Perhitungan pada reaksi terjadi di dalam reaktor berdasarkan stokiometri dan menggunakan satuan kmol.
Perhitungan stokiometri ini di buat berdasarkan kapasitas produk maka dapat diketahui data untuk
komponen lain , yaitu :
Reaksi :
C6H5CH2Cl + 0.5 Na2CO3 + 0.5 H2O C6H5CH2OH + NaCl + 0.5 CO2
m : 20.584 12.350 109.095
r : 18.525 9.263 9.263 18.525 18.525 9.263
s : 2.058 3.088 99.832 18.525 18.525 9.263
kg/jam 17.536 1309.135 1963.702 2000.753435 1083.7414 407.56088
bahan baku (kg/jam) produk (kg/jam)
C6H5CH2Cl + 0.5 Na2CO3 + 0.5 H2O C6H5CH2OH + NaCl + 0.5 CO2
2601.02 1303.7008 1963.7024 2000.753435 1083.7414 407.56088
5868.423898 3492.055765
Neraca Massa Input = Neraca Massa Output
1 3
M-101
Konversi = 90%
4
3 5
M-101
Konversi X
:A = 0.9
(1 - XA) = 0.1
0.5
Reaksi :
C6H5CH2Cl + 0.5 Na2CO3 + 0.5 H2O C6H5CH2OH + NaCl + 0.5 CO2
maka,
C6H5CH2Cl = nAo (1 - XA) = 2.050
Na2CO3 = nBo - 0,5 nAo XA
= 3.063
H2O = nCo - 0,5 nAo XA
= 99.931
C6H5CH2OH= nDo + nAo XA = 18.451
NaCl = nEo + nAo XA = 18.451
CO2 = nFo + nAo XA = 9.226
Tabel LA3. Neraca Massa Total di Reaktor
Masuk
Keluar
Komponen 3 4
kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam
C6H5CH2Cl - - 20.502 2593.446 2.050 259.34
Toluene - - 0.082 7.575 0.082 7.575
Na2CO3 12.289 1302.589 - - 3.063 324.67
H2O 109.156 1964.81 - - 99.931 1798.7514
C6H5CH2OH - - - - 18.451 1992.750
NaCl - - - - 18.451 1079.406
CO2 - - - - 9.226 405.931
Subtotal 121.445 3267.40 20.584 2601.02 151.254 5868.424
Total 5868.424 5868.424
Komponen kmol/jam A B C
C6H5CH2Cl 2.050 16.9517 4237.04 -41.65
Toluene 0.082 16.0137 3096.52 -53.67
H2O 99.931 18.3036 3816.44 -46.13
C6H5CH2OH 18.45139 17.5482 4384.81 -73.15
Total 120.515
Masuk Keluar
Komp
3 4 5 6
onen
kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam
C6H5CH2Cl 20.502 2593.45 0.0000402 0.00509 2.050 259.339
Toluene 0.082 7.575 0.0000100 0.00092 0.082 7.5740
Na2CO3 12.289 1302.589 0.000 0.000 3.063 324.66547
H2O 109.156 1964.814 0.020494 0.369 99.910 1798.3826
C6H5CH2OH 0.0001533 0.01656 18.45124 1992.7339
NaCl 0.000 0.000 18.45139 1079.4065
CO2 9.226 405.931 0.000 0.000
Subtotal 121.445 3267.40 20.584 2601.021 9.246 406.322 142.008 5462.102
Total 142.029 5868.424 151.254 5868.424 10924.204
3. Decanter (DC-101)
Fungsi :Untuk memisahkan Na2CO3, NaCl dan H2O dari komponen lainnya berdasarkan densitas
komponen.
6 8
DC-101
DC-101
Air merupakan senyawa polar, NaCl, Na2CO3 adalah senyawa polar dan dapat larut didalam air.
Benzil alkohol bersifat sedikit polar sehingga larut dalam air dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Benzil
klorida dan toluene adalah Senyawa non polar, sehingga senyawa BT tidak larut dalam air
4. Destilasi 1 (MD-101)
Fungsi : Untuk memisahkan benzil alkohol dari komponen lainnya di menara destilasi 1
9
8 MD-101
10
Data Properties
Berat Massa Komponen
Rumus Molekul BM (kg/kmol) 1 cal = 4.184 joule
Na2CO3 106.00 1 joule = 0.239 cal
H2 O 18.00
CO2 44.00
C6H5CH2Cl 126.50
C6H5CH2OH 108.00
NaCl 58.50
C6H5CH3 92.00
Kapasitas Panas solid
Komponen cp cal/K.mol cp kj/K.mol panas spesifik Na2CO3 at 30C panas pelarutan
Na2CO3 28.9 0.883 cal/mol.C 5.57 cal/kmol
perry perry 23305 kj/kmol
Kapasitas Panas Cairan kj/molK ( yaws,1999) perry,1999
Komponen A B C D
Na2CO3 121 - - - himmelblau,table E.1
H2O (l) 92.053 -4.00E-02 -2.11E-04 5.35E-07
C6H5CH2Cl 82.217 7.09E-01 -1.76E-03 1.87E-06
C6H5CH2OH 97.57 8.66E-01 -2.14E-03 2.17E-06
NaCl 95.016 -3.11E-02 9.68E-07 5.51E-09
CO2 - - - -
C6H5CH3 83.703 5.17E-01 -1.49E-03 1.973E-06
Kapasitas Panas gas kj/molK (yaws,1999)
Komponen A B C D E
Na2CO3 - - - -
H2O (l) 39.933 -8.42E-03 2.99E-05 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
C6H5CH2Cl -20.027 5.06E-01 -3.92E-04 1.48E-07 -2.2E-11
C6H5CH2OH -38.244 5.73E-01 -1.92E-04 -1.79E-07 1.22E-10
NaCl - - - - -
CO2 2.74E+01 4.23E-02 -1.96E-05 4.00E-09 -3E-13
C6H5CH3 -24.10 5.22E-01 -2.98E-04 6.12E-08 1.26E-12
Data entalpi pembentukan
Komponen ΔHf (kj/mol)
Na2CO3 -1131
H2O (l) -241.8
C6H5CH2Cl 18.7
C6H5CH2OH -86.4
NaCl -411.2
CO2 -393.5
C6H5CH3 50
Arus 2
ΔH2
ΔH1 ΔH3
M-101
Arus 1 Arus 3
Asumsi :
- Energi potensial diabaikan, Ep = 0
- Energi kinetik diabaikan, Ek = 0
- Tidak ada kerja yang masuk dan keluar sistem, W = 0
- kondisi adiabatis, sehingga dilakukan trial untuk menentukan suhu keluar
mol T masuk T keluar T referensi
masuk keluar C 30 C 59.80688 C 25
komponen
303.15 K 332.9569 K 298.15
Na2CO3 12.288578 12.2885782 komponen cp masuk cp keluar
H2O 109.156332 109.156332 Na2CO3 605 4211.632223
total 121.4449102 121.4449102 H2O 377.4863816 2619.664529
2. Heater 01
3. Heater 02
untuk memanaskan aliran umpan C6H5CH2Cl menuju reaktor
4
Reaktor
6
panas reaksi
Reaksi :
C6H5CH2Cl + 0.5 Na2CO3 + 0.5 H2O C6H5CH2OH + NaCl + 0.5 CO2
m : 20.584 12.350 109.095
r : 18.525 9.263 9.263 18.525 18.525 9.263
s : 2.058 3.088 99.832 18.525 18.525 9.263
ΔH = ΔH produk - ΔH reaktan
= -12863.1773 -12369.4729
= -493.7044357 kj/jam reaksi bersifat eksotermis
keluar
Komponen
kmol/jam Xi cp
C6H5CH2Cl 2.050 0.014436603 638.739903
Toluene 0.082 0.000579724 22.40304745
Na2CO3 3.063 0.02156836 778.1034076
H2O 99.910 0.703552435 24548.62501
C6H5CH2OH 18.451 0.129930898 6884.551998
NaCl 18.451 0.129931978 3503.877111
Total 142.008 1 36376.30048
R = 8.314 kj/kmol.k
K = cp cp
=
cv cp-R
= 1.00022861
K = K-1 0.0002
=
K
ΔH = 115.247
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑃2
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 𝑃1 −1 𝐸
T2 = 39.997
313.147
keluar
Komponen 8
kmol/jam cp Q
C6H5CH2Cl 2.050 2828.795316 5799.354374
Toluene 0.082 2379.357157 195.8819152
Na2CO3 3.063 1814.616648 5557.956309
H2O 99.910 1130.754505 112973.8429
C6H5CH2OH 18.451 3366.845734 62122.47696
NaCl 18.451 1286.189088 23731.98006
Total 142.008 210381.4925
masuk
Komponen 10
kmol/jam cp kj/jam
C6H5CH2Cl 2.050 25023.71331 51301.478
Toluene 0.082 21414.6511 1762.973
H2O 3.996 9566.731793 38232.541
C6H5CH2OH 17.713 29541.14722 523267.951
Total 23.842 614564.943
Aliran Top
keluar
Komponen 11
kmol/jam T CP Q
C6H5CH2Cl 2.030 424.33 25009.55907 50759.73578
Toluene 0.082 424.33 21402.1971 1761.947905
H2O 3.996 424.33 9561.489202 38211.58965
C6H5CH2OH 0.177 424.33 29524.61278 5229.750731
Total 6.285 95963.02407
Aliran Bottom
keluar
Komponen 12
kmol/jam T CP Q
C6H5CH2Cl 0.021 477.35 36530.05594 748.9079837
Toluene 0.000 477.35 31720.0915 0
H2O 0.000 477.35 13817.04342 0
C6H5CH2OH 17.536 477.35 42909.03204 752455.2749
0.38
Total 17.557 753204.1829 T T
H v H v ,b c
Tc Tb
Kondensor
komponen Tb Tc Hv,b(kj/kmol) HV Q,Lv(kj/kmol
C6H5CH2Cl 452.55 686 40580 42378.38629 180079.5395
Toluene 383.78 591.79 33590 30933.10491 5331.68959
H2O 373.15 647.13 39500 36514.98884 305525.4391
C6H5CH2OH 477.85 677 51660 56550.41777 20971.97033
Total 511908.6385
kondensor input
Komponen 12
kmol/jam T CP Q
C6H5CH2Cl 4.249 424.33 25009.55907 106273.7465
Toluene 0.172 424.33 21402.1971 3688.923948
H2O 8.367 424.33 9561.489202 80002.16567
C6H5CH2OH 0.371 424.33 29524.61278 10949.33208
Total 13.160 200914.1682
kondensor output
Komponen 12
kmol/jam T CP Q
C6H5CH2Cl 4.249 424.33 10418.88713 44273.23835
Toluene 0.172 424.33 10594.2377 1826.043232
H2O 8.367 424.33 11612.78352 97165.59955
C6H5CH2OH 0.371 424.33 12366.0173 4585.991724
Total 13.160 147850.8729
1. Mixer (M - 01)
Fungsi : Untuk melarutkan NaCO3 dengan H2O
volume mixer
Volume cairan = 69.60797255 ft3/jam
kelonggaran = 20 %
valume tangki = volume cairan x faktor kelonggaran
83.52956706 ft3
2.365405575 m3
624.8846911 gal
D = 1.261773978 m
H = D x 1.5
1.89266 m 6.2094421 ft
Tinggi Cairan dalam Mixer
Level fluida dalam tangki yakni 80 %
H cairan = level fluida x tinggi tangki
1.51413 m 4.96755368 ft
Tekanan Mixer
ρ campuran = 103.484 lb/ft3
P hidrostatis = ρ (H-1) (Brownell , Halaman 46)
144
= 2.85124 psi
tebal tangki
P tangki = 19.3064 psi
Jari jari = 24.2927 in
Allowable stresses = 18750 psi
joint efficiency = 0.8
faktor korosi = 0.125 in
Jumlah impeller
H cairan
jumlah impeller =
D tangki
= 1.5
= 2 impeller
P pengaduk = 0.31206 hp
171.632 lbf/ft.s
efisiensi motor = 0.8
P motor = P input
efisiensi motor
= 0.39007 hp
Dari Lange's Hand Book of Chemistry Charles G.Hill & HF Howard Vol. 1
Energi ikatan untuk C-Cl = 77.5 kkal/mol
Energi ikatan untuk Na-Na = 17.3 kkal/mol
Energi Aktivasi = 26.544 kkal/mol
26544 kkal/kmol
perhitungan laju reaksi menggunakan orde 2, berdasarkan patent US3557222,Hydrolisis of benzyl alcohol
maka
-ra = K.CA.CB
pers. Arrhenius
k = A exp ^ -(E/RT)
= 2.6315E+15 exp - ( 26544 / 1.987 x 418.15 ) m3.kmol/jam
= 35.1228758 m3/kmol.jam
waktu tinggal = Ѳ = V
V0
= 1.7517786 m3
4.5759209
= 0.3828254 jam
22.969522 menit
Lampiran C
Perancangan Alat
Perancangan Reaktor
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
Konsentrasi Reaktan
Feed BM F0
Komponen
(kg/jam) (kg/mol) (kmol/jam)
C6H5CH2Cl 2593.446 126.500 20.5015
Na2CO3 1302.589 106.000 12.2886
H2 O 1964.814 18.000 109.1563
Impurities :
C6H5CH3 7.575 92.000 0.0823
Total 5868.42 142.0288
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑉0 = V0 = 5868.4239
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 4.57592086
1282.4575
FA0 = 20.502 kmol/jam FB0 = 12.350 kmol/jam
CB = 0.669
Sehingga :
𝐹𝐴0 . 𝑋𝐴
𝑉=
𝑘. 𝐶𝐴 . 𝐶𝐵
V = 20.502 x 0.90
35.123 x ( 0.448 x 0.669 )
τ = 1.752 m3
4.576 m3/jam
* Volume tutup atas dan tutup bawah Torispherical flange and Dished
Head :
Vh = 0.000049 D3 (in3) (Brownell & Young, hal 88 eq. 5.11)
D = ID = 43.379 in
= 3.615 ft
= 1.102 m
Hs = 2 x ID
= 2 x 43.379
= 86.758 in = 7.230 ft = 2.204 m
Keterangan :
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft3)
= 1282.457 kg/m3 = 80.064 lb/ft3
g = 32.174 ft/s2
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
ts = 1846.861 + 0.125
25448.910
ts = 0.198 in
ts standard = 5 in = 0.3125 in
16 (Pressure Vessel Handbook,182)
th = 1634.472 + 0.125
12745.74
th = 0.253 in
th standard = 1 in = 0.3125 in
4 (Brownell & Young, 90-Tabel 5.7)
Lampiran C
Perancangan Alat
* AB = ID - icr = 18.064 in
2
* BC = r - icr = 56.375 in
* 𝑏 = 𝑟 − 𝐵𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵 2 = 6.598 in
* OA = th + b + sf = 9.410 in
OAhead = OA bottom = 9.410 in
= 0.784 ft
= 0.239 m
Keterangan :
* icr = inside-corner radius , in * a = inside radius, in
* sf = straight flange , in * OA = overall dimension
* r = radius of dish , in head, in
* b = depth of dish , in
Menentukan Tinggi Total Tangki (HT)
HT = Hs + OAhead + OAbottom
Lampiran C
Perancangan Alat
* Head
𝑓×𝐸×𝑡
𝑃=
0.885 × 𝑟 + 0.1𝑡
Dipilih tipe turbin dengan variasi variasi flat six-blade karena variasi ini
dapat digunakan untuk jenis bahan yang terdiri dari padatan terlarut.
