrovili
2. mzis energia glukozaSi inaxeba
energia Tavisufldeba
3. STainTqmeba naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa naxSirorJangi
4. gamoiyofa Jangbadi STainTqmeba Jangbadi
5. mimdinareobs mxolod sinaTleze mimdinareobs sinaTlezec

da sibneleSic
6. mimdinareobs mxolod
mimdinareobs mitoqondriaSi
qlorofilis monawileobiT
82
4.
a. am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad
cvladi sidide sinaTlis intensivo-
baa.
b. fotosinTezis siCqare, anu drois er-
TeulSi gamoyofili buStukebis ra-
odenoba damokidebulad cvladia.
g. sinaTlis intensivobis zrdasTan er-
Tad, izrdeba fotosinTezis inten-
sivoba.
d. wylis temperaturis garda, yvela parametri ucvlelia.
e. wylis temperatura matulobda, mas naTura aTbobda.
v. fotosinTezis siCqare temperaturazecaa damokidebuli, vi-
naidan mas fermentebi warmarTavs. temperaturis gazrdiT iz-
rdeba fotosinTezis intensivoba.
z. eqsperimentis mimdinareobisas temperaturis cvlileba Tavi-
dan SeiZleba aicilo, Tu WurWels wylian abazanaSi moaTavseb.
T. es meTodi fotosinTezis siCqaris sinaTlis intenisvobaze da-
mokidebulebis gansazRvris zust meTodad ver gamodgeba.
1. qloroplastebi foTlis ukeT ganaTebuli adgilisken gada-

inacvlebs, raTa maqsimalurad STanTqas mzis sxivebi.
2. atf energiis universaluri wyaroa. is mxolod meqanikur ener-
giad ar gardaiqmneba. mcenareebi atf-is energias qimiuri bme-
bis energiad gardaqmnian, rodesac organul nivTierebebs asin-
Tezeben. garda amisa, isini did energias xarjaven membranis
gavliT sxvadasxva nivTierebebis aqtiuri transportirebisT-
vis.
3. foTlis qveda mxares, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Rrubliseburi qso-
vilia ganlagebuli, romlis ujredebi qloroplastebs mcire
raodenobiT Seicavs.
83
§15
mcenare da mineralebi
mineraluri marilebis mniSvneloba mcenareebisTvis
mineraluri marilebis ujredebSi SeRwevis gzebi
sasuqebi
1 glukoza Sedgeba naxSirbadis, wyalbadisa da Jangbadisgan.

2 cilebisa da nukleinis mJavebis SenebaSi monawileobs naxSir-
badi, wyalbadi, Jangbadi, azoti, fosfori, gogirdi.
3 isini, glukozisgan gansxvavebiT, azots, fosforsa da gogirds
Seicaven.
4 azoti cilebisa da nukleinis mJavebis erT-erTi aucilebeli
komponentia. cila ujredis mTavari samSeneblo masalaa, nuk-
leinis mJava ki mTavari informaciuli molekula. cxadia, am
nivTierebebis gareSe mcenare kargad ver gaizrdeba da ganvi-
Tardeba.
5 dnm informaciuli molekulaa, fosfolipidebi _ biologiuri
membranebis mTavari Semadgeneli komponenti, atf ki _ ener-
getikuli nivTiereba. am nivTierebebis deficitisas mcenares
uWirs ganviTareba.
6 ionebis aqtiur transportSi membranis integraluri cilebi
monawileobs.
7 ionebis aqtiuri transportirebisTvis ujredi atf-is makro-
erguli qimiuri bmis energias iyenebs.
8 reducentebi niadags xrwnis procesSi warmoqmnili mineral-
uri nivTierebebiT amdidrebs.
1.
a. am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi sidide mcenaris-
Tvis aucilebeli erT-erTi qimiuri elementis Semcveli niv-
Tiereba, magaliTad, azotis, fosforis an kaliumis marilia;
damokidebulad cvladi ki fesvis, Reros an foTlis sigrZe,
yvavilisa da nayofis ganviTarebaa.
b. A sakontrolo mcenarea. mas yvela organo normalurad aqvs
ganviTarebuli. rogorc Cans, mas sakmarisi raodenobiT miewo-
deba yvela elementi. B mcenares magniumis ionebi unda akldes,
radgan moyviTalo feri dakravs. qlorofilis naklebobisas
foTosinTezic brkoldeba, rac mcenaris zrdazec moqmedebs.
mcenare, sakontrolosTan SedarebiT, cudad izrdeba. C
mcenares kaliumis ionebi aklia, radgan nayofs ver iviTarebs.
D mcenare Zalian dakninebulia azotis ukmarisobis gamo, ro-
84
melic ujredebis mTavari samSeneblo masalis _ cilebis Sed-
genilobaSi Sedis.
A B C D
g. Jangbadis deficiti mcenareSi atf-is sinTezs daamuxruWebs,
es ki mineraluri nivTierebis aqtiur transports SeuSlis
xels. amis gamo mcenareSi cilebisa da nukleinis mJavebis sin-
Tezi dabrkoldeba da mcenare cudad ganviTardeba.
2.
a. am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi sidideebia tempera-
tura, cianidi, Jangbadi, magniumis ionebis koncentracia.
b. damokidebulad cvladia magniumis ionebis STanTqma fesvis
ujredebis mier da Sesabamisad, mcenaris ganviTareba.
g. mecnierebis varaudiT, Mg-is ionebis STanTqma ujredSi aqti-
uri transportiT xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac misi koncen-
tracia niadagSi naklebia, vidre ujredSi.
d. eqsperimentma maTi hipoTezis siswore daadastura, radgan:
● fermentuli reaqciebisas temperaturis zrda garkveul far-
glebSi reaqciis siCqares zrdis.
● garkveul temperaturaze fermentuli reaqciis siCqare mcir-
deba fermentis denaturaciis gamo.
● cianidi ujredul sunTqvas blokavs.
● Jangbadis gareSe ujreduli sunTqva ar mimdinareobs.
● ujreduli sunTqvisas glukoza iwveba.
● es faqti magniumis ionebis aqtiur transportze miuTiTebs.
3.
a. Jangbadis koncentraciis zrdas-
ionebis STanTqma
Tan erTad izrdeba fesvis uj-

redebis mier ionebis STanTqmis
unari.
b. Jangbadis maRali koncentra-
ciisas fesvis ujredebi kargad
sunTqavs da sunTqvis proces-
Si atf-s warmoqmnis, romelic Jangbadis koncentracia niadagSi
85
aucilebelia ionebis aqtiuri transportirebisTvis ujredSi.
g. es imas niSnavs, rom garkveul ionebs ujredSi SeRweva SeuZlia,
Tu maTi koncentracia niadagSi bevrad sWarbobs ujredSi am
ionebis koncentracias.
4.
aqvs funqcia
glukoza sunTqva
gardaiqmneba nivTierebebad
saxamebeli celuloza cila lipidi nukleinis

mJava
aqvs funqcia
samarago samSeneblo samSeneblo, samarago, informaciuli

samarago, energetikuli,
katalizuri, samSeneblo
damcvelobiTi
1. kaliumiani sasuqi niadagSi mcenaris aRmocenebis Semdegac Se-

iZleba Seitano, radgan kaliumi aucilebelia yvavilebisa da
nayofis ganviTarebisTvis.
2. Warbi wyali niadagidan haers gamodevnis, uJangbadod ki mce-
nareebi atf-is deficits ganicdian, amis gamo brkoldeba io-
nebis transporti ujredSi da isini cudad viTardebian.
3. es temperaturas zrdis, rac fermentuli reaqciebis daCqa-
rebisTvis aris aucilebeli.
fosfori atf-is aucilebeli komponentia, atf ki azotisa da ka-

liumis aqtiuri transportirebisTvis aris saWiro.
86
§16
mcenaris satransporto sistema
fesvuri wneva, transpiracia
1 foTlis epidermisis sqelkedliani cviliT dafaruli ujredebi

icavs mis qveS mdebare qsovilebs mikrobebisa da wylis SeRwe-
visgan. mas damcvelobiTi funqcia gaaCnia. fesvis epidermisis
funqcia ara mxolod mis qveS mdebare ujredebis dacvaa, aramed
mcenaris uzrunvelyofaa wyliTa da marilebiT. fesvis gamona-
zardebi zrdis am ujredebis Semwov zedapirs.
2 sacrisebur milebs ar gaaCnia birTvi da sxva organoidebi, mas
mxolod mcire raodenobiT aqvs citoplazma. amitom is ver asin-
Tezebs organul nivTierebebs _ Tanmxlebi ujredebis daxmareba
sWirdeba.
3 cxovelebs gadaxurebisgan saofle jirkvlebi icavs. oflis aor-
TqlebiT is grildeba.
4 wylis molekulebs erTmaneTTan wyalbaduri bmebi akavSirebs.
5 kaqtusi fotosinTezs gasqelebuli, mwvane ReroTi awarmoebs,
romelic didi raodenobiT wyals Seicavs.
6 vertikalur foTlebs mze Tanabrad anaTebs, amitom maT bageebi
foTlebis orive zedapirze Tanabrad aqvs gadanawilebuli.
7 rogorc Cans, dumfaras foTolSi didi adgili ukavia Rrublise-
bur qsovils, romelic didi raodenobiT haers Seicavs. dumfaras
bageebi mxolod foTlis zeda mxares aqvs ganlagebuli, radgan
misi qveda mxare wyals exeba.
1.
a. parkis kideebze gaCenili wveTebi wylis
wveTebia, romelic mcenarem foTlebiT
aaorTqla.
b. bageebi dRis sinaTleze ixsneba, amitom
transpiracia sinaTlis gareSe ar mimdi-
nareobs. RamiT parkis kedlebze wylis
wveTebs ver SeamCnev.
2.
a. malpigis ainteresebda, sad iyo ganla-
gebuli organuli nivTierebis gamtari
qsovilebi mcenaris ReroSi.
b. qerqidan saqarozas xsnari Jonavda.
87
g. garkveuli xnis manZilze mcenare sicocxlis unarianobas inar-
Cunebda, radgan foTlebi fotosinTezs awarmoebdnen, xolo
Rerosa da fesvebSi organuli nivTierebebis garkveuli maragi
arsebobda.
d. foTlebma fotosinTezi veRar awarmoes, xolo Rerosa da
fesvSi ki organuli nivTierebebis maragi gamoilia.
e. malpigim daaskvna, rom sacriseburi milebi qerqSi gadis.
4. heilzma daaskvna, rom fesvebidan Sewovil wyals foTlebi

aorTqlebs da aorTqlebuli wylis raodenoba foTlebis
saerTo farTobis proporciulia.
5.
a. eqsperimentisTvis daaxloebiT erTi zomis aRmonacenebi unda
SearCio.
b. sakontrolo mcenared nebismieri maTgani unda SearCio.
g. darCenili ori mcenaridan, erT-erTs basri daniT unda moaci-
lo ramdenime foToli, xolo meores _ foTlebis umravle-
soba.
d. zeTi frTxilad unda daamato wyals sinjaraSi, raTa Tavidan
aicilo wylis aorTqleba.
e. wylis done, savaraudod, im sinjaraSi daiwevs yvelaze metad,
88
romelSic mcenares yvelaze naklebi foToli aqvs.
v. wylis transportirebaSi gadamwyveti roli transpiracias eni-
Weba.
z. zeTis gamoyenebam eqsperimentSi gazarda monacemebis sarwmu-
nooba _ wyali mxolod foTlebidan orTqldeba.
6. transpiraciis intensivoba
A
C A _b
B _g
B C _a
D _d
D
bunebrivi pirobebi
7.
a.
foTlis sawyisi foTlis saboloo masis cvlileba

masa (gr.) masa (gr.) (%)
a 5.2 5.1 1.9

b 5.6 5.4 3.5
g 4.9 3.5 28.5
d 5.1 3.5 31.5
b. a foTolma yvelaze naklebi wyali aaorTqla, radgan misi pro-
centuli danakargi 1,9-is tolia. rogorc Cans, es is foTolia,
romelsac orive zedapiri cviliT daufares.
b foTolma masis mxolod 3,5% dakarga. rogorc Cans, es meore
foTolia, romelsac qveda mxare hqonda dafaruli cviliT,
radgan aorTqleba ZiriTadad foTlis qveda zedapirze xdeba.
d foTols masis yvelaze meti danakargi aqvs _ 31,5%. es meoTxe
foTolia, romelic saerTod ar daufaravT cviliT.
g foTols ki mxolod zeda mxare aqvs dafaruli cviliT, ro-
melic SedarebiT nakleb wyals aorTqlebs, Tumca, danakargi
mainc didia _ 28, 5%.
g. Sedegi gansxvavebuli iqneboda, radgan siminds bageebi foTlis
orive zedapirze aqvs ganlagebuli.
d. gansakuTrebiT didi iqneboda gansxvaveba II variantis SedegebSi.
e. erTmaneTs I variantis Sedegebi daemTxveoda.
89
1. fesvuri wneva, transpiracia, wylis molekulebis SeWidulo-
ba.
2. bageebis ujredebi epidermisis ujredebisgan gansxvavebiT
qlorofils Seicavs, amitom mas fotosinTezis unari gaaCnia.
sinTezirebuli glukoza zrdis am ujredebSi wylis Sewovis
unars, maTSi mezobeli ujredebidan osmosis gziT wyali aR-
wevs, bageebis ujredebi ibereba da bagis xvreli ixsneba.
1.
WurWlebi haeris Sesvla foTolSi
sacrisebri milebi wylis Sesvla foTolSi Rerodan
bagis ujredebi organuli nivTierebebis transporti
bagis xvreli foTlis dacva wylis dakargvisgan
2. d.
3. wyali mcenareSi fesvis bususebiT Sedis. bususebi Zalian zrdis

fesvis Semwov zedapirs. wylis garda, misi saSualebiT aRwevs
mcenareSi sxvadasxva ioni, aqtiuri da pasiuri transportiT.
Mg-is ioni aucilebelia qlorofilis sinTezisTvis. azoti mo-
nawileobs cilebis sinTezSi. azoti da fosfori nukleinis mJa-
vebisa da atf-is SedgenilobaSi Sedis.
1. Tu niadagSi Zalian bevri marilia, anu wyalSi didi raodenobiT

marilia gaxsnili, is ufro hipertonulia, citoplazmasTan
SedarebiT. amitom am dros osmosiT fesvis bususebidan wyali
niadagSi gadadis.
2. bageebi mcenares mxolod transpiraciisTvis ar sWirdeba. am
xvrelis gavliT, fotosinTezisa da sunTqvisas, mcenare naxSi-
rorJangisa da Jangbadis mimocvlas awarmoebs garemosTan.
90
§17
heterotrofuli kvebis tipebi
erTujredianebis, uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebis
kveba da moneleba
3 obobas axasiaTebs ujredgare moneleba.
sokoebi saprofituli simbiozuri parazituli
1. protistebs axasiaTebs heterotrofuli kvebis halozouri ti-

