JEVILLE VA
� � � ,..
S{JTRAM TUVE NEN DAN TRl
1
A. d. Tocqueville: NJn dti11 trf M_v1De la Democrarle en Amerique,
2 �p, ijp I, Leri n6i <tiu., 1835, tr. 62 (nguyen ban ti�ng Phap, G. F.
Flammarion, Paris, 1981 ). Chung toi theo each dich cua dich gia Ph;,un
Toan: - democratie: nEn dan tri; - dcmocratique: dan chu.
10 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
nL1i noi tieng cua clju thu tu'ong Anh Churchill rang nen
dan tri la "hinh thuc nha nu'o'c toi nhat ... neu khong ke
m9i hlnh thuckhac!" da duqc Tocqueville dljbao tuhdn
mot tram nioi nam tni6'c!
Chang cong tu quy t9c Tocqueville da phat hi�n ra
rang: nen dan tri la hinh thuc xa hoi (etat social) duy nhat
kha huu cua thoi hi�n d.J.i. Neu cac nha tu' tu'ong the ky
XVIII con xem nen dan tri la mot hinh thuc cai tri hen
ct;inh cac hlnh thuc khac ho�c nhu' mot hoai ni�m ve nen
dan tri co d<;1i, thi Tocqueville hieu nen dan tri tni6'c het
la mot hi�n tu'qng xa hoi pho bien. D�c diem khu bi�t cua
xa hoi dan chu la su' binh dang cua nhung die'u ki¢n (egalite
•. des conditions). Ong hieu do la
mot tien trinh baa dam cu'dng
vi cong dan va slj binh dang ve
Cd hoi cha m9i nguoi. M¢t each
logic, chu quyen cua nhan dan
va slj binh dang ve cac quyen
chinh trj la thu¢c ve "lo<;1i hinh
ly tu'ong" cua mot "etat po1itique"
(thl che chinh tr;) dan chu. Tu
A d. Tocqueville
each tiep c�n ay, nhat la voi slj
phan bi�t giua linh vljc xa h9i va 1Inh vljc chinh trj (etat
social/ etat politique), Tocqueville c6 can cu de nh�n di�n
va xac djnh thu9c tinh "dan chu" cha c¢ng dong nao dam
baa du'qc quyen tham gia cong khai, khong h<;1n che cua
m9i cong dan vao cac vi tri kinh te xa h¢i va chinh ttj.
Nhu' the, dan tri la "khai ni�m gi6'i hq.n" de phan bi�t voi
cac hinh thuc cai ttj khac trong Uch SU.
rnv \DVI ,n IRlll IIY\ • I I
� u_a la mot tin vui cho b<;1n dQc ntio'c nha, nhat la
�ho nhfing ai van yeu thich nen van h6a va van
hQC Phap voi cac danh tac cham biem tinh te, sac sao
- va ca tinh quai - cua nhfing Moliere, La Bruyere,
Voltaire ... khi Chau ong Rameau, mot ki�t tac doc dao
cua Denis Diderot duQ'c GS Phung Van Tuu gioi thi�u
va, Ian dau tien, dich sang tieng Vi�t. Tac pham "dqc
dao" cave ha phudng di�n: so ph�n long dong cua n6;
cac ngg y ham ho, da nghfa ndi cac "nhan v�t"; va anh
hu6'ng m�nh me den bat ngo CUa no doi VOi CUOC thao
lu�n ve "bi�n chung cua khai minh" tu dau the ky XIX
cho den "tam thuc hq,u-hifn dC:Zi" ngay nay. Bai viet sau
day xin g6p them may y nho ve gia tri tu tu6'ng van
con ttidi mo'i CUa tac pham, Sau khi dtiQ'C may man la
mot trong nhfing nguoi dau tien thuong thuc ban djch
tuy�t voi nay.
