bahan baku
Reaktan : C4H10O2
Basis (nA0) : 100 kgmol/jam
komposisi : 99.5 C4H10O2
0.5 H2O
kebutuhan reaktan :
C4H10O2 = nA0 x BM C4H10O2
= 100 kgmol/jamx 90.122 kg/kgmol
= 9012.2 kg/jam
H2O = 0.5/99.5 xmassa C4H10O2
= 0.5/99.5 x 9012.2 kg/jam
= 45.287 kg/jam
= 2.514 kgmol/jam
C3H6 (umpan + recycle)
komposisi (%) : 99.5 C3H6
0.5 C3H8
mol C3H6 (nB0)= 2 x mol C4H12O
= 2 x 100 kgmol/jam
= 200 kgmol/jam
massa C3H6 = nB0 x BM C3H6
= 200 kgmol/jamx 42.081 kg/kgmol
= 8416.2 kg/jam
massa C3H8 = 0.5/99.5 x massa C3H6
= 0.5/99.5x 8416.2kg/jam
= 42.292 kg/jam
= 0.959 kgmol/jam
MoO3
komposisi (%) : 99.99 MoO3
0.01 H2O
perbandingan mol MoO3 dengan C4H10O2:
dari data patent didapat : 0.0139 :1
mol MoO3 = 0.0139 x mol C4H10O2
= 0.139 x 100 kgmol/jam
= 1.389 kgmol/jam
BM MoO3 = 143.938 kg/kgmol
massa MoO3 = mol MoO3 x BM MoO3
= 0.1 kgmol/jam x 143.938 kg/kgmol
= 200 kg/jam
H20 = 0.01/99.99 x massa MoO3
= 0.01/99.99 x 14.394 kg/jam
= 0.020 kg/jam
= 0.001 kgmol/jam
Neraca Massa Total di Mixer
Komponen Masuk Keluar
kgmol/jam kg/jam kgmol/jam kg/jam
C4H10O2 100.000 9012.2 100.000 9012.2
H2O 2.515 45.307 2.515 45.307
MoO3 1.389 200.000 1.389 200.000
total 103.904 9257.507 103.904 9257.507
Tickener
Umpan
Komponen masuk
Fasa kgmol/jam kg/jam
C3H6 L 102 4,292.262
C3H8 L 1 42.292
C3H6O L 98 5,691.840
C4H10O L 98 7,264.054
C4H10O2 L 2 180.244
H2O L 3 45.307
MoO3 S 1 200.000
total 304.864 17715.9999014977
arus bawah :
H2O = 11.327 kg/jam
= 0.629 kgmol/jam
MoO3 (solid) = 200.000 kg/jam
1.389 kgmol/jam
slurry = 400.000 kg/jam
cairan = 200.000 kg/jam
keluar
umpan arus atas arus bawah
Komponen kgmol/jam kg/jam kgmol/jam kg/jam kgmol/jam kg/jam
C3H6 102.000 4,292.262 99.697 4,195.349 2.303 96.913
C3H8 0.959 42.292 0.937 41.338 0.022 0.955
C3H6O 98.000 5,691.840 95.787 5,563.327 2.213 128.513
C4H10O 98.000 7,264.054 95.787 7,100.043 2.213 164.011
C4H10O2 2.000 180.244 1.955 176.174 0.045 4.070
H2O 2.515 45.307 1.257 22.654 1.257 22.654
MoO3 1.389 200.000 0.000 - 1.389 200.000
295.421 17098.885 9.442 617.115
total 304.864 17,716.000 304.864 17,716.000
bottom :
C3H6 = umpan - C3H6 distilat
= 4292.262 - 4270.801 kg/jam
= 20.977 kg/jam
= 0.49848499 kgmol/jam
C3H8 = umpan - C3H8 distilat
= 42.292 - 21.461 kg/jam
= 20.361 kg/jam
= 0.462 kgmol/jam
C3H6O = C3H6O umpan
= 5563.327 kg/jam
= 96 kgmol/jam
C4H10O = C4H10O umpan
= 7100.043 kg/jam
= 96 kgmol/jam
C4H10O2 = C4H10O2 umpan
= 176.174 kg/jam
= 2 kgmol/jam
H20 = H2O umpan
= 22.654 kg/jam
= 1.257 kgmol/jam
BM Persamaan Antoine
Komponen kg/kmol A B C ln p p, mmHg P, atm
C3H6 42.081 15.7027 1807.53 -26.15 10.908190716 54621.9293 71.87095957
C3H8 44.097 15.726 1872.46 -25.16 10.772271065 47680.1795 62.73707822
C3H6O 58.08 15.3227 2107.58 -64.87 9.0924173939 8887.64504 11.69426979
C4H10O 74.123 16.8548 2658.29 -95.5 8.2141694133 3692.90767 4.85908904
C4H10O2 90.122 16.0241 2869.79 -53.15 7.8247 2501.63551 3.291625668
H2O 18.015 18.3036 3816.44 -46.13 7.61389074 2026.14599 2.665981565
MoO3 143.938 0 0 0 0 0 0
19901.7405 26.18650064
menentukan densitas
Cp 25 C Cp, j/mol.K kg/kmol Cp, j/kg.K Cp, kj/kg.K Xi, fraksi berat
1.03E+05 1.34E+05 42.081 3.19E+06 3.19E+03 2937.139859 0.24228167 7.72E+02
1.18E+05 2.51E+05 44.097 5.69E+06 5.69E+03 28.940189763 0.00238725 1.36E+01
