English Handout Level 2

English for Everyone

By anugerahsatria
 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

• Bahasa/Language:
• Definisi: Suatu sistem/cara untuk menyampaikan suatu ide/gagasan/informasi, baik
secara lisan, tulisan ataupun isyarat
• Fungsi : Sebagai alat komunikasi
• The component of Language:
1. Phoneme
2. Morpheme
3. Word
4. Phrase
5. Clause
6. Sentence

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

1. Phoneme/letter/Huruf/Abjad
• Def: Simbol bunyi yang disepakati oleh penggunanya
• Jenis: Alphabet : a-z
Hijaiyah : ‫ا‬-‫ي‬
Etc.

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

2. Morpheme
• Definisi: Komponen bahasa yang berupa kata dasar dan imbuhan.
• Jenis:
• Free Morpheme
Kata pada jenis ini dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kata dasar
• Bound Morpheme
Kata pada jenis ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, kata pada jenis ini berupa imbuhan (Affix)
Imbuhan bisa berupa prefix (awalan) dan suffix (akhiran)
Contoh:

Ke sedih an Sad ness

BM FM BM FM BM

Prefix Root Suffix Root Suffix

word word
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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

3. Word
 Word Def : Rangkaian huruf yang bermakna.
Kind Kata kerja k.k Belajar
Verb V Study

Kata benda k.b Pintu

Noun N Door

Kata ganti k.g Aku

Pronoun Pron I

Kata sifat k.s Cantik

Adjective Adj Pretty

Kata keterangan k.ket Disini

Adverb Adv Here

Kata sambung k.sam Dan

Conjunction conj And

Kata depan k.d Di

Preposition Prep In, on, at

Kata seru K.seru Aduh!

Interjection Inter Ouch!
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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

4. Phrase
• Noun Phrase
Noun phrase Def : Frase yang intinya berupa Noun.
NP W.O: Madj + Hn
e.g :

BeautifulM girlH BookM storeH

Adj N Adj N

NP NP
Note :
Noun yang difungsikan sebgai Adj disebut dengan Noun
Adjunct.

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

4. Pharse
• Adjective Phrase
Adjective phrase Def : Frase yang intinya berupa Adjective.
AP W.O: MAdv + HAdj
Hadj + MAdv
e.g :

soM gladH heavyH enoughM

Adv Adj Adj Adv

AP AP
Note :
Adverb of : so, very, too, enough, pretty, somewhat, fairly,
really, extremely, etc.

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

4. Pharse
• Adverbial Phrase
lause Def : Frase yang intinya berupa adverb.
AVP W.O: MAdv + HAdv
HAdv + MAdv
e.g:

TooM beautifullyH quicklyH enoughM

Adv Adv Adv Adv

AVP AVP

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

4. Pharse
• Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase Def : Frase yang berpola prep + object of
Preposition (OP).
W.O: Prep + OP (N, Pron, NP)
e.g:

For you On theM wayH In Indonesia

Pron Adj N N

PP NP PP
PP

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Chapter 1 – The Component of Language
• Tugas Day 1
Buatlah 5 contoh dari masing-masing jenis phrase beserta analisis MH

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

5. Clause
• Definisi: Rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola Subjek + Verb yang
bisa menjadi kalimat induk dan anak kalimat.
• Jenis Clause:
• Main Clause: Kalimat yang bisa berdiri sendiri (S+V)
• Sub Clause: Kalimat yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri (Conj + S + V)
Example:
Marjan menangis karena Jay pergi.

S V Conj S V

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language

6. Sentence
 Kalimat Sentence Def : Rangkaian kata yang bermakn, berpola S + V, dan
Sent diakhiri oleh End mark.
W.O: S + V + End mark; . (full stop)
? (quetion mark)
! (exclamation mark)
e.g :

She stands in line. Will you marry me? Open the door!
S V S V V

Sent Sent Sent

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language (Exercise Day 2)