pi. mas axasiaTebs ujredSida moneleba.
2. producentebi kvebis tipis mixedviT avtotrofebia. reducen-
tebs axasiaTebs heterotrofuli kvebis saprofituli tipi,
xolo konsumentebs _ halozouri, simbiozuri, saprofituli
da parazituli.
3. askaridas axasiaTebs heterotrofuli kvebis halozouri tipi,
xolo Roris soliters _ parazituli.
91
§18
ZuZumwovrebis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema
moneleba piris RruSi
moneleba kuWSi
1 kbili Sedgeba gvirgvinis, yelisa da fesvisgan. gvirgvini garedan

dafarulia minanqriT. dentini Zvlismagvari nivTierebisganaa age-
buli. cementi amagrebs kbilis fesvs Zvlovan fosoSi. pulpa sisxl-
ZarRvebsa da nervul daboloebebs Seicavs.
2 basri mWrelebiTa da eSvebiT adamiani sakvebs kbeCs, xolo ZiriTa-
di kbilebiT mas aqucmacebs.
3 ilustraciaze warmodgenilia ybayuris, ybisqveSa da enisqveSa
sanerwyve jirkvlebi.
4 nerwyvi Seicavs 98-99% wyals, naxSirwylebis damSlel ferments
amilazas, baqteriocidul nivTierebas lizocims da nivTierebas,
romelic mas siblantes aniWebs.
5 marilmJavas moqmedebiT kuWis wvenis fermentebi araaqtiuri mdgo-
mareobidan aqtiurSi gadadis. amasTan, misi moqmedebiT ixoceba baq-
teriebis umravlesoba, romelic sakvebTan erTad kuWSi xvdeba.
6 kuWis wvenis marilmJavas moqmedebiT naxSirwylebze moqmedi fer-
mentebi kargavs aqtivobas, radgan is denaturirdeba.
7 lukmis SigniT naxSirwylebis moneleba iqamde mimdinareobs, sanam
is mTlianad ar gaiJRinTeba kuWis wveniT.
imis gamo, rom puri saxamebels Seicavs, masze dawveTebuli iodis

wveTi fers Seicvlis _ galurjdeba. nerwyviT gaJRenTil masaSi
amilazebis moqmedebiT saxamebeli nawilobriv iSleba. amitom am
masaze dawveTebuli iodi fers aRar Seicvlis.
1. kuWis mJavianobis daqveiTebis gamo, gaZnelebulia cilebis mo-

neleba, vinaidan cilis damSleli fermentis _ pepsinis moqme-
debisTvis aucilebelia mJava are. avadmyofs unda davuniSnoT
is preparatebi da sakvebi, romelic awevs mJavianobas.
2. Zmriani salaTiT sauzmobisas gaZneldeba rTuli naxSirwyle-
bis damSleli fermentis _ amilazas moqmedeba, vinaidan piris
RruSi is aqtiuri mxolod tute areSia, Zmari ki mJava ares qmnis.
92
3. cxovelebi Wrilobis alokvisas dezinfeqcias ukeTeben dazi-
anebul adgils, radgan nerwyvi baqteriocidul nivTierebas
_ lizocims Seicavs.
4. adamianis kuWi mcoxnelis maWiks hgavs, vinaidan adamianis ku-
Wis msgavsad, aqac mJava area.
5. mcoxnelebs axasiaTebT heterotrofuli kvebis halozouri da
simbiozuri kvebis tipi.
6. mtacebeli cxovelebis nerwyvi, romlebic swrafad ylapaven
sakvebis naWrebs, fermentebs ar Seicavs.
fermerebi finansurad momgebian situaciaSi aRmoCndebian, radgan

fermentebiT damuSavebul sakvebs cxoveli mTlianad moixmars da
mas SedarebiT mcire raodenobis sakvebi dasWirdeba.

§19
sakvebis moneleba wvril nawlavSi
Sewova wvril nawlavSi
msxvili nawlavis funqciebi
1 Tormetgoja nawlavSi ixsneba kuWqveSa jirkvlisa da RviZlis sa-

dinarebi.
2 Sewovis efeqturad ganxorcielebisTvis, wvrili nawlavis mTeli
zedapiri dafarulia milionobiT mikroskopuli, TiTebis msgavis
gamonazardiT _ xaoTi. TiToeul xaos, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro
mcire zomis mikroxaoebi aqvs. nawlavis aseTi agebuleba maqsima-
lurad zrdis mis Semwov zedapirs.
1. saxamebeli → daSla glukozamde → Sewova sisxlSi → gardaqm-

na RviZlisa da kunTebis ujredebSi, sadac nawili daiJanga,
anu daixarja ujredis energetikuli moTxovnilebisTvis, xo-
lo meore nawili ujredma axali nivTierebebis sinTezisTvis
gamoiyena.
2. pirveli Wiqidan aRebul narevSi cximi erT wveTad aris Sekru-
li, xolo meore WiqaSi is daSlilia patara wveTebad, rac naR-
velis, rogorc emulgatoris moqmedebis Sedegia.
3. orive sinjaraSi ar iqneba filtratis erTnairi raodenoba.
filtrati gacilebiT meti raodenobiT iqneba im sinjara-
Si, romelSic naRveliT gaJRenTili filtris qaRaldi ido.
93
naRvelma gamoiwvia cximis emulgireba da daaCqara misi fil-
tracia.
4.
10
6
1
8
9
2
1. kuWi;
7 2. Tormetgoja nawlavi;
3
3. wvrili nawlavi;
11 4. msxvili nawlavi;
5. swori nawlavi;
6. RviZli;
4 7. kuWqveSa jirkvali;
8. cila;
9. disaqaridi;
5 10. cximi;
11. wyali.
saWmlis
momnelebeli funqcia
sistemis
ganyofileba
kuWi iwyeba proteazebis moqmedebiT cilebis moneleba.

naxSirwylebi ar moineleba
naRvlis mJavebis moqmedebiT cximebi ganicdis emulgirebas.

Tormetgoja nawlavi
iwyeba emulgirebul cximebze pankreasis lipazis moqmedeba.
iwyeba pankreasis proteazebis moqmedeba. moineleba agreTve
naxSirwylebi pankreasis amilazebis moqmedebiT.
sruldeba cilebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis saboloo

wvrili nawlavi
moneleba. daSlis produqtebi _ aminomJavebi, glukoza, cxi-
movani mJavebi da glicerini Seiwoveba nawlavis mier da gada-
dis sisxlSi.
msxvili nawlavi Seiwoveba wyali
swori nawlavi xdeba fekaluri masebis formireba
94
bayayis Tavkombala ikvebeba mcenareuli sakvebiT, xolo zrdasru-
li bayayi _ cxoveluriT (mwerebiT). mcenareuli sakvebis monele-
bas ufro didi dro sWirdeba, amitom Tavkombalas nawlavi ufro
grZelia.

§20
vitaminebi, maTi daniSnuleba
2 cilis molekulebi ujredis yvela organoids aSenebs. amitom mo-

zardebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia, rom sakvebi mdidari
iyos cilebiT. aseve orsulis sakvebic unda Seicavdes didi ra-
odenobiT cilebs, vinaidan dedam cilebiT unda uzrunvelyos
nayofis zrda-ganviTareba.
4 kolageni SemaerTebeli qsovilis mTavari cilaa. is aniWebs Zvlebs,
sisxlZarRvTa kedlebs, myesebs, iogebs elastikurobas. C vitami-
nis ararsebobis gamo erT-erTi fermenti, romelic monawileobs
kolagenis sinTezSi, daTrgunulia. amitom kolagenis sinTezi
brkoldeba. amis Sedegad Zvlebi msxvrevadia da advilad tydeba.
sisxlZarRvTa kapilarebis dazianebis gamo, RrZilebSi Cndeba
sisxlCaqcevebi, kbilebi iryeva da cviva. Wrilobebi ver xorcde-
ba vinaidan nawiburis warmoqmnaSi SemaerTebeli qsovili monawi-
leobs.
5 baqteriebiT gamowveul sxvadasxva infeqcias antibiotikebiT ebr-
Zvian. isini garda daavadebis gamomwvevi baqteriebisa, anadgure-
ben e.w. nawlavis baqteriebsac, romlebic asinTezeben K vitamins.
swored es aris K hipovitaminozis mizezi.
5. imis Semdeg, rac moswavleebi dainaxaven, rom b sinjarebSi xsna-

ri ufro muqia, vidre yvela a sinjaraSi, isini kartofils jer
wvrilad daWrian, Semdeg garecxaven da Sewvaven. amiT mcirdeba
kartofilis kvebiTi Rirebuleba, radgan wyalSi bevri saxame-
beli gadava.
6. kargad daReWili da pirSi didxans gaCerebuli puri gemos icv-
lis _ TandaTan tkbili xdeba. nerwyvis amilazis moqmedebiT pu-
ris saxamebeli disaqarid maltazamde iSleba da lukmas tkbil
gemos aZlevs.
95
7. igrZnoba naxSirwylis gemo, radgan is motkboa. rZis zedapirze
cximis wveTebi gaCnda. msubuqi wveTebi rZis zedapirze moeq-
ca. duRilis dros rZis SedgenilobaSi Semavali molekulebi
swrafad moZraobda da cximis molekulebi ver axerxebda erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebas _ wveTSi gaerTianebas. cila, romelmac
ver gauZlo maRal temperaturas, gamoileqa. kalciumis qlo-
ridis moqmedebiT rZe aiWra. cila xsnadi mdgomareobidan ux-
snadSi gadavida. gafiltvris Semdeg filtratze darCenili
produqti xaWos hgavs. filtrati gamWvirvalea. rZis ZiriTad
masas qmnis wyali. rZeSi didi raodenobiT cilaa.
1. kalciumze Cveni organizmis dReRamuri moTxovnilebis dasak-

mayofileblad unda davlioT 2,7 Wiqa rZe.
2. organizmis C vitaminze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad
saWiroa yoveldRe limonis 1/5-is miReba.
3. fotosinTezis Sedegad kartofilis foTlebSi glukoza war-

moiqmneba, romelic Semdeg saxameblad gardaiqmneba da gorg-
lebSi grovdeba. saxamebeli mcenaris aRmocenebas, zrdasa da
gamravlebas xmardeba.
4. saxameblis dagroveba mosalodnelia fesuraSi, bolqvSi. es ma-
ragi mcenaris aRmocenebas, zrdasa da gamravlebas xmardeba.
5. adamianebi, romlebsac gaxdoma surT, brinjs moxarSvamde did-
xans alboben wyalSi. Semdeg wyals Rvrian da brinjs xarSaven.
aseTi qmedebiT brinjis kvebiTi Rirebuleba sagrZnoblad Sem-
cirdeba, radgan wyalSi bevri saxamebeli gadava.
1. B1 avitaminozis dros irRveva ujreduli sunTqva da aqedan

gamomdinare, atf -is sinTezi. yvela qsovili, maT Soris ner-
vuli da kunTovani, romelic gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT
saWiroebs atf-s, energiis gareSe rCeba, ris gamoc ver muSao-
ben ionuri arxebi, irRveva ionebis transporti, brkoldeba
nervuli impulsis warmoqmna da gavrceleba nervul da kunTo-
van sistemaSi.
2. Savkanianebis kanSi melaninis didi raodenoba icavs kanis uj-
redebs dnm-is mutaciebisgan. melaninis Sre imdenad sqelia,
rom ultraiisferi sxivebi veRar aRweven kanSi da vitaminis
sinTezi ar xdeba.
CrdiloeTSi mzis sxivebis naklebobaa.
96
§21
sakvebis energetikuli Rirebuleba
sakvebSi energiis gansazRvra
adamianis moTxovnileba energiaze
dabalansebuli kveba
1 erTi Wiqa (200 gr.) Zroxis rZis kaloriulobis dasadgenad,

jer cal-calke gamoTvale 100 gr rZeSi cximis, cilis, rZis
Saqris kaloriuloba da Semdeg 2-ze gaamravle.
magaliTad, 100 gr rZeSi cximis kaloriulobis dasadgenad, Tu
cnobilia, rom 100 gramSi is 3,2%-ia, unda Seadgino propor-
cia:
1 gr. cximi _ 9,3 kkal.
3,2 gr. cximi _ X
9,3 X 3,2
X = --------- = 29,76 kkal.
1
e.i. 100 gr rZeSi cximis kaloriulobaa 29,76 kkal.

analogiurad gamoTvale cilisa da Saqris kaloriuloba. Sek-
ribe samive maCvenebeli. amiT Sen daadgen 100 gr rZis kalori-
ulobas. is Seadgens 63,38 kkal 200 gr rZis kaloriuloba ki
iqneba am maCveneblis 2-ze namravli, anu 126,76 kkal.
3
a. am maCveneblebs Soris gansxvavebas ganapirobebs sami faqtori:
asaki, sqesi da saqmianoba.
b. 25 wlis momuSavis energetikuli danaxarji ofisSi 10 500
kjoulia, xolo 60 wlis ofisSi momuSavis _ 10 000 kjouli.
g. 25 wlis ofisSi momuSave mamakacis energetikuli danaxarji
10 500 kjoulia, xolo gzis muSis _ 19 000 kjouli.
97
energiis danaxarji (kjouli) qali
mamakaci
asaki/aqtivoba
25 wlis meZuZuri
mZinare adamiani
25 wlis orsuli
25 wlis ofisSi
60 wlis ofisSi
axalSobili da
8 wlis TamaSis
17 wlis sirbi-
25 wlis gzis
lis dros
momuSave
momuSave
dros
muSa
d. energetikuli danaxarji sxvadasxva adamianisTvis:
axalSobili da mZinare qali 1950 kjouli 468 kkal

adamiani
mamakaci 1950 kjouli 468 kkal
8 wlis TamaSis dros biWi 8300 kjouli 1992 kkal

gogo 8000 kjouli 1920kkal
17 wlis sirbilis dros mamakaci 12900 kjouli 3096 kkal
25 wlis ofisSi momuSave mamakaci 10800 kjouli 2592 kkal

qali 9700 kjouli 2328 kkal
25 wlis gzis muSa mamakaci 19000 kjouli 4560 kkal
60 wlis ofisSi momuSave mamakaci 10000 kjouli 2400 kkal
25 wlis orsuli qali 10300 kjouli 2472 kkal
25 wlis meZuZuri qali 12700 kjouli 3048 kkal
mozardebisTvis vegetarianeloba dauSvebelia, radgan isini or-

ganizms ciliT aSimSileben, romliTac ZiriTadad, cxoveluri pro-
duqtia mdidari.
98
2. TxilamurebiT srialisas 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi adamiani xar-
javs 420 kkal-s. 30 wuTis manZilze igi daxarjavs 210 kkal-s.
3.
sirbili
CogburTis TamaSi
velosipediT rbola
figuruli sriali
TxilamurebiT sriali
1000
900
frenburTis TamaSi
800
dilis varjiSi
700
600
siaruli
500
curva
400
300
200
100
1. gaxdomis mizniT, fizikur aqtivobas gavzrdidi, vinaidan sak-