121462.573 1.52E+05 58.08 2.62E+06 2.62E+03 3894.8531416 0.32128246 8.43E+02
219356.866 2.79E+05 74.123 3.77E+06 3.77E+03 4970.6990257 0.41002789 1.54E+03
132875.63 1.58E+05 90.122 1.75E+06 1.75E+03 123.33865844 0.01017408 1.78E+01
7.54E+04 7.69E+04 18.015 4.27E+06 4.27E+03 31.003299786 0.00255743 1.09E+01
0.00E+00 143.938 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 136.85743596 0.01128923 0.00E+00
2.13E+07 2.13E+04 12122.83161 1 3.20E+03
7.65E+02
menentukan densitas cairan campuran
komponen ρ (kg/m3) F V F V
C3H6 159.488 5759.09776 36.10984481 2937.139859 18.416020856
C3H8 162.21615 28.9401898 0.178405108 28.940189763 0.178405108
C3H6O 665.3936864 0 0 3894.8531416 5.8534567151
C4H10O 649.1100668 0 0 4970.6990257 7.6577136602
C4H10O2 773.8990236 6166.93292 7.968653188 123.33865844 0.1593730638
H2O 924.5849605 31.0032998 0.033532126 31.003299786 0.0335321264
ρ= 270.6221808
ρ= 371.100008
µ tickener
tfilter = 25 C
298.15 K
komponen µ tickener tickener atas lb/ft.jam kg/m.jam
cP kgmol xi µ tickener 0.241909 0.13825496
C3H6 1.00E-01 68.2214 0.3375 0.0338 0.0081666066 0.00112907
C3H8 9.93E-02 0.6415 0.0032 0.0003 7.624566E-05 1.0541E-05
C3H6O 3.02E-01 65.5460 0.3242 0.0978 0.0236514599 0.00326993
C4H10O 4.24E+00 65.5460 0.3242 1.3752 0.3326838446 0.04599519
C4H10O2 1.00E+00 1.3377 0.0066 0.0066 0.0016007445 0.00022131
H2O 9.11E-01 0.8605 0.0043 0.0039 0.0009383752 0.00012974
MoO3 2.15E+03 - 0 0 0
202.153061 1 1.5175842009 0.3671172764 0.05075579
0.3565 0.0862405585 1.1923E-05
130 128
403.15 401.15
1000
x y 800
f(x) = − 1.91795682790101 x + 932.733932545173 Column B
600 R² = 1 Linear (Column
B)
400
200
1000
800
87.9 764.146 f(x) = − 1.91795682790101 x + 932.733932545173 Column B
364.76 233.140 600 R² = 1 Linear (Column
403.15 159.4883 B)
400
200
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
x y
85.44 727.419
369.82 221.510 800
403.15 162.216 700
f(x) = − 1.77899085637792 x + 879.416398505683
600 R² = 1
500 Column B
Linear (Column
400 B)
300
200
100
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Panas Laten
(Reid, Prausnitz, ed 3, p 195)
∆H = T ∆Vv [(397 ∑nP/1512 ∂T)-(7 ∑n^3P/216 ∂T)]
T ∆Vv =(∆Zv RT^2)P
∆Z = 1
1 atm = 760 mmHg
T, C T, K Ln P P mmHg P atm n ∑n^3 P
240 513.15 10.1317016 25127.08383 33.061952401 -3 ∑nP -892.672715
235 508.15 10.0432649 23000.35546 30.263625605 -2 -99.185857 -242.109005
230 503.15 9.95289325 21012.93013 27.648592272 -1 -46000.711 -27.6485923
225 498.15 9.86052226 19158.89275 25.209069405 0 -21012.93 0
220 493.15 9.7660849 17432.38392 22.937347258 1 0 22.93734726
215 488.15 9.66951104 15827.60814 20.825800183 2 17432.3839 166.6064015
210 483.15 9.57072736 14338.84207 18.86689746 3 31655.2163 509.4062314
68.9947053 43016.5262 -463.480332
24991.2995
(∆Zv.R.T^2)/P = 4023.675
∆H = 5292652.913 kal/mol.K
Saturated Steam
T, C Hv HL kjoule/kg
224 2800.9 962.2
225 2801.15 971.55
226 2801.4 980.9
Superheated Steam
T, C Hv HL
225 2711.6 520.705
kg/m3
367.4175
375.1170
747.9786
717.8309
830.2118
975.4938
4,922.8019
kj/kg.K
Btu/lb.F
9.21E-03
5.61E-05
3.64E-02
9.12E-02
0.00E+00
5.50E-04
0.00E+00
0.1374449
Column B
Linear (Column
B)
Column B
Linear (Column
B)
Column B
Linear (Column
B)
Yf
0
0
0.00258945
0.01292078
6.68056E-05
#NUM!