Da = 0.3 Dd = 2 L = 1 J = 1
Dt Da 3 Dt 4 Dt 12
W = 1 Ha = 1 C = 1
Da 5 Dt Dt 3
Sehingga didapat :
* Da = 0.3 x Dt
= 0.3 x ID
= 0.331 m
= 1.0845 ft
* W = 0.066 m
* Dd = 0.220 m
* Ha = 1.102 m
* L = 0.275 m
* C = 0.367 m
* J = 0.092 m
Keterangan :
Da = Diameter agitator
W = Lebar agitator
Dd = Diameter disk
Ha = Tinggi agitator
L = Jarak antara pengaduk dan baffle
C = Jarak pengaduk dari dasar reaktor
J = Lebar baffle
𝑊𝐸𝐿𝐻 0,5
600 (Rase,eq 8.8)
2 𝐼𝐷
N= 3,14 𝐼𝐷
0,5
𝑊𝐸𝐿𝐻
N = 600 2 𝐼𝐷
3.14 ID
= 600 x 0.5708
3.4597
= 98.983 rpm
= 1.650 rps = 5938.979 rpj
Desain Pemanas
Reaksi yang berlangsung dalam reaktor bersifat endotermis, sehingga
panas yang dilepaskan harus diserap dari reaktor agar tidak
menyebabkan penurunan suhu.
* Kondisi operasi
Kondisi operasi : Isothermal
media pendingin yang digunakan adalah air
Tin pendingin = 250 oC = 523 K = 482 o
F
Tout pendingin = 250 oC = 523 K = 482 o
F
T in reaktor = 145 oC = 418 K = 293 o
F
T out reaktor = 145 oC = 418 K = 293 o
F
𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒𝑗 =
𝜇
= 13.068
x 5938.979 x 80.061
0.078
= 79208046.931
hi x 1.527 = 463605.270
hi = 303657.224 Btu/ft2.jam.oF
1 1
= + 𝑅𝑑
𝑈𝐷 𝑈𝐶
fouling factor , Rd = 0.03 jam.ft2.oF/Btu
(Kern, Table 12, pg 845)
1 = 1 + 0.03
UD 1492.627
1 = 0.0307
UD
UD = 32.605 Btu/ft2.jam.oF
* Menentukan Δt
∆𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑅 (Kern, pg. 720)
Keterangan :
∆t = temperature difference
TS = steam temperature
TR = temperature of vessel fluid
∆t = 482 - 293
o
= 189 F
= 87.2 oC
* Menghitung luas transfer panas yang dibutuhkan
Qpemanas = 22009.87316 kkal/jam
= 87342.15291 Btu/jam
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠
𝐴= (Kern, pg. 720)
𝑈𝐷 × ∆𝑡
A = 87342.2
33 x 189
A = 14.173 ft2
= 1.317 m2
𝑃 . 𝑟𝑖
𝑡𝑗 = +𝐶
𝑓. 𝐸 − 0,6 𝑃
Lampiran C
Perancangan Alat
Reaktor (R-101)
Nama Reaktor
Kode R-101
Terjadinya reaksi hidrolisis antara
Fungsi benzylchlorida dengan dan larutan basa (Na2CO3)
menjadi benzyl alkohol
Tipe Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Bentuk Silinder tegak, torispherical bottom , dishead
head
Bahan Stainless steel SA 240 grade 304
Jumlah 2 unit
tipe paralel
3
Volume tangki 2.10 m
Diameter tangki 1.10 m
Tinggi silinder 2.20 m
Tinggi head 0.24 m
Tebal head 0.313 in
Tebal shell 0.313 in
Tinggi total 2.68 m
Jenis pengaduk flat six blade
Jumlah baffle 4 unit
Jumlah impeller 2 unit
Jumlah blade 6 unit
Diameter pengaduk 0.33 m
Panjang blade 0.22 m
Tinggi pengaduk 1.10 m
Daya pengaduk 0.02 hp
Kecepatan pengaduk 99 rpm
Jenis pemanas Jaket pemanas
ID Jaket 2.0812 m
Tinggi Jaket 2.493 m
Tebal Jaket 0.013 m
3. Dekanter (D-101)
T = 39.9968318 C
= 313.146832 K
P = 1 atm
Kondisi umpan
Massa Fasa Ringan Fasa berat
Komponen
kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam kmol/jam kg/jam
C6H5CH2Cl 259.339488 2.05011453 259.33949 - -
C6H5CH3 7.57395171 0.08232556 7.5739517 - -
Na2CO3 324.665471 - - 3.0628818 324.66547
H2O 1798.38255 3.99640567 71.935302 95.913736 1726.4472
C6H5CH2OH 1992.73386 17.7131899 1913.0245 0.7380496 79.709355
Nacl 1079.40648 - - 18.451393 1079.4065
Total 5462.1018 23.8420357 2251.8733 118.16606 3210.2286
Sifat Fisis
Komponen ρ µ x
C6H5CH2Cl 1078.43385 0.92178239 0.0474798
C6H5CH3 890.365395 0.71827079 0.0013866
Na2CO3 2468.15775 23.8350245 0.0594397
H2O 1013.64108 0.83680636 0.3292474
C6H5CH2OH 1029.62783 1.64732106 0.3648291
Nacl 1928.69381 12.2517168 0.1976174
QL = 2.17725956
Q L L . H
0,3
QH = 2.18558749 .
QH H . L
ρL = 1034.26955
ρH = 1468.81723
µL = 1.53474721
µH = 7.02099571
= 1.41498019
Data
P = 16.4553042 psi
r = 26.2052098 in
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
F = 12650 psia
(Brownell, tab. 13.1 hal 251)
ts = 0.16514053 in untuk dinding dipilih bahan : carbon steel SA Grade C
Standard= 0.1875 in jenis material : Stainless steel 316 AISI
OD standar = 66 in
W = 1.28960078
th = 0.15086282 in
Tebal standar = 0.1875 in
menghitung tinggi head
nilai sf dengan th 3/16 " adalah 1 1/2 - 2 (tabel 5.4 Brownell)
sf = 2 in
OD
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
ID = OD - 2 x ts C
= 52.3657007 in
a = ID /2
= 26.1828504 in
AB = a - icr
= 20.5578504 in
BC = r - icr
= 60.375
AC = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
= 56.7672037 in
b = r - AC
9.23279632 in
h Head = b + sf + ts
= 11.4202963 in
0.29007537 m
G = 5462.1018 kg/jam
= 1.5172505 kg/s
ρ = 1289.66526 kg/m3
DI opt = 22.9116951 mm
0.90203524 in
Diambil pipa standart Tabel 11.Kern, hal: 844
Nominal pipe size = 1
OD = 1.32 in
Schedule Number = 40
ID = 1.049 in
G = 3210.22855 kg/jam
= 0.89173015 kg/s
ρ = 1468.81723 kg/m3
DI opt = 16.4747566 mm
0.64861246 in
Diambil pipa standart Tabel 11.Kern, hal: 844
Nominal pipe size = 0.75
OD = 1.05 in
Schedule Number = 40
ID = 0.824 in
G = 2251.87325 kg/jam
= 0.62552035 kg/s
ρ = 1034.26955 kg/m3
DI opt = 15.5441447 mm
0.6119742 in
Diambil pipa standart Tabel 11.Kern, hal: 844
Nominal pipe size = 0.75
OD = 1.05 in
Schedule Number = 80
ID = 0.742 in
Menentukan letak pipa
Dirancang pipa pengeluaran hasil atas diambil 90% dari tinggi dekanter
Z1 = 1.37216199 m
Tinggi pipa pemasukan(Z3) dirancang di tengah -tengah Z1.
Z3 = 0.68608099 m
Menghitung tinggi pipa pengeluaran hasil bawah (Z2)
ρ1 = 1468.81723 kg/m3
ρ1 = 1034.26955 kg/m3
A. Kondisi operasi
P = 1 atm
T feed = 151.25 C
T Top = 151.18 C
T Bottom = 204.2 C
α avg LK = 2.18
Nm = 2.95
karena menggunakan boiler maka stage aktual = 1.9546861
Rm = 0.729
R = 1.094
Ѱ = 0.174
Nm = 2.955
N-Nm/N+1 = 0.483 Maka, N = 6.65 tray
D. Menghitung Efisiensi Plate
Efisiensi plat 40 - 70% dari buku Coulson hal, 548
Dan dipilih efisiensi plat sebesar 60%.
Eo = 60.0%
Nteori
Tray aktual =
Eo
6.65
=
0.600
= 11.085 tray
= 12 tray
Xf,HK = 0.743
Xf,LK = 0.086
XB,LK = 0.001
XD,HK= 0.03
B = 17.557
D = 6.285
Vn+1 = Ln + D
Tabel C18. Komposisi Kolom Atas Distilasi 1
Vn+1 Ln D
Komponen
kmol/jam kmol/jam kmol/jam
Toluene 0.17 0.09 0.08
H2O 8.37 4.37 4.00
C6H5CH2Cl 4.25 2.22 2.03
C6H5CH2OH 0.37 0.19 0.18
Total 13.16 6.87 6.29
Vm+1 = Lm - W
2. Menghitung BM Campuran
Tabel C20. Menghitung Berat Molekul Campuran Distilasi 1
BM mix BM mix BM mix
Komponen BM Xf Xd Xw
kg/kmol kg/kmol kg/kmol
Toluene 92 0.003 0.3176722 0.013 1.2049924 0 0
H2O 18 0.168 3.0171628 0.636 11.444686 0 0
C6H5CH2Cl 126.5 0.086 10.877405 0.323 40.847514 0.001 0.1477166
C6H5CH2OH 108 0.743 80.237465 0.028 3.0435632 0.999 107.87389
Total 344.5 1.00 94.449706 1.00 56.540756 1.00 108.0216
Densitas Distilat
T distilat = 151.2 °C = 424.331 K
Tabel C23. Menghitung Densitas Campuran Distilat Distilasi 1
Komponen (1-T/Tc)^n ρ (kg/mᶾ) Xd ρ mix
Toluene 0.6856951 734.22483 0.0130977 9.6166888
H2O 0.7373846 901.67222 0.6358159 573.2975
C6H5CH2Cl 0.7593013 968.83313 0.3229053 312.84131
C6H5CH2OH 0.8018994 940.17171 0.0281811 26.495111
Total 2.9842804 3544.9019 1 922.25061
Densitas Bottom
T Bottom = 204.2 °C = 477.350 K
Tabel C24. Menghitung Densitas Campuran Bottom Distilasi 1
Komponen (1-T/Tc)^n ρ (kg/mᶾ) Xw ρ mix
Toluene 0.611949 666.84083 0 0
H2O 0.6822955 839.60474 0 0
C6H5CH2Cl 0.7117378 907.65257 0.0011677 1.0598841
C6H5CH2OH 0.7606914 889.9699 0.9988323 888.93067
Total 2.7666737 3304.068 1 889.99055
n
Sigma = A (1 - T/Tc) (Yaws, hal. 212)
Tabel C26. Menghitung Mixture Surface Tension Distilat Distilasi 1
σ
Komponen A Tc n Xd σm (N/m)
(dyne/cm)
Toluene 66.85 591.8 1.246 13.873651 0.013 0.0001817
H2O 132.674 647.1 0.956 47.897743 0.636 0.0304541
C6H5CH2Cl 79.06 686 1.338 21.772501 0.323 0.0070305
C6H5CH2OH 109.71 677 1.882 17.166512 0.028 0.0004838
Total 100.71041 1.00 0.0381501
Distilat : Bottom :
Lw : 0.108 kg/s Lw : 0.39 kg/s
Vw : 0.207 kg/s Vw : 0.92 kg/s
3 3
⍴v : 1.624 kg/m ⍴v : 2.758 kg/m
3 3
⍴L : 922.3 kg/m ⍴L : 890 kg/m
Flv top : 0.0219187 Flv bottom : 0.024
1. Menentukan Nilai K1
Menentukan K1 menggunakan grafik fig. 11.29, (Towler, hal 720)
= 0.597 m
0.5 0.5
Bottom = Ad x 4 = 0.114 x 4
π π
= 0.381 m
L. Perancangan Plate
M. Check Weeping
0.67
max. h ow Lw
= 750
⍴L x lw
0.67
= 750 0.919
890 x 0.477
= 12.29 mm liquid
0.67
min. h ow Lw
= 750
⍴L x lw
0.67
= 750 0.643
890 x 0.477
= 9.68 mm liquid
at minimum rate h ow + h w = 21.96 mm
Dari fig. 11.32, K2 = 28.5 (Towler, hal 724)
Ad hb ⍴L
tr =
Lwd
0.034 x 0.136 x 890
=
0.92
= 4.43 s
residence time > 3 s, maka syarat terpenuhi
P. Check Entrainment
Qv 0.142
uv = = = 0.578 m/s
An 0.246
percent uv 0.58
= = = 11%
flooding uf 5.198
FLV = 0.024
dari fig.11.31 (Towler, hal.723) didapatkan ѱ = 0.024
ѱ < 0,1 , syarat terpenuhi
P. Trial Layout
Gunakan konstruksi tipe cartridge, tebal unperforated strip di sekeliling plate
edge adalah 50 mm, lebar calming zone 50 mm.