vebis SezRudviT organizms sasicocxlod aucilebel nivTi-
erebebs davaklebdi.
2. es mosazreba XXI saukuneSi aramarTebulia, vinaidan Cven msu-
buqi eleqtrouToTi vauToebT, miwas ki manqana Txris. aseTi
samuSaos Sesruleba energiis did danaxarjs aRar moiTxovs.
3. energiis swrafi aRdgenisTvis upiratesobas glukozis Sem-
cvels mivaniWebdi, vinaidan is ufro swrafad aiTviseba orga-
nizmis mier.
4. temperaturis momatebisas avadmyofis organizmSi qimiuri re-
aqciebi ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, kerZod, ZiriTadi cvlis
maCveneblebi imatebs da adamiani wonaSi iklebs.
5. cila Cveni ujredebis mTavari samSeneblo masalaa, is Sedis yvela
organoidis SedgenilobaSi. cilis gareSe ujredebis warmoqmna
da gamravleba ar mimdinareobs da bavSvi simaRlesa da zrdaSi
CamorCeba. Tma cila keratinisagan Sedgeba, amitom Tmis for-
mis cvlileba gasakviri ar unda iyos. bevri hormoni qimiurad
cilaa, amitom hormonaluri darRvevebis mizezi cilis ukmari-
soba unda iyos. imunitetis daqveiTeba SesaZloa cila antisxe-
ulebis deficitiT iyos gamowveuli.
6. organizms energiiT ufro metad cxoveluri produqtebi _
xorci, kvercxi, Zexvi uzrunvelyofs.
99
VI sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva
§22
satransporto sistema cxovelebSi
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema uxerxemlo cxovelebSi
Tevzebis, amfibiebis, qvewarmavlebisa da frinvelebis sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistema
1 bayayis guli samsakniania. marjvena winagulSi venuri sisxlia,

marcxenaSi _ arteriuli, xolo parkuWSi _ Sereuli.
2 didi wre iwyeba marcxena parkuWidan, saidanac sisxli gadai-
tyorcneba aortaSi da gadanawildeba arteriebiT yvela or-
ganoSi. JangbadiT mdidari sisxli organoebSi gardaiqmneba
venur sisxlad, romelic Seikribeba qveda da zeda Rru venebSi
da dabrundeba marjvena winagulSi.
mcire wre iwyeba marjvena parkuWidan. venuri sisxli filtvis
arteriebiT miitaneba filtvebSi, sadac is arteriul sisxlad
gardaiqmneba da filtvis venebiT arteriuli sisxli marcxena
winagulSi dabrundeba.
1.
a. sisxli gaxda alisferi, vinaidan is Jangbads daukavSirda da
arteriul sisxlad gardaiqmna.
b.
№ cdis piroba cdis Sedegi daskvna
I sisxli + safuaris sisxlma feri Seicvala safuaris ujredebma
suspenzia _ is gamuqda sunTqvisTvis gamoiyena Jang-
badi, romelic hemoglobinma
dakarga. gamoyofili naxSiror-
Jangi daukavSirda hemoglobins.
sisxli gaxda venuri.
II sisxli + fiziologiuri sisxlma feri ar hemoglobinma ar dakarga

xsnari Seicvala Jangbadi, amitom sisxli isev
arteriulia
100
2.
1. erTujredianebisTvis uSualo garemo, romelTanac nivTiere-

baTa mimocvlas awarmoeben, aris maTi saarsebo garemo; uxer-
xemloebis umravlesobisaTvis _ hemolimfa; xerxemlianebis-
Tvis _ qsoviluri siTxe.
2. amfibiebSi sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wris gaCena filtvebiT sun-
Tqvaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia.
3. oTxsaknian gulSi ar xdeba venuri da arteriuli sisxlis Se-
reva da didi wris saSualebiT qsovilebs sufTa arteriuli
sisxli miewodeba.
dartymisgan kapilarebi wydeba. sisxli iRvreba kanqveS da silur-

je Cndeba.

§23
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis Sedgeniloba
sisxlis Semadgeneli komponentebis funqciebi
1 sisxli ganekuTvneba SemaerTebel qsovils. is Sedgeba ujre-

debisa da ujredSorisi nivTierebebisgan. sxva qsovilebisgan
gansxvavebiT, SemaerTebel qsovilSi ujredSorisi didi ra-
odenobiTaa da ujredebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia.
2 eriTrocitebis forma da ubirTvoba dakavSirebulia mis
funqciasTan, rac SeiZleba meti Jangbadi daikavSiros da mii-
tanos qsovilebamde.
3 adamians oTxi jgufis sisxli aqvs.
101
4. sqema sisxlis jgufebis SeTavsebadobaze ase gamoiyureba:
5. Tu rezus-uaryofiTi dedis organizmSi rezus-dadebiTi nayo-

fi viTardeba, placentis umniSvnelo dazianebisas nayofis
eriTrocitebi dedis sisxlSi xvdeba. dedis organizmi mas aRiq-
vams, rogorc ucxos da gamoimuSavebs mis sawinaaRmdego anti-
sxeulebs. es antisxeulebi placentaSi gadadis da utevs na-
yofis eriTrocitebs _ Slis maT. nayofis eriTrocitebisa da
hemoglobinis raodenoba sagangaSod ecema, viTardeba anemia,
rac nayofs did saSiSroebas uqmnis.
6. am genetikur daavadebas hemofilia hqvia.
a b g d
1 5 3 2, 3, 4.
1. Trombocitebis raodenobis Semcireba Sededebis procesis da-

qveiTebaze miuTiTebs. eriTrocitebis raodenobis Semcireba
anemiisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. leikocitebis raodenobis
momateba organizmSi anTebiTi procesis mimdinareobis dros
aRiniSneba.
2. elenTaSi damaragebul eriTrocitebs organizmi iyenebs Zlieri
fizikuri datvirTvis dros, roca saWiroa Jangbadis meti ra-
odenobis mitana kunTebSi. aseve sisxldenis dros, raTa aRadgi-
nos sisxldeniT dakarguli eriTrocitebis raodenoba.
102
§24
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema
gulisa da sisxlZarRvebis agebuleba da funqciebi
gulis ciklis fazebi
zogierTi gul-sisxlZarRvovani paTologiebi
1. arteriebisa da venebis kedlebi agebulia SemaerTebeli, kun-

Tovani da epiTeluri qsovilebisgan, xolo kapilarebis _ mxo-
lod epiTeluriT.
2. gulis kunTi _ miokardi gulis ganivzoliani kunTovani qso-
viliT aris agebuli.
3. marjvena winaguli _ marjvena parkuWi _ filtvis arteria
_ filtvebi _ filtvis vena _ marcxena winaguli _ marcxena
parkuWi _ romelime organoSi Semavali arteria _ arteriuli
kapilari _ venuri kapilari _ vena _ Rru vena _ marjvena wi-
naguli.
eriTrociti marjvena winagulidan sisxlis mimoqcevis siste-
miT isev marjvena winagulSi dasabruneblad, gaivlis orive
wres _ mciresa da dids.
2.
kiTxvebi SedarebisaTvis didi wre mcire wre
sad iwyeba? marcxena parkuWi marjvena parkuWi

sad mTavrdeba? marjvena winaguli marcxena winaguli
rogori sisxlia arteriebSi? arteriuli venuri
yvela organoSi
sad mdebareobs kapilarebi? filtvebSi
filtvis garda
venuri sisxli
rogor icvleba sisxlis arteriuli sisxli
gardaiqmneba
Sedgeniloba kapilarebSi? gardaiqmneba venurad
arteriulad
rogori sisxlia venebSi? venuri arteriuli
3.
b. maRalyelian fexsacmelze zonris mWidrod moWera da welze

qamris Zlier SemoWera sazianoa, radgan abrkolebs sisxlis mi-
moqcevas.
103
5. gaixsene gulis ciklis fazebi. winagulebi gulis mTel ciklSi
0,1 wm ikumSeba da 0,7 wm modunebulia _ isvenebs, xolo parku-
Wi 0,3 wm ikumSeba da 0,5 wm isvenebs.
1. pacients davuniSnavdi preparats venaSi gasakeTeblad, radgan

is dazianebul organomde ufro swrafad miitaneba. abebi jer
unda Seiwovos kuWidan da Semdeg gadavides sisxlSi. kunTebSi
gakeTebis drosac, jer kunTebidan unda gadavides sisxlSi.
2. es gamoiwvevda wnevis momatebas, rac ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da-
avadebad, radgan gansazRvruli drois Semdeg sisxlZarRvebis
sanaTuri swrafad gaizrdeba da ukve gulis zomis Sesabamisi
iqneba. wnevis maCvenebelic normas daubrundeba.
3. Wamis Semdeg sisxlis didi raodenoba igzavneba saWmlis momne-
lebeli sistemis organoebSi. amitom sxva organoebSi mcirdeba
sisxlis miwodeba. Sesabamisad, Jangbadis raodenobac, es ki
iwvevs wvis procesebis daqveiTebas, ris gamoc energia naklebi
raodenobiT gamoiyofa da Cven moTenTilobas vgrZnobT.
4. adrenalini iwvevs gulis SekumSvaTa gaZlierebasa da gaxSire-
bas. eleqtroSoki ki xelovnurad iwvevs impulsis warmoqmnas
gulis kunTSi.
5. gulis mankis dros darRveulia sisxlis miwodeba organoebSi,
maT Soris kanSic. rogorc Cans, naxatze gamosaxuli adamiani
fermkrTali iyo da amitom swored amaze iyo dafuZnebuli eqi-
mis varaudi.
6. cxviris sisxlZarRvebis `sisuste~ SeiZleba aixsnas maTi zeda-
piruli mdebareobiT, ris gamoc, sul umniSvnelo dartymamac
ki sisxldena SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
7. xangrZlivi gonebrivi muSaoba moiTxovs sisxliT tvinis Warb
momaragebas, ris gamoc mcirdeba kidurebSi sisxlis sakmao ra-
odenobiT miwodeba. es ki kidurebis gaciebas iwvevs.
104
VII sunTqva
§25
sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT
sunTqva traqeebiT
sunTqva layuCebiT
1 wamwamebi akavebs sasunTqiT SeRweul haerSi mtvris nawilakebs da

gareT devnis mas.
2 tritoni kudiani amfibiaa. is sicocxlis did nawils wyalSi ata-
rebs. wyalSi is kaniT sunTqavs.
3 qvewarmavlebis kani qercliTaa dafaruli, amitom isini kans sun-
TqvisTvis ver iyeneben.
4 nestos epiTelumis ujredebis gamonazardebi _ wamwamebi swra-
fad, mZlavrad da ganuwyvetliv irxeva cxviris gasasvlelisken da
lorwoze mikrul mtversa da mikrobebs gareT gamodevnis. lor-
woTi haeri teniandeba. amasTan, mas ekroba baqteriebi da mtvris
nawilakebi. lorwo Seicavs baqteriocidul nivTierebas. lor-
wovani mdidaria kapilarebiT, ris gamoc cxviris RruSi haeri Tbe-
ba.
5 xorxs xuravs xorxsarqveli, romelic ar aZlevs nerwyvsa da sak-
vebis nawilakebs sasunTq gzebSi moxvedris saSualebas.
6 mwevelebi samedicino dazRvevaSi imitom ixdian met Tanxas, rom
maTi avadobis meti albaTobaa, razec sadazRvevo kompanias meti
Tanxebi daexarjeba.
1.
a. pirveli cdis maCvenebeli imitom aris ufro maRali, rom Rrma
CasunTqvis Semdeg organizmSi Jangbadis koncentracia maRa-
lia da sunTqvis Sekavebac ufro xangrZlivad aris SesaZlebeli.
meore cdis SemTxvevaSi ki, amosunTqvis Semdeg, organizmSi Jang-
badis koncentracia dabalia da sunTqvis Sekavebac SedarebiT
xanmoklea.
b. es faqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom Seni filtvis sasicocxlo te-
vadoba normaze naklebia da sunTqvis Sekavebac ufro naklebi
droiT SegiZlia.
105
2. daxarjuli amiakis wveTebis raodenoba piveli da meore cdis
SemTxvevaSi erTnairi ar aris. mSvidi sunTqvisas is naklebi ra-
odenobiT daixarja, radgan naxSirorJangi naklebi raodeno-
biT gamoiyo. fizikuri datvirTvis Semdeg naxSirorJangi meti
raodenobiT gamoiyofa. Sesabamisad, feris aRdgenaze amiakis
wveTebis meti raodenoba daixarjeba.
1. adamiani sufTa haerze ufro iSviaTad sunTqavs.
2. gulmkerdis Rrus Wriloba sunTqvis darRvevas maSinac ki iw-

vevs, roca filtvebi dazianebuli ar aris. es imiTaa gamowve-
uli, rom irRveva plevris Rrus hermetuloba.
3. gulmkerdis RruSi Rrma CasunTqvis dros ufro dabali wne-
vaa, vidre mSvidi CasunTqvisas.
4. nikotini gamoiwvevs sisxlZarRvebis Seviwroebas, es ki, Tavis
mxriv, sunTqvas gaaxSirebs.
5. zRvis donesTan SedarebiT, 5 500 metr simaRleze atmosfe-
ruli wneva orjer Semcirebulia. organizms naklebi Jangbadi
miewodeba.
106
VIII homeostazi
§26
homeostazuri meqanizmis struqtura
deteqtori, sakontrolo centri, efeqtori
Termoregulacia. TermoregulaciaSi monawile struqturebi
1 uaryofiTi ukukavSiris principiT momuSave xelsawyoa Termo-

stati, romelic stabilur temperaturas inarCunebs.
2 ama Tu im faqtoris mniSvnelovani gadaxra im sazRvrebidan,
romelsac homeostazuri sistema akontrolebs, sxvadasxva saxis
daavadebas iwvevs. erT-erTi aseTi daavadebis magaliTia Saqriani
diabeti, romlis dros sisxlSi Saqris done ver kontroldeba.
3 4
maRal temperaturaze fermentis meoreuli, mesameuli da meo-
Txeuli struqturis cvlileba xdeba, rac mis aqtiur centrs
amaxinjebs. amis Sedegad fermentis aqtivoba iTrguneba. maRalma
temperaturam SeiZleba fermentis Seuqcevadi denaturacia da,
aqedan gamomdinare, metabolizmis Seuqcevadi daTrgunva gamoi-
wvios.
5 maRal temperaturaze irRveva membranis Txevadmozaikuri struq-
tura. is zedmetad Txevaddeba, rac mis SerCeviT ganvladobaze moq-
medebs. amis gamo, SesaZloa, ujredSi aRmoCndes da ujredi datovos
iseTma nivTierebebma, romlebsac membrana normalur mdgomareo-
baSi ar atarebs.
6 termini endoTermuli gulisxmobs, rom siTbos warmoqmna sxeu-
lis SigniT xdeba; eqtodermuli ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom sxeulSi
siTbo garedan Semodis.
7 ix. kani. VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelo.
1. filtvebidan sisxlis gavliT qsovilur siTxeSi Jangbadi ga-