#NUM!
#NUM!
°C
K
50 °C
0.687
thickener 25
298.15
komp mmHg atm
C3H6 9.057369 8581.544 11.29151
C3H8 8.866921 7093.406 9.333429
C3H6O 6.288149 538.1564 0.708101
C4H10O 3.737159 41.97855 0.055235
C4H10O2 4.310671 74.49049 0.098014
H2O 3.160199 23.57528 0.03102
MoO3 0 0 0
16353.15 21.5173
0.812858
MD-01 268.4841 K
kg/m3
C3H6 0.258437 258.437
c3H8 0.24501 245.0099
Tangki C3H6
2.13E+07 j/mol.K
2.13E+04 kj/mol.K
60 °C 70 °C 80 °C
Arus ke bawah
Komponen rho (kg/m^3) kg/jam m^3/jam
C6H12O6 1,412.1896 83.3321077339 0.0590
H2O 975.6407 143.055636892 0.1466
NaCl 1,908.4855 0.09302354317 0.0000
Na2CO3 2,941.5094 0.06940321129 0.0000
C6H10O5 1,333.4478 1677.05140316 1.2577
Total 1903.6016 1.4634
Desain perancangan
umpan :
Fv = 57.870 m3/jam
total umpan masuk = 462.963 m3/jam
konsentrasi padatan : 727.080 kg/m3
diameter C6H10O5 : 0.015 mm
overflow :
Fv = 42.980 m3/jam
konsentrasi padatan = 0 kg/m3
konsentrasi cairan = 22.700 kg/m3
underflow :
Fv = 1.463 m3/jam
konsentrasi padatan = 1.146 kg/m3
hindered settling
v = ( ρs-ρl ).g.D^2 .Fs (Brown, eq17)
18.μl
ρs = 1,333.448 kg/m3
ρl = 975.641 kg/m3
µl = 0.002 kg/m.jam
Dp = 0.0000150 m
g= 9.8 m/s2
127008000 m/jam2
Fs = 1 (untuk vmax)
v= 337.29250002 m/jam
5.62154167 m/mnt
luas penampang
A= Q (F-D) (Brown, eq49)
ρR
Q=massa padatan
F = massa cairan / massa padatan di feed
D = massa cairan/ massa padatan di under flow
R = rate of settling
ρ = densitas cairan
Q= 1,903.602 kg/jam
F= 0.494
D= 0.135
R= 337.29250002 m/jam2
ρ= 975.641 kg/m3
A= 15.1113 m2/jam
feed overflow
4.39 m
6.618 m
0.893 m
underflow
Komponen Input (kg/jam) Output (kg/jam)
Larutan Padatan
C6H12O6 16666.666667 16480.49 186.1765
H2O 42306.746005 42172.51 134.2403
NaCl 67.85445205 67.63915 0.215304
Na2CO3 50.625 50.46437 0.160634
C6H10O5 3750 0 3750
Total 62841.89212 62841.89
975.64072 H2O
1908.4855 NaCl
2941.5094 Na2CO3
1333.4478 C6H10O5
928.26577 HCl
1412.1896 C6H12O6
1887.5268 NaOH
Neraca Massa
Komponen Input (kg/jam) Output (kg/jam)
Larutan Padatan
C6H12O6 18969.9428854 18886.611 83.33210773
H2O 42076.4183827 41933.363 143.0556369
NaCl 67.8544520548 67.761429 0.093023543
Na2CO3 50.625 50.555597 0.069403211
C6H10O5 1677.05140316 0 1677.051403
Total 62841.8921233 62841.892
62,841.892
0.60629751519
0.00168415976
337292.5
#DIV/0! 0.0000
15.1113
#DIV/0!
235.883
3575.64071554
540.292500016
Arus keluar Thickner
liquid sebagai hasil atas ke Evaporator
Komponen Input (kg/ja Output (kg/jam)
Larutan Padatan
C6H12O6 16666.667 16665.514 1.1526815
H2O 42306.746 42305.917 0.8293478
NaCl 67.854452 67.853122 0.0013302
Na2CO3 0.4775943 0.477585 9.362E-06
C6H10O5 23.148148 0 23.148148
Total 59041.745 59041.745
Filter (F)
A. Neraca Massa
B. Data - Data
Dirancang : Waktu pengambilan cake dan bongkar - pasang alat tp = 149.73102322 menit
Diketahui : Rasio volum pencuci dan volum filtrat k= #DIV/0!