Q. Perforated area
0.477
Dari fig. 11.34 (Towler, hal.728), pada lw/Dc = = 0.8
0.597
θc = 90 o
Ah 0.021
= = 0.129
Ap 0.165
Dari fig.11.35 ( Towler, hal.727), lp/dh = 2,4; memenuhi syarat,don’t lessat 2.0
= π x 0.04 2 = 1.26E-03 m2
4
Jumlah lubang Ah 0.213
= =
Luas satu lubang 0.001256
= 169 lubang
P operasi =
1 atm = 14.70 psi
Diameter menara =
0.597 m = 23.498 in
Jari-jari menara =
0.298 m = 11.749 in
3
Densitas = 889.991 kg/m
P hidrostatis = ⍴xgxh
= 890 x 9.8 x 5.4
= 47146 Pa = 6.84 psi
P total = P operasi + P hidrostatis
= 15 + 6.84 = 21.54 psi
Faktor keamanan 10% atau lebih tinggi 30 psia dari tekanan operasi
sebesar, P desain = 30 psi + P total
= 51.536 psi
PR
Tebal shell (ts) = + C
(SE - 0.6 P)
51.536 x 11.749
= + 0.125
(( 13700 x 0,8 ) - 0,6 x 52 )
= 0.180 in
dipilih tebal shell standar (Brownel, hal. 351) = 0.188 in
= 0.0048 m
Bahan yang digunakan sama dengan bahan yang digunakan untuk shell dan
dipilih head jenis torispherical dished head (Brownell, hal.90)
ID = 23.498 in
OD = ID + 2 ts = 23.873 in
OD Standar = 16 in
icr = 1
r = 15
0.5
Stress intenfication factor (W) = 1 3 + icr
4 r
= 0.815
ID koreksi = OD - 2ts
= 15.63 in
= 0.397 m
P rc W
Tebal head kolom (th) = + C
2SE - 0,2P
51.54 x 11.75 x 0.81
= + 0.125
2 x 13650 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 51.54
= 0.148 in
dipilih tebal head standar = 0.188 in = 0.0048 m
0,53 -0,37
ID Optimum =293.G .ρ
= 18.180 mm
= 0.716 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar : (ludwig, hal 57)
Nps = 0.75 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 1.05 in
ID = 0.824 in
0,53
ID Optimum =293.G .ρ-0,37
= 104.985 mm
= 4.133 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar : ludwig, appendix A-14 hal 585)
Nps = 5 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 5.56 in
ID = 5.047 in
0,53 -0,37
ID Optimum =293.G .ρ
= 7.203 mm
= 0.284 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar :
Nps = 0.13 in
Sch.No = 80
OD = 0.405 in
ID = 0.215 in
0,53 -0,37
ID Optimum293.G
= .ρ
= 6.869 mm
= 0.270 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar :
Nps = 0.50 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 0.84 in
ID = 0.622 in
0,53 -0,37
ID Optimum293.G
= .ρ
= 122.576 mm
= 4.826 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar :
Nps = 6.00 in
OD = 6.625 in
ID = 6.065 in
0,53 -0,37
ID Optimum293.G
= .ρ
= 16.907 mm
= 0.666 in
Maka dipilih pipa standar :
Nps = 0.75 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 1.05 in
ID = 0.824 in
1. Menghitung resistance A ( RA )
0.6 - 0.597
= = 0.00001 K/W
42.50 x 21.4
Dimana :
Maka :
Dimana :
Maka :
Sehingga :
T1 - T3 450.8 K - 303.2 K
- RA = - 0.00001
- RA = - 0.00001
Q 7109.84
= 2.08E-02 K/W
2.π.L.Kb = 2 x 5.66 x 0.04 W/m.K
= 0.453
(( 2E-02 ) x 0.453 )
= 0.61
e x
= 0.612 m
Maka,
Tebal isolasi = R3 - R2
= 0.612 - 0.606
= 0.0057 m
Heater (HE-101)
berfungsi untuk menaikkan temperatur aliran fluida benzyl chloride dari 30C menjadi 145C
Fluida dingin :
Aliran umpan = 266.92 kg/jam
= 588.450609 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 30 C
= 86 F
Suhu keluar = 145 C
= 293 F
Suhu rata " = 87.5 C
= 189.5 F
Perubahan suhu = 115 C
= 207 F
Cp masuk = 934.832096 kj/mol
= 223.331388 btu/lb
Cp keluar = 20263.6284 kj/mol
= 4840.98082 btu/lb
Fluida panas :
Aliran umpan = 273.25 kg/jam
= 602.4 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 250 C
= 482 F
Suhu keluar = 250 C
= 482 F
Suhu rata " = 200 C
= 392 F
Perubahan suhu = 0
Panas latent = 468507 kj/jam
= 130141 j/s
Q = 444060 btu/lb
Menentukan ΔTLMTD
Specific Temp Hot fluid Cold Fluid Differences
Higher Temp 250 145.0 105
Lower Temp 250 30.0 220
Differences 0 115.0 115
ΔLMTD = 279.86 F
t av = 87.5 F
T av = 250 F
Menentukan koefisien Overrall heat transfer Ud
ud = 6- 60 btu/h.ft2.F (Kern, Tabel 8)
= 20 btu/h.ft2.F
De = (D22 - D12)
D1
= 0.076 ft2
Inner Pipe
D= 1.66 in
= 0.14 ft
Ap = π x D2
4
2
= 0.015 ft
De = 0.076 ft
µ = 1.60 cP
= 3.87 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 1432.69
jH = 3 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 392 F
pada
c tc = 130140.7 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.019 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 5)
µ= 3.87 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 299.80
k
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Inner Pipe
m
Ga =
AP
= 39172.99 lb/h.ft2
De = 0.138 ft
µ = 0.61 cP
= 1.48 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 8883.05
jH = 41 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 189.5 F
pada
c tc = 223.3 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.005 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 4)
µ= 1.48 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 40.67
k
hi = 55.10 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Menghitung Uc
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hi = 55.10 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio = 47.86 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio x ho
Uc =
hio + ho
2o
Uc = 46.378 Btu/h.ft . F
2
= 224.3 ft2 = 20.84 m
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 0.001384141 ft
Ga
V =
3600 x ρ
= 0.020883939 fps
3 x V2
∆F1 =
2g
= 2.0317E-05 ft
(∆Fa + ∆F1) ρ
∆Pa =
14.7
= 0.092575999 Psi
inner pipe
NRe = 8883.05
0.264
f = 0.0035 +
NRe0.42
= 0.009
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 6.52739E-05 ft
∆Fa x ρ
∆Pa =
144
= 0.000446877 Psi
Fluida dingin :
Aliran umpan = 3267.40 kg/jam
= 7203.31724 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 59.8068779 C
= 139.65238 F
Suhu keluar = 145 C
= 293 F
Suhu rata " = 102.403439 C
= 216.32619 F
Perubahan suhu = 85.1931221 C
= 153.34762 F
Cp masuk = 468.1874 kj/mol
= 111.84997 btu/lb
Cp keluar = 23600.9705 kj/mol
= 5638.27184 btu/lb
Fluida panas :
Aliran umpan = 485.23 kg/jam
= 1069.7 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 250 C
= 482 K
Suhu keluar = 250 C
= 482 K
Suhu rata " = 250 C
= 482 K
Perubahan suhu = 0
Panas latent = 831968 kj/kmol
= 231102 btu/lb
Q = 788556 btu/h
Menentukan ΔTLMTD
Specific Temp Hot fluid Cold Fluid Differences
Higher Temp 250 145.0 105
Lower Temp 250 59.8 190
Differences 0 85.2 85
ΔLMTD = 258.13 F
t av = 102.4 F
T av = 250 F
Menentukan koefisien Overrall heat transfer Ud
ud = 6- 60 btu/h.ft2.F (Kern, Tabel 8)
= 20 btu/h.ft2.F
menentukan luas area transfer panas A
Q
A =
Ud x ΔT LMTD
= 152.75 ft2
= 14.19 m2
π (D22 - D12)
Aa =
4
= 0.008 ft2
De = (D22 - D12)
D1
= 0.076 ft2
Inner Pipe
D= 1.66 in
= 0.14 ft
Ap = π x D2
4
2
= 0.015 ft
De = 0.076 ft
µ = 1.60 cP
= 3.87 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 2544.14
jH = 5 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 482 F
pada
c tc = 231102.1 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.019 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 5)
µ= 3.87 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 363.05
k
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Inner Pipe
m
Ga =
AP
= 479522.73 lb/h.ft2
De = 0.138 ft
µ = 37.56 cP
=90.90 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 1765.93
jH = 11 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 216.32619 F
pada
c tc = 111.8 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.005 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 4)
µ= 90.90 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 127.55
k
hi = 82.54 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Menghitung Uc
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hi = 82.54 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio = 91.13 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio x ho
Uc =
hio + ho
Uc = 85.908 Btu/h.ft2.oF
2
= 250 ft2 = 23.23 m
Menghitung Pressure Drop
Annulus
NRe = 2544.14
0.264
f = 0.0035 +
NRe0.42
= 0.013
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 0.0003 ft
Ga
V =
3600 x ρ
= 0.036450085 fps
3 x V2
∆F1 =
2g
= 6.18917E-05 ft
(∆Fa + ∆F1) ρ
∆Pa =
14.7
= 0.023446962 Psi
inner pipe
NRe = 1765.93
0.264
f = 0.0035 +
NRe0.42
= 0.015
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 0.008 ft
∆Fa x ρ
∆Pa =
144
= 0.055172533 Psi
Resume Heater (E-102)
Nama Heater
Kode E-102
Berfungsi untuk menaikkan temperatur aliran larutan Na2CO3 dari 59.8C
Fungsi
menjadi 125C
Bahan Stainless steel SA 240 grade 304
Jumlah 1 unit
Jenis Double Pipe
Panjang 29.20 m
ID Annulus 2.07 in
ID Inner Pipe 1.38 in
2o
Ud 73.312 Btu/h.ft . F
Uc 85.908 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Luas Perpindahan Panas 3.872 m2
Fouling Factor 0.001 h.ft2.oF/Btu
∆P Annulus 0.023 Psi
∆P Inner Pipe 0.055 Psi
(Heater) HE-103
berfungsi memanaskan produk fasa ringan dari dekanter sebelum menuju pemurnian di menara destilasi
dari 40 C menjadi 146.4
Fluida dingin :
Aliran umpan = 2251.87 kg/jam
= 4964.47977 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 39.9968318 C
= 103.994297 F
Suhu keluar = 151.247961 C
= 304.24633 F
Suhu rata " = 95.6223965 C
= 204.120314 F
Perubahan suhu = 111.251129 C
= 200.252033 F
Cp masuk = 3230.12809 kj/mol
= 771.6776 btu/lb
Cp keluar = 28355.4836 kj/mol
= 6774.12502 btu/lb
Fluida panas :
Aliran umpan = 317.52 kg/jam
= 700 lb/jam
Suhu masuk = 250 C
= 482 K
Suhu keluar = 250 C
= 482 K
Suhu rata " = 250 C
= 482 K
Perubahan suhu = 0
Panas latent = 468507 kj/kmol
= 130141 btu/lb
Q = 444060 btu/h
Menentukan ΔTLMTD
Specific Temp Hot fluid Cold Fluid Differences
Higher Temp 250 151.2 99
Lower Temp 250 40.0 210
Differences 0 111.3 111
ΔLMTD = 265.41 F
t av = 95.622 F
T av = 250 F
Menentukan koefisien Overrall heat transfer Ud
ud = 6- 60 btu/h.ft2.F (Kern, Tabel 8)
= 20 btu/h.ft2.F
menentukan luas area transfer panas A
Q
A =
Ud x ΔT LMTD
= 83.657 ft2
= 7.7719 m2
π (D22 - D12)
Aa =
4
= 0.008 ft2
De = (D22 - D12)
D1
= 0.076 ft2
Inner Pipe
D= 1.66 in
= 0.14 ft
Ap = π x D2
4
2
= 0.015 ft
De = 0.076 ft
µ = 1.60 cP
= 3.87 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 1664.81
jH = 5 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 482 F
pada
c tc = 130140.7 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.019 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 5)