58 • BUI VAN NAM SON
ngtjc ta c6 hai linh hon cung cl', Faust). Trang moi con
nguoi deu c6 chat Faust va chat Mephisto nhu la hai m�t
cua thvc the nguoi. Ca hai
tinh chat luon la doi tr9ng
va lvc tac d9ng nguQ'c l�i
trong qua trinh con nguo'i
truong thanh trong bi lqch.
H�n tu trung gioi o day la
"Chua Tr6'i", cha phep hai
cai doi cljc tlj do hanh d9ng
va giu vai tro cua y thuc
quan sat, phe phan nhli la
nguoi "luQ'c tr�n" truoc slj
xung d9t giua "chinh de" va
"phan de" trong cac "nghich
J.P. Rameau ( 1683-1764 ),
If' (antinomien) cua Kant!
nha so�n nh�c lon nhat cua
mtoc Phap thoi Baroque.
Trang Chau ong Rameau,
"Han" va "Toi'' ( "Rameau"
va "ong triet gia") la c�p doi l�p, con "N gu6'i dan chuy�n"
lam h�n tu trung gi&i. Ba ma la m9t, m9t ma la ba, giong
nhu "ban tinh troi chay" cua CUQC song! Nhung, Rameau
("Han") la ... Rameau, chu khong ( con) phai la chang
Werther eo la cua Goethe luon "kh6 so" voi chinh minh,
cung khong (con) phai la "ong nghe" Faust cao ng�o
luon b�n tam den vi�c "hi�n thljc h6a" ca nhan minh
giua dong do'i O trQC. Rameau baa: "toi chiu dljng de
dang hdn tinh tr�ng tam thu6'ng cua toi" (I). Voi nh�n
xet ay, Rameau da o vao m9t tam the khac, th�m chi,
1
Cac trich dfrn la tu ban djch cua GS Phung Van Tim.
68 • 801 YAN NAM SON
1
Trong lich SU tu tu6'ng Tay phttdng, thuyet nhan
ban thuong ducjc chia lam ha thoi ky: thuyet nhan ban
La Ma (ket tinh ctia thoi ky Hy L�p h6a), thuyet nhan
ban thoi Pht,1c hung, va cac thuyet nhan ban khac nhau
tiep dien cho toi ngay nay. Thuyet nhan ban, trong Itch
SU lau dai va phuc t�p ctia n6, tlju trung la nhung each
tiep nh�n va dien giai khac nhau ve di san tu tuong Hy
La. Voi doi chut m�o hiem, m9t cai nhin sd luQ'c ve
nguon goc tu nguyen ctia khai ni�m "nhan ban" c6 the
cho thay manh moi ve cac d�c trung ban dau ctia n6. Tu
La tinh humanus ("thuc;,c ve con nguoi", "tinh nguoi",
"nhan ban", "nhan van" ... ) duong nhuc6 quanh�vdi tu
homo ("con nguoi") va vdi tu "humus" ("dat", "cat bt,1i")
de chi nhung "st;t v�t tran gian" tudng phan vdi than
TRO CHUY(N TRlrT HOC • 69
biet "hanh xu" VOi the gioi, VOi CUQC doi Va VOi nhftng
nguoi khac.
Cai cho-minh chu yeu la "dv ph6ng" (projet).