Dimensi
Ukuran standar yang ada dipasaran berkisar antara (4 x 4) in^2 sampai dengan (61 x 71) in^2 (Perry, 1984: hal. 19-75)
Dipilih : Ukuran standar P= 4 in
L= 4 in
Nf = 15.690256495 buah
A = 251.04410392 in^2 = 1.743361833 ft^2
Volum filtrat optimum
√
2
t p A (− ΔP )
V f , opt = = #DIV/0! ft^3 = #DIV/0! m^3
C v ( 1+2 k )
Sehingga : 2
Cv V f , opt
t f , opt = = #DIV/0! menit
A 2 (−ΔP )
2
Cv V f , opt
t f , opt =
A 2 (−ΔP )
Tebal Frame
Luas frame total = luas cake A = 1.7433618327 ft^2
Ketebalan frame berkisar antara 0.125 - 8 in (Perry, 1984: hal. 19-75)
ρL x Vf
Lf = (Brown : hal. 243)
[ ρ S ( 1−x ) (1−X )−ρ L xX ] A
Diperoleh : Lf = #DIV/0! in
Dipakai : Lf = 0.25 in
Waktu pencucian
Secara teoritis, laju pencucian sama dengan laju filtrasi pada saat akhir jika menggunakan beda tekanan yang
sama dengan proses filtrasi, dimana :
dt w dt 2C V
= f |V =V = 2 v f = #DIV/0! dtk/ft^3
dV w dV f f f A (−ΔP )
Sehingga : t w =t 3 =
( )
dt w
V
dV w w
= #DIV/0! detik = #DIV/0! menit
Agar proses di dalam filter berjalan secara kontinyu maka diperlukan : nf = tc / tf = #DIV/0! buah filter
PEMANAS
Sebagai pemanas digunakan steam jenuh dengan suhu 437 oF dan tekanan 367.5 psia
λ= 2801.15 kj/kg
= 669.0434729 kkal/kg
= 1204.2788115 Btu/lb
( T 1 -t 2 )−( T 2 -t 1 )
LMTD=
( )
T 1 -t 2
ln
T 2 -t1
91.967382 °C = 197.5413 °F
=
c. Menghitung koefisien transfer panas (UD)
Dari tabel 8, hal 840 Kern dapat diketahui fluida panas adalah steam dan fluida dingin, light organics
Dalam sistem pemanas, maka nilai UD =100 - 200 Btu/ft2.jam.°F
Diambil : UD = 200 Btu/ft2.jam.°F
6. tinggi jaket
Zj = Lj + Bj = 243.8309 in
G. Perancangan Nozzle Pipa Umpan dan Produk
Fungsi : Memisahkan Propylene dari Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide, Propylene Oxide dan Tert Butyl Alkohol.
Jenis : Plate Column
Tujuan : 1. Menentukan kondisi operasi
2. Menentukan tipe bahan konstruksi kolom
3. Menghitung jumlah plate
4. Menentukan dimensi kolom.
Dirancang : MD menggunakan kondenser total, dimana uap keluar top menara diembun-
kan seluruhnya. Sebagian diambil sebagai distilat dan sebagian dikembalikan
ke menara sebagai refluks. Cairan distilat berada pada kondisi uap jenuh.
Kondisi operasi bawah menara terjadi pada keadaan Bubble point (titik didih), Σ yi = Σ(ki.xi) = 1
maka Σ yi = Σxi*ki
Kondisi operasi : P = 5.5 atm = 4180.0000 mmHg
T= 111.0947 °C = 384.2447 K
Hasil atas menara distilasi diharapkan sebagian besar Propylene, sedangkan hasil bawah diharapkan
sebagian besar Propane.
Diinginkan sebanyak 99 %-mol Propylene berada di hasil atas, dan 1 %-mol Propane berada di hasil atas.
Sehingga,
Dipilih : Light Key Component (LK) = Propylene
Heavy Key Component (HK) = Propane
αD = Klk/Khk
= 1.2376
αB = Klk/Khk
= 1.154427428539
Asumsi : Komponen yang lebih ringan dari LK (tdk ada) akan terdistribusi seluruhnya di hasil
atas, sedangkan komponen yang lebih berat dari HK (air) akan terdistribusi
seluruhnya di hasil bawah.
Asumsi :
1. Tekanan sepanjang menara tetap.
2. Aliran cairan dan uap sepanjang menara dianggap
tetap (equimolar overflow).
3. Relatif volatilitas dianggap konstan sepanjang menara.
4. Terjadi kesetimbangan di tiap plate.
Neraca Massa
Total : F=D+B
Komponen : zfi.F = xdi.D + xbi.B
Kesetimbangan yi = Ki.xi
Ki = Pio / P
Pemilihan LK dan HK serta derajat pemisahan yang diinginkan perlu di cek dengan persamaan Shiras et al.
Jika pemilihan sudah benar maka asumsi di atas dapat digunakan (asumsi benar).