µ= 3.87 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 299.80
k
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Inner Pipe
m
Ga =
AP
= 330483.97 lb/h.ft2
De = 0.138 ft
µ = 0.61 cP
= 1.48 lb/ft.h
De x Ga
NRe =
µ
= 74942.06
jH = 39 (Kern , Gambar 28)
o
pada T = 204.12031 F
pada
c tc = 771.7 Btu/lb
pada
k tc = 0.005 Btu/h.ft2 (Kern , tabel 4)
µ= 1.48 lb/ft.h
1/3
cxμ = 61.49
k
hi = 79.24 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Menghitung Uc
ho = 1500.00 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hi = 79.24 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio = 65.88 Btu/h.ft2.oF
hio x ho
Uc =
hio + ho
Uc = 63.106 Btu/h.ft2.oF
2
= 179.2 ft2 = 16.64 m
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 0.001421443 ft
Ga
V =
3600 x ρ
= 0.024267514 fps
3 x V2
∆F1 =
2g
= 2.74338E-05 ft
(∆Fa + ∆F1) ρ
∆Pa =
14.7
= 0.095503885 Psi
inner pipe
NRe = 74942.06
0.264
f = 0.0035 +
NRe0.42
= 0.006
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa =
2 x g x ρ2 x De
= 0.002583685 ft
∆Fa x ρ
∆Pa =
144
= 0.017688399 Psi
Resume Heater (E-103)
Nama Heater
Kode E-103
berfungsi memanaskan produk fasa ringan dari dekanter sebelum menuju
Fungsi
pemurnian di menara destilasi dari 40 C menjadi 151.25
Bahan Carbon Steel SA-266 grade : 3
Jumlah 1 unit
Jenis Double Pipe
Panjang 0.00 m
ID Annulus 2.07 in
ID Inner Pipe 1.38 in
Ud 56.034 Btu/h.ft2.oF
2o
Uc 63.106 Btu/h.ft . F
Luas Perpindahan Panas 2.775 m2
Fouling Factor 0.000 h.ft2.oF/Btu
∆P Annulus 0.096 Psi
∆P Inner Pipe 0.017688399 Psi
Condenser (HE-104)
4. Densitas
m 18783
Ga = = = 2E+06 lb/h.ft2
Aa 0.008
De x Ga 0.076 x 2271482
NRe = = = 256273.99
µ 0.675
m 159105
Gp = = = 15325978 lb/h.ft2
Ap 0.010
D x Gp 1.380 x 15325978
NRe = = = 1667121.6
µ 12.686
1/Ud = 1/Uc + Rd
Rd = 0.001
1/Ud = 1
+ 0.001
2126.736
1/Ud = 0.001
Ud = 680.178 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Q
A = = 3.853032 ft2
Ud x ∆TLM
𝐼𝐷
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 ×
𝑂𝐷
Hairpins terdiri dari dua pipa, maka jumlah hairpins
8.858
Jumlah = = 0.22 = 1
2 x 20
2
= 7.706 ft2 = 0.72 m
Q
U = = 340.089 Btu/h.ft2.oF
A x ∆TLM
Uc - U
Rd = = 0.002 h.ft2.oF/Btu
Uc x U
Rd > 0.001, nilai Rd memenuhi
De' = D2 - D1
= 0.172 - 0.138
= 0.034 ft
De x Ga 0.034 x 2271482
NRe = = = 45689.36
µ 1.686
0.264
f = 0.004 + = 0.0064
NRe0.42
Ga = 2271482 lb/h.ft2
L = 8.857545 ft
g = 4.E+08
ρ = 63.427 lbm/ft3
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa = = 10.3 ft
2 x g x ρ2 x De'
Ga
Va = = 9.948 ft/s
3600 x ρ
3 x V2
∆F1 = = 4.61 ft
2g
(∆Fa + ∆F1) ρ
∆Pa = = 6.558 psi
144
Nre = 1667121.6
0.264
f = 0.0035 + = 0.0041
NRe0.42
Gp = 15325977.6 lb/h.ft2
L = 9 ft
g = 4.E+08
3
ρ = 57.574 lbm/ft
D = 1.380 ft
4 x f x Gp2 x L
ΔFp = = 9.016 ft
2 x g x ρ2 x D
ΔFp x ρ
ΔPp = = 3.605 psi
144
Data Properties :
μ pada Tmean = 0.04 lbm/ft.h
o
conductivity (k) = 0.067 btu/h.ft. F
3
ρ pada Tmean = 0.401 lbm/ft
o
Cp pada Tmean = 0.48 btu/lbm. F
#Fluida Dingin
Tabel C193. Laju Alir dan Berat Molekul Fluida Dingin E-109
BM Masuk Masuk
Komponen yi BMC
(kg/kmol) (kg/jam) (kmol/jam)
Toluene 92 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.00
H2 O 18 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.00
C6H5CH2Cl 127 4.5 0.036 0.001 0.15
C6H5CH2OH 108 3303.8 30.590 0.999 107.87
TOTAL 3308 30.63 1.000 108
Laju alir massa = 7294 lbm/h
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur Input (T1) = 204.2 °C = 399.6 °F
Temperatur Output (T2) = 204.2 °C = 399.6 °F
T1 +T2
Tc (Temperatur mean ) =
2
= 204.2 °C
= 399.6 °F
= 477.3 K
4. Densitas
T Bottom = 204.2 °C = 477.350 K
Tabel C24. Menghitung Densitas Campuran Bottom Distilasi 1
Komponen (1-T/Tc)^n ρ (kg/mᶾ) Xw ρ mix
Toluene 0.611949 666.8408 0 0
H2 O 0.682296 839.6047 0 0
C6H5CH2Cl 0.711738 907.6526 0.001168 1.059884
C6H5CH2OH 0.760691 889.9699 0.998832 888.9307
Total 2.766674 3304.068 1 889.9906
ρ pada Tmean = 889.991 kg/m³ = 55.560 lbm/ft³
5. Kapasitas Panas
Cp =A+BT+CT2+DT3+ET4 (Tabel 2-1 & Tabel 2-2, Yaws)
∆t = 82 °F
D. Menentukan Luas Area Transfer Panas (A) dari Reboiler
G. Koreksi Nilai Luas Area Transfer Panas (A) dan Nilai (Ud)
Berdasarkan Tabel 9. hal 842 (Kern,1983) dengan menggunakan Tube
arrangement Tringular pitch.
Maka :
Jumlah Tube = 36
ID shell (De) = 8 in
Tringular pitch PT = 1.88 in
Shell and Tube = 1 Shell 1 Tube Passes
A = Nt x L x a''
= 36 x 10 x 0.393
2 2
= 141.3 ft = 13.13 m
Q
Ud =
A x ∆t
757852.881
=
141.3 x 82.4
2.o
= 65.06 Btu/h.ft F
Koreksi Ud = Ud x ∆t
2
= 5363.432 Btu/hr.ft
Koreksi nilai UD masih dalam range karena Ud x ∆t tidak melebihi 20000
Btu/hr.ft2 yaitu 18925.14 Btu/hr.ft2 (Hal 460, Kern, 1983)
H. Perancangan HE
#Tube (Fluida panas)
1. Luas Area per Tub e
Area of one tube Nt . at'
=
(at) n (Eq 7.48 Kern,1965)
36 x 1.290
=
1
2
= 46.44 in
2
= 0.323 ft
Dimana :
jh = Heat transfer factor
o
k = Thermal conductivity , Btu/h.ft. F
IDs = Diameter dalam shell (ft)
o
Cp = Kapasitas panas, Btu/lbm. F
μ = Viskositas fluida, lbm/ft.h
0.14
φs = (μ/μw)
= 0.568
2.o
hi = 14 Btu/h.ft F
6. Heat Transfer Coefisien pada Tube (hio)
𝐼𝐷
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 ×
𝑂𝐷
2.o
= 1500 Btu/h.ft F untuk steam (Hal 164, Kern, 1983):
Dimana :
De :Diameter dalam shell (IDs) = 8 in = 0.667 ft
B : Baffle Spacing (0,2IDs) = 1.6 in = 0.133 ft
PT :Tube Pitch = 1.88 in = 0.156 ft
C : Clearench (PT-OD) = 0.38 in = 0.031 ft
Area of shell 8 x 0.38 x 1.6
=
(as) 1.88
2
= 2.56 in
2
= 0.018 ft
Rd = 0.01416
K. Pressure Drop
#Tube Side
Diketahui :
Bilangan Reynold = 7979.2
Panjang tube (L) = 10 ft
Diameter dalam (ID) = 0.107 ft
Jumlah tube pass (n) = 1
2
Tube side velocity (Gt) = 3187.9 lbm/h.ft
0.14
φs = (μ/μw)
= 0.57
Dari figur 26 hal 836, diperoleh nilai Friction Factor (f)0.004
= ft²/in² (Kern, 1965)
1. Menghitung ∆P karena panjang pipa
f x Gt2 x L x n
∆Ps =
5,22.1010 x IDt x s x φ
406504.6
=
3.1E+09
= 0.000131 psi
V2
Dari figur 27 buku kern hal 837 , diperoleh = 0.004
2g
4x2
∆Pr = x 0.004
0.98
= 0.033 Psi
3. Total pressure drop pada tube
∆PT = ∆PS + ∆Pr
= 0.000 + 0.033
= 0.033 Psi
∆PT yang diizinkan < 10 psi, maka syarat terpenuhi
#Shell side
Diketahui ,
Bilangan Reynold = 347572
Panjang shell (L) = 10 ft
Diameter dalam (Ds) = 8 in = 0.667 ft
Jumlah shell pass (n) = 1
Shell side velocity (Gs) = 410263.3 lbm/h.ft2
2
Area of shell (as) = 0.018 ft
0.14
φs = (μ/μw)
= 1.170648
Dari figur 26 hal 836, diperoleh nilai Friction Factor (f) 0.03
= ft²/in² (Kern, 1965)
= 35.703 in
= 2.975 ft
Maka pressur drop pada shell adalah,
2
1 f x Gs x IDs x (N+1)
∆Ps = 10
5,22.10
2 x De x s x φ
1 2.52E+11
∆Ps =
2 1.78E+11
= 7.E-01 Psi
∆Ps yang diperbolehkan < 10 psi (memenuhi)
Spesifikasi Reboiler (E - 105)
Fungsi Menguapkan Bottom Product D-102
Bahan konstruksi Carbon steel SA-285 grade C
Tipe Shell and Tube
Data Desain
Temperatur fluida panas masuk 250.0 C
Tempartaur fluida panas keluar 250.0 C
Temperatur fluida dingin masuk 204 C
Temperatur fluida dingin keluar 204 C
Aliran fluida Counter-current
Tube Side
Jumlah tube 36 tubes
Panjang tube 3.05 m
OD tube 3.810 cm
ID tube 3.251 cm
4.76 cm
Passes 6
2o
Heat transfer coefficient 4673.93 W/m C
ΔP 0.002 atm
Shell Side
ID shell 20.32 cm
Buffle space 4.064 cm
Passes 1
ΔP 0.048 atm
Cooler 01 ( (HE -106))
fungsi : Untuk menurunkan temperatur keluaran reaktor dari 145 C menjadi 40 C
Temperatur Fluida
Fluida Panas
T in = 145 C 418.2 K 293 F
T out = 40 C 313.2 K 104 F
T average = 92.5 C 365.7 K 198.5 F
Fluida Dingin
T in = 30.00 C 303.2 K 86 F
T out = 45 C 318.2 K 113 F
T average = 37.5 C 310.7 K 99.5 F
Neraca Massa
Beban pendingin
Q CW 1495004.2 kj/jam
Neraca Panas
Q CW 1495004.2 kj/jam 1416990.4 btu/jam
M CW 23822.919 kg/jam 52520.484 lb/jam
Data Fisis
Fluida Panas
T
= 418.15 K
Komponen xf BM ρ ρ.xf µ µ.xf k
C6H5CH2Cl 0.0474798 126.50 969.51778 46.0325081 0.6131785 0.0291136 0.1166786
Toluene 0.0013866 92.00 803.70226 1.11444318 0.5022534 0.0006964 0.1035051
Na2CO3 0.0594397 106.00 2419.0154 143.785452 5.8819819 0.349623 0
H2O 0.3292474 18.00 908.45345 617.521262 0.4849137 0.1596566 3.5148341
C6H5CH2OH 0.3648291 108.00 945.6372 344.996001 0.701978 0.256102 0.1525199
NaCl 0.1976174 58.50 1875.5542 370.642192 5.1209516 1.0119893 10.069584
Total 1 1524.09186 1.8071809
k.xf Cp Cp.xf Q
0.0055399 23713.129 1125.8946 53.457247
0.0001435 20263.628 28.098294 0.0389621
0 14520 863.06385 51.300222
1.1572498 9080.9705 2989.8855 984.41187
0.0556437 28009.251 10218.591 3728.0396
1.9899252 10112.396 1998.3856 394.91581
3.2085021 17223.919 5212.1637
ρ.xf 1524.0919 kg/m3 95.225259 lb/ft3
µ.xf 1.8071809 cp 4.3733777 lb/ft.hr
k.xf 3.2085021 W/mK 1.8550789 btu/jam.ft2(F/ft)
Cp.xf 17223.919 kj/kg 7404.9587 btu/lb.F
Fluida Dingin
T = 303.15 K
ρ 1022.8753 kg/m3 63.909247 lb/ft3
µ 0.9150066 cp 2.2143159 lb/ft.hr
k 2.9768997 W/mK 5.1487778 btu/jam.ft2(F/ft)
Cp 31.457198 kj/kg 13.524173 btu/lb.F
UD = 85 Btu/ft2.˚F
Q = 1416990.4 btu/jam
ΔT LMTD = 70.355706 ˚F
A = 236.9456 ft
Jika luas area transfer panas > 200 ft2, maka jenis HE yang digunakan adalah Shell And
Tube Heat Exchanger (hal 103, Kern, 1965)
Perancangan Heat Exchanger (HE-01)
Bahan : Bahan shell tangki jenis Carbon Steel SA-266 grade : 3
Dipilih spesifikasi tube heat exchanger berdasaarkan tabel 10 hal 843 (Kern,1965) yaitu,
sebagai berikut :
G. Koreksi Nilai Luas Area Transfer Panas (A) dan Nilai (Ud)
Berdasarkan Tabel 9. hal 842 (Kern,1983) dengan menggunakan Tube
arrangement Tringular pitch.
Maka :
Jumlah Tube = 76
ID shell (De) = 12.00 in
Tringular pitch PT = 0.94 in
Shell and Tube = 1 Shell 1 Tube Passes
A = Nt x L x a''
= 76 x 15 x 0.196
2
= 223.8 ft = 20.79 m2
Q
Ud =
A x ∆TLM
1416990.353
=
=
223.8x 70.4
2.o
= 90.00 Btu/h.ft F
(masih memasuki batas yang diizinkan)
H. Perancangan HE
#Tube (Fluida panas)
1. Luas Area per Tub e
Area of one tube Nt . at'
=
(at) n (Eq 7.48 Kern,1965)
76 x 0.223
=
1
2
= 16.95 in
2
= 0.118 ft
2. Tube Side Velocity Mass flow
=
Tube side Velocity area of one tube
Dimana :
De :Diameter dalam shell (IDs) = 12.00 in = 1.000 ft
B : Baffle Spacing (0,2IDs) = 2.4 in = 0.200 ft
PT :Tube Pitch = 0.94 in = 0.078 ft
C : Clearench (PT-OD) = 0.19 in = 0.016 ft
ho jH .