1. He works hard every day Clause / Phrase 11. If they want to talk to me Clause / Phrase
2. After a good day Clause / Phrase 12. Towards the north Clause / Phrase
3. If I need to call you Clause / Phrase 13. In front of the building Clause / Phrase
4. In a dark and dangerous hallway Clause / Phrase 14. Jumping up and down on the bed Clause / Phrase
5. Before the next light Clause / Phrase 15. Until the next time Clause / Phrase
6. Because it's the right thing to do Clause / Phrase 16. Until she finds a car Clause / Phrase
7. As quickly as possible Clause / Phrase 17. I don't know the answer Clause / Phrase
8. This car's not working Clause / Phrase 18. Turn off the computer Clause / Phrase
9. Working for himself Clause / Phrase 19. Across the street from us Clause / Phrase
10. Whenever it gets cold Clause / Phrase 20. Inside a deep, dark well Clause / Phrase

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 Chapter 1 – The Component of Language (Exercise)
1. He works hard every day 11. If they want to talk to me
Clause Clause
2. After a good day 12. Towards the north
Phrase Phrase
3. If I need to call you 13. In front of the building
Clause Phrase
4. In a dark and dangerous hallway 14. Jumping up and down on the bed
Phrase Phrase
5. Before the next light 15. Until the next time
Phrase Phrase
6. Because it's the right thing to do 16. Until she finds a car
Clause Clause
7. As quickly as possible 17. I don't know the answer
Phrase Clause
8. This car's not working 18. Turn off the computer
Clause Phrase
9. Working for himself 19. Across the street from us
Phrase Phrase
10. Whenever it gets cold 20. Inside a deep, dark well
Clause Phrase

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 Chapter 2 – Noun

Definisi: Kata yang digunakan untuk menamai benda

Jenisnya: 1. Berdasarkan Wujud
2. Berdasarkan Penamaan
3. Berdasarkan Jumlah

1. Berdasarkan Wujud
1. Concrete Noun: Noun yang dapat diindra atau dideteksi oleh panca indra.
Contoh: table, money, fitri, wind, satria
2. Abstract Noun: Noun yang tidak dapat diindra atau dideteksi oleh panca indra.
Contoh: Love, spirit, happiness, sadness, music

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 Chapter 2 – Noun

2. Berdasarkan penamaan
1. Common Noun: Bersifat umum, contoh: transportation, city, boy girl
2. Proper Noun: Bersifat khusus, tidak diawali a/an, diawali huruf capital
contoh: Damri, Jakarta, pare, Indonesia, satria
3. Collective Noun: Noun yang bersifat kumpulan
contoh: team, group, family, class, club.
4. Material Noun: Noun yang berasal dari alam. Contoh: water, gold, and iron

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 Chapter 2 – Noun

3. Berdasarkan jumlah
1. Uncountable noun
- tidak dapat dihitung dan dijamakkan
- tidak dapat diawali angka
- dianggap tunggal
contoh: sugar, water
2. Countable noun
- dapat dihitung dan dijamakkan
- diawali angka
- bisa berupa regular dan irregular.
Contoh regular: pen-pens, tree-trees, key-keys
contoh irregular:man-men, child-children, mouse-mice, person-people

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 Chapter 2 – Exercise Day 3 (Noun)

Tugas untuk noun:

Tuliskan contoh noun berdasarkan jenisnya masing-masing 10 contoh.

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 Chapter 3 – Conjunction

Definisi: Kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara ataupun
tidak setara.
Jenisnya: Compound Conjunction and Complex Conjunction

1. Compound Conjunction: Conjunction yang menghubungkan hal yang setara

Pola:
- Adj conj Adj
- N conj N
- Adv conj Adv
- V conj v
Jenisnya: Coordinative Conjunction and Correlative Conjunction

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 Chapter 3 – Conjunction

1. Coordinative Conjunction: Conjunction yang terdiri dari 1 kata

Anggota: FANBOYS
For: Karena Or: atau
And: dan Yet: tetapi
Nor: dan …. Tidak…. So: sehingga
But : tetapi
Note:
And, but, or: menghubungkan antar word, clause, phrase
For, so, yet, nor: hanya menghubungkan antar clause
For, so, yet: penulisannya didahului koma
Nor: terdapat pola susun balik
Contoh:
1. Ridha can go to malang on Friday or Saturday
2. Fergy is friendly and patient
3. Zakki is generous but ridha is stingy
4. Zakki is generous, yet ridha is stingy.
5. He is so handsome but rather crazy.
6. Udin is kind and he is not arrogant ------- udin is kind nor is he arrogant.
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 Chapter 3 – Conjunction
2. Correlative Conjunction: Conjunction yang berpasangan
Anggota:
1. Both……..and……..
2. Not only……. but also…..
3. Whether/Either…….. or…..
4. Neither ……….nor……….
Aturan 1:
Untuk nomer 1 selalu bertemu verb plural, tapi untuk 234 mengikuti subjek yang kedua
Contoh:
1. Both Ridha and Fergy are polite
2. Not only Ridha but also fergy is from purwokerto.
3. Either fergy or dian likes it.
4. Neither fergy nor her friends play basketball.
Aturan 2: Apabila menghubungkan antar clause
Pola:
Not only V+S but also S+V
Neither S+V nor V+S ( terdapat inversi)
Contoh:
Not only is diki handsome but also he is rich
Neither diki is arrogant nor is he freak