dadis, qsoviluri siTxidan ki naxSirorJangi sisxlis gavliT
filtvebidan gareT gamoiyofa.
2. qsovilur siTxes sisxli warmoqmnis, sisxli ki qsovilebamde
guliT itumbeba. gulis muSaobis Sesustebam, SesaZloa, qsovi-
luri siTxis warmoqmna daabrkolos.
3. termini civsisxliani zustad ar asaxavs am cxovelebis Tavise-
burebebs. magaliTad, xvliks, SesaZloa, sisxli mzeze woliT
gauTbes.
4. Tbil amindSi xvlikis organizmSi metaboluri procesebi in-
tensiurad mimdinareobs. misi kunTebi ufro kargad maragdeba
107
atf-iT, amitom is ufro aqtiuria da swrafad gaurbis mters.
1. deteqtori _ sakontrolo centri _ efeqtori
2. Termoregulaciis efeqtoruli organoebia: sisxlZarRvebi,

kunTebi, saofle jirkvlebi.
1. Zlier sicxeSi qvewarmavlebi CrdilSi gadaadgildebian an so-
roebSi Zvrebian; zogi maTgani zafxulis Zils eZleva.
2. sqeli kanqveSa cximis fena siTbos cudad atarebs, amitom or-
ganizmi ver grildeba.
VIII homeostazi
§27
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia mtknari wylis, zRvisa da
xmeleTis cxovelebSi
Tirkmeli _ adamianis eqskreciisa da osmoregulaciis mTavari
organo
1 nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqtebia: wyali, Sardovana,

naxSirorJangi, amiaki, Sardis mJava.
2 am process osmosi hqvia.
3 amfibia sicocxlis garkveul nawils xmeleTze atarebs. is Tev-
ziviT ar aris ganebivrebuli wyliT, amitom iZulebulia, Zlier
Sxamiani amiakis naklebad Sxamian Sardovanad gardasaqmnelad, rom-
lis organizmidan gamodevnas naklebi wyali sWirdeba, atf-is en-
ergia daxarjos.
4 frinvelebis filtvebs, qvewarmavlebis filtvebTan SedarebiT,
gacilebiT didi zedapiri aqvs. garda amisa, isini Tbilsisxliani
organizmebi arian, amitom filtvebidan orTqlis saxiT wylis ga-
modevna ufro intensiurad xdeba.
108
1.
oflianoba wylis sma
wylis normaluri raodenoba
sisxlSi cota wyalia sisxlSi sisxlSi bevri wyalia
hipoTalamusi hipoTalamusi
wyurvilis SegrZneba hipofizi hipofizi wyurvilis SegrZneba

gamoimuSavebs ar gamoimuSavebs ar warmoiqmneba
wylis sma antidiurezul
antidiurezul
hormons
hormons
sisxlSi meti wyalia adamiani wyals ar
TirkmelSi svams
akvaporinebi TirkmelSi
ixsneba akvaporinebi
ar ixsneba sisxlSi cota
wyalia
Sardidan meti
wyali Sardidan cota
STainTqmeba wyali
STainTqmeba
Sardi cotaa
Sardi bevria
2. 3
a. naxevrad ganvladi kedlis
mqone milebi gorglis war- 1 4
momqneli kapilarebis ked-
lis analogs warmoadgens.
b. sadialize siTxe Sardova-
nas ar unda Seicavdes. 2
g. TermostatSi sisxli 370C- 6
mde Tbeba
3. 5
xelovnuri Tirkmeli:
A 1. arteriuli sisxli;
2. venuri sisxli;
A,F 3. sisxlis tumbo;
4. milebi;
A,B, A 5. sadialize siTxe;
C, D, G,H 6. Termostati.
E, F
A A
109
1. Tirkmeli didi raodenobiT Jangbads ujreduli sunTqvisTvis
moixmars. am dros warmoqmnil atf-s ki isini milakebis ujre-
debis membranebSi sxvadasxva nivTierebis aqtiur transports
axmaren.
2. Sardis SemJavianeba meore rigis klaknil milakSi xdeba. misi
ujredebi wyalbadis ionebs milakebis siRrueSi aqtiurad tvir-
Tavs.
3. maRali sicxisas metaboluri procesebi Zalian intensiurad
mimdinareobs. ujredSi didi raodenobiT nivTierebaTa cvlis
saboloo produqti, maT Soris Sardovanac warmoiqmneba. to-
qsikuri produqtebis gamosadevnad didi raodenobis wyalia
saWiro. garda amisa, maRali sicxisas organizmi didi raodeno-
biT siTxes kargavs. wylis danakargis asanazRaureblad bevri
siTxe unda miviRoT.
A Tirkmeli miwis kurdRels

A B
ekuTvnis. es cxoveli wylis da-
kargvas Zalian ufrTxildeba. Sar- 1
dis koncentrirebis procesi, Zi-
riTadad, henles maryuJSi xdeba, 2
romelic Tirkmlis tvinovan Sre-
Sia moTavsebuli. A TirkmelSi ki
am Sres B TirkmelTan SeadrebiT
ufro didi adgili ukavia.
1. qerqi; 2. tvinovani Sre.
1. yvelaze didi intensivobiT nivTierebaTa aqtiuri transpor-

tireba pirveli rigis klaknil milakebSi xdeba. aqtiur trans-
ports didi zedapiri da bevri energia sWirdeba. am ujredebis
gamonazardebi mis zedapirs zrdis, mitoqondriebi ki energi-
iT amaragebs. rogorc Cans, es ujredebi pirveli rigis klak-
nil milakebs miekuTvneba.
2. cilebi klaknili milakebis ujredebSi endocitozis gziT Sei-
Zleba aRmoCndes. am ujredebSi maT, savaraudod, lizosomebi
daSlian da aminomJavebs sakuTari miznebisTvis _ cilebis asa-
Seneblad an ujredul sunTqvaSi bolomde dasaSlelad gamoi-
yeneben.
3. gulis ukmarisobam an dabalma arteriulma wnevam, SesaZloa,
imdenad Seamciros Tirkmlis gorgalSi filtraciuli wneva,
rom sisxlis gafiltvra veRar moxerxdes da sisxlSi mkveTrad
moimatos azotovanma narCenebma.
4. filtraciuli procesis Sewyveta, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios nef-
ronSi Semavali arteriolis Seviwroebam an gorglidan gamoma-
vali arteriolis gafarToebam. orive SemTxvevaSi filtraci-
uli wneva gorgalSi daecema da Sardis warmoqmna Sewydeba.
110
5. rogorc Cans, Tirkmlis milakebis ujredebis transporters ami-
nomJava triftofani ujredebSi ver gadaaqvs, amitom aminomJava
SardTan erTad gamoitaneba da organizmi mis deficits ganic-
dis.
§28
nervuli da endokrinuli sistema. maTi moqmedebis
Taviseburebebi
nervuli sistemis tipebi
nervuli impulsis buneba
refleqsuri rkali
2 neironi Sedgeba sxeulisa (A) da morCebisgan (B,C). mokle morCe-

biT _ dendritebiT _ (B) neironi informacias sxva neironebis-
gan Rebulobs da sxeuls gadascems. sxeulidan miRebuli infor-
macia aqsonis (C) saSualebiT sxva ujredebs _ neironebs, kunTovan
ujredebsa da jirkvlovan ujredebs gadaecema.
3 natriumis ionebi ujredgare sivrcidan ujredSi eleqtruli da
koncentraciuli gradientis gavleniT gadaadgildeba.
B
A
4 depolarizebuli membranis gareT uaryofiTi muxti iqmneba, SigniT

ki _ dadebiTi.
5 arsebobs mgrZnobiare, CarTuli da mamoZravebeli neironebi.
1. zurgis tvinidan 31 wyvili nervi gamodis, romelic ConCxis kun-

TebTan bolovdeba. nervuli sistemis am nawils somaturi nervu-
li sistema ewodeba. am sistemis moqmedeba Cven nebas emorCileba.
nervebis nawili Sinagan organoebSi bolovdeba. mas autonomiur
nervul sistemas miakuTvneben. am sistemis moqmedeba Cven neba-
survils ar emorCileba.
111
2.
organo simpaTikuri parasimpaTikuri

nervuli sistema nervuli sistema
Tvali afarToebs gugas aviwroebs gugas
Trgunavs aZlierebs
sanerwyve jirkvali
nerwyvdenas nerwyvdenas
aZlierebs anelebs
guli
guliscemas guliscemas
afarToebs aviwroebs
filtvebi sasunTq gzebs sasunTq gzebs
Trgunavs aZlierebs
kuWi, nawlavebi
monelebas monelebas
Sardis buSti adunebs kumSavs

Sardis buSts Sardis buSts
zurgis tvinis TeTr nivTierebas mieliniT dafaruli grZeli mor-

Cebi qmnis, romelic Tavis tvinsa da zurgis tvinis sxvadasxva gan-
yofilebas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.
1. hidrasgan gansxvavebiT, romelic wylis fskerze mimagrebul

cxovrebas eweva, Wiayela niadagSi aqtiurad gadaadgildeba.
rodesac is sakvebis mosapoveblad an saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi
win miiwevs, niadags pirvelad misi sxeulis wina nawili, Tavi
exeba _ garemos is TaviT ikvlevs. amitom nervuli ujredebi
sxeulis am ganyofilebaSia Tavmoyrili.
2. neironebis garda, nervuli qsovili Tanamgzavr ujredebsac
Seicavs, romelic neironebis normalur funqcionirebas uz-
runvelyofs. amitom es gamoTqma ar aris marTebuli.
1. natriumis arxebis blokirebis gamo, neironSi agznebis poten-

ciali ver warmoiqmneba. nervuli impulsi neironidan kunTs
veRar gadaecema. kunTebi, maT Soris sasunTqi kunTebi _ nekn-
TaSorisi da diafragma, veRar ikumSeba da adamians sunTqva
uCerdeba.
2. imis gamo, rom kurare acetilqolinis receptors blokavs,
acetilqolini mis receptors veRar ukavSirdeba. kunTovan
ujredSi nervuli impulsi veRar warmoiqmneba _ is neironis
mier motanili signalis mimarT ugrZnobia da mas SekumSviT ver
pasuxobs.
112
3. acetilqolinesTerazas zegavleniT nervuli daboloebidan ga-
moTavisuflebuli acetilqolini Sesabamis receptorze zemo-
qmedebis Semdeg iSleba, amitom kunTi SekumSvis Semdeg dunde-
ba, xolo neironi agznebis Semdeg mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi
gadadis. organofosfatebi blokavs acetilqolinesTerazas,
amitom acetilqolini gamudmebiT moqmedebs neironebsa da
kunTebze _ neironi mudmivad agznebulia, xolo kunTi veRar
dundeba. kankalsa da krunCxvas ConCxis kunTebTan gamudmebiT
misuli nervuli impulsebi iwvevs, Rebinebas _ kuWis kunTebis
SekumSva, metyvelebisa da cnobierebis moSlas _ mudmivad ag-
znebuli neironebi da metyvelebaSi monawile kunTebis arabune-
brivi agznebadoba.
§29
xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis tvinis agebuleba
Zili. Zilis fazebi
a. mogrZo tvini gul-sisxlZarRvTa, saWmlis momnelebeli da sa-

sunTqi sistemebis moqmedebas akontrolebs. naTxemi moZraobis
koordinacias axorcielebs, Sua tvini `ra aris?~ refleqsebs
uzrunvelyofs. Suamdebare tvini didi naxevarsferoebis `WiS-
kari~ da endokrinuli sistemis regulaciis centria.
b. Sublis wilSi, centraluri Raris win motoruli zonaa, rome-
lic Cveni kunTebis moqmedebas akontrolebs. centraluri Raris
ukan, Txemis wilSi kan-kunTovani mgrZnobiare zonaa. safeTqlis
wilSi smenis zonaa. masTan axlos ynosvisa da gemovnebis zonebia.
grZnobaTa organoebidan wamosuli impulsebi mgrZnobiare
nervebis saSualebiT qerqis am zonebs gadaecema.
1. rogorc Cans, qalbatoni sasiamovno sizmars xedavs _ is swrafi

Zilis fazaSia, mZRols ki saWesTan CasTvlima.
2. aseTi qceviT tvins `vicavT~ zedmeti, arasaWiro informaciis-
gan da is konkretuli problemis gadaWraze ukeT koncentrir-
deba.
113
3. Tvlema sifxizlesa da Zils Soris gardamavali mdgomareo-
baa. am dros tvinis qerqis motoruli zona iTiSeba da kunTebi
dundeba.
4. am mosazrebas ar veTanxmebi, radgan mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi-
aqtiur mdgomareobaSi myof neironebs dasveneba esaWiroeba,
rasac is ZilSi axerxebs.
1. Zilis dros kisris kunTebi dundeba da adamiani Tavs veRar ima-

grebs. Zlieri biZgisas kisris malebi win wainacvlebs da zurgis
tvins azianebs.
2. rogorc Cans, travmam is neironebi daaziana da wredi gawyvita,
romelSic konkretuli epizodis Sesaxeb informacia iyo Cawe-
rili.
3. es faza paradoqsulia im TvalsazrisiT, rom adamians sZinavs,
encefalogramaze ki fxizeli adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mrudebi aRiricxeba da tvinis gonebrivi aqtivoba aRemateba
sifxizlis mdgomareobaSi mis aqtivobas.
4. Zilis win uxvad miRebuli sakvebisa da siTxis gamo kuWis, naw-
lavebisa da Sardis buStis kedlebSi arsebuli receptorebi
aigzneba da informacias am organoebis gadavsebis Sesaxeb Ta-
vis tvins gaugzavnis. Tavis tvini miRebul informacias im nei-
ronebis agznebiT upasuxebs, romelsac evaleba, brZaneba am or-
ganoebis kunTebs gaugzavnos sakvebisa da siTxis organizmidan
gamosadevnad. es neironebi ki mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi isedac
mudmivad agznebulia da maT ZilSi dasveneba sWirdeba.
§30
endorfini organizmSi arsebul morfins niSnavs.
1. nikotini neirostimulatoria. is uZilobas iwvevs.