De k
w
NRe = 26891
0.14
Berdasarkan Fig.28 (Hal. 838 Kern, 1983) φs = (μ/μw)
jH = 110 = 0.9873654
2.o
ho = 1005.68 Btu/h.ft F
I. Menentukan Nilai Clean Overall Koefisien (Uc)
ho x hio
Uc =
ho + hio
2.o
Uc = 957.695 Btu/h.ft F
= 0.751 in
= 0.063 ft
Temperatur Fluida
Fluida Panas
T in = 204.20 C 477.3 K 399.56 F
T out = 40.00 C 313.2 K 104 F
T average = 122.1 C 395.2 K 251.78 F
Fluida Dingin
T in = 30.00 C 303.2 K 86 F
T out = 45.00 C 318.2 K 113 F
T average = 37.5 C 310.7 K 99.5 F
Neraca Massa
Komponen kg/jam lb/jam xf
C6H5CH2Cl 2.5933949 5.7174502 0.0013675
C6H5CH2OH 1893.8943 4175.3172 0.9986325
Total 1896.4877 4181.0346 1
Beban pendingin
Q CW 694092.43 kj/jam
massa beban pendingin
m Cw 9216.98 kg/jam
Neraca Panas
Q CW 694092.43 kj/jam 657872.61 btu/jam
M CW 9216.98 kg/jam 20319.938 lb/jam
Data Fisis
Fluida Panas
T
= 477.35 K
Komponen xf BM ρ ρ.xf µ µ.xf k
C6H5CH2Cl 0.0013675 126.50 899.90234 1.23059177 0.5291846 0.0007236 0.105633
C6H5CH2OH 0.9986325 108.00 889.9699 888.752893 0.5943798 0.593567 0.1481066
Total 1 889.983485 0.5942907
k.xf Cp Cp.xf Q
0.0001445 36530.056 49.95385 0.0683105
0.1479041 42909.032 42850.355 42791.758
0.1480485 42900.309 42791.827
Fluida Dingin
T = 303.15 K
ρ 1022.8753 kg/m3 63.909247 lb/ft3
µ 0.9150066 cp 2.2143159 lb/ft.hr
k 2.9768997 W/mK 5.1487778 btu/jam.ft2(F/ft)
Cp 31.457198 kj/kg 13.524173 btu/lb.F
A = 67.795385 ft
Jika luas area transfer panas < 200 ft2, maka jenis HE yang digunakan adalah Double Pipe(hal
103, Kern, 1965)
m 4181
Ga = = = 5E+05 lb/h.ft2
Aa 0.008
De x Ga 0.076 x 505628.59
NRe = = = 26771.79
µ 1.438
m 20320
Gp = = = 1957338.2 lb/h.ft2
Gp = = = 1957338.2 lb/h.ft2
Ap 0.010
D x Gp 1.380 x 1957338.2
NRe = = = 1219847.0
µ 2.214
1
0 ,14 hi = 5962.49 Btu/h.ft2.oF
k Cp . 3
hi jH .
D k w
1/Ud = 1/Uc + Rd
Rd = 0.001
1/Ud = 1
+ 0.001
2365.539
1/Ud = 0.001
Ud = 702.871 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Q
A = = 9.645498 ft2
Ud x ∆TLM
Q
U =
A x ∆TLM
= 351.435 Btu/h.ft2.oF
Uc - U
Rd = = 0.002 h.ft2.oF/Btu
Uc x U
Rd > 0.001, nilai Rd memenuhi
De' = D2 - D1
= 0.172 - 0.138
= 0.034 ft
De x Ga 0.034 x 505628.59
NRe = = = 11924.11
µ 1.438
0.264
f = 0.004 + = 0.0086
NRe0.42
Ga = 505628.59 lb/h.ft2
L = 22.173559 ft
g = 4.E+08
3
ρ = 55.606 lbm/ft
4 x f x Ga2 x L
ΔFa = = 2.2 ft
2 x g x ρ2 x De'
Ga
Va = = 2.526 ft/s
3600 x ρ
3 x V2
∆F1 = = 0.30 ft
2g
(∆Fa + ∆F1) ρ
∆Pa = = 0.976 psi
144
Nre = 1219847.0
0.264
f = 0.0035 + = 0.0042
f = 0.0035 + = 0.0042
NRe0.42
2
Gp = 1957338.2 lb/h.ft
L = 22 ft
g = 4.E+08
3
ρ = 63.909 lbm/ft
D = 1.380 ft
4 x f x Gp2 x L
ΔFp = = 0.305 ft
2 x g x ρ2 x D
ΔFp x ρ
ΔPp = = 0.135 psi
144
1. Kondisi operasi
Temperatur = 30 °C
= 303.15 K
Tekanan = 1 atm
= 1.01 bar
= 14.70 Psi
2. Data properties
keterangan
ρ : Densitas komponen (gr/ml)
A,B,n : konstanta
T : Temperatur operasi
Tc : Temperatur kritis
3. Ukuran tangki
Lama penyimpanan = 7 hari
= 168 jam
Faktor keamanan = 20% (Peter and Timmerhaus, Hal. 37)
Laju alir = 2,601.021 kg/jam
Densitas campuran = 1091.187 kg/m3
= 68179.523 lb/ft3
Volume umpan Laju alir
=
Densitas
2601.02
= = 2.38 m3/jam
1091.19
Volume cairan = Volume umpan x t
= 400.46 m3
Jumlah tangki = 1
Volume cairan = 400.46 m3/ tangki = 14142.079 ft3/tangki
4. Dimensi tangki
Volume Shell (ft3) π . D2 . H (Wallas, hal 660)
=
4
Volume head (in) = 0.000049 D3 (Brownell hal 88 eq. 5.11)
Asumsi H = 3/2 D (Ullrich Tabel 4.27 hal 248)
4 . Vol. cairan
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
π . H2
Jika diketahui :
L (Crown radius ) = 293.4355 in
P (tekanan desain) = 34.89 Psi
S (allowable stress ) = 12650 Psi
E (joint efficiency ) = 0.8
Tebal Head, th = 0.8955 in
0.885 x 34.89 x 293.44
t = + 0.125
( 12650 x 0.8 ) - ( 0.1 x 34.89 )
= 1.0205 in
Dipilih tebal head standar : 1.125 in (Brownell, tabel 5.4 hal.87)
0.0286 m
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
Keterangan :
icr = inside-corner radius , in a = inside radius, in
sf = straight flange , in OA = overall dimension
r = radius of dish , in head, in
b = depth of dish , in
1. Kondisi operasi
Temperatur = 30 °C
= 303.15 K
Tekanan = 1 atm
= 1.01 bar
= 14.70 Psi
2. Data properties
Tabel LC. Komposisi tangki TK-102
Rumus Massa fraksi Mol fraksi
Komponen
molekul kg/jam massa kmol/jam mol
Air H2O 1963.702 1.0 109.095 1.0
Total 1963.702 1 109.095 1
- Data densitas liquid (ρL)
1−T n
−
ρ=AB Tc
keterangan
ρ : Densitas komponen (gr/ml)
A,B,n : konstanta
T : Temperatur operasi
Tc : Temperatur kritis
3. Ukuran tangki
Lama penyimpanan = 7 hari
= 168 jam
Faktor keamanan = 20% (Peter and Timmerhaus, Hal. 37)
Laju alir = 1,963.702 kg/jam
Densitas campuran = 1022.88 kg/m3
= 63911.292 lb/ft3
Volume umpan Laju alir
=
Densitas
1963.702
= = 1.92 m3/jam
1022.88
Volume cairan = Volume umpan x t
= 322.52 m3
Jumlah tangki = 1
Volume cairan = 322.52 m3/ tangki = 11389.942 ft3/tangki
4. Dimensi tangki
Volume Shell (ft3) π . D2 . H (Wallas, hal 660)
=
4
3
Volume head (in) = 0.000049 D (Brownell hal 88 eq. 5.11)
Asumsi H = 3/2 D (Ullrich Tabel 4.27 hal 248)
4 . Vol. cairan
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
π . H2
Jika diketahui :
L (Crown radius ) = 272.8666 in
P (tekanan desain) = 32.68 Psi
S (allowable stress ) = 12650 Psi
E (joint efficiency ) = 0.8
Tebal Head, th = 0.7801 in
0.885 x 32.68 x 272.87
t = + 0.125
( 12650 x 0.8 ) - ( 0.1 x 32.68 )
= 0.9051 in
Dipilih tebal head standar : 1 in (Brownell, tabel 5.4 hal.87)
0.0254 m
Berdasarkan tabel 5.4, Brownell & Young, hal 88
dipilih, standard straight flange = 2 in (rentang 1.5-3.5)
Inside corner radius, icr = 1.88 in (Brownell, tabel
5.4 hal 87)
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
1. Kondisi operasi
Temperatur = 151.18 °C
= 424.33 K
Tekanan = 1 atm
= 1.01 bar
= 14.70 Psi
2. Data properties
Tabel LC. Komposisi tangki TK-103
Rumus Massa fraksi Mol fraksi
Komponen
molekul kg/jam massa kmol/jam mol
Benzil Alkohol C6H5CH2OH 19.130 0.054 0.177 0.028
Benzil Klorida C6H5CH2Cl 256.746 0.722 2.030 0.323
Air H2O 71.935 0.202 3.996 0.636
Toluene C7H8 7.574 0.021 0.082 0.013
Total 355.386 1 6.285 1
keterangan
ρ : Densitas komponen (gr/ml)
A,B,n : konstanta
T : Temperatur operasi
Tc : Temperatur kritis
ρ ρ campuran
Komponen A B n Tc
gr/ml gr/ml
Benzil Alkohol 0.32318 0.26404 0.224 677 0.9401717 0.051
Benzil Klorida 0.34196 0.25374 0.2857 686 0.9687765 0.700
Air 0.3471 0.274 0.28571 647.13 0.9016722 0.183
Toluena 0.3000 0.27108 0.29889 591.79 0.734225 0.016
Total 0.949
3. Ukuran tangki
Lama penyimpanan = 60 menit = 1 jam
Faktor keamanan = 20% (Peter and Timmerhaus, Hal. 37)
Laju alir = 355.386 kg/jam
kg/m3 = 3
Densitas campuran = 948.655 59273.865 lb/ft
Volume umpan Laju alir
=
Densitas
355.386
= = 0.37 m3/jam
948.66
Volume cairan = Volume umpan x t
= 0.37 m3
Jumlah tangki = 1
Volume cairan = 0.37 m3/ tangki = 13.230 ft3/tangki
Volume tangki = volume cairan x ( 1 + faktor keamanan )
= 0.37 x 1.2
3
= 0.450 m
= 15.876 ft3 = 118.757
4. Dimensi tangki Gal
3 2
Volume Shell (ft ) π.D .H (Wallas, hal 660)
=
4
Volume head (in) = 0.000049 D3 (Brownell hal 88 eq. 5.11)
Asumsi H = 3/2 D (Ullrich Tabel 4.27 hal 248)
4 . Vol. cairan
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
π . H2
Jika diketahui :
L (Crown radius ) = 28.9267 in
P (tekanan desain) = 19.10 Psi
S (allowable stress ) = 12650 Psi
E (joint efficiency ) = 0.8
Tebal Head, th = 0.0483 in
0.885 x 19.10 x 28.93
t = + 0.125
( 12650 x 0.8 ) - ( 0.1 x 19.10 )
= 0.1733 in
Dipilih tebal head standar : 0.1875 in (Brownell, tabel 5.4 hal.87)
0.0048 m
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
Keterangan :
icr = inside-corner radius , in a = inside radius, in
sf = straight flange , in OA = overall dimension
r = radius of dish , in head, in
b = depth of dish , in
1. Kondisi operasi
Temperatur = 40 °C
= 313.15 K
Tekanan = 1 atm
= 1.01 bar
= 14.70 Psi
2. Data properties
Tabel LC. Komposisi tangki TK-104
Rumus Massa fraksi Mol fraksi
Komponen
molekul kg/jam massa kmol/jam mol
Benzil Alkohol C6H5CH2OH 1893.894 0.999 17.536 0.999
Benzil Klorida C6H5CH2Cl 2.593 0.001 0.021 0.001
Total 1896.488 1 17.557 1
keterangan
ρ : Densitas komponen (gr/ml)
A,B,n : konstanta
T : Temperatur operasi
Tc : Temperatur kritis
4. Dimensi tangki
Volume Shell (ft3) π . D2 . H (Wallas, hal 660)
=
4
Volume head (in) = 0.000049 D3 (Brownell hal 88 eq. 5.11)
Asumsi H = 3/2 D (Ullrich Tabel 4.27 hal 248)
4 . Vol. cairan
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
π . H2
Jika diketahui :
L (Crown radius ) = 269.1373 in
P (tekanan desain) = 32.57 Psi
S (allowable stress ) = 12650 Psi
E (joint efficiency ) = 0.8
Tebal Head, th = 0.7669 in
0.885 x 32.57 x 269.14
t = + 0.125
( 12650 x 0.8 ) - ( 0.1 x 32.57 )
= 0.8919 in
Dipilih tebal head standar : 1 in (Brownell, tabel 5.4 hal.87)
0.0254 m
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
OD
icr b
OA
B A
sf
r
ID
t
a
Keterangan :
icr = inside-corner radius , in a = inside radius, in
sf = straight flange , in OA = overall dimension
r = radius of dish , in head, in
b = depth of dish , in
1. Menghitung resistance A ( RA )
3.4 - 3.402
= = 1.709E-06 K/W
42.50 x 218.6
Dimana :
Maka :
Dimana :
Maka :
Sehingga :
T1 - T3 318.2 K - 303.2 K
- RA = - 0.00000
Q 16419.93
= 9.12E-04 K/W
2.π.L.Kb = 2 x 10.21 x 0.04 W/m.K
= 0.817
(( 9E-04 ) x 0.817 )
= 3.42
e x
= 3.421 m
Maka,
Tebal isolasi = R3 - R2
= 3.421 - 3.418
= 0.0025 m
Kondisi operasi
Temperatur = 30 C
86 F
Tekanan = 1 atm
14.7 psia
Laju alir bahan = 1309.135 kg/jam
= 2886.1189 lb/jam
Densitas = 2533 kg/m3
= 158.13519 lb/ft3
Berdasarkan tabel 5.4(a) dengan material golongan Class II-X kapasitas ini
menggunakan diameter conveyor sebesar: 10 in
kec. Maksimal = 50 rpm ω= 0.448564346 rpm = 1 rpm
Dari tabel 5.4c menggunakan bearing jenis self lubrication bronze, sehingga diperoleh faktor
kelonggaran sebesar,
s = 54
Feeder 1
Fungsi : Alat bantu transportasi Na2CO3
2
Volume Shell = ¼πD H
3
= 21.32 ft
2 2
Volume Conis = 0.262h (D + D.d + d )
3
= 1.469 ft
Tinggi Total = H + h
= 5.523 ft
= 1.683 m
Vol. padatan dalam Shell = Volume padatan- Volume Conis
3
21.34 ft
=
2
Vol. Padatan dalam Shell = ¼ π D Hs
3 2
21.34 ft = ¼ π D Hs
Hs = 4.78 ft
= 1.46 m
Tinggi padatan = Hs + h
= 4.776 ft
= 1.456 m
ρ (H-1)
Phidrostatis =
144
= 7.99 Psi
Pdesign = 24.964 Psi
Jari-jari = 14.316 in
Allowable Stresses = 11200 Psi (Carbon Steel SA-265 Grade A)
Joint Effisiency E = 0.8 (Wallas , Tabel 18.3 Halaman 625)
Faktor Korosi = 0.125 in
PR
Tebal shell = + C
SE - 0.6P
= 0.1650 in
Tebal shell standar = 0.1875 in
(Brownell , Appendix E-Item 2)
Tebal conis = PD + C
2 cosα (SE - 0.6P)
= 0.1772 in
Tebal conis standar = 0.1875 in
Feeder 1
Nama Feeder 1
Fungsi Alat bantu transportasi Na2CO3
Jumlah 1.000 unit
Laju Alir 1309.135 kg/jam
Diameter Feeder 0.727 m
Tinggi Feeder 1.454 m
Diameter Conis 0.182 m
Tinggi Conis 0.229 m
Tebal Shell 0.188 m
Tebal Conis 0.188 m
Tekanan Total 1.699 atm
H-101 Hopper
Fungsi : Sebagai tempat penyimpanan Na2CO3 sementara sebelum menuju mixer
Menentukan Kapasitas Hopper
Laju Alir Produk = 1309.135 kg/jam
= 1.309135 ton/jam
ρ bahan = 2533 kg/m3
= 158.13519 lb/ft3
residence time = 1 Hari
Kapasitas = 1309.1 kg/jam x 24 jam x 1 hari
= 31419 kg x 1 lb
0.45359 kg
= 69267.927 lb
Faktor keamanan = 30 %
Volume storage = 1.3 x 438.02981 ft3 = 569.43875 ft3
Jumlah Hopper = 1 buah
= π 12 (𝐷 + 𝐷𝑥𝑑 + 𝑑 )
2 2
Vcone (Wallas, 1988 : 627)
= 0.262𝑥(𝐷 2 + 𝐷𝑥𝑑 + 𝑑2 )
Keterangan :
D = Diameter shell , ft
d = Diameter ujung konis, ft
H = Tinggi shell , ft
h = Tinggi konis, ft
θ = Sudut konis 30o
= 0.262𝑥(𝐷 + 𝐷𝑥𝑑 + 𝑑 )
2 2
Vkonis
= 0.262 x ( 0.2887 ( D - d )) (D 2+D xd +d 2)
= 0.0756394 ( D3 - d3 )
do = 1 D
10
* Vcone = 0.0756394 ( D3 - d3 )
Vcone = 0.0756394 x ( D3 - ( 1 D )3 )
10
2
569.439 = 0.786 x D x 3D + 0.076 D3
569.439 = 2.357 D3 + 0.076 D3
569.439 = 2.433 D3
D3 = 234.0762134
D = 6.163 ft
ID = D = 6.163 ft
= 1.878 m
= 73.956 in
Hshell = 3 x ID
= 3x 6.163
= 18.489 ft = 5.635 m = 221.867 in
do = 1 D
10
do = 1 x 6.163 ft
10
1 2
438.030 = 4 π𝐷 𝐻 + 17.688
4
438.030 = 0.786 x ( 6.163 )2 x Hb + 17.688
