Jaringan Selular
Jaringan Selular
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
SUSMINI INDRIANI LESTARININGATI, M.T
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Cellular
▸ Base Station
▸ Fixed transceiver that sends and receives signal from the mobile
device
DEFINISI SELULAR
▸ Sistem Selular adalah sistem komunikasi yang digunakan untuk memberikan layanan jasa
telekomunikasi bagi pelanggan bergerak.
▸ Disebut sistem selular karena daerah layanannya dibagi-bagi menjadi daerah yang kecil-
kecil yang disebut sel (cell)
▸ SIFAT : Pelanggan mampu bergerak secara bebas di dalam area layanan sambil
berkomunikasi tanpa terjadi pemutusan hubungan.
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CELLULAR SYSTEM
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CELL (SEL)
▸ Definisi: Area cakupan (coverage area) dari Radio Base Station
▸ Ukuran Sel:
▸ Sel berbentuk heksagonal ( atau bentuk yang lain ) hanya digunakan untuk mempermudah
penggambaran pada layout perencanaan
Realitas ?
Jauh berbeda ! Grid sel teoritik digunakan
untuk mempermudah penggambaran /
perencanaan
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
Rx
Rx
Tx
2. Sectoring 120
a. Menambah Kapasitas
b. Mengurangi Interferensi
3. Sectoring 60°
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
GEOMETRI SEL
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
JENIS SEL
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Channel Sharing
▸ Handover/handoff
-
▸ Propagation Attenuation is like d γ, 2<γ<6 (path loss exponent)
▸ Multipath fading
▸ Doppler spread
▸ Quality of service
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Tidak menggunakan frekuensi yang sama pada sel yang saling berdekatan
▸ Besarnya sel bervariasi dari 100m hingga 35 km bergantung dari kepadatan pengguna,
letak geografis, daya pengirim dan lain sebagainya
▸ Jika pengguna (mobile user) berpindah sel: maka terjadi handover ke sel tetangga
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Tighter reuse
▸ higher capacity
PERENCANAAN FREKUENSI
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
GSM Cluster - 3
CDMA
1 2
a a
1 2 3 4 5 a a a a a
3 4 5 6 7 a a a a a
6 7 1 2 a a a a
Cluster - 1
3 4 5 a a a
6 7 Cluster - 2 a a
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
Alasan
‣ Keterbatasan spektrum frekuensi
Parameter Dasar
‣ Frequency reuse
‣ Konsep Handoff
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
PARAMETER DASAR
▸ Konsep Frequency Re-use memungkinkan penggunaan
frekuensi yang sama pada sel yang berbeda , diluar
jangkauan interferensinya. Parameter yang menjadi ukuran
adalah perbandingan daya sinyal / carrier terhadap total
daya interferensinya
FREQUENCY REUSE
F3 Reuse frekuensi
F3
F1
2 2
1 1
3 3
2
1 Reuse frekuensi
3
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
5. Co-channel interference.
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
1 1 1 3
3 3 4 2
reuse 2 2 1 3
reuse 1
1 3 4
3 4 reuse
reuse
Z2 = i2 + j2 - 2ij.cos 120o
Z2 = i2 + j2 + 2.i.j (0,5)
i,j = 0,1,2,3, ... Z2 = i2 + j2 + i.j
sel referensi Z2 K ---- K = ukuran cluster
K = i2 + j2 + i.j
0 z
j=2 60
120
0 j Untuk
i=1
i = 1 dan j=1 K=3
i i = 1 dan j=2 K=7
i = 0 dan j=2 K=4
i = 2 dan j=0 K=4
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
1 6 2
3 1 6
5 3
2 2 4
N = i + ij + j 2 7 4 5
▸ Ukuran Cluster:
1 6 2 7
3 D1co 6 2
4 5 3 1
2 7 4 5 3
R 7
6 2 4
Dco / R = 3N 3
5
1
3
6
1
2
7 4 5 3
2
4
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CONTOH #1
1
1 3 1
2
utk i = 1 dan j = 1 !K = 3
2 3
1 2 3 • i=1,j=1
• K = 12 + 12 + 1.1 = 3
1
1 2 3
• S u m b e r i n t e r f e r e n s i
2 3 2
maksimum = 6.
3
1
2 3
Kluster
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CONTOH #2
i = 0, j = 2
K = i 2 + ij + j2 = 4
Q = 3K = 3,46
Kluster
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CONTOH #3
Kluster
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CONTOH #4
Kluster
i = 2, j = 2
K = i 2 + ij + j2 = 12
Q = 3K = 6
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
CONTOH #5
i = 3, j = 2
K = i 2 + ij + j2 = 19
Q = 3K = 7,55
Cluster
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
F1 F2 F3
F2
F1
F2 F3
F1 F3
CELL SPLITTING
▸ Untuk menaikkan kapasitas, operator menggunakan teknik pemecahan cel (Cell Splitting
F3 F2 F2
titik A
Sinyal interferensi = I
▸ Daya carrier terhadap daya interferensi (C/I) harus tetap lebih besar atau
sama dengan C/I minimum yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem selular yang relevan
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
C/I MINIMUM
▸ C/I minimum bergantung pada sistem selular yang diimplementasikan
4
C 1 &D# AMPS, C/I = 18 dB
= $ !