2. nikotini agznebis procesebs aZlierebs. xelebis kankali ner-
vuli sistemis zeaqtivaciis Sedegia.
114
kofeini sisxlZarRvebs aviwroebs. Tirkmlis gorglis Semomtani
arteriolis Seviwroeba zrdis TirkmelSi filtraciis process.
didi raodenobiT Sardis warmoqmna, SesaZloa, amasTan iyos dakav-
Sirebuli.
es medikamenti Rrma depresiebis an Sizofreniis dros SeiZleba
iyos gamoyenebuli. maTi mizezi serotoninis naklebobaa.
§31
receptorebi
mxedvelobis organos agebuleba
mxedvelobis receptorebis tipebi
feradi mxedveloba
1 enaze moTavsebulia meqanoreceptorebi, romlebic Sexebasa da

wnevas aRiqvams, Termoreceptorebi, romlebic sicivesa da siT-
bos aRiqvams da qemoreceptorebi, romlebic sakvebis gemos aRiq-
vams.
2 sinaTlis sxivma fotoreceptorebamde rom miaRwios, unda gai-
aros rqovana, siTxe rqovanasa da brols Soris, gugis xvreli,
broli, minisebri sxeuli.
4-5.
ferebi Sebrundeba. Sen lurj jvars dainaxav yviTel fonze.
am savarjiSoebis efeqtebis mizezi me-3 savarjiSos msgavsia.
garkveul fonze didxans yurebisas, igzneba feradi foto-
receptorebis garkveuli jgufebi. TeTr fonze mzeris ga-
datanisas is receptorebi aqtiurdeba, romlebic am feris
aRqmaSi monawileobas naklebad Rebulobda. irRveva balansi
sxvadasxva jgufis receptorebis moqmedebas Soris, rac aseT
efeqts ganapirobebs.
7. mJave nivTiereba → gemovnebis receptori → mgrZnobiare ner-
vi → Tavis tvinis qerqi → mamoZravebeli nervi → sanerwyve
jirkvali.
8.
a. 30-35 wlis asakidan.
b. 50-70 wlis asakidan.
g. Tvali kargavs Sori da axlomdebare sagnebis erTnairad kar-
gad danaxvis unars.
115
d. brolis SedgenilobaSi kolageni Sedis.
e. kolagenis molekula mtkicecaa da Wimvadic.
v. xandazmul asakSi kolagenis molekula kargavs Tavis natu-
ralur Tvisebebs _ denaturirdeba.
brolis simrudis cvlileba
15
10
20 30 40 50 60 70
asaki
z. broli kargavs formis Secvlis unars. is aRar emorCileba wam-
wamovani kunTis moqmedebas.
§32
endokrinuli sistema
xerxemliani cxovelebis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis
agebuleba
hormonebis moqmedebis meqanizmi
hipofizi da hipoTalamusi _ sasicocxlo procesebis mTavari
regulatorebi
1 parathormonis samizne organoebia: Tirkmeli, Zvali da naw-

lavi. sisxlSi kalciumis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi is aZlierebs
Zvlovani qsovilis daSlas da kalciumis sisxlSi gadasvlas,
amave dros aZlierebs nawlavebSi kalciumis Sewovas da Tirkm-
lis milakebidan kalciumis STanTqmas.
adrenalinis samizne organoebia: guli, RviZli, nawlavi, kani,
filtvi, cximovani qsovili. is aZlierebs gulis muSaobas, aviw-
roebs kanisa da nawlavis arteriolebs, kumSavs Tmis amwev kunTs,
afarToebs bronqeolebis sanaTurs, aaqtiurebs cximebis damS-
lel fermentebs. adrenalinis gavleniT glikogeni glukozad
gardaiqmneba.
2 sasqeso hormonebi steriodebia. isini lipidebs miekuTvneba.
116
3 androgenebis gavleniT farisebri xrtili izrdeba da vaJebs
xma uboxdebaT, iwyeba ConCxis gaZlierebuli zrda, izrdeba
kunTebis masac. saxeze da tanze matulobs Tmianoba. gogoneb-
Si estrogenebis zegavleniT izrdeba sarZeve jirkvlebi, iw-
yeba cximis dagroveba TeZoebis midamoSi, zomaSi matulobs
menjis Zvlebi. icvleba sxeulis proporciebi; vaJebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, menji ganieria, mxrebi viwro. sakvercxeebSi iwyeba
kvercxujredebis momwifeba.
36.5
temperatura
35.0
35.5
4 8 12 16 20 24 4 8 12 16 20
dro (sT)
1. temperatura maqsimums SuadRis saaTebSi aRwevs, xolo mini-

mums _ SuaRamisas. amis mizezi isaa, rom Zilis dros yvela fi-
ziologiuri procesi radikalurad Sesustebulia, metaboliz-
mi Semcirebulia, amitom energiis, maT Soris siTburi energiis
warmoqmnac minimumamdea dasuli. adamianebs, romelTa profe-
sia RamiT muSaobas moiTxovs, gansxvavebuli temperaturuli
monacemebi eqnebaT.
2. es jirkvali pankreasia. misi erT-erTi hormonis _ insulinis
zegavleniT glukoza glikogenad gardaiqmneba, xolo meore
hormonis _ glukagonis gavleniT glikogeni iSleba da sisxl-
Si glukoza Tavisufldeba.
1. eleqtruli signalis gavrcelebis siCqarea 120 m/wm, xolo

sisxlis moZraobis maqsimaluri siCqare _ 0,5 m/wm.
2. eqimebs eWvi am SemTxvevaSi hipofizis lipotropuli hormonis
naklebobaze aqvT.
117
3. es jirkvali hipoTalamusia. misi erTaderTi samizne organo
hipofizia.
4. yvela Sinagani sekreciis jirkvali hormons sisxlSi gamoyofs
da es hormonebi sisxlis mimoqcevis saSualebiT mTel sxeulSi
vrceldeba. hipoTalamusis hormonebi nervuli daboloebebis
saSualebiT mxolod hipofizSi gamoiyofa _ is mxolod hipo-
fizisTvis aris gankuTvnili. ase rom, sisxlSi Cven sxva jirkv-
lebis mier gamoyofil hormonebs aRmovaCenT, hipoTalamusi-
sas ki vera.
5. rogorc Cans, stresul situaciaSi am or qalbatons adrena-
lini gamoeyoT, ramac arnaxulad gazarda maTi fizikuri Sesa-
Zleblobebi.
eriTropoezi sisxlis warmoqmnas niSnavs. eriTropoezis samizne

organoebi sisxlmbadi organoebia.
1. savaraudod, maT gaZlierebulad gamoeyofaT melatonini, ro-

melic sqesobriv momwifebas aferxebs.
2. savaraudod, maT Zlieri fizikuri datvirTvis dros endor-

finebi gamoeyofaT, romelic amcirebs tkivilis SegrZnebas.
organizmi eCveva `sakuTar narkotiks~ da misi naklebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi usiamovno SegrZneba uCndeba.
§33
koordinacia da regulacia mravalujredian organizmebSi
mcenareuli hormonebi
auqcinebi, giberelinebi, eTileni, abscizini
1 haeriT gamowveul tropizms aerotropizmi, xolo wyliT ga-

mowveuls hidrotropizmi hqvia.
2 dadebiTi geotropizmi fesvs axasiaTebs, xolo uaryofiTi _
ylorts.
3 dadebiTi fototropizmi ylortisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
118
4 A jgufis mcenareebi.
A B C
5 dadebiT fototropizms ar avlenen mcenareebi, romlebsac aRmo-

nacenis wvero aqvT dafaruli.
1. moswavleebma xorblis an lobios aRmonaceni unda gazardon

sruli sibnelisa da kargi ganaTebis pirobebSi da amis Semdeg
Seadaron erTmaneTs maTi organoebis zomebi.
2.
a. eqsperimentis mizani iyo daemtkice-
binaT, rom auqsini aRmonacenis wveroSi
warmoiqmneba da difuziiT nel-nela
qvemoT gadaadgildeba.
b. rogorc Cans, aRmonacens Tanabrad ana-
Tebdnen, radgan aRmonaceni vertikal-
urad dgas.
g. danayofebs Soris manZili zemodan qve-
moT klebulobs. es imas niSnavs, rom
auqsinis yvelaze didi koncentracia
Reros wveroSia. misi difuziiT qvemoT
gadaadgileba TandaTan iwvevs am seg-
mentis ujredebis zrdas zomaSi.
A B
3.
a.
1 2 3 4
1. Tu aRmonacens sibneleSi movaTavsebT, is marjvniv gadaixre-
ba, radgan aRmonacenis marcxniv, auqsinis didi koncentraci-
119
is gavleniT, ujredebi zomaSi gaizrdeba.
2. Tu aRmonacens Tanabrad gavanaTebT, is marjvniv gadaixreba.
3. Tu aRmonacens marcxnidan gavanaTebT, is odnav marjvniv an
saerTod ar gadaixreba.
4. Tu aRmonacens marjvnidan gavanaTebT, is Zlier marjvniv ga-
daixreba.
b.
1. Tu aRmonacens sibneleSi movaTvsebT, is marcxniv gadaixreba,
radgan marjvena mxares moTavsebuli ujredebi auqsinis gav-
leniT zomaSi gaizrdeba.
2. aRmonaceni, Tanabrad ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi, marcxniv gadaix-
reba.
3. aRmonaceni, marcxnidan ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi, Zlier marcxniv
gadaixreba.
4. aRmonaceni, marjvnidan ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi odnav marcxniv
an saerTod ar gadaixreba.
4.
a. auqsinis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea
mcenaris organoebis zrda

fesvi da misi zrda auqsinis mcire
3
koncentraciebze iwyeba.
b. auqsinis zemoqmedebiT yvelaze Zli-
erad Rero izrdeba.
g. auqsinis maRali koncentraciebi yve- 2
la organos zrdas aferxebs. 1
d. am faqtis gamo auqsinebs sarevela 0
mcenareebis zrdis SesaCereblad iye-
neben.
auqsinis koncentracia
1. fesvi; 2. kvirti; 3. Rero.
1. aseTi erTujrediani organizmebia evglena da qlamidomonada.

2. am Tvisebis gamo fesvebi amagrebs mcenares niadagSi da ama-
ragebs mas mineraluri nivTierebebiTa da wyliT.
3. ylortis dadebiTi fototropizmis gamo, is kargad iWers
sinaTlis sxivebs da aseve awarmoebs sunTqvisa da fotosin-
TezisTvis saWiro airebis mimocvlas haerSi.
4. es gzebia:
1. hormonis gadadgileba citoplazmuri xidakebis saSualebiT.
2. hormonis gadadgileba plazmuri membranis gavliT.
3. hormonis gadadgileba WurWlebiT.
120
4. hormonis gadadgileba sacrisebri milebiT.
giberelini da abscizini.
eTileni da auqsini.
1.
a. mxviara mcenareebs susti Rero aqvT. isini Tavs ver imagreben,
amitom sayrdens exvevian da mzisken miiweven. sxvagvarad isini
fotosinTezs ver awarmoeben da sakvebis gareSe darCebian.
b. mweriWamia mcenareebi grZnoben mweris Sexebas.
2. giberelinebis moqmedebiT mcenare gaZlierebulad iwovs nia-
dagidan mineralebs didi masis warmosaqmnelad, amitom niada-
gi Raribdeba mineraluri marilebiT.
3. auqsinebis zemoqmedebiT xeebs foTlebi scvioda da amerike-
lebi haeridan ukeT xedavdnen vietnamelebis samxedro pozi-
ciebs, maT gadaadgilebas gzebsa da xidebze.
4. abscizinis zemoqmedebiT natriumi arxebis gavliT bagis uj-
redebs tovebs, rac am ujredebs hipotonurs xdis mezobel
ujredebTan SedarebiT. amas garda, fotosinTezis procesis
Sewyvetis gamo, bagis ujredSi glukozis raodenoba iklebs. es
kidev ufro zrdis am ujredebis hipotonurobas da ujredebi-
dan wyali mezobel ujredebSi gadainacvlebs, romlebic ufro
hipertonulia, bagis ujredebTan SedarebiT. bagis ujredebi
ìCuteba~ da bagis xvreli ixureba.
abscission inglisurad raimes mocilebas, mokveTas, amputacias

niSnavs; dormant _ mZinares, umoqmedos.
abscizini Camocvenil foTlebSi aRmoaCines, is xels uwyobs
foTolcvenas. misi koncentracia mZinare kvirtebSia maRali.
abscizini xels uSlis maT gaRivebasa da zrdas.
X moZraoba
§34
hidrostatikuri ConCxi
garegani ConCxi
Sinagani ConCxi
1 erTujrediani organizmebis moZraobis saSualebebia crufexebi,

Soltebi, wamwamebi.
2 qitinaza fermentia, romelic qitins Slis.
3 adamianis ConCxis ZiriTadi funqciebia: sayrdeni, mamoZravebeli,
damcvelobiTi, sisxlmbadi.
121
4 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Ramurisa da frinvelis frTis Zvlebs So-
ris maT proporciebsa da mtevnis Zvlebis raodenobaSia. Ramuris
mtevnis Zvlebi Zalian dagrZelebulia da zomaSi mxrisa da wi-
namxris Zvlebsac ki aWarbebs. frinvelebs ki SedarebiT grZeli
winamxris Zvlebi aqvT, xolo TiTebis Zvlebi raodenobrivad Sem-
cirebulia.
5 Txunelas saTxrel kidurSi Zvlebi damoklebuli da gamsxvile-
bulia. mas Zlieri kunTebi emagreba. es Txunelas Zalian exmareba
mZime samuSaos SesrulebaSi.
6 didi manZilis gadasalaxad cxens grZeli kidurebi sWirdeba. mis
sarben kidurSi Zlieraa dagrZelebuli winamxrisa da nebis Zvle-
bi. sxivisa da idayvis Zvlebi erTmaneTTanaa Sezrdili. Zlieraa
Semcirebuli aseve TiTebis raodenoba, rac sirbilis dros xa-
xuns amcirebs.
1.
hidrostatikuri ConCxi Sinagani ConCxi garegani ConCxi
abreSumis Wia bayayi, Tevzi lokokina, mweri
2. Tevzebis ConCxSi kisris ganyofileba ar arsebobs. xerxemal-