438.030 = 29.843 Hb + 17.688
Hb = 14.085 ft
= 169.026 in
= 4.293 m
ts = 1195.538 + 0.125
23440.601
ts = 0.176 in
ts standard = 1 in = 0.2 in
5 (Pressure Vessel Handbook,182)
Keterangan :
f = 13800 psia (Brownell and Young, Tabel 13.1, hal 251)
E = Welded Joint Efficiency
Dipilih Single welded butt joint maximum efficiency , berdasarkan
Tabel 13.2 Brownell and Young = 0.85
P = Tekanan desain, psia
D = Diameter silinder, in
C = Korosi yang dipakai (faktor korosi terhadap udara luar)
= 0.125 in/10 tahun (Peters & Timmerhaus, hal 542)
α = Wall angle conical 30
o
tc = 0.133 in
maka tebal conical = 7/8 in = 0.875 in (Brownell, tabel 5.7 hal 89)
* Head
2 × 𝑓 × 𝐸 × 𝑡 × cos 𝛼 (Pressure Vessel Handbook,20)
𝑃=
𝐷 + 1.2 × 𝑡 × cos 𝛼
P = 3166.397
2.040
P = 1551.819 psia
Hopper (TT-101)
Nama Hopper
Kode TT-101
Fungsi Penyimpanan sementara Na2CO3
sebelum ke Mixer
Material Carbon Steel SA 283 grade C
Jenis Silinder tegak, bawah cone
Jumlah 1 unit
Waktu penyimpanan 1 hari
Volume 16.12 m3
Tinggi tanki 6.12 m
Diameter shell 1.88 m
Diameter outlet cone 0.19 m
Tebal shell 0.200 in
Tebal cone 0.875 in
Kondisi Operasi
o
Temperatur = 30 C
Tekanan = 1 atm
= 14.7 psia
Laju Alir Bahan = 1309.135 kg/jam
= 1.309 ton/jam
Kelonggaran = 20%
Kapasitas = 1.571 ton/jam
Tinggi alat = 20.08 ft = 6.1 m (tinggi hopper 1)
5 m
0.5 m
3.0 m 2.76 m
Properties Fluida
laju massa Fraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m 3
(Kg/m3)
H2 O 1964.81 1 1023.013 1023.013
Jumlah 1964.814 1 1023.013
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
* µ Campuran = 0.82 cP
= 5E-04 lb/ft.s
= 8E-04 kg/m.s
3
* ρ Campuran = 1023.0 kg/m = 63.867 lb/ft3
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 1.203
63.867
= 0.019 ft3/s
= 0.141 gal/s
= 8.456 gal/min
= 0.0005 m3/s
* Kecepatan aliran, v = Q
A
= 2.720 m/s
= 8.924 ft/s
* Bilangan Reynold , NRe
NRe = 𝜌 × 𝑣 × 𝐼𝐷
𝜇
* Relative roughness = ɛ
ID
= 0.000046
0.02
= 0.002912
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 7.399
2
= 2.035 J/kg
= 0.681 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 7.399
2
= 0.629 J/kg
= 0.210 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 7.399
2
= 5.549 J/kg
= 1.857 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 7.399
2
= 22.198 J/kg
= 7.427 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 7.399
2
= 3.700 J/kg
= 1.238 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 7.399
2
= 5.549 J/kg
= 1.857 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 7.399
2
= 0.629 J/kg
= 0.210 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 7.399
2
= 7.399 J/kg
= 2.476 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
g = 32.174 ft/s2
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 63.867 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 28.293 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 1806.999 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 12.549 psia
= 85387.893 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 85387.893
= 186712.893 Pa
= 1.84 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 63.867 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 4.968 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 317.261 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 2.203 psia
= 14991.856 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 14991.856
= 116316.856 Pa
= 1.15 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 116316.856 - 85388
𝜌
1023.0
= 30.233 J/kg
= 10.115 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 11.213 m
Pompa (P-101)
Nama Pompa
Kode J-101 A/B
Fungsi Transportasi fluida dari tangki
penyimpanan H2O ke Mixer
Bahan Commercial Steel
Jumlah 1 Unit Operasi + 1 Unit Cadangan
Jenis Centrifugal pump
Spesifikasi Pipa
NPS 0.50 in
Schedule Number 40
Diameter Luar Pipa 0.840 in
Diameter Dalam Pipa 0.622 in
Luas Penampang 0.000 m2
Spesifikasi Pompa
Kapasitas 0.001 m3/s
Tenaga 214.149 J/kg
Power Pompa 0.4 hp
Power Motor 0.5 hp
NPSHR 0.427 m
NPSHA 11.213 m
dari tanki H2O menuju Mixer
2) Pompa (P-102)
berfungsi sebagai alat transportasi fluida dari mixer menuju Reaktor
0.5 m
2 m
0.5 m
3.0 m 2.76 m
2 m
0.5 m
Properties Fluida
laju massaFraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m 3
(Kg/m3)
Na2CO3 1302.58929 0.3987 2473 985.8513
H2 O 1964.81 0.6013 1023.013 615.1767
Jumlah 3267.403 1 1601.028
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 2.001
99.952
= 0.020 ft3/s
= 0.150 gal/s
= 8.986 gal/min
= 0.0006 m3/s
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 2.708
2
= 0.745 J/kg
= 0.249 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 2.708
2
= 0.230 J/kg
= 0.077 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 2.708
2
= 2.031 J/kg
= 0.679 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 2.708
2
= 8.123 J/kg
= 2.718 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 2.708
2
= 1.354 J/kg
= 0.453 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 2.708
2
= 2.031 J/kg
= 0.679 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 2.708
2
= 0.230 J/kg
= 0.077 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 2.708
2
= 2.708 J/kg
= 0.906 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
2
g = 32.174 ft/s
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
2
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 99.952 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 4.968 ft
ft3 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
2
= 496.518 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 3.448 psia
= 23462.440 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 23462.440
= 124787.440 Pa
= 1.23 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 99.952 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 7.230 ft
ft3 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
2
= 722.637 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 5.018 psia
= 34147.472 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 202650 + 34147.472
= 236797.472 Pa
= 1.17 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 236797.472 - 23462
𝜌
1601.0
= 133.249 J/kg
= 44.580 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 3.896 m
2 m
0.5 m
4.0 m 5.50 m
Properties Fluida
laju massa Fraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m3 (Kg/m3)
C6H5CH2CL2593.446 0.9971 1092 1088.746
C6H5CH3 7.575 0.0029 898.089 2.615476
Jumlah 2601.021 1 1091.361
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
* µ Campuran = 0.64 cP
= 4E-04 lb/ft.s
= 6E-04 kg/m.s
* ρ Campuran = 1091.4 kg/m3 = 68.134 lb/ft3
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 1.593
68.134
= 0.023 ft3/s
= 0.175 gal/s
= 10.493 gal/min
= 0.0007 m3/s
* Kecepatan aliran, v = Q
A
= 1.922 m/s
= 6.304 ft/s
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 3.693
2
= 1.015 J/kg
= 0.340 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 3.693
2
= 0.314 J/kg
= 0.105 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 3.693
2
= 2.769 J/kg
= 0.927 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 3.693
2
= 11.078 J/kg
= 3.706 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 3.693
2
= 1.846 J/kg
= 0.618 ft.lbf/lbm
= 3 x 0.750 x 3.693
2
= 4.154 J/kg
= 1.390 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 3.693
2
= 0.314 J/kg
= 0.105 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 3.693
2
= 3.693 J/kg
= 1.235 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
2
g = 32.174 ft/s
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
2
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 68.134 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 30.410 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 2071.934 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 14.388 psia
= 97907.104 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 97907.104
= 199232.104 Pa
= 1.97 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 99.952 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 7.230 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 722.637 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 5.018 psia
= 34147.472 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 202650 + 34147.472
= 236797.472 Pa
= 1.17 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 236797.472 - 199232
𝜌
1091.4
= 34.421 J/kg
= 11.516 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 14.624 m
1 m
0.5 m
3.0 m 2.96 m
Properties Fluida
laju massa Fraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m3 (Kg/m3)
C6H5CH2Cl 259.339488 0.0475 969.5178 46.03251
C6H5CH3 7.57395171 0.0014 803.7023 1.114443
Na2CO3 324.665471 0.0594 2419.015 143.7855
H2 O 1798.38255 0.3292 908.4535 299.1059
C6H5CH2OH1992.73386 0.3648 945.6372 344.996
NaCl 1079.40648 0.1976 1875.554 370.6422
Jumlah 5462.102 1 1205.676
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
Laju Alir Cairan
* Laju massa, G = 1.517 kg/s
= 3.3449 lb/s
* µ Campuran = 1.43 cP
= 1E-03 lb/ft.s
= 1E-03 kg/m.s
3
* ρ Campuran = 1205.7 kg/m = 75.270 lb/ft3
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 3.345
75.270
= 0.044 ft3/s
= 0.332 gal/s
= 19.947 gal/min
= 0.0013 m3/s
* Kecepatan aliran, v = Q
A
= 2.258 m/s
= 7.407 ft/s
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 5.097
2
= 1.402 J/kg
= 0.469 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 5.097
2
= 0.433 J/kg
= 0.145 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 5.097
2
= 3.823 J/kg
= 1.279 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 5.097
2
= 15.290 J/kg
= 5.115 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 5.097
2
= 2.548 J/kg
= 0.853 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 5.097
2
= 3.823 J/kg
= 1.279 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 5.097
2
= 0.433 J/kg
= 0.145 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 5.097
2
= 5.097 J/kg
= 1.705 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
g = 32.174 ft/s2
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 75.270 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 7.230 ft
ft3 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
2
= 544.192 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 3.779 psia
= 25715.231 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 202650 + 25715.231
= 228365.231 Pa
= 1.13 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 75.270 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 4.368 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 328.746 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 2.283 psia
= 15534.557 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 15534.557
= 116859.557 Pa
= 1.15 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 116859.557 - 25715
𝜌
1205.7
= 75.596 J/kg
= 25.291 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 5.283 m
Pompa (P-104)
Nama Pompa
Kode J-101 A/B
Transportasi fluida dari reaktor menuju
Fungsi dekanter
Bahan Commercial Steel
Jumlah 1 Unit Operasi + 1 Unit Cadangan
Jenis Centrifugal pump
Spesifikasi Pipa
NPS 1.00 in
Schedule Number 40
Diameter Luar Pipa 1.320 in
Diameter Dalam Pipa 1.049 in
Luas Penampang 0.001 m2
Spesifikasi Pompa
Kapasitas 0.001 m3/s
Tenaga 118.616 J/kg
Power Pompa 0.6 hp
Power Motor 0.7 hp
NPSHR 0.757 m
NPSHA 5.283 m
dari Reaktor menuju dekanter
5) Pompa (J-105)
berfungsi sebagai alat transportasi fluida dari dekanter menuju distilasi
0.3 m
2 m
0.5 m
3.0 m 2.96 m
Properties Fluida
laju massa Fraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m3 (Kg/m3)
C6H5CH2Cl259.339488 0.1152 1078.434 124.199
C6H5CH3 7.57395171 0.0034 890.3654 2.994655
H2 O 71.935302 0.0319 1013.641 32.38041
C6H5CH2OH1913.02451 0.8495 1029.628 874.6954
Jumlah 2251.873 1 1034.27
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 1.379
64.569
= 0.021 ft3/s
= 0.160 gal/s
= 9.586 gal/min
= 0.0006 m3/s
* Relative roughness = ɛ
ID
= 0.000046
0.02
= 0.002198
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 3.082
2
= 0.847 J/kg
= 0.284 ft.lbf/lbm
c) Hilang Energi Akibat Gate valve