Heidegger tung n6i ve cau true song doi "bi nem vao
m(lt hoan canh" va "dv ph6ng" (Entwurf) nhu la d�c
diem cua Dasein. Voi Sartre,
T 6n t<].i cua con nguoi la dv
ph6ng ve chinh T 6n t<].i cua
minh. Con nguoi khong
tieu bien trong cai hi�n ton,
ma luon dv ph6ng ve tu'.dng
lai. Con nguoi c6 nhung kha
the, c6 sv Iva ch9n, c6 nang
Ive tv phe phan, chu khong
ddn gian tv dong nhat voi
chinh minh nhu cai tl.j-minh
Martin Heidegger cua sv v�t. Nho dau ma cai
cho-minh c6 duqc nang Ive
dv ph6ng? Theo Sartre, d6 la nho cai hu VO nhu'. la lo
hong trong slj day d�c cua ton tq.i, giai ph6ng kha the va
sv tlj do cua con nguoi. 0 day, Sartre tiep thu d¢ng tu
"hu vo h6a" (nichten/aneantir) cua Heidegger. Khi cai
cho-minh hu6'ng den tu'.dng lai bang dl;t ph6ng (vien
tu'.qng, ke hoq.ch, cho dqi, hy v9ng ... ) , n6 "hu VO h6a"
chinh qua khu cua minh, bay gio da bi h<]. thap xuong
thanh cai tv-minh (vo kha the). N6i khac di, ta luon c6
nhung Iva ch9n khac. Ta c6 the the nay ho�c the khac,
Iva ch9n lam ho�c khong lam. Kha the cua sv phu dinh,
Cua vi�c "n6i khong" tq.O nen SV tV do cua ta. Khong CO
98 + BUI YAN NAM SON
bang each vuqt qua tinh chu the/ chu quan, tim thay cha
d\ia trong cai gi d6 kha bi nhi�m, duqc ong gQi la "Ton
t�i". "Ton t�i" tuy khong phai la than linh, khong phai la
nen m6ng cua the gi6'i nhu trong ban the h9c - than h9c
qtu truyen, nhung van la cai gi gqi cho ta cam tr�ng kinh
m9, quy hu6'ng. Nen sieu
hinh h9c ve tinh chu the cai
bien the gi6'i bang khai
ni�m Va ml.)C dfch cua con
nguoi, lam bien d�ng Ton
t�i khien con nguoi lang
quen Ton t�i va bi Ton t�i
roi bo (Seinsvergessenheit),
m9t tu tuo'ng c6 le hoan
toan xa I� v6'i the gioi quan
Jean Paul Sartre ljch su cua Sartre C 1 > .
Vi the, theo Heidegger, ban than khai ni�m "thuyet
1
Co nhi�u y ki�n tan thuong khai ni�m "Hing quen T6n 4ii/va bi T6n
4}i rm bo" (Seinsvergessenheit) cua Heidegger, nhung cung co y ki�n
phe phan, xem do la XU huong thoai bQ, phan ly tinh, phan van minh,
phan hi�n d�i (Dirk Mende: "La thu vJ "thuyit nhan ban". VJ cac
tin d1:t cua triit h9c h{iu kj; vJ Tfm tt;zi!Brief iiber "den Humanismus ".
Zu den Metaphem der spiiten Seinsphilosophie. Trong Dieter Thoma
(chu bien): Heidegger Handbuch. Metzler Verlag Stuttgart 2003, tr.
255) ho�C thu h�p khong gian Cua Sl,l tl,l tri, Sl,l tl,l ban bf> quy l�t Cua
hanh d(mg con ngum, n�u "quy l�t" (nomos) dm;rc ban than T6n 41i
"ban cho" (nhu m<)t Sif biin) (Jurgen Habermas, Diin ngon tridt h9c
vJ Hi¢n dt;zi/Der philosophische Diskurz der Modeme, Frankfurt/M
1985, tr. 185). Heidegger, ngay trong La thu, da dv doan tru6c phan
irng nay va canh bao vi�C rut ra nhfrng h� }� ("chi th�y Sl,l phu nh�n,
tieu Cl,lC cua "chu nghla hu vo") UI tu tuong cua 6ng.