I N %R" 2
C 9K 63 N 63.6
D = K= = = 6,48 = 7
= 3K I N 9 9
R
GSM, C/I = 12 dB
R 16 N 16.6
K= = = 3,26 ≈ 4
9 9
D N = Number of cell interference
K = Cluster Size
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
HANDOVER
▸ Handover adalah proses pengalihan kanal traffic pada MS yang sedang
digunakan untuk berkomunikasi tanpa terjadinya pemutusan hubungan
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Handover is the process of transfer of user traffic channels at the time of active
users without termination and without intervention from the user.
▸ Handoff is no different except that the term handoff handover used in the U.S., while
the term handover is used in Europe.
▸ Events hand over (HO) 'generally' occur because movement of the MS so that out of
the scope of coverage of the cell of origin and entry of new cells.
F1 F2 F3
MS movement
HO HO
F1 ke F2 F2 ke F3
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
HANDOVER PROCESS
▸ Handover is a facility in celullar system to guarantee
communication continously if customer move from one cell
to other cell.
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
Measurement
Decision.
Execute
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
▸ Trafik pada sel terlalu tinggi sehingga beberapa MS dialihkan ke sel yang lain
▸ 2 Tahapan handoff:
1. Tahap Monitoring
• Mengukur kuat sinyal dan melihat adanya kemungkinan radio link alternatif
JENIS-JENIS HANDOVER
▸ Internal Handover (dikontrol oleh BSC)
1. Intra-cell Handover
2. Inter-cell Handover
JENIS HANDOVER
Intra Cell Inter Cell
f 1, TS 1 BTS
BTS BSC Handover
the transfer BSC performed
f 2, TS 2 relationship MSC
transfer relationship to a Handover between different
BTS
different channel on the performed basestation in a
same single base station.
single BSC
MSC
BSS
displacement MSC - A MSC - B
the transfer of the MSC
relationships
relations between that occur in
the BSC in a single 2 different
MSC. BSS MSC subsequent MSC - C
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
SIM
old LAI
Roaming
Handover
SIM
old LAI
PENGANTAR TELEKOMUNIKASI
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Teknik Telekomunikasi 44
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Measurement:
connection quality & strength, Measurement report
distance measurement (TA)
BTS
Measurement value processing
Measurement (averaging, limit values,..)
report
HO
decision
Evaluation list
Handover BSC (suitable BTSs for HO...)
Decision Initiation of HO type
BSC/ Handover
MSC
Teknik Telekomunikasi 45
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
BSC
VLR
cell B MSC (A) BTS
→ MSC (B)
BTS
VLR
B BTS
BTS
MSC (B) A
BTS
Level:
BTS cell A
cell B BTS
BSC
cell C
C
BTS BTS
1. BSC: HO necessary
2. Parallel connection setup
3. MS changes phys. channel
4. Original connection released
Teknik Telekomunikasi 46
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Handover in CDMA
MS
Cell-A Cell-B
Active set
Ec/I0
2 pilot A & B
Active set 1 pilot B
Active set 1 pilot A
Start T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_DROP
Jarak
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Teknik Telekomunikasi 47
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
• MS is only serviced by cell A and active set consists only of pilots A. MS measuring the pilot B
(Ec / Io), acquired a tendency> T_ADD. MS sends a message the measured pilot B and B
move from pilot status to the candidate neighbor set.
• the MS receives a message from cell A cell B contains the PN offset and Walsh code allocation
for the TCH and MS start communications using the TCH tsb.
• MS B move the pilot status of the candidate set to the active set, the MS sends a handoff
message complited. Now there are 2 active pilots.
• Timer achieve the T_TDROP, MS send PSMM (pilot strength measurement message)
• the MS receives a handoff direction message, the message contains only the PN offset of cell
B (without PN offset cell A).
• A pilot status of MS move from active set into the neighbor sets
Teknik Telekomunikasi 48
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Two
Two main
main types
Types of handover
of Handoff
MS
MS
Cell 1 Cell 1
Cell 2 Cell 2
Teknik Telekomunikasi 49
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Hard Handover
• A call in progress redirected not only from a base station to another base station but also
from its current transmit–receive frequency pair to another frequency pair
• An ongoing call can not exchange data or voice for this duration
Teknik Telekomunikasi 50
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Soft Handoff
• Mobile station at the boundary of two adjacent cells─ does not suffer call drops due to
handover in the boundary region
• Soft handover does not require breaking of the radio link for cell-to-cell transfer of a call. A
mobile device can be simultaneously connected to several base stations
Teknik Telekomunikasi 51
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
• Softer handoff: the transfer service from one sector to another within a single cell. The
direction of down-link with soft handoff is the up-link selection process occurs in the BTS.
Sektor B
BSC
Sektor A Sektor C
Teknik Telekomunikasi 52
Jartelinfo @lestariningati
Summary
• Handover when the mobile device moves out of the range of one cell (base station) and a
different base station can provide it with a stronger signal or when present cell traffic high
Teknik Telekomunikasi 53