Tan uZravad SeerTebuli TaviT Tevzi ukeT apobs wyals. wyalSi
sacuraod mas niCbebiviT aqvs momarjvebuli brtyeli farfle-
bi. amfibiebis ConCxSi Cndeba axali ganyofileba _ kidurebis
ConCxi, rac maT, rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalSi samoZraod aqvT
momarjvebuli. qvewarmavlebis ConCxSi, amfibiebis ConCxisgan
gansxvavebiT, arsebobs kisrisa da kudis ganyofileba. kisris
ganyofilebis wyalobiT qvewarmavlis Tavi moZravia, rac maT
garemoSi orientaciaSi exmareba. grZeli kudi xvlikis gadaad-
gilebaSi monawileobs.
122
3.
4
2
1. barZayis Tavi xrtiliTaa dafaruli, rac saxsarSi moZraobisas

xaxuns amcirebs.
2. Zvlis yviTeli tvini samarago cximovani qsovilia.
3. sisxlZarRvebs Zvlis ujredebTan sakvebi da Jangbadi miaqvs.
4. Zvlis ujredebi Zvlis mTavari struqturaa _ is ujredSoris
nivTierebas warmoqmnis.
4.
Zvlis masa
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
asaki
a. 10-25 wlis asakSi.
b. somatotropinis moqmedebiT.
g. 35 wlis asakidan.
d. 40-50 wlis asakidan. am asakSi iklebs estrogenis gamoyofa, pa-
rathormons aRar `hyavs~ antagonisti hormoni, romelic daTr-
gunavda mis gaZlierebul moqmedebas.
e. parathormonis daniSnuleba sisxlSi kalciumis donis momate-
baa. parathormoni Slis Zvlis mineralur marilebs da kalciu-
mi sisxlSi gadaaqvs. am dros ZvalSi forebi Cndeba.
1. am dros SekumSvas pirvelad sxeulis ukana nawilis segmentis

irgvlivi kunTebi iwyebs. mas mis win mdebare kunTebi ahyveba
da SekumSvis talRa uknidan wina mimarTulebiT gavrceldeba.
123
SekumSvisas kunTebi sxeulis siTxes awveba, is ki sigrZiv kun-
Tebze moqmedebs. sigrZivi kunTebi iWimeba, Wiayelas sxeuli
wvrildeba da ukansvliT moZraobs.
2. Sinagani ConCxi erTujredian radiolariebs aqvT.
3. mozards ConCxis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis SevurCevdi ci-
lebiT, kalciumiT, C da D vitaminebiT mdidar produqtebs.
4. zvigens xrtilovani ConCxi aqvs.
X moZraoba
§35
kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmi
ujreduli sunTqva fizikuri gadatvirTvis dros
1 arsebobs Zvlebis SeerTebis sami saxe: moZravi, uZravi da naxev-

rad moZravi.
2 orTava kunTi erTi boloTi beWis Zvals ukavSirdeba, xolo meo-
reTi _ winamxris Zvals.
3 orTava kunTis antagonisti samTava kunTia.
+2
4 kalciums Tavis `rezervuarSi~ Ca -atf-aza abrunebs. is Slis atf-s
da am dros gamoTavisuflebul energias axmars kalciumis koncent-
raciuli gradientis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobas.
1.
a. fizikur datvirTvas mrudebis centraluri ubani gamosaxavs.
aq rZemJavas koncentracia mkveTrad Warbobs Jangbadis kon-
centracias, miuxedavad imisa, rom Jangbadi organizms gazr-
dili raodenobiT miewodeba, mosvenebul mdgomareobasTan Se-
darebiT.
Jangbadisa da rZemJavas raodenoba
rZemJava
Jangbadi
dro (wT)
124
b. samuSaos dasrulebas mrudis is ubani gviCvenebs, sadac Jang-
badis raodenoba Warbobs rZemJavas raodenobas, romelic Tan-
daTan klebulobs, vinaidan is iJangeba. rZemJavas daJangvis
Semdeg Jangbadis raodenobac normas ubrundeba.
2. A. 1. iogi; 3. sasaxsre siTxe.
B. 1. iogi; 2. xrtili; 3. sasaxsre siTxe;
1
1
3
A B
1. kunTebi Zvlebs myesebiT emagreba.

2. kunTebma SekumSvisas Zvlebi unda aamoZraos, amitom isini au-
cileblad sxvadasxva Zvals unda daukavSirdnen.
2. kisris (3) da gulmkerdis

(2) malebis sxeuli welis 1
(1) malebis sxeulTan Se-
darebiT mcire zomis unda 3
iyos, vinaidan maT sxeu-
lis naklebi simZime awve-
ba. gulmkerdis mala imiT 2
aris gamorCeuli, rom mas
aqvs ubnebi, sadac neknebis
Tavebi jdeba.
3. giorgi xelebs veRar amoZravebs imitom, rom xelis kunTebi
tkiva, nikas _ fexis, xolo iraklis _ yvela kunTi erTdro-
ulad, radgan hantelebiT varjiSisas, ZiriTadad, xelis kun-
Tebi muSaobs intensiurad, velosipediT mgzavrobisas fexis
kunTebi, xolo CogburTis TamaSisas yvela kunTia CarTuli
muSaobaSi. am dros gauvarjiSebel kunTebSi didi raodenobiT
rZemJava grovdeba, romelic tkivils iwvevs.
4. b.
125
X moZraoba
§36
moZraoba haerSi
frinvelis ConCxis agebuleba
moZraoba wyalSi
1 Tevzis ConCxis ZiriTadi nawilebia Tavis ConCxi, tanis ConCxi da

farflebis ConCxi.
3
5 4
1. zurgis kenti farfli; 2. kudis kenti farfli; 3. kudqveSa kenti farfli;
4. muclis wyvili farfli; 5. mkerdis wyvili farfli.
1. A Tevzi amuxruWebs, B _ mimarTulebas icvlis, C _ win mi-

iwevs. amaze mkerdis farflebis mdgomareoba miuTiTebs.
A B C
2. frinvelebSi amwev Zalas mZlavri mkerdis kunTis SekumSva war-

moqmnis. am dros frTa qvemoT eSveba da frinvels haerSi ita-
126
cebs. TviTmfrinavs haerSi asasvlelad Zravis muSaoba ubiZ-
gebs. frinvelisa da TviTmfrinavis frTebi formiT erTmaneTs
hgavs. haeri maTi frTebis zemoT ufro swrafad moZraobs, vi-
dre frTebis qvemoT, amitom frTis zemoT dabali wneva iqmneba,
rac kidev ufro aZlierebs amwev Zalas.
1. bumbuli cila-keratinisgan aris agebuli, rac mis simtkicesa

da drekadobas uzrunvelyofs.
2. frinvels Sardis buSti ar gaaCnia da Sardi warmoqmnisTanave
gamoiyofa organizmidan.
3. pingvini, ar frens, Tumca, Zalian kar-
gad curavs da wina kidurebs, romle-
bic farflebad aqvs gadaqceuli, aq-
tiurad iyenebs curvis dros.
wylis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvas didi
Zala sWirdeba, amitom mkerdis kunTs
didi farTobi esaWiroeba Zvalze misa-
magreblad. tropi
4. pingvins mosaqnevi bumbuli ar gaaC-
nia.
5. pingvini ar frens, amitom savsebiT Se-
saZlebelia, mas ZuZumwovrebiviT mZime
Zvlebi hqondes da ara frinveliviT
msubuqi.
6. delfini da selapi ZuZumwovrebi arian. isini sxeulis TiTis-
tarisebri formiT Zalian emsgavsebian zvigensa da sxva Tev-
zebs. maTi saxecvlili kidurebi Tevzebis lastebs gvagonebs.
es cvlilebebi maTi wyalSi binadrobiTaa gamowveuli.
1. rodesac Tevzi wylis zedapirze amodis, sacurao buStSi

airebis raodenoba izrdeba, xolo fskerze daSvebisas _ mcir-
deba.
2. araswori frazebia:
 Tevzebis mkerdis farflebs mkerdis ZvalTan mierTebuli kun-
Tebi amoZravebs. Tevzebs mkerdis Zvali ar gaaCniaT.
 frinvelebis msgavsad, Tevzebis xerxemals kargad gamoxatuli
kisris ganyofileba aqvs. Tevzebs kiseri ara aqvs.
 sacurao buSti yvela Tevzs gaaCnia. zvigens sacurao buSti ara
aqvs.
 menjis Zvali, sxva xerxemlianebis msgavsad, Tevzebis sxeulis
mniSvnelovani sayrdenia. Tevzebs menjis Zvali ar gaaCniaT.
127
3.
mkerdis farflebi curvis mimarTulebis Secvla
kudis farfli wonaworobis dacva
zurgis farfli damuxruWeba
kudqveSa farfli
muclis farflebi
128
informacia maswavleblisaTvis
Tambaqo
Tambaqos samSoblod iTvleba samxreT amerika. mis foTlebs iyenebdnen re-

ligiur ritualebSi da samkurnalo mizniT malariis, gaciebisa da qoleris
dros.
1492 wlis 12 oqtombers qristefore kolumbis eqspediciis wevrebi xme-
leTze gadavidnen. isini gaocebuli Sehyurebdnen aqamde arnaxul sanaxaobas:
aborigenebi isunTqavdnen raRac mcenaris bols, romelsac Semdeg bolqvebad
uSvebdnen nestoebidan da piridan. ase aRniSnavdnen indielebi wminda dRe-
saswauls – isini Tambaqos foTlebs RmerTebis naboZebad miiCnevdnen da uwo-
debdnen mas Tobacco-s.
kolumbma amerikidan evropaSi, kartofilTan da pomidorTan erTad Tam-
baqoc Semoitana. pirveli evropeli Tambaqos mweveli kolumbis Tanamgzavri
espaneTSi dabrunebisTanave cixeSi Casves, radgan egonaT, rom masSi eSmaki Ca-
saxlda.
mogvianebiT, 1560 wels, safrangeTis elCma portugaliaSi, Jan nikom (Nicot)
mezRvaurisagan Tambaqos Tesli iyida da burnuTTan erTad gagzavna safran-
geTis samefo karze. es originaluri saCuqari Zalian moewona dedofal ekate-
rine mediCis. misi brZanebiT safrangeTSi daiwyes Tambaqos kultivireba da
uwodes mas Nicotiana Tabacum".
"
me-16 saukunis bolos inglisSi modaSi Semovida e.w. mosawevi saRamoebi da
Tambaqos moyvarulTaTvis specialuri samosic ki gamoigones atlasis saye-
loTi da smokingi uwodes (ingl. smoking — moweva).
Tambaqos xmareba ikZaleboda rogorc saero, aseve sasuliero xelisuf-
lebis mier. 1623 wels papma urban VIII gamosca bula, romelSic Tambaqos mweve-
lebs eklesiisagan mokveTiT emuqreboda. XVII saukunis ruseTSi mefe mixeili
cimbirSi asaxlebda yvelas, visac Tambaqos aRmouCendnen. otomanTa imperiis
sulTani amurat IV Tambaqos mowevisaTvis sikvdiliT sjida.
saqarTveloSi Tambaqo XVII saukunis bolos Semoitanes. es iyo dabali
xarisxis weko. maRalxarisxovani Tambaqos kultura CvenSi XIX saukunis meore
naxevarSi gavrcelda.
ra aris bavSvTa da mozardobis asakSi Tambaqos mowevis mizezi? pirvel rig-
Si, cnobismoyvareoba, mimbaZveloba, swrafva, ar CamorCes sxvebs, daamtkicos,
rom ùkve didia~. rodesac bavSvi xedavs, rogor ewevian ufrosebi, misi Tana-
tolebi, TviTonac iswrafvis, gausinjos Tambaqos gemo. `nacnoboba~ yovelT-
vis sasiamovno ar aris, ufro xSirad, gamoucdelobisagan, pirveli sigareti
iwvevs usiamovno SegrZnebebs – piris simSrale, xvela, Tavbrusxveva, Tavis
tkivili, Rebineba. magram mainc, swrafva, rom sxvebs ar CamorCes, ubiZgebs gan-
meorebiTi gasinjvisaken da TandaTan viTardeba miCveva. mozardi Tavs dakma-
yofilebulad grZnobs, radgan moaxerxa mozrdilebisagan `gamyofi barieris~
gadalaxva.
Tambaqos moxmarebis sawyis, biZgis mimcem faqtorad gvevlineba fsiqoso-
cialuri faqtori, maSin roca farmakologiuri efeqtebi usiamovnoa. magram
129
TandaTanobiT vlindeba nikotinis sasiamovno farmakologiuri efeqtebi, ra-
sac Sedegad mosdevs miCveva. fsiqosocialur mizezs uerTdeba e.w. farmako-
logiuri siamovneba.
TandaTan matulobs Tambaqos moxmareba da Rrmavdeba bolis SesunTqva. asa-
kis matebasTan erTad dominirebuli xdeba nikotinis moTxovnileba da mowevis
survili. ase rom, umravlesoba imaTgan, vinc daiwyo moweva imis saCveneblad,
rom ukve didia, iZens nikotinisadmi damokidebulebas, rac saboloo jamSi
gansazRvravs mwevelis statuss da mowevis stabilurobas. emociuri stresis
dros izrdeba moweuli sigaretebis raodenoba.
Tambaqos mowevis Cvevis Camoyalibebis mizezi rTuli da mravalferovania
da misi damajerebeli axsna ar arsebobs. umravles SemTxvevaSi, mowevis Cveva
yalibdeba mozardobis periodSi.
zogierTi bavSvi Tambaqos mowevas iwyebs adreul asakSi. regularulad mwe-
veli bavSvebis 80% agrZelebs mowevas mozrdil asakSic. rac ufro adre iwyebs
adamiani Tambaqos moxmarebas, miT ufro metia adreuli sikvdilianobis riski.
moweva mozardebSi SeiZleba gaxdes sificxis, gaRizianebadobis, gafantulo-
bis, dabneulobis, yuradRebisa da mexsierebis daqveiTebis, Zilis darRvevis
mizezi.
mozardebisaTvis mowevis gansakuTrebuli mavneoba aixsneba kidev imiT,
rom mSoblebisa da maswavleblebisagan sakuTari mankieri Cvevis dafarvis
mizniT, isini ewevian Cumad da swrafad isunTqaven Tambaqos bols. aseT piro-
bebSi Tambaqos bolSi mavne nivTierebebis ufro meti raodenoba grovdeba (Tam-
baqos neli wvis dros bolSi daaxloebiT 20%- mde nikotini gadadis, swrafi
wvisas ki _ 40%-ze meti). sigaretis bolomde mowevis SemTxvevaSi Tambaqos
boli gacilebiT met Sxams Seicavs.
fsiqikuri damokidebuleba Tambaqos mimarT sakmaod aris gamoxatuli.
nikotinisadmi viTardeba tolerantoba da fizikuri damokidebulebis gark-
veuli xarisxi. mwevelebs TandaTan uviTardebaT e.w. nikotinuri sindromi,
romlis dasawyisad unda CaiTvalos moweviT gamowveuli usiamovno SegrZne-
bebis gaqroba. Tambaqos moxmareba sistematur xasiaTs atarebs, izrdeba moweu-
li sigaretebis raodenoba. Cndeba SegrZneba, rom Tambaqos moweva zrdis Sro-
mis unars, aumjobesebs TviTSegrZnebas.
TandaTan matulobs tolerantoba, aRwevs apogeas da am maRal maCvenebel-
ze dgas sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. mowevas akviatebuli survi-
lis xasiaTi aqvs. fizikuri ltolvis elementebi SeiZleba gamovlindes dilis
xvelis, fizikuri diskomfortis gancdis, mowevis mudmivi survilis saxiT.
somaturi arakeTildReobis pirveli simptomebi Cndeba bronqitis, gulis
areSi usiamovno SegrZnebebis, guliscemisa da arteriuli wnevis meryeobis
saxiT. nevrozismagvari simptomatika msubuqia, zomieri mowevis an Tavis Seka-
vebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad gaivlis da gamoixateba `Tavis damZimebis~ usiamov-
no SegrZnebiT, Zilis darRveviT, gaRizianebadobiT, Sromis unaris garkveu-
li daqveiTebiT. nikotinuri sindromis mogvianebiT stadiaze nikotinisadmi
tolerantoba qveiTdeba – maRali dozebi iwvevs diskomfortis movlenebs.
fsiqikuri ltolva qveiTdeba, moweva xdeba avtomaturi.
miuxedavad farTod gavrcelebuli azrisa, mowevis Sewyveta Zneli sulac
130
ar aris. magram adamianebi, romlebmac Sewyvites Tambaqos moxmareba, xSirad
Tavidan iwyeben mowevas. sabolood am Cvevaze uars ambobs mwevelTa daaxloe-
biT 30 %. qalebs, ratomRac, ufro uZneldebaT am Cvevaze uaris Tqma. mowevis
Sewyvetis Semdeg SeiZleba moimatos sxeulis masam da ganviTardes emociuri
aramdgradobis mdgomareoba.
SeniSnulia, rom mweveli qalebi da mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben emo-
ciur sferoze moqmed saSualebebs, maT Soris alkoholur sasmelebs. Sesaba-
misad, moweva SeiZleba maTTvis ganixilebodes, rogorc emociur stresebTan
adaptaciis (Seguebis) erT-erTi saSualeba. mweveli qalebi ufro xSirad arian
unayofoni da ufro iSviaTad orsuldebian, vidre aramwevelebi, mwevelebSi
ramdenadme izrdeba spontanuri abortis, orsulobis dros sisxldenebis
riski. mweveli qalis mier gaCenili axalSobilis sxeulis masa saSualod 200
gramiT naklebia da adreul periodSi sikvdilianobis riskic ufro maRalia.
postkomunistur sivrceSi iseTi saqoneli, rogoricaa ucxouri sigarete-
bi da spirtiani sasmelebi, cxovrebis dasavluri stilis simbolod iqca. am az-
ris ganmtkiceba xdeba satelevizio programebiTa da reklamirebiT, romlebic
alkoholisa da Tambaqos moxmarebas socialuri keTildReobisa da Tavisuf-
lebis xats ukavSireben. axalgazrdobam unda gaicnobieros is, rom “dasavluri
faseulobebi” cxovrebis jansaR wessac gulisxmobs da adamianis janmrTelo-
bisaTvis mavne nivTierebebis moxmarebis SezRudva iq normad iTvleba.
jer kidev 1986 wels, jandacvis msoflio asambleam wamoayena winadadeba
TambaqosTan brZolis RonisZiebebis gatarebis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTuli
iqneboda Tambaqos nawarmis popularizaciis Semcirebisaken. arc erT sazoga-
doebaSi aravis aqvs ufleba iyos imdenad Tavisufali, rom ziani miayenos irgv-
livmyofebs da es principi unda gavrceldes Tambaqos propagandazec.
yvela narkotikSi, miuxedavad misi legalurobisa, aris damokidebulebis
Camoyalibebis garkveuli potenciali da narkotikis legaluroba sulac ar
niSnavs imas, rom igi naklebad mavnea organizmisaTvis. magaliTad, Tambaqo da
alkoholi, miuxedavad maTi legalurobisa, kacobriobisaTvis yvelaze ufro
saSiS narkotikebad iTvleba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Zalian gavrcelebulia
da bevrad meti adamianisaTvis SeuZlia zianis motana.
131
halucinogenebi
halucinogenebi – nivTierebebia, romlebic cns-ze zemoqmedebis gziT iw-