(Treybal, 1981: 435)
x id α i−1 x lk , d D α lk −α i x hk , d D
= +
zif α lk −1 z lk ,d F α lk −1 z hk ,d F
Dimana : x id
< -0.01 komponen i tidak terdistribusi
zif (ada di hasil bawah semua)
x id
> 1.01 komponen i tidak terdistribusi
zif (ada di hasil atas semua)
x id
0.01 < < 0.99 komponen i terdistribusi di hasil atas
zif dan hasil bawah
x id
Komponen α z if Keterangan
H2O 4.47E-03 -4.859926625 tidak terdistribusi
Tabulasi Perhitungan
Trial : θ = 1.001532
α x
∑ α i−θid =Rm +1 (Coulson and Richardson, 1983 : 421)
i
Dengan : Rm = minimum reflux ratio
xid = konsentrasi komponen i di distilat.
αi = volatilitas relatif komponen i
αi ini diambil sebagai rata-rata geometris αi di distilat dan bottom.
Rm + 1 = 3.0699
Rmin = 2.0699
Refluks operasi optimum berkisar antara (1.2 - 1.5) kali refluks minimum.
(Coulson and Richardson, 1983 : 392)
R = 1.5 Rmin
= 3.1048
N m=
log
[( ) ( ) ]
x LK
x HK d
x HK
x LK b
log α LK
Dengan : αlk = volatilitas relatif rata-rata komponen LK = 1.1953
Nm = 3.8852
= 4
([ 11+117 . 7X ) ( X ) ]
N−N m 1+54 . 4X X−1
Y = =1−exp
N+ 1 0 .5
([ 11+117 . 7X ) ( X ) ]
N−N m 1+54 . 4X X−1
Y = =1−exp
N+ 1 0 .5
μa = 0.4124 cp
Dimana : μa = Viskositas rata-rata molar cairan, mNs/m^2 (dihitung dari suhu rata-rata)
αa = Volatilitas rata-rata komponen light key.
Eo = 60.9840 % = 0.6098
[( )( )( ) ]
2
Nr B Xf, Hk Xb, Lk
Log =0 . 206 Log (Coulson and Richardson, 1983 : 422)
Ns D Xf,Lk Xd,Hk
Dimana :
Nr : Jumlah plate umpan dihitung dari atas (top)
Ns : Jumlah plate umpan dihitung dari bawah (bottom)
(Nr/Ns) = 7.1588
Ns = Np / ((Nr / Ns) +1) = 0.9279
Nr = Np - Ns = 6.6423
Asumsi :
Lo
D
Enriching V L
Section
F
Aliran cairan dan uap sepanjang menara dianggap
Lo tetap (Equimolar Overflow).
D
Enriching V L
Section
Sehingga, L = Lo
F
Lo = R.D
Stripping
Section
V’ L’
L' = L + F = Lo + F
B
V = V'
L = 211.7668216824 kmol/jam
V= 279.9726 kmol/jam
[ ]
0.5
( ρL−ρv )
Uv =(0 .171l S +0 . 27l S −0 . 047)
2
ρv
[ ]
0.5
( ρL−ρv )
Uv =(0 .171l S +0 . 27l S −0 . 047)
2
ρv
Uv
Dc =
√
4 Vw
π . ρ v .u v
= kecepatan uap masuk yag diijinkan bdasarkan luas tampang total menara, m/s
Vw = kecepatan uap/cairan maksimum, m/s
ls = plate spacing, m
Dc = Diameter kolom, m
Enriching section
Densitas Cairan ( ρL)
Komponen yi ρ (kg/m3) yi . ρ
C3H6 0.9952 552.3087 549.6728
C3H8 0.0048 536.3181 2.5596
Total 1.0000 552.2324
Uv = 0.4028 m/s
Vw = 117.8340 kg/jam
= 0.0327 kg/s
Dc = 0.1041 m
= 0.3415 ft
Stripping section
Densitas cairan ( ρL)
Komponen xi ρ (kg/m3) xi . ρ
C3H6 0.3352 228.3298 76.5469
C3H8 0.0032 218.3534 0.6917
C3H6O 0.3253 337.1598 109.6906
C4H10O 0.3253 294.4804 95.8054
C4H10O2 0.0066 345.0394 2.2909
H2O 0.0043 403.3778 1.7228
Total 1.0000 77.2386
Uv = 0.1278 m/s
Vw = 54515.5281 kg/jam
15.1432 kg/s
Dc = 3.6234 m
11.8879 ft