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 Chapter 3 – Conjunction

2. Complex Conjunction: Conjunction yang menghubungkan dua hal yang tidak setara
Anggota: semua conjunction kecuali compound conjunction, contoh: because, after,
if, when, while

Pola: S + V + complex conjunction + S+ V

Contoh: Because of storm, our flight is delayed.

Although she is sick, she is still very energetic.

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 Chapter 3 – Exercise day 4 (Conjunction)

Tugas untuk Conjunction:

Tuliskan contoh kalimat menggunakan conjunction berdasarkan jenisnya masing-
masing 5 contoh.

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 Chapter 4 – Preposition

Definisi: Kata yang mengawali Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional phrase Def : Frase yang berpola prep + object of
Preposition (OP).
W.O: Prep + OP (N, Pron, NP)
e.g:

For you On theM wayH In Indonesia

Pron Adj N N

PP NP PP
PP

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 Chapter 4 – Preposition

• Pola yang terbentuk:

Prep+ Objek of Preposition ( n/pronoun/noun phrase)

• Bentuk dari Preposition

• Single word
• Contohnya: in, on, at, before, after
Fergy does it after Ridha
• Complex word
• Because of, in front of, due to,
Fergy sleeps in front of us

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 Chapter 4 – Preposition

• Note:
Kata yang dapat mengikat preposition:
1. Noun + Preposition
Contoh: Attention of, Objection to, choice of
2. Adjective + Preposition
Contoh: Angry with, proud of, similar to.
3. Verb + Preposition
1. Tidak mengubah makna
Contoh: Live in, Believe in.
2. Mengubah makna
1. Inseparable: tidak dapat dipisahkan oleh objek
Contoh: Look for+ obj , Look after+ obj
2. Separable: dapat dipisahkan oleh objek
Contoh:
Take (obj) up (obj)
Pick (obj) up (obj)
Take (obj) out (obj)

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 Chapter 4 – Exercise day 5 (Preposition)

Tugas untuk Preposition:

Tuliskan contoh kalimat menggunakan Preposition berdasarkan jenisnya masing-
masing 5 contoh.

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 Chapter 5 – Question Tag

Question tag adalah pertanyaan singkat yang sering terdapat pada akhir sebuah kalimat dalam suatu kalimat.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, question tag bisa diartikan kan?/bukan?/ya?/ yuk?

Beberapa ketentuan dalam membuat question tag, yaitu:

1. Jika kalimatnya positif, maka question tag-nya negatif.
Contoh:
Sandy is smart, isn’t she?
Jeremy and Tom are making a bowl of noodles, aren’t they?
Catatan: Jika question tag-nya negatif, maka not harus disingkat.
Contoh :
isn’t he? (Benar)
is not he? (Salah)
2. Jika kalimatnya berupa larangan atau perintah, gunakan will you untuk question tag-nya.
Contoh:
Don’t be noisy, will you?
Don’t make me upset, will you?

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 Chapter 5 – Question Tag

3. Jika kalimatnya negatif, maka question tag-nya positif.

Contoh:
Sandy is not smart, is she?
Jeremy and Tom are not making a bowl of noodles, are they?
4. Jika kalimatnya menggunakan simple present atau simple past, maka gunakan do/does (present) atau
did(past).
Contoh:
Sinta buys Amanda Cakes in Bandung, doesn’t she?
Jack found the key on that desk, didn’t he?
5. Jika subjeknya I am, maka question tag-nya aren’t I. Namun, bila subjeknya I am not, maka question tag-nya
am I.
Contoh:
I am not rude, am I?