1 02 • BUI VAN NAM SON
vua thay long minh trong treo, mat ni<,ji, khong bqn m9t
chut but rut, hoang mang. Do van tai d�c sac cua tac gia
chang? N6i the la thua! Hay phai chang "li1i theu" da
th�t slj thoat ra tu"long gam"? Vang, chac the roi! 22 cau
chuy�n gom nhieu hudng viva cung b�c khac nhau. C6
chuy�n ly ky, hoi h¢p khong kem truy�n phim Rashomon
cua Nh�t Ban trong "Quan hu via", co chuy�n hai ht.toe,
bat ngi1 nhu "Dua con", Icy di ma cam d¢ng nhu "Cai
vong kh uy en", va con thd
'I!"'- t m(>ng nua, nhu trong
CAO HUY THU.AN nhieu chuy�n khac. Cao
,,,. v.1•
Tu HIEN
. DAI
. DEN
HIEN . HOA
. DAI
1
C6 m¢t so tu thoq.t nhin tuong nhu ddn gian, nhung
lq.i h6a ra rat rac roi, chang h q.n cha ((hi�n dt;ii". Thoi nao
cha la "hi�n dq.i" doi voi nguoi dang song trong thoi dq.i
ay? C1=1 Banh To chac cung thay thoi cua c1=1 la "hi�n d;µ"
so voi thoi cua to tien Cl:l ! Nhung, th�t ra, de duqc gQi
la "hi�n d;µ", khong ddn gian nhu the. D6 la ly do tq.i sao
tu nay moi chi ra doi o phudng Tay vao dau the ky XIX
ma tho_i. D6 la vao nam 1800 khi Hegel dung n6 Ian dau
tien nhu mc;>t khai ni�m de djnh nghia mc;,t thoi dq.i: "thoi
1
dq.i moi" ( die "neue Zeit ') la "thoi hi�n dq.i" ( die "moderne
Zeit"), tudng ung voi cha tieng Anh "modern times" va
tieng Phap "temps modernes". Thoi dq.i nao v�y? Thua: d6
la . . . suot ba the ky truoc do cua chau Au! Vi�c phat hi�n
ra "tan the gioi", phong trao Ph1=1 c hung va phong trao Cai
each ( ton giao) - ha S\f ki�n Ion vao khoang nam 1500 xa
lac xa ld - l;µ tq.O nen buoc ngo�t thdi d�i gifta thoi trung
126 • BUI YAN HAUON
nh�n nhu la tai san so huu cua tinh than, va tinh than
nh�n ra minh nhu la o trong nha cua chinh minh" ( tuc:
phan tinh). Sv ttj do va stj phan tinh the hi�n ro o ban
diem: a) tinh cd nhan: trong the gioi hi�n dq.i, ca tinh va
tai nang ca nhan du'Q'c the hi�n cong khai va VO hq.n; b)
quye'n phe phdn: nguyen tac cua the gioi hi�n dq.i doi h6i
rang: nhung gi muon dttQ'C thua nh�n thi phai thtjc S\i
xung dang; C) S1/ ttJ trj CUa hanh d(mg: d�c diem CUa the
gioi hi�n dq.i la moi nguoi ttj chiu trach nhi�m ve vi�c
lam cua chinh minh va d) triet h9c ( va khoa h9c) da
truong thanh, c6 SU m�nh "nam bat thoi dq.i cua minh
bang tu tu'ong".
- Va, thu hai, ly do de g9i "thoi d�i cua chung ta" la
"thoi dq.i moi nhat" la: m<;>t hi�n t.;ii - muon tlj khang
dinh minh nhu la "moi nhat", "hi�n d.;ii" nhat - thi phai
lien tyc doi mai de xung dang voi "Tinh than thoi dq.i"
("Zeitgeist").