2. Perancangan plate
Enriching Section Stripping Section
- Diameter coloumn = 0.1041 m 3.6234
- Luas penampang coloumn (Ac) = 0.0085 m2 10.3064
- Luas downcomer (Ad) = 0.12 Ac = 0.0010 m2 1.2368
- Luas net area (An) = Ac - Ad = 0.0075 m2 9.0697
- Luas active area (Aa) = Ac - 2 Ad = 0.0065 m2 7.8329
- Luas hole area (Ah) = 0.1 Aa = 0.0006 m2 0.7833
a. Panjang Weir
Panjang weir (tw) merupakan fungsi Ad/Ac yang telah digrafikan (fig 11.31, Coulson)
untuk : Ad = 0.12ac, didapat tw/Dc = 0.76
Seksi Enriching Seksi Striping
tw = 0.0791 m tw = 2.7538
Dalam perancangan dipilih
Take weir height (hw) = 50 mm = 0.05 m (Coulson, p 463, 465)
Hole diameter (Dh) = 5 mm = 0.005 m
Plate thickness / tebal plate = 5 mm = 0.005 m
b. Check Weeping
Seksi Enriching
Kecepatan uap (v) = (R + 1) D = 2.7995 kg/jam 0.0008
Kecepatan cair (L) = R . D = 2.1175 kg/jam 0.0006
max Lw = 0.0006 kg/s
Turn Down Rate diambil = 0.8 (Coulson, p. 453)
How = West Crost, mm cairan
[ ]
2/3
Lw
max how = 750
ρ L . tw
= 0.4244 mm liquid
Min Lw = 0.3396 mm liquid
[ ]
2/3
Lw
min how = 750
ρ L . tw
= 29.4270 mm liquid
Uh min=
[ K 2 −0. 90 . ( 25. 4−dh ) ]
( ρv )0. 5
Uh min = 2.6675 m/s
Seksi Stripping
Kecepatan uap (v) = R . B = 625.5318 kg/jam 0.1738
Kecepatan cair (L) = v + B = 827.0028 kg/jam 0.2297
max Lw = 0.2297 kg/s
Turn Down Rate diambil = 0.7
How = West Crost, mm cairan
[ ]
2/3
Lw
max how = 750
ρ L . tw
= 7.8950 mm liquid
Min Lw = 5.5265 mm liquid
[ ]
2/3
Lw
min how = 750
ρ L . tw
= 65.7935 mm liquid
Uhmin=
[ K 2−0. 90 . ( 25. 4−dh ) ]
( ρv )0. 5
Uh min = 2.4608 m/s
kecepatan fase uap
Qv = (V . BM vapour) / ρv
= 3585.9555 m3/jam
= 0.9961 m3/s
[ ]
2
Uh ρv (coulson&Richarson p 468 pers 11.88)
Dry plate drop ( hd )= 51 . .
Co ρL
Uh = Kec uap melalui hole,m/s
Co = Koef dischange sieve plate
Co mrpk fungsi tebal plate, d hole dan perbandingan area hole dan active area
(coulson p.468)
Seksi Enriching
Kecepatan uap max melalui hole
Uh max = Qv/Ah
= 5.2998 m/s
Ah / Ap ≈ Ah / Aa = 0.1
Tebal Plate / dh = 1
Dari fig 11.34, p 467, coulson, diperoleh Co = 0.82
hd = 36.8527 mm liquid
3
12,5 . 10
Residu Head (hr ) =
ρL (Coulson&Richarson p 468 pers 11.89)
Hr = 22.6354 mm liquid
Seksi Stripping
Kecepatan uap max melalui hole
Uh max = Qv/Ah
= 1.2717 m/s
Ah / Ap ≈ Ah / Aa = 0.1
Tebal Plate / dh = 1
π
Luas satuan hole = .(dh2 )
4
= 0.000019625 mm2
Jumlah hole bawah
Ah / luas satuan hole 39913
1. Ts = tray spacing
2. Hb = downcomer back-up, diukur dr
permukaan plate,m
1
2 5 3. Hap = tinggi celah antara dinding
downcomer dgn plate
3 4
4. Hw = tinggi weir
5. How = ketinggian cairan diatas weir
Aap = Am
[
Lwd 2
]
(Coulson p 468 pers 11.92)
hdc =166 .
ρLAm
Dimana :
Lwd = Kec alir cairan pd Downcomer
Hdc = Head loss pd Downcomer
√
(Coulson p 460 pers 11.82)
ρv
F LV = Lw .