𝑣2 (Geankoplis, 2.10-17, pg. 94)
𝐹𝑣1 = 𝐾𝑓
2
= 0.17 x 3.082
2
= 0.262 J/kg
= 0.088 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 3.082
2
= 2.311 J/kg
= 0.773 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 3.082
2
= 9.245 J/kg
= 3.093 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 3.082
2
= 1.541 J/kg
= 0.516 ft.lbf/lbm
c) Hilang Energi Akibat Elbow
𝑣2 (Geankoplis, 2.10-17, pg. 94)
𝑓 = 𝑧 × 𝐾𝑓
2
= 2 x 0.750 x 3.082
2
= 2.311 J/kg
= 0.773 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 3.082
2
= 0.262 J/kg
= 0.088 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 3.082
2
= 3.082 J/kg
= 1.031 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
2
g = 32.174 ft/s
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 64.569 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 4.368 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 282.009 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 1.958 psia
= 13326.062 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 13326.062
= 114651.062 Pa
= 1.13 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 64.569 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 6.053 ft
ft3 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
2
= 390.858 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 2.714 psia
= 18469.582 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 18469.582
= 119794.582 Pa
= 1.18 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 119794.582 - 13326
𝜌 1034.3
= 102.941 J/kg
= 34.440 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 5.245 m
10 m
0.5 m
3.0 m 2.96 m
Properties Fluida
laju massa Fraksi Densitas ρ.wi
Bahan
kg/jam massa kg/m3 (Kg/m3)
C6H5CH2Cl 2.59339488 0.0014 907.6526 1.24119
C6H5CH2OH1893.89426 0.9986 889.9699 888.7529
Jumlah 1896.488 1 889.9941
𝜇𝐿×(1+0.5×𝜃𝑠)
𝜇𝑚 =
1 − 𝜃𝑠 4
* µ Campuran = 0.56 cP
= 4E-04 lb/ft.s
= 6E-04 kg/m.s
* ρ Campuran = 890.0 kg/m3 = 55.562 lb/ft3
* Laju volumetrik, Q = G
ρ Campuran
= 1.161
55.562
= 0.021 ft3/s
= 0.156 gal/s
= 9.382 gal/min
= 0.0006 m3/s
* Kecepatan aliran, v = Q
A
= 1.718 m/s
= 5.637 ft/s
Keterangan :
A1 = Luas penampang tangki penyimpanan
A2 = Luas penampang pipa
Karena luas A1 sangat besar dari pada luas A2 maka nilai dari A2/A1
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kc = 0.55
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
= 0.55 x 2.952
2
= 0.812 J/kg
= 0.272 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 2.952
2
= 0.251 J/kg
= 0.084 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 2.952
2
= 2.214 J/kg
= 0.741 ft.lbf/lbm
= 6 x 2.952
2
= 8.856 J/kg
= 2.963 ft.lbf/lbm
Karena luas A2 sangat besar dari pada luas A1 maka nilai dari A1/A2
mendekati nilai 0, sehingga :
Kex = 1
α = 1 (untuk aliran turbulen)
maka :
𝑣2
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥
2𝛼
= 1 x 2.952
2
= 1.476 J/kg
= 0.494 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 0.750 x 2.952
2
= 2.214 J/kg
= 0.741 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0.17 x 2.952
2
= 0.251 J/kg
= 0.084 ft.lbf/lbm
= 2 x 2.952
2
= 2.952 J/kg
= 0.988 ft.lbf/lbm
Keterangan :
3
ρ = Densitas liquid (lb/ft )
2
g = 32.174 ft/s
gc = Faktor konversi gravitasi
= 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
HL = Tinggi larutan (ft)
* P1
Ptangki 1 = 55.562 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 4.968 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 276.009 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 1.917 psia
= 13042.516 Pa
P1 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 13042.516
= 114367.516 Pa
= 1.13 atm
* P2
Ptangki 2 = 55.562 lb x 32.174 ft/s2 x 33.485 ft
3 2
ft 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2
= 1860.532 lbf/ft x 1 psia
144 lbf/ft2
= 12.920 psia
= 87917.554 Pa
P2 = Poperasi + Phidrostatis
= 101325 + 87917.554
= 189242.554 Pa
= 1.87 atm
* 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 189242.554 - 13043
𝜌
890.0
= 197.979 J/kg
= 66.236 ft.lbf/lbm
* Head Velocity
Karena kecepatan linier fluida pada titik 1 dan 2 relatif sama,
maka v1 = v2, maka ΔV = 0 sehingga nilai head velocity
Hv = ΔV = 0
2g
Keterangan :
NPSH A = Net positive Suction Head Available , m
P = Tekanan total di tanki umpan, Pa
H = Tinggi cairan dibagian pump suction , m
Pf = Pressure drop pipa lurus suction , J/Kg
Pv = Tekanan uap cairan, Pa
3
ρ = Densitas cairan, kg/m
= 6.191 m
Fungsi M
: enurunkan tekanan keluaran reaktor dari 2 atm menjadi 1 atm
Jenis : Globe valve
Konstruksi Commercial
: steel
A. Kondisi operasi
P1 = 2 atm T1 = 313.15 K
= 0.202 Mpa
P2 = 1 atm T2 = 313.125197 K
= 0.101 Mpa
R = 8.314 J/mol.K
= 1.000228608
C-392
k-1
= 0.000228555
k
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑃2
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 𝑃1 − 1 𝐸 , E = Efesiensi (50%)
50 % = 0.5
= 313.1 K = 40.0 C
D. Pernacangan Expansion Valve
Densitas
Komponen A B n Tc (1-T/Tc)^n ρ (kg/mᶾ) yi ρ.yi
C6H5CH2Cl 0.342 0.254 0.286 686 0.840136 1082.418 0.014 15.62644
C6H5CH3 0.3 0.271 0.299 591.8 0.79841 850.6038 0.001 0.493116
Na2CO3 0.261 0.1 0.286 3700 0.97505 2468.156 0.022 53.23408
H2O 0.347 0.274 0.286 647.1 0.827797 1013.638 0.704 713.1476
C6H5CH2OH 0.323 0.264 0.224 677 0.870151 1029.626 0.130 133.7802
NaCl 0.221 0.106 0.375 3400 0.964389 1928.692 0.130 250.5988
Total 8373.134 1.000 1166.88
ρ = 1166.88 kg/m³ = 72.85 lb/ft³
Viskositas
Viskositas = 74.496 cP
= 180.213 lbm.ft/jam
= 648.768 kg/m.jam
Menentukan Diameter Valve
Diameter optimum dapat ditentukan berdasarkan persamaan berikut :
𝐷𝑖, 𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 3,9 𝑥 𝑞𝑓0.45 𝑥 𝜌0.13
(Pers.15, Peters & Timmerhaus, 1991)
Dimana :
Di,opt = diameter, in
3
qf = laju alir, ft /s
3
ρ = densitas fluida, lb/ft
C-393
qf G
= = 4.681 m3/jam
ρmix
3
= 0.05 ft /s
0,45
Di = 3.9 qf ρ0,13
= 1.459 in
Sehingga digunakan pipa dengan data yang diperoleh dari
Item 2. Design Properties of Pipe (Brownel, Halaman 388)
NPS = 2 in
Sch Num = 40
OD ` = 2.375 in
= 0.060 m
ID = 2.067 in
= 0.053 m
Flow area per pipe (a't) = 20.01 in2
2
= 0.456 ft
2
= 0.042 m
Wall thickness = 0.308 in
= 0.008 m
qf
v = = 0.031 m/s
a't
ρ = ##### kg/m³ = 9 m
Spesifikasi Expansion Valve (EV - 101)
Fungsi Menurunkan tekanan keluaran
reaktor
Jenis Globe Valve Half Open
Bahan Konstruksi Commercial steel
Temperatur masuk 40 C
Temperatur keluar 40 C
Tekanan Masuk 2 atm
Tekanan Keluar 1 atm
Laju alir 5462.10 kg/jam
LAMPIRAN D
UTILITAS
Keterangan :
F = foot candle yang dibutuhkan
U = koefisien utilitas white bowl lamp
D = efisiensi lampu
a = luas area (ft2)
Luas F
Bangunan 2 2
F U D Lumen
m ft U. D
Pos Keamanan 20 215.26 20 0.4 0.8 67 14351
Parkir kendaraan 500 5381.5 10 0.5 0.8 27 146435
Masjid 100 1076.3 20 0.6 0.8 48 52184
Kantin 60 645.78 20 0.6 0.8 48 30751
Kantor Pusat 420 4520.5 35 0.5 0.8 92 413637
Kantor Penelitian 150 1614.5 35 0.5 0.8 92 147727
Departemen Produksi 240 2583.1 35 0.5 0.8 92 236364
Departemen Teknik 200 2152.6 35 0.5 0.8 92 196970
K3 dan Safety 150 1614.5 35 0.5 0.8 92 147727
Perpustakaan 100 1076.3 20 0.6 0.8 45 48049.1
Poliklinik 150 1614 20 0.6 0.8 48 76878.6
Ruang Kontrol 150 1614 40 0.6 0.8 89 143506.7
Laboratorium 100 1076 40 0.5 0.8 105 112554
Koperasi 20 215 20 0.6 0.8 45 9729.3
Aula Serbaguna 250 2691 30 0.6 0.8 68 182423.7
Proses 2000 21526 30 0.5 0.8 78 1688314
Area Bahan baku 500 5382 10 3.6 3.8 0.7 3997.40
Area Produk 200 2153 10 3.6 3.8 0.7 1598.96
Unit Penyediaan dan
Pengolahan air 400 4305 10 0.5 0.8 27 114805
Spesifikasi Generator
Tipe = AC Generator
Kapasitas = 500 kW = 670.51 hp
Efisiensi = 80%
Jumlah = 1 Unit
Bahan Bakar = Solar
C Unit Penyediaan Bahan Bakar
1) Bahan Bakar Boiler
* Massa steam yang dibutuhkan = 1,814.776 kg/jam
* Efisiensi, c = 80%
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 140186.9 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 140.75 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 1 jam
= 120% x 140.7 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 168.90 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 140186.9 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 140.75 m3/jam
Volume per tangki = 140.75 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume air x 2 jam
= 120% x 140.7 m3/jam x 2 jam
= 337.80 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
338 m3 = 1 x ᴫ x Dt2 x Ht
4
430 m3 = Dt2 x Ht dimana : Ht = 1.5Dt
430 m3 = 2 x Dt3
Dt = 6.60 m
R = 3.30 m
Ht = 9.89 m
Tinggi cairan = 141 x 9.89
338
= 4.12 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 4.12
= 40234.5 Pa
= 5.834 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 5.83
= 20.5299 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 20.5
= 22.5829 Psi
R, jari-jari = 3.3 m
= 129.828 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.184 + 0.125
= 0.309 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.31 in (Brownell & Young)
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 140186.9 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 140.75 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 1 jam
= 120% x 140.7 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 168.90 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 5.23 m
R = 2.62 m
Ht = 7.85 m
Tinggi cairan = 141 x 7.85
168.9
= 6.54 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 6.54
= 63868.2 Pa
= 9.26089 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 9.26
= 23.9568 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 24
= 26.3525 Psi
R, jari-jari = 2.6 m
= 103.045 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.171 + 0.125
= 0.296 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.31 in (Brownell & Young)
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 63084.1 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 63.34 m3/jam
Volume per tangki = 63.34 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume air x 1 jam
= 120% x 63.3 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 76.00 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 51461.50 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 51.67 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 1 jam
= 120% x 51.67 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 62.00 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 1 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Tinggi shell : Diameter (Hs : D = 3 : 2)
Tinggi head : Diameter (Hh : D = 1 : 4) (Wallas, p.671)
Volume tangki= Volume shell + Volume head
62.0 m3 = π . D² . H + π . D³
4 12
62.0 m3 = 3.14 D² 2 D + 3.14 D³
4 12
62.0 m3 = 1.18 D³ + 0.26 D³
62.0 m3 = 1.44 D³
D³ = 43.08 m3
D = 3.51 m = 138.0 in
R = 1.75 m = 69.01 in
Tinggi shell = 5.26 m = 207.0 in
Tinggi head = 0.88 m = 34.50 in
Tinggi tanki = Tinggi shell + Tinggi Head
= 6.13 m = 241.5 in
Tinggi cairan = 51.67 x 6.13 m
62.0
= 5.11 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 5.11
= 49900.70 Pa
= 7.2356 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 7.24
= 21.9316 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 21.9
= 24.1247 Psi
R, jari-jari = 1.75 m
= 69.0081 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.10474 + 0.13
= 0.22974 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.25 in
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume air = 120% x 227 gpm
= 273 gpm
Luas tangki (A) = Volume air
Kecepatan air
= 273 gal/menit
5 gal/min.ft2
= 54.6 ft2
Luas tangki (A) = 1 ᴫ D2
4
54.6 ft2 = 1 ᴫ D2
4
D2 = 69.5
D = 8.34 ft
D = 2.54 m
D = 100.1 in
Direncanakan, tinggi tangki = 5 x tinggi bed
Tinggi tangki (H) = 5 x tinggi bed
= 5 x 2.90 ft
= 14.51 ft
Volume resin = 1 ᴫD2H
4
= 792 ft3 = 22.4299818 m3
densitas = 1080 kg/m3
massa resin = 24224
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 51461.5 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 51.67 m3/jam
Volume per tangki = 51.67 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume air x 1 jam
= 120% x 51.7 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 62.00 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