Nhu the, doi voi phudng Tay, vi�c bien "thoi d.;ti cua
chung ta" (nostrum aevum) thanh "thoi d.;ti moi" (nova
aetas) phai la m9t no Ive
phi thuong, can c6
nhung tien de tinh than
nhat dµili, trong do S\i t\i
do va giai ph6ng ca nhan,
slj t\i tq va S\i phan tinh
ve van h6a (khong con
c6 m<;>t trung tam de ban
Karl Marx
phat van h6a nhu trong
qua khu nua va thua nh� cac nen van h6a khac, n6i ngan:
132 • IUI YAI 1AM SON
3
Neu o binh di�n ca nhan, long tin can nhieu den sv
hieu biet thi o binh di�n xa h9i, slj vi�c phuc t<).p hdn
nhieu, vi o day quan h� gifia nguoi va nguoi ngay cang it
dva vao stj hieu biet trtjc tiep. Ngay tu dau, long tin la
m<;>t nguon ltjc xa h<;>i giup cho ho<).t d9ng phoi hQ'p gifia
nguoi v6'i nguoi c6 the hinh thanh trong dieu ki�n hau
nhli hoan toan VO danh. Trang xa h<;>i hi�n d<).i, ta chiu tac
d9ng boi nhfing cai g9i la hf thong tritu tli(J'ng, tuc nhfing
Cd che dQC l�p VOi d�c tfnh
cua nhung ca nhan. Chung
c6 gia tri nhli nhfing hf thong
kf hi�u, va ta chi lam vi�c v6'i
nhung ky hi�u ay. Chang h<).n
khi ta bo la phieu cho nhfing
ca nhan xa 1.)., hay san sang
giao dich tai chinh v6'i nhfing
to chuc ma ta khong he va
cung khong can quen biet.
Mai tniong giao dich nay la
dang tin c�y chi nho c6 long Niklas Luhmann
T he gi6'i ket thuc th�p nien dau tien cua the ky XXI
bang m<)t slj ki�n d�c bi�t: h<)i nghi Copenhagen
ve bien doi khi h�u duqc to chuc ram r<) chu'.a tung co
v6'i ket qua ... dang that VQng! Cai "Realpolitik" ("chinh
trj thtfc te") vi lqi ich tru'.oc mat cua cac quoc gia du6'ng
nhli van con thang the tntoc cac moi hiem h9a toan cau.
Tuy nhien, o binh di�n khac, h¢i nghi ay van mang tam
voe ljch su, vi, du muon hay khong, no la m<)t dau hi�u
xac nh�n cac d\i bao ly thuyet cua nhieu nha nghien cuu
xa h<)i vao nhung nam giao tho'i giua hai thien nien ky:
S\j chuyen bien khach quan CUa Cong CUQC hi?n dt;ii hoa
thu nhat sang tho'i ky hi?n dt;ii hoa thu hai voi m<)t lot;1t cac
khai ni�m moi me nhu'.: xii hpi-nguy c� xii hpi-the giai va
ne'n van hoa cong lwJn ... Co duly do de chung ta, khi don
Xuan moi, thu tiep c�n voi h� van de m6'i me nay, hay, n6i
dung hdn, tro l�i v6'i van de hifn d,;zi h6a, m9t chu de cua
bao Xuan Thoi bao Kinh te Sai Gan each day hai nam.
148 • BUI VAN NAUON
T h�t khong vui khi vao dip dau xuan l<).i nho den ba
dieu "t� nhan" ( nguyen nhan cua slj toi t�) duqc
C\J Phan B¢i Chau ke ra m¢t each thong thiet trong
Hai ngot;ii huylt thu ( 1906) ve tinh tr<).ng tha h6a va
"vo cam" cua quyen Ive a nuoc ta vao dau the ky XX.
Nhung, thiet tuong can nho den de tiep t1,1c tim hieu va
suy nghi, vi mai den hdn nua the ky sau, m6i quan h�
gifia h� thong chinh tri va nguoi cong dan moi thtjc stj
dtiQ'C di sau nghien CUU nhli m9t van de he trQng Cua
TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC + 159
"nhung t�p quan cua con tim" ( "the habits of the heart")
(Xem: Ne'n dan trj My, NXB Tri thuc).
Thu thach Ion nhat cho vi�c xay dvng van hoa chinh
trj la khi h� thong chinh trj ro'i vao hai thai cljc: d<)c tai
chuyen che ho�c khung hoang quyen uy. Nhung, "bi�n
chung mia mai" cua heh SU l.�i la: cai sau som mu9n se la
h�u qua cua cai truoc. Nguy co' tan ra n9i Ive cua xa h<)i
rI
thudng danh thuc co' che tlj v� tlj nhien cua nhung nguoi
1
¥
HANttPHUC
AI BAN MAMUA?