Vw ρL
Dimana :
Lw = Kec aliran cairan kg/s
Vw = Kec aliran uap kg/s
Flv = Faktor aliran cairan uap
(Coulson p 454 pers 11.81)
uf=k
Dimana :
ρV√
ρL - ρV
Seksi Enriching
Flv = 0.0995
Dari fig 11.27 coulson untuk tray spacing 0.45 maka k = 0.08
Karena maximal superfacial veloity terjadi pada keadaan floading maka :
uf = 0.6030 m/s
Agar tidak terjadi floading superfacial velocity 85%
uf = 0.5125 m/s
Seksi Stripping
Flv = 0.5101
Dari fig 11.27 coulson untuk tray spacing 0.45 maka k = 0.078
uf = 0.1865 m/s
Agar tidak terjadi floading superfacial velocity 85%
uf = 0.1585 m/s
c. Check Entrainment
% foading =
(UvUf ) 100 %
Uv = Qv / An
Seksi Enriching
Uv = 0.4577 m/s
% foading = 75.9091 %
Dari fig 11.29 coulson
% foading = 75.9091 dan Flv = 0.0995
ψ = 0.08
Syarat : ψ < 0.1 → memenuhi
Seksi Stripping
Uv = 0.1098 m/s
% foading = 69.2808 %
Dari fig 11.29 coulson
% foading = 69.2808 dan Flv = 0.5101
y = 0.0065 memenuhi
4. Menentukan Tebal Dinding Menara
a. Tebal Shell
Diameter menara
• Seksi Enriching = 0.1041 m
= 4.0984 in
Seksi Stripping
ts = 0.6976 in
= 0.0177 m
b. Tebal Head
Bentuk head = Torispherical Dished Head
(Brownell, pers.13.12)
0 .885 P . ri
+c
f . E - 0.1 P
th 0 .885 P . ri
= +c
f . E - 0.1 P
th = 0.4395 in
= 0.0112 m
OA b
icr B A
sf Dari tabel 5.6, Brownell, Straight Flange (sf)
ID
antara (1,5-2,5)
a OD Straight Flange(sf) = 2
Dari tabel 5.7, Brownell - Young, diperoleh :
r
C
Seksi enriching Seksi stripping
ri = 46 in 46 in
icr = 2 in 4 in
icr / OD = 0.0435 0.0870
(Brownell, P.87)
a = ID/2 = 2.0492 in 71.3273 in
AB = - icr = 0 in 67 1/3 in
BC = r - icr = 44 in 42 in
AC = (BC2 - AB2)1/2 = 44.0000 in #NUM! in
b = r - AC = 2.0000 in #NUM! in
Hh = th + b + sf = 4.4395 in #NUM! in
6. Nozzel
(R.K. Sinnot, Chem Eng Vol.6)
D opt = 226 Wm 0 . 5 ρ - 0 .35
dimana :
Dopt = Diameter optimum, mm
Wm = Kec. umpan masuk/keluar, kg/s
ρ = Densitas gas umpan, kg/m3
Komponen yi ρ (kg/m3) yi . ρ
C3H6 0.0000 868.00 0.0000
C3H8 0.0000 1,250.00 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 894.00 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000
SPESIFIKASI MD-01
kg/s
kg/s
(Coulson, p. 453)
h antara dinding
(Brownell, P.254)
(Brownell, pers.13.12)
l, Straight Flange (sf)
in
l - Young, diperoleh :
(Brownell, P.87)
. Sinnot, Chem Eng Vol.6)
ren lain agar memenuhi
A= 1.743362
(-AP) = 1060.89
Cv = #DIV/0!
k= #DIV/0!
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REAKTOR
A. Kinetika Reaksi
reaksi : C4H10O2 + C3H6 --------> C2H6O + C4H10O
A + B --------> R + S
kinetika reaksi tert-butyl Hydroperoxide (C4H10O2) cair dengan propylene (C3H6) cair
menggunakan katalisator molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) diadekati dengan persamaan :
-rA = k CA.
dengan : -rA = kecepatan pengurangan C4H10O2, kgmol/jam.m3 catalyst
k = konstanta reaksi katalitik, /jam
CA = konsentrasi C4H10O2. kgmol/dtk
konstanta kecepatan reaksi
dari data Kollar, J., 1967, US Patent diberikan data pendekatan proses epoksidasi
sebagai berikut :
−r = k C A
t dX
=∫ A
C Ao −r A
t X dX A
=∫0 A
CA 0 kC A
t X dX A
=∫0 A
CA 0 kC A (1− X A )
t 1 X A dX A
=
C A 0 kC A 0
∫ 0 (1− X A )
1
k = ln
t
1
[
1−X A ]
[ ]
1 1 C
k = ln =ln Ao
τ 1−X A CA
[ ]
1 1 C
k = ln =ln Ao
τ 1−X A CA
[ ]
1 1 C
k = ln =ln Ao
τ 1−X A CA
= 1.9560 /jam
kaidah teen degree's rule :
setiap kenaikan 10°C, harga k menjadi 2 x lipatnya
−E /RT
k =A e
ln k =ln A−E /RT
ln k =ln A−B/T
ln k 1 =ln A−B /T 1
ln k 2 =ln A−B /T 2
k
ln 1 =B −
k2
-0.69314718056 =
[
1 1
T1 T2 ] -6.3092111E-05 B
B= 1.099E+04
ln K1 = ln A + B/T1
-0.02223972823 = ln A - 2.794E+01
ln A = 2.792E+01
A = 1337721428514
maka diperoleh harga k = f(T)
k = 1337721428514 e^-(-1.099E+04/T)
B. Perancangan Reaktor
Model Matematis Perancangan Reaktor
Asumsi : 1. Isothermal
2. Pengadukan sempurna
3. Laju alir volumetrik tetap
4. Steady state
komponen ρ Fm Fw V
(kg/m3) (kgmol/jam) kg/jam m3/jam
C3H6 159.4883 136.8574 5,759.0978 36.1098
C3H8 162.2162 0.6563 28.9402 0.1784
C4H10O2 773.8990 68.4287 6,166.9329 7.9687
H2O 924.5850 1.7210 31.0033 0.0335
MoO3 4,881.5224 0.9508 136.8574 0.0280
total 6,901.7109 208.6142 12,122.8316 44.3185
Nr = waktu 1 batch
t pengisian
= t isi + t reaksi + t pengosongan + t cuci
t isi
t isi = 2.5+ t reaksi
t isi
= t reaksi
Nr - 2.5
t reaksi = 2 jam
Dianggap volume impeller 1% dari volume cairan, volume over design reaktor dirancang 20%
volume reaktor.