62 m3 = 1 x ᴫ x Dt2 x Ht
4
79 m3 = Dt2 x Ht dimana : Ht = 1.5Dt
3
79 m = 2 x Dt3
Dt = 3.75 m
R = 1.87 m
Ht = 5.62 m
Tinggi cairan = 52 x 5.62
62
= 4.69 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 4.69
= 45730.9 Pa
= 6.63098 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 6.63
= 21.3269 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 21.3
= 23.4596 Psi
R, jari-jari = 1.9 m
= 73.7819 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.109 + 0.125
= 0.234 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.38 in (Brownell & Young)
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 3929.6 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 3.95 m3/jam
Volume per tangki = 3.95 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume air x 24 jam
= 120% x 3.9 m3/jam x 24 jam
= 113.63 m3
b. Dimensi tangki
114 m3 = 1 x ᴫ x Dt2 x Ht
4
145 m3 = Dt2 x Ht dimana : Ht = 1.5Dt
145 m3 = 2 x Dt3
Dt = 4.59 m
R = 2.29 m
Ht = 6.88 m
Tinggi cairan = 95 x 6.88
114
= 5.73 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 5.73
= 55963.3 Pa
= 8.11468 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 8.11
= 22.8106 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 22.8
= 25.0917 Psi
R, jari-jari = 2.3 m
= 90.2908 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.142 + 0.125
= 0.267 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.38 in (Brownell & Young)
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 1814.78 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 1.82 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 2 jam
= 120% x 1.82 m3/jam x 2 jam
= 4.37 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 1 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 1.55 m
R = 0.77 m
Ht = 2.32 m
Tinggi cairan = 4 x 2.32
4
= 1.94 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 1.94
= 18894.4 Pa
= 2.73969 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 2.74
= 17.4356 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 17.4
= 19.1792 Psi
R, jari-jari = 4.00 m
= 157.48 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.1898 + 0.13
= 0.3148 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.5 in
Resume Tangki Air Umpan Boiler (T-205)
Kode T-205
Fungsi Menyimpan air umpan boiler
Jenis Vertikal silinder + ellipsoidal head
Bahan konstruksi Carbon steel SA-266 Type C
Kapasitas air 1.82 m3/jam
Volume tangki 4 m3
Waktu tinggal 2 jam
Tinggi tangki 2.32 m
Diameter tangki 1.55 m
Tebal tangki 0.50 in
13. Boiler 1
Boiler dirancang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan steam 250°C pada tekanan
101.325 kPa, dimana
Hl = 1085.8 Kj/Kg = 467 Btu/lbm
Hv = 2800.4 Kj/Kg = 1204 Btu/lbm
ΔHvl = 1714.6 Kj/Kg = 737 Btu/lbm
Laju alir massa = 1814.78 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Laju alir massa
Densitas air
= 1.82 m3/jam
= 43.73 m3/hari
Asumsi, Selama steam mengalir dari boiler terjadi kehilangan panas, maka harus
maka ditambahkan 10% kebutuhan steam
Kebutuhan steam = 110% x 1814.78 Kg/jam
= 1996.25405 Kg/jam
= 4400.94168 lbm/jam
(Sauselein,1981)
d. Kapasitas boiler
Q ms x (Hv - Hl)
=
1000
Q = 4400.94168 x 2800 - 1086
1000
= 7545.8546 Btu/jam
= 7961.32936 Kj/jam
Resume Boiler 1 (B-201)
Kode B-201
Fungsi memproduksi steam 200 .֯C ,16535,1 Kpa
Jumlah 1 buah
Kebutuhan steam 1996.25 kg/jam
Jenis bahan bakar solar
Kebutuhan bahan bakar 204.81 lbm/jam
Daya boiler 96.9 Hp
Efisiensi boiler 80% jam
Kapasitas boiler 7961.3 kj/jam
14. Tangki steam condensate
Fungsi : Menampung steam condensate dari proses
Bentuk : Vertikal silinder
Bahan : Carbon steel SA-266 Type C
Waktu tinggal : 1 jam
Tekanan operasi : 1 atm
: 14.696 psi
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 1484.82 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996.0 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 1.49 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 1 jam
= 120% x 1.5 m3/jam x 1 jam
= 1.79 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 1 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 1.15 m
R = 0.57 m
Ht = 1.72 m
Tinggi cairan = 1 x 1.72
2
= 1.44 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 1.44
= 14026.2 Pa
= 2.0338 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 2.03
= 16.7297 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 16.7
= 18.4027 Psi
R, jari-jari = 0.57 m
= 22.6298 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.02629 + 0.13
= 0.15129 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.25 in
a. Kondisi operasi
Suhu air masuk menara (TL1) = 45 °C
Suhu air keluar menara (TL2) = 30 °C
Massa air yang didinginkan = 45717.1 Kg/jam
Densitas air yang didinginkan = 996 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 45.90 m3/jam
= 202.093 gpm
= 12.75 L/s
Digunakan udara sebagai pendingin, dengan relative humidity 70%
Suhu udara masuk (Tdb1) = 26 °C
Suhu udara keluar (Tdb2) = 38 °C
Dari Psycometric chart (Felder, 8.4-1 hal. 385) diperoleh nilai
Udara masuk, Twb1 = 20 °C
Humidity (H1) = 0.02 Kg H2O/Kg udara kering
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 45717.0927 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996.0 Kg/m3 , jika dibuat 6 tangki maka :
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 7.65 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 2 jam
3
= 120% x 7.7 m /jam x 2 jam
= 18.36 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 6 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 2.50 m
R = 1.25 m
Ht = 3.75 m
Tinggi cairan = 15.3 x 3.75
18.4
= 3.12 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 3.12
= 30481.4 Pa
= 4.4198 Psi
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 37404.9 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996.0 Kg/m3 , jika dibuat 6 tangki maka :
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 6.26 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 1 jam
3
= 120% x 6.3 m /jam x 1 jam
= 7.51 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 6 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 1.85 m
R = 0.93 m
Ht = 2.78 m
Tinggi cairan = 6.3 x 2.78
7.5
= 2.32 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 2.32
= 22627.8 Pa
= 3.28102 Psi
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 2160 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996.0 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 2.17 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 24 jam
= 120% x 2.2 m3/jam x 24 jam
= 62.46 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 1 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 3.76 m
R = 1.88 m
Ht = 5.64 m
Tinggi cairan = 52 x 5.64
62
= 4.70 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 4.70
= 45842.76 Pa
= 6.6472 Psi
P total = 14.696 + 6.65
= 21.3432 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 21.3
= 23.4775 Psi
R, jari-jari = 1.88 m
= 73.9624 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.10923 + 0.13
= 0.23423 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.25 in
a. Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 1080 Kg/jam
Densitas air = 996.0 Kg/m3
Volume air = Kapasitas air
Densitas air
= 1.08 m3/jam
Faktor keamanan design bak sebesar 20%, sehingga diperoleh volume bak
Volume bak = 120% x Volume airx 24 jam
= 120% x 1.08 m3/jam x 24 jam
= 31.23 m3
Jumlah bak penampung air direncanakan berjumlah 1 buah
b. Dimensi tangki
Dt = 2.98 m
R = 1.49 m
Ht = 4.47 m
Tinggi cairan = 26.0 x 4.47
31.2
= 3.73 m
c. Tebal tangki
Persamaan menghitung tebal tangki
tt = PR + C
SE - 0,6P
menghitung tekanan hidrostatis :
P = ρ x g x Hl
= 996 x 10 x 1.50
= 14641.20 Pa
= 2.12297 Psi
P total = 0 + 2.12
= 2.12297 Psi
Faktor design 10% dari tekanan total
P design = 110% x 2.12
= 2.33527 Psi
R, jari-jari = 1.49 m
= 58.704 in
S = 18750 Psi
E = 0.85
C = 0.125
tt = 0.00862 + 0.13
= 0.13362 in
Dipilih tebal standar = 0.1875 in
Kapasitas tangki
Laju alir massa = 125.0 Kg/jam
Densitas = 840 Kg/m3
a. Volume Tangki
b. Dimensi Tangki
π . D² . H
Volume shell =
4
π . D³
Volume head =
12
Dasar Perhitungan
Kapasitas Produksi : 15,000 Ton/tahun
Satu tahun operasi : 330 hari
Pabrik dibagun pada tahun : 2021
Pabrik beroperaasi pada tahun : 2023
Nilai Kurs 1 US $ : Rp14,631
1200
1150 y = 18.67x - 36236
1100 R² = 0.9692
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Dari hasil regresi didapatkan nilai:
a = 18.67
b = 36236
Dengan: y = indeks
x = tahun ke-
Sehingga didapatkan indeks pada tahun 2021 yaitu = 1496.07
400
200
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Tahun
n
Eb = Ea Cb
Ca
Ex = Ey Nx
Ny
2. Mixing Tank
Volumetrik Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
L/s (Dollar) (Dollar)
M-101 1 0.657 Towler, 2008 1559.102 1844.783
TOTAL 1844.783
3. Decanter
Kapasitas Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m³ (Dollar) (Dollar)
DC-101 1 6.17 Towler, 2008 11521.14293 13632.21072
Total 13632.21072
4. Menara Destilasi
Panjang Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m (Dollar) (Dollar)
MD-101 1 5.66 Towler, 2008 10110.31674 11962.87288
Total 11962.87288
5. Tangki
Volume Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah 3 Referensi
m (Dollar) (Dollar)
T-101 1 400.46 Towler, 2008 111947.0213 132459.5479
T-102 1 322.52 Towler, 2008 97024.93913 114803.2295
T-103 1 0.37 Towler, 2008 6604.70005 7814.9072
T-104 1 0.00 Towler, 2008 5800 6862.758553
Total 261940.4431
6. Heat Exchanger
Area Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m² (Dollar) (Dollar)
E-101 1 3.47 Towler, 2009 10584.93561 12524.45817
E-102 1 3.87 Towler, 2009 11579.91535 13701.75226
E-103 1 2.77 Towler, 2010 8836.314837 10455.43021
E-104 1 0.36 Towler, 2010 2794.895611 3307.016166
E-105 1 13.13 Towler, 2010 34717.99888 41079.52479
E-106 1 20.79 Towler, 2010 53875.07024 63746.82743
E-107 1 1.79 Towler, 2010 6380.480533 7549.602991
Total 152364.612
7. Pompa
Kapasitas Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
L/s (Dollar) (Dollar)
P-101 2 0.53 Towler, 2008 8136.34 19254.40
P-102 2 0.57 Towler, 2008 8144.00 19272.52
P-103 2 0.66 Towler, 2008 8165.58 19323.58
P-104 2 1.26 Towler, 2008 8295.16 19630.23
P-105 2 0.60 Towler, 2008 8152.64 19292.96
P-106 2 0.59 Towler, 2008 8149.71 19286.03
Total 116059.71
8. Bucket Elevator
Tinggi Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m (Dollar) (Dollar)
BE-101 1 6.12 Towler, 2008 32910 38939.789
TOTAL 38939.789
9. Screw Conveyor
Tinggi Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m (Dollar) (Dollar)
SC-101 1 6.0 Garret 3000 5754.34
TOTAL 5754.34
10. Hopper
Volume Harga Ref Harga 2021
Alat Jumlah Referensi
m3 (Dollar) (Dollar)
HO-101 1 16.12480 matche.com 11800 13089.97
TOTAL 13089.97
150
Indeks
100
50 y = 3.8332x - 7509.3
R² = 0.9704
0 (Brown, Appendix II
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 hal 284, 2007)
Tahun
> Lahan
Harga Tanah di Gresik Kota, Gresik
Tahun 2020 = Rp1,000,000 /m2 (rumah123.com)
2
Luas Tanah = 26000 m
1 US $ = Rp14,631
Biaya Pembelian tanah seluas 26000 m2 pada tahun 2019 = Rp26,000,000,000
= $ 1,777,049
9. Analisa Kelayakan
a. Estimasi Keuntungan
Sales (Penjualan produk) $ 51,269,973
Manufacturing cost $ 33,423,757
General Exspanse $ 10,474,217
Biaya Total (MC + GE) $ 43,897,974
Keuntungan Sebelum Pajak $ 7,372,000
Pajak Pendapatan (25% × keuntungan sebelum pajak) $ 1,843,000
Keuntungan Setelah Pajak $ 5,529,000
Pajak : UU No 36 Th 2008 (Badan Usaha dgn pendapatan > Rp 50.000.000 yaitu 25%)
a. Penjualan
Sa = $ 51,269,973.13
BEP = (Fa + 0.3 Ra)
x 100%
Sa - Va - 0.7 Ra
= 48 %
Fa Va Total Cost Sa + Fa
0 $ 2,728,430 $ 7,079,842 $ 7,079,842 $ 2,728,430
100 $ 2,728,430 $ 29,107,677 $ 43,612,382 $ 53,998,403
Sales
0 $ - 0 # # # # $ -
100 $ 51,269,973 ## # # # # #
$80,000,000
$70,000,000
Nilai harga (USD)/tahun
$60,000,000
$50,000,000 Fa
Va
$40,000,000
BEP Total Cost
$30,000,000 SDP Sales
Sa + Fa
$20,000,000
$10,000,000
$0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Kapasitas/tahun