"fl faut s'imaginer Sysyphe heureux"
(Phai tuang tu<;1ng Sysyphe h,;mh phuc)
Albert Camus
Co nguoi b�n giti cha xem ban tom tat m9t cong
trinh dieu tra xa h9i hoc do Qµy Konrad-Adenauer
(Due) thtjc hi�n, mang nhan de: "Gina S\i on dinh va
mong manh. Ta biet give tang lop trung h.tu d nuoc
Due?" ("Zwischen Stabilitat und Fragilitat. Was wissen wir
uber die Mittelschicht in Deutschland? 11/Konrad-Adenauer
Stiftung). Chuy�n... xa xoi, lc}.i c6 rat nhieu con so, chi
thich hQ'p voi gioi chuyen mon. Tuy nhien, chat l9c l�i,
cung c6 vai thong tin c6 the lam qua cha mQt cau chuy�n
dauxuan.
Ho d�tvan de nhu sau. Sau The chien II, CHLB Due
phat trien rat nhanh, that nghi�p ft, chi so tang tru'dng
nhu mo, thu nh�p tang gap nam, sau Ian so voi the h�
cha ong th�p nien 1950. Nhung cam nh�n chung hi�n
nay van la: S\i thinh vu'Q'ng hau nhu' du'cjC phan phoi kha
bat cong. Gan day, noi len CUQC thao lu�n ve S\i ngheo
JRO CHUY(N JRlfT HOC • 175
4. Tang cuong tien trinh tich luy tai san bang nhung
bi�n phap minh b<;1ch va cong bang.
S. C6 chinh sach lau dai ve dan so, cung nhu cai thi�n
Cd SO thong tin de lam fO nhung yeu to gay hi�u ung
kim ham ho�c thuc day tang 16'p nay.
3
Chan thtjc, cong bang va ben vung duQ'c thua nh�n
r<;>ng rai nhu' la ba trv CQt cho Stj on djnh va phat trien
lanh m<;1nh cua xa h¢i.
Hieu nhu la nhung gia trt
tinh than va d<;10 due, ai
cung de dang tan dong,
nhung vi�c thtjc thi
chung l<;1i la chuy�n khac !
Ba trv c<;>t ay van chi la
nhung nguy�n VQng tot
d�p va luon bi trien h<;1n
den m<;>t tlidng lai VO
dinh nhu m<;>t khong
tliong xa h<;>i. Ai cung
biet rang vi�c cau true va Karl Marx
tai cau true kinh te, chinh
trj ky cung chi la phlidng ti�n chu khong phai ffi\lC dich
ttj than. M\lC dich phai la m<;>t vien kien xa h¢i duQ'c xay
178 • B01¥ANIAMSON
van con gia tri: y tu'ong ve mot Heh SU pho quat cua nhan
lo.;ti, vu'qt khoi khuon kho va ljch SU cua nha nuoc dan
toe de quan tam nhieu hdn den Itch SU cac nen van minh.
Thu hai la y tuong ve S\i thong nhat tinh than cua nhan
lo.;ti lam Cd so cho tr�t tl.j the gioi moi. Neu Karl Jaspers
nhan m�nh den "buoc nhay cua y thuc" ndi cac d�i triet
gia, thi Toynbee ciing doi hoi mot S\i "tang tien tam linh
chu'a tung c6 truoc d6" khien cho nhan lo�i c6 y thuc ve
S\i thong nhat cua chinh minh. Buoc nhay cua cac "d�i"
triet gia thi qua cao xa, d�c tuyen, con y thuc nhan lo�i
cua Toynbee - the hi�n qua "ton giao pho quat" - thi l�i
qua nhan t�o, kh6 thanh hi�n thl,fc!