Jika dibuat tabel antara Nr, t isi, V cairan, V reaktor, dan harga total akan diperoleh jumlah
reaktor optimum.
tor
100
80
60
40
20
-
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Jumlah Reaktor
Waktu 1 batch :
t isi = 0.5714 jam
t reaksi = 2.0000 jam
t pengosongan = 0.5714 jam
t cuci = 0.2857 jam
Total = 3.4286 jam
1. Dimensi Reaktor
Diperoleh :
D=
√
3 12 kV
π (3 k .m+2 ) =
= 2.0775 m
6.8160 ft (6 - 64 ft)
L =mD = 8.3100 m
H = D/6 = 0.3463 m
Tebal Reaktor
Dipilih : Bahan konstruksi Stainless Steel SA 167 tipe 316
Spesifikasi : Max.Allowable Stress, f= 18750 psia
Efisiensi sambungan, E= 0.85
Corrosion Allowance, C= 0.125 in
Tekanan Perancangan
Pd = 1.2 Poperasi = 30 atm = 441 psia
Diperoleh : ts = 1.28 in
Dipilih : Ukuran standar, ts = 1.32 in
= 0.034 m
Tebal Head
Jenis : Ellipsoidal Dished Head
Spesifikasi : r = ID = 2.078 m
= 81.792 in
Pd . ID V
t h= (Brownell and Young, p 133, eq 7.57)
2 fE−0 . 2 P d
O
b = a/k = 19.474 in
OA b a = 1/2 ID = 40.896 in
icr B A
sf OA = b + sf + th = 22.874 in
ID
OD = ID + (2.ts) = 84.4318 in
a OD
r
Sehingga diperoleh tinggi head :
= 22.874 in
C
= 0.581 m
( )( )
2
π ID 3 sf (Brownell and Young, p 95, eq 5.14)
V head =0. 000076 ID +
4 12 12
Vhead = 47.854 ft^3 = 1.355 m^3
D. Perancangan Pengaduk
6. Banyaknya pengaduk :
WELH = ρ campuran x Dt = 0.615 m
ρ air
Jumlah pengaduk = WELH = 0.296
ID ≈ 1
Tenaga pengadukan 3 5
P=N p ρN Da
P= 9346.617 J/dtk
12.708 hp
Efisiensi Motor : em = 95 %
Komponen DHf 0
J/kmol
C3H6 2.04E+07
C3H8 -1.04E+08
C3H6O -9.28E+07
C4H10O -3.26E+08
C4H10O2 -2.43E+08
H2O -2.42E+08
MoO3 -7.45E+08
ΔH r0= ∑ v i ΔH f 0 − ∑ v i ΔH f 0
reak tan produk
DHr0 = 1.96E+08 J/kmol
Tf1 = 85 oC Produk
Tf1 = 85 oC HR, T
HR, T Produk o
Tf2 = 85 oC Tp = 85 C
Tf2 = 85 oC Tp = 85 oC
Qh
Qc Qh
Qc HR, Tb
HR, Tb
Tb = 25 oC
Tb = 25 oC
Umpan Cmp = Umpan campuran dari mixer
Umpan Cmp = Umpan campuran dari mixer
Komponen Cp Fm Fm.Cp
J/kmol.K kmol/jam J/jam.K
C3H6 segar 115,300 68.977 7,953,067.23
C3H6 recycle 115,300 69.797 8,047,627.81
C3H8 117,670 0.331 38,921.99
C3H6O 120,420 0 -
C4H10O - 0 -
C4H10O2 136,590 68.429 9,346,678.59
H2O 75,550 1.721 130,019.39
MoO3 - 0.951 -
Total 680,830 210.206 25,516,315.00
Qc 1 =∑ ( F mi C pi )1 (T b −T f 1 )
Qc 1 =∑ ( F mi C pi )1 (T b −T f 1 )
Qc 3 =∑ ( F mi C pi )3 (T b −T f 3 )
Qc3 = -8E+08 J/jam
Tp = 130 oC
Qh =∑ F mi C pi (T p −T b )
Qh = 4E+09 J/jam
Waktu (jam)
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5