vevs guneb-ganwyobis cvlilebas da aRqmis gaukuRmarTebas halucinaciebis
formiT. maT miekuTvneba kanabisic (haSiSi, marixuana).
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Tu eTnikur jgufSi am narkotiks sxvadasxva saxeliT
moixsenieben: anaSa, haSiSi, marixuana, bangi, ganja, Carasi, kifi, da a.S. Jargo-
nuli aRniSvnebi: `plani~, `mosawevi~, `kanapla~, `balaxi~ (`travka~). termini
kanabisi gamoiyeneba, rogorc yvela am cnebis gamaerTianebeli gansazRvreba.
kanabiss iReben erTwliani orsqesiani mcenarisagan Cannabis Sativa da mi-
si saxesxvaobebisagan – Cannabis Indica da Cannabis Americana. kanabisis prepa-
ratebs ewevian sufTa saxiT an TambaqosTan erTad, ReWaven (bangi), xarSaven da
iReben Txevadi saxiT (managua da sxva eqstraqtebi), awarmoeben haSiSis Semcvel
sasmelebs, namcxvrebs da kanfetebsac ki.
kanabisi Seicavs 400-ze met nivTierebas. calkeul preparatSi fsiqotoq-
sikuri nivTierebebis Semcveloba damokidebulia mcenaris Taviseburebebze,
misi zrdis pirobebze, Segrovebis, Senaxvisa da damzadebis wesze.
kanafis aqtiur nivTierebebs miekuTvneba zeTovani kanabinoidebi. maT So-
ris ZiriTadi fsiqoaqtiuri agentia tetrahidrokanabinoli (thk), romlis
Semcveloba mcenareSi meryeobs 1-8 %-is farglebSi. amerikuli kanafi kanabi-
noidebis ufro nakleb raodenobas Seicavs, vidre induri.
kanabinoidebi advilad ixsneba cximebSi da cudad – wyalSi, amitom isini or-
ganizmSi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi rCeba. kanabinoidebis garda kanabisi
Seicavs wyalSi xsnad, maT Soris atropinis msgavs nivTierebebs, romlebic ga-
napirobebs piris simSrales.
kanabisis bolis Semadgenloba sakmarisad Seswavlili ar aris.
kanabisis preparatebis mowevis an sxva gziT miRebis Sedegad wiTldeba
sklerebi, farTovdeba sisxlZarRvebi, qveiTdeba arteriuli wneva, SeiniSneba
gulis cemisa da sunTqvis aCqareba. mowevis dros, Cveulebriv, iwyeba xvela,
matulobs Wamis mada, iTrguneba RviZlis fermentebis aqtivoba, rasac Sedegad
mosdevs RviZlis metaboluri funqciis daqveiTeba.
preparatis moqmedeba iwyeba mowevidan ramodenime wuTis Semdeg da grZel-
deba 2-3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. pirveli miReba yovelTvis ar iwvevs sasiamovno
SegrZnebebs, piriqiT, SeiZleba mwevelma igrZnos gulisreva, piris simware,
msubuqi Tavbrusxveva, ufro metic, bolis SesunTqvis pirvel wuTebSi isini
zogjer ganicdian Zlier SiSsa da SfoTvas (panikis Seteva).
preparatze reaqcia mniSvnelovnad varirebs, masze gavlenas axdens irgv-
liv myofebis qceva da ganisazRvreba mosalodneli efeqtebisadmi ganwyobiT,
gansakuTrebiT damwyebi mwevelebisaTvis.
xSirad mozardebi kanabiss sinjaven cnobis wadiliT, sxvebis mibaZviT,
TviTdamkvidrebis an siamovnebis miRebis mizniT; zogjer es aris uintereso,
mosawyeni, erTferovani yoveldRiurobisagan garidebis saSualeba. ewevian
`miyuCebul adgilas~, umetesad im kompaniaSi, sadac ukve gamocdili aqvT pre-
paratis moqmedeba da Tanatolebis qceva sxvebisaTvis misabaZi xdeba.
ganarCeven SemTxveviT momxmareblebs (romelTac gasinjes haSiSi), perio-
132
dul momxmareblebsa da sistematur momxmareblebs (romlebic ewevian yovel-
dRe an dReSi ramdenjerme).
kanafis regularuli miRebis Sedegad viTardeba bodviTi azrovnebisaken
midrekileba. didi dozebiT sistematurma moxmarebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
qronikuli fsiqozi – bodva, iluziebi, halucinaciebi, panika, ùcnauri~ qceva,
agresiuloba.
kanabisis preparatebis xangrZlivi moxmarebis Sewyvetidan dReebis, kvi-
rebis an Tveebis Semdegac SeiZleba gaCndes gadatanili halucinogenuri ga-
mocdilebis msgavsi gancdebi, mxolod ufro xanmokle da naklebi intensivo-
bisa (lashback – warsulSi dabruneba, adre gancdili movlenebis SekumSuli
saxiT ganmeoreba).
haSiSis moxmarebasa da damnaSaveobas Soris kavSiris problema aqtiurad ga-
nixileba. aris safuZveli vifiqroT, rom kanabisi amZafrebs emociebs, romel-
Tagan zogierTi SeiZleba antisocialuri agresiuli qcevis motivadac iqces.
qronikuli intoqsikacia iwvevs pirovnebis Secvlas. am mxriv, praqtikulad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs e.w. amotivaciur sindroms, romelic vlindeba fsiqi-
kuri aqtivobis mkveTri daqveiTebiT apaTiis ganviTarebamde, socialuri pasi-
urobiT, yuradRebis daqveiTebiT, inteleqtisa da interpersonaluri urTi-
erTobebis gaRaribebiT. am sindromis calkeuli Taviseburebebi mogvagonebs
SizofreniiT daavadebulTa qcevas – sakuTar TavSi Caketva, garemomcveli
samyarosadmi sruli ganurCevloba, mzardi desocializacia.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom kanabisis epizoduri moxmareba SeiZleba progre-
sirebdes misi avadgamoyenebis mZime formebamde, xolo xSirad transformirdes
narkomaniaSi ufro aqtiuri saSualebebis xmarebiT (mag., opiatebis).
• mivyavarT Tu ara marixuanas sxva narkotikebamde, anu aris Tu ara mari-
xuana `CamTrevi~ narkotiki?
marixuanasa da sxva narkotikebis moxmarebisadmi miZRvnil yvela gamokv-
levaSi naCvenebia maT Soris empiriuli kavSiris arseboba.
marixuanas momxmarebels gacilebiT maRali statistikuri albaToba gaaC-
nia ufro Zlieri narkotikebis gasinjvis mxriv, aris kavSiri marixuanas mox-
marebis sixSiresa da `mZime~ narkotikebze miCvevas Sorisac. ZiriTadi problema
aris ara am kavSiris arseboba, aramed aris Tu ara es kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi.
1. bioqimiuri Teoria anu èfeqtis~ Teoria.
marixuaniT Trobis efeqti warmoadgens sxva narkotikze gadasvlis ma-
moZravebel Zalas. am bioqimiur axsnas sxvadasxva varianti gaaCnia: 1. marixu-
anis `kaifs~ momxmarebeli Sehyavs narkotikuli gamocdilebis samyaroSi da
amgvarad astimulirebs ufro `Zlieri~ narkotikebis miRebis survils. 2. am
Teoriis meore varianti dafuZnebulia tolerantobaze. pirveladi eqsperi-
mentebi kanabisiT iwvevs am narkotikiT ufro da ufro met gatacebas, rac, Ta-
vis mxriv, amcirebs mis efeqts.
bolos da bolos, momxmarebeli grZnobs, rom efeqti gaxda Cveuli, banalu-
ri. uwindeli siamovnebis misaRebad momxmarebeli sxva, ufro `Zlier~ nar-
kotikebs mimarTavs.
ZiriTadi metafora, romelsac orive variantis momxreebi iyeneben, aris
`konveieruli lenta~. heroinuli narkomania ganixileba, rogorc im procesis
bolo stadia, romlis TavSic idga marixuana.
133
2. socialuri, anu subkulturuli modeli.
am modelis mixedviT, sxva narkotikze gadasvlis mizezs warmoadgens is
socialuri kavSirebi da nacnoboba, romelic iqmneba narkotikebis moxmarebis
procesSi. narkotikebis moxmarebas TavisTavad sdevs Tan garkveul jgufTan
urTierTobebis damyareba da SenarCuneba.
narkotikuli kontaqtebi specifikuri saxis kontaqtebia. sxva narkotikze
gadasvla dakavSirebulia ara marixuanas an sxva narkotikebis bioqimiur Tvise-
bebTan, aramed am narkotikebis momxmarebeli jgufebis normebTan, Rirebule-
bebsa da SexedulebebTan.
sociokulturuli Teoria yvelaze kargad xsnis narkotikul eskalacias:
imis albaToba, rom marixuanas momxmarebeli daiwyebs ufro `mZime~ narkotike-
biT eqsperimentirebas, pirdapir kavSirSia mis CarTulobasTan narkotikul
subkulturaSi. ase rom, kanabisis moxmarebas unda SevxedoT, rogorc indivi-
dis narkotikul subkulturaSi CarTulobis indeqss.
rac ufro met marixuanas eweva individi:
1. miT ufro dadebiTad uyureben is da misi megobrebi sxva narkotikebis
moxmarebasac;
2. miT ufro meti Sansia, rom CaerTveba marixuanas gasaRebaSi;
3. miT ufro mets gaigebs, rogor funqcionirebs narkotikebis aralega-
luri bazari;
4. miT ufro metad CaerTveba narkotikebis momxmarebelTa subkulturaSi;
5. miT ufro meti Sansi eqneba, gasinjos sxva narkotikebic.
sxvadasxva mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines pirdapirproporciuli da statisti-
kurad sarwmuno korelacia marixuanas moxmarebasa da sxva narkotikebis mox-
marebas Soris. rac ufro xSirad eweva adamiani marixuanas, miT maRalia imis
albaToba, rom is sxva narkotikebsac moixmars.
trankvilizatorebi
Terapiuli dozebiT damamSvidebeli saSualebebi (trankvilizatorebi)

mniSvnelovnad amcirebs emociur daZabulobas, gaRizianebadobas, mousven-
robas, SiSebs, SfoTvas, movlenebs, aadvilebs CaZinebis process da xels uw-
yobs Zilis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebas.
dResdReobiT isini fsiqotropul preparatebs Soris yvelaze ufro po-
pularuli da gavrcelebuli saSualebebia.
am jgufis preparatebis xelmisawvdomobam, miRebis sababis sixSirem tran-
kvilizatorebi medicinis farglebs gareT gaiyvana, aqcia `yofiT~ saSualebad
rogorc avadmyofebisaTvis, aseve janmrTelebisTvisac.
adamianebi TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas, rodis miiRon isini, rCevebs
aZleven axloblebsa da nacnobebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, TviTmkurnalobas
iwyeben.
amas garda, trankvilizatorebis popularoba ganpirobebulia Semdegi
faqtorebiT: pirovnebis individualuri fsiqofizikuri amtanobisa da siZ-
neleebTan gamklavebis unaris daqveiTebiT, garedan daxmarebis miRebis Cve-
134
viT, TviTmkurnalobisaken midrekilebiT. yovelive es, dabal samedicino
ganaTlebasTan da arasakmaris TviTkontrolTan erTad, xels uwyobs damam-
Svidebeli saSualebebis avadgamoyenebas. iTvleba, rom trankvilizatorebi-
sadmi ufro midrekilni qalebi arian.
rogor viTardeba wamaldamokidebuleba? trankvilizatorebis mavned mox-
mareba SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziT ganviTardes:
• pacienti medikamentis miRebas iwyebs eqimis daniSnulebiT, magram eqimis
mier gansazRvruli kursis dasrulebis Semdeg TviTneburad agrZelebs wam-
lis miRebas;
• adamiani iwyebs TviTmkurnalobas, eqimis daniSnulebis gareSe _ rekla-
mis an nacnobebis rCeviT;
• trankvilizatorebi imTaviTve Trobis mizniT miiReba.
miCveva yalibdeba maSin, roca momxmarebeli SeigrZnobs trankvilizato-
rebis eiforiul efeqts. am dros aRmocendeba preparatis mastimulirebeli
moqmedeba. adre gamomJRavnebuli damSvidebis, sedaciis nacvlad, trankvili-
zatorebi iwvevs Zalebis mozRvavebis SegrZnebas;
avadmyofi xdeba aqtiuri, guneb-ganwyobis foni umjobesdeba, mas uCndeba
moqmedebis survili.
Cveuli dozis miRebiT gamowveuli efeqtis Sesusteba miuTiTebs tole-
rantobis momatebaze. eiforiuli zemoqmedebis Zieba pacients aiZulebs,
swrafad gazardos preparatis doza. tolerantobis ganviTarebis paralelu-
rad qreba damcvelobiTi reaqciebi: gulisreva, Rebineba, ofldena, Tavbrus-
xveva.
ra SeiZleba mohyves xangrZliv moxmarebas? pirvel rigSi _ Sromis una-
ris SezRudva, rac damokidebulebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSive vlindeba. mav-
ned moxmarebis Sedegebs miT ufro swrafad mivyavarT pirovnebis socialur
dekompensaciamde, rac ufro sapasuxismgeblo samuSaos asrulebs igi.
damokidebulebis ganviTarebis Semdgom stadiaze xSiria TviTmkvlelo-
bis (suiciduri) azrebi da mcdelobebi, pacientebi mZime somaturi avadmyo-
fis STabeWdilebas toveben _ damaxasiaTebelia xandazmuli garegnoba, fer-
mkrTaloba, ganlevadoba, sxvadasxva organoebisa da sistemebis funqciis
darRveva.
trankvilizatorebis mavned momxmarebelTa Soris sikvdilianoba 2-3-jer
ufro maRalia, analogiur janmrTel populaciasTan SedarebiT.
narkotikebis moxmarebis Sedegebi
yvela narkotiki, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra gziT xvdeba organizmSi, azia-