m�nh Itch su" cua tien khong chi t�o ra nen kinh te thi
tniong, ma con t�o ra "con nguoi kinh te" ( c6 th�t c6
khong?) voi tam the du'Q'c Max Weber g9i la "tinh than
cua chu nghia tu' ban" ( du tien khong phai la san pham
d�c thu cua chu nghia tu ban). N6i each khac, tien khong
chi thay doi "the gi6'i stj v�t" va "the gi6'i con nguoi" ma
ca the gioi n9i tam cua con nguoi: lQ'i ich, ly tu'ong, cam
hung, khat v9ng, thu'oc do luan
ly, d�o due. Tien thay doi h� gia
tri bang each ban cho minh gia
tri pho bien. Nhung, "gia tr( l<;1i
la khai ni�m bi hiem nhat trong
kinh te h9c, c6 le do n6 la khai
ni�m mang tinh "triet h9c"
nhieu nhat! Georg Simmel,
trong Tritt h9c ve' do'ng tie'n
( 1900), la ngudi dau tien tiep
c�n van de bang con mat triet
h9c sau sac. Ong triet gia Kant Max Weber
van con cu'dng quyet phan bi�t
giua gia ca va gia tri: "M9i v�t deu c6 m¢t gia ca. Nhung,
gia tri la VO gia, boi n6 la pham gia!". Nhung, tu khi tro
thanh v�t ngang gia, tien la gia ca tu'dng doi cua m9t
m6n hang, dong thdi ban than tien la m9t gia tri boi c6
the du'Q'c SU dQng m9i hie m9i ndi. Tien cao bang tat ca,
bc1i n6 khong dem xia den cai d�c thu. Lu'Q'ng thang chat.
"Tien <lien d�t m9i stj khac bi�t ve chat cua stj v�t bang
cau hoi: "bao nhieu"? Tien, v6'i stj dung dung VO mau
sac, tro thanh mau so chung cua m9i gia tri. N6 lam rang
cai cot loi cua stj v�t, tu'o'c bo tinh ca bi� t, gia tri rieng va
194 • BUI VAN HAMSON
tri va vai tro cua dong tien trong xa h9i de "cam clidng"
du'a con khung khiep (" enfant terrible") cua chinh minh.
Ngay cang thay can thiet ket hQ'p gifia kinh te h9c hu6'ng
den hanh d¢ng thljc tien va triet h9c hu6'ng den suy tliong
de nh� thuc the gioi nhu m9t toan b¢. Tim hieu dong
tien khong chi de dieu tiet tht trlio'ng ma con de ph1.;1c V\1
S\i phat trien xa h9i. La sin pham cua nen van minh, dong
tho'i la Cong Cl.;1 cho S\i phat trien xa hQi, tien la yeu to then
chat xac dinh nhung gi6'i hq.n cua t\i do va binh dang trong
nen kinh te tien t�.
Tien khong mang lq.i hq.nh phuc, hieu theo nghia
tuy�t doi? Tien c6 the "cuu kh6 cu'u nq.n", tu'c mang lq.i
hq.nh phuc theo nghia tu'dng doi? Nhung ranh gi6'i d6 o
dau? M9t cau hoi thu vt cho dieu tra xa h9i h9c va tam ly
xa h9i 1 ).
Con ngu6'i la sinh v�t huu
hq.n, song lq.i khong c6 gi6'i
hq.n. Bao gio' con nguo'i cung
c6 cai gi d6 tru6'c mat de vliQ't
qua va so dI n6 "c6 d6" la de
duQ'c vliQ't qua. Con nguo'i
vliQ't qua chinh minh la vliQ't
thoat nhung ranh gioi, rang
bu9c dang d�t ra cho minh.
Protagoras C6 nhung ong ba ti phu dang
1
Ket qua tham do tu Princeton dva tren 450.000 nguai cho thfry,
6 My, "nguai ta c6 sue kboe tinh thin t6t khi thu nh�p a muc
75.000 do la/nam, khong cao hon"! Xem: BBC (25.06.2015): TiJn
va hr,mh phuc: M<5i quan hi bi mqt.
196 • BUI VAN NAM �ON