nebs Tavis tvins da mTel nervul sistemas, imunur sistemas, guls, RviZls,
filtvebs.
narkotikebisa da maTi minarevebis gadamuSaveba ZiriTadad RviZlSi xdeba.
RviZli aris organizmis mTavari laboratoria, sadac xdeba toqsikuri
nivTierebebis gauvnebelyofa. alkoholi, narkotikebi da maTi minarevebi
azianebs RviZlis ujredebs. garda amisa, sisxlSi maTi mudmivad arseboba ai-
135
Zulebs RviZls, zedmeti datvirTviT imuSaos. RviZlis ujredebi TandaTan
ziandeba da iwyeba anTebiTi procesi _ toqsikuri hepatiti. garda amisa, nar-
kotikebis ineqciuri moxmareba katastrofulad zrdis virusuli hepatitiT
(B, C) da aiv-iT dainficirebis albaTobas. es virusebi sisxlismieri gziT
gadecema da swrafad vrceldeba ineqciuri narkotikebis momxmareblebs So-
ris, radgan isini xSirad iyeneben saziaro Spricebsa da nemsebs.
Tuki gagrZelda alkoholisa da narkotikebis miReba, viTardeba RviZlis
cirozi _ RviZlis calkeuli ubnebi kvdeba da maT adgils ikavebs SemaerTebe-
li qsovili. RviZli mkvrivdeba, veRar asrulebs Tavis funqcias da dauSleli
toqsinebi sisxlis meSveobiT Tavis tvinSic xvdeba. Tu es procesi droulad
ar SeCerda, anu dazianebuli RviZlis mqone adamiani ar Sewyvets alkoholisa
da narkotikebis miRebas, viTardeba RviZlismieri koma _ ukiduresad mZime,
sococxlisaTvis saSiSi mdgomareoba.
janmrTeli RviZli gamoimuSavebs cilebs, romlebic organizmis imunuri
sistemis saSen masalas warmoadgens. RviZlis ujredebis gadagvarebis Sede-
gad, am cilebis gamomuSaveba mkveTrad mcirdeba da imuniteti imdenad qveiT-
deba, rom Sids-is magvari mdgomareoba yalibdeba (e.w. `qimiuri Sid-si~).
daqveiTebuli imunitetis mqone organizmi veRar ebrZvis infeqciebs.
narkotikebis momxmareblebi ki xSirad arasterilur Spricebs iyeneben, ar
imuSaveben Cxvletis adgils antiseptikuri saSualebebiT, TviTon narkoti-
kis xsnaric iSviaTad aris steriluri. amitom narkotikis ineqciisas uamravi
baqteria xvdeba organizmSi, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva anTebiT da Cirqovan gar-
Tulebas, rogoricaa: Tromboflebiti _ anTebiTi procesi venaSi.
nemsis Cxvletis adgilas, venis kedelze sisxlis ujredebisgan warmoiqm-
neba Trombi, sadac xvdeba mikrobebi. TrombSi ki saukeTeso pirobebia mikro-
bebis gasamravleblad _ siTbo da sakvebi. iwyeba anTebiTi procesi. aseT vena-
Si sisxlis gamtaroba klebulobs da amitom kiduri SeSupebuli, gawiTlebuli
da gaxurebulia. tkivili da siwiTle vrceldeba venis gaswvriv. Tu drouli
mkurnaloba ar Catarda, infeqcia vrceldeba da viTardeba sefsisi.
abscesi _ Semofargluli Cirqgrova.
kanqveS moxvedrili baqteriebi swrafad mravldeba kanqveSa cximovani uj-
redebis xarjze. Sedegad Cndeba CirqiT savse parki.
garegnulad abscesi warmoadgens gawiTlebul, Sesiebul, mtkivneul kanis
ubans nanemsaris adgilas. Tu parki gaskda da Cirqi moxvda Rrmad mdebare qso-
vilebSi, viTardeba flegmona, xolo sisxlZarRvSi Cirqis moxvedra iwvevs
sefsiss.
flegmona _ Cirqgrovaa, romelic ar aris Semofargluli da did farTob-
ze vrceldeba. garegnulad abscesis msgavsia, oRond kiduris did nawils
moicavs. flegmonam SeiZleba gamoiwvios axlomdebare sisxlZarRvebis, ner-
vebisa da Zvlebis Cirqovani dazianeba.
sefsisi (sisxlis mowamvla) _ mZime infeqciuri daavadebaa, romelic avad-
myofis aucilebel hospitalizacias saWiroebs. sefsisis niSnebia Zlieri si-
suste, maRali temperatura _ 39,50C da zeviT, oflianoba.
sefsisi SeiZleba gamoiwvios nebismierma, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo Cirq-
grovam an anTebam.
136
narkotikebis moxmareba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli aiv infeqciis gavr-
celebasTan. virusis gadatanis yvela SesaZlebel gzas Soris adamianis imu-
nodeficitis virusiT dainficirebuli nivTierebis uSualo ineqcia sisxlSi
gavrcelebis yvelaze ufro efeqturi gzaa; bevrad ufro efeqturi, vidre sqe-
sobrivi gza. aiv-infeqciisa da hepatitebis gadacema narkotikebis ineqciuri
gziT momxmareblebs Soris, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia Spricebis, nemsebisa
da narkotikebis mosamzadebeli mowyobilobebis erToblivi gamoyenebiT.
alkoholis sistematuri moxmareba arRvevs nivTierebaTa cvlas. sisxl-
ZarRvebis kedlebze grovdeba qolesterini da kalciumis marilebi. Sede-
gad sisxlZarRvebis kedlebi sqeldeba, kargavs elastikurobas, viwrovdeba
sisxlZarRvebis sanaTuri da matulobs sisxlis wneva. yovelive amis Sedegad,
swrafad viTardeba aTerosklerozi da hipertonia, rac gulis infarqtis an
insultis mizezi xdeba.
kanabisi da sxva halucinogenuri narkotikebi arRvevs tvinSi mimdinare
procesebs. aRwevs nervuli ujredebis im struqturaSi, romelic emsaxureba
informaciis gadacemas da iwvevs mis dezorganizacias. tvini muSaobs Sizo-
freniiT daavadebulis tvinis msgavsad. roca kanabisis zemoqmedeba gaivlis,
tvini ubrundeba normalur mdgomareobas, magram ara mTeli sisruliT. rCeba
Znelad SesamCnevi cvlilebebi, romelic kanabisis yoveli miRebis Semdeg ma-
tulobs da adamiani TandaTan xdeba dune, pasiuri, nela azrovnebs, Riziandeba
umniSvnelo mizezebis gamo. opiumis jgufis narkotikebi Trgunavs sunTqvis
centrs Tavis tvinSi. amitom nebismieri, Tundac mcire zedozireba, iwvevs
sunTqvis darRvevas da tvini aRar maragdeba Jangbadis saWiro raodenobiT.
Sedegad, xdeba tvinis ujredebis TandaTanobiTi da Seuqcevadi gadagvareba.
Tvis tvinis qerqis atrofia iwvevs inteleqtis daqveiTebas da emociuri sfe-
ros rRvevas. narkotikebis xangrZlivi moxmareba iwvevs fsiqozebs _ bodviT
azrovnebas, halucinaciebs, Rrma depresias. tvini mniSvnelovnad ziandeba
alkoholiT yoveli daTrobis dros. magram Tu es iSviaTad xdeba, tvini met-
naklebad umklavdeba am problemas.
alkoholis regularuli miRebis SemTxvevaSi ki, TandaTan uaresdeba tvi-
nis funqcionireba _ qveiTdeba mexsiereba, azrovneba da bolos, mTavrdeba
WkuasustobiT, rasac alkoholuri demencia ewodeba.
filtvebs yvelaze metad is preparatebi azianebs, romlebic sasunTqi gze-
biT xvdeba organizmSi. am saxis narkotikebis momxmareblebs xSirad emarTebaT
filtvebis anTeba, rac zogjer mTavrdeba pnevmoskleroziT. am dros filt-
vis qsovils cvlis nawiburebi, romlebic veRar asrulebs Tavis funqcias.
narkotikebis momxmareblebi, daqveiTebuli imunitetis gamo, xSirad avad-
debian tuberkuloziT.
narkotikebi arRvevs kalciumis cvlas organizmSi. kalciumi ki Zvlovani
qsovilis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. amitom adamianis Zvlebi ad-
vilad msxvrevadi xdeba, xolo kbilebi 2-3 weliwadSi nadgurdeba.
yvelaze xSirad narkotikebis momxmareblis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis
zedozireba, anu narkotikis didi doziT gamowveuli mwvave mowamvla.
opiumis jgufis narkotikebis Warbi doza pirdapir Trgunavs sunTqvis
centrs da Tu ar iqna aRmoCenili saswrfo, gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareba,
137
adamiani kvdeba. zedozirebisgan aravin aris dazRveuli, radgan kustarulad
damzadebuli narkotikebis zusti dozis gansazRvra xSirad SeuZlebelia _
damamzadeblebic da gamsaReblebic masSi xSirad sxvadasxva minarevs amate-
ben.
narkotikebisa da alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegad:
• izrdeba ubeduri SemTxvevebis albaToba.
• imatebs agresiuloba da TavSeukavebloba.
• izrdeba SemTxveviTi sqesobrivi kavSirebisa da, Sesabamisad, sqesobrivi
gziT gadamdebi infeqciebiT daavadebis safrTxe.
• warumatebloba swavlaSi da saqmianobaSi.
• konfliqtebi ojaxSi.
• problemebi urTierTobebSi.
• finansuri problemebi.
• narkotikebiT zedozireba, xSirad, sikvdiliT mTavrdeba.
• narkotikebis moxmareba, Senaxva da gavrceleba kanoniT isjeba.
138

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n. zaaliSvili n.

sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

© sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao davalebebis kiTxvebze .................................56

saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas mTlianad gaviTvaliswineT erovnuli saswavlo

savarjiSoebis TiToeuli tipi Sesabamisi logoTia moniSnuli.

eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao, tabulebis, cxrilebis, diagr-

sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi da testebi, romlebic moswavleebs uvi-

aqve, xazgasmiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom kiTxvebi gamomdinareobs ara mxolod

informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba da prezentacia.

damatebiTi informacia da zogierTi rCeva paragrafSi ganxilul

sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieblad; internet-

kvl. X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis eta-

biol. X.5. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredSi mimdinare procesebze da

mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

kvl.X.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.

• gansazRvravs da ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;

kvl.X.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba / mona-

• moiZiebs da aanalizebs Sesabamis informacias;

kvl. X.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs, cxrilebs, grafikebs, siebs) monacem-

• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an cvladebs Soris

mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

biol. X.5. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredSi mimdinare procesebze da

• msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

biol. X.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos sunTqvis procesis Tavisebure-

• saubrobs sunTqvis produqtebiT ujredebis momaragebis gzebze da msj-

biol. X.7. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos kvebis da monelebis mniSvneloba

• atarebs cdebs sakvebSi dagrovili energiis raodenobis gamosaTvlelad,

biol. X.8. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos fotosinTezze, rogorc mcenareu-

• msjelobs garemosaTvis mwvane mcenaris mniSvnelobaze;

biol. X.9. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos satransporto sistemis mniSvn-

• aanalizebs wylis da sakvebi nivTierebebis transportirebis meqanizms

biol. X.10. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos makoordinirebeli sistemebis

• msjelobs organizmebSi gaRizianebis sapasuxod warmoqmnil procesebze;

• msjelobs organizmisaTvis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis au-

biol. X.12. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos sxvadasxva garemos mimarT orga

• msjelobs ConCxisa da kunTebis daniSnulebaze organizmisaTvis (mag., sayr-

ujredi. ujreduli Teoria, organoidebi da maTi funqciebi, atomuri da mo-

sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba. kvebis tipebi, sakvebis mravalferovneba, wyali,

fotosinTezi da nivTierebaTa transporti mcenareebSi. fotosinTezi da kve-

homeostazi. homeostazis zogadi daxasiaTeba, homeostazis xelSemwyobi pi-

koordinacia da pasuxi gaRizianebaze. gaRizianebadoba da aRgznebadoba —

sunTqva. organizmis energetikuli masala, naxSirwylebis sxvadasxva tipebi,

sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva. nivTierebaTa transporti cxovelebSi, sisxlis

moZraoba. ConCxi, ConCxis Zvlebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba, kunTebis SekumSva

I sicocxlis biol X.5.3. asabuTebs ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali araorganuli da organuli

I sicocxlis biol X.5.3. asabuTebs ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali araorganuli da organuli

I sicocxlis biol X.5.3. asabuTebs ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali araorganuli da organuli

II ujredi biol X.5.1. msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

II ujredi biol X.5.1. msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

II ujredi biol X.5.1. msjelobs ujredis struqturuli komponentebis urTierTkavSirze da

X moZraoba biol X.12.1. msjelobs ConCxisa da kunTebis daniSnulebaze organizmisaTvis (mag.,

X moZraoba biol X.6.3.msjelobs

X moZraoba biol X.12.6. msjelobs frinvelTa ConCxis frenasTan dakavSirebul Taviseburebe-

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

axali masalis wardgena

valini fenilalanini alanini

cisteini serini Tirozini

glutaminis mJava lizini histidini

hkiTxeT klass: tabulaze warmodgenilia zogierTi hidrofoburi, dadebi-

valini fenilalanini alanini

cisteini serini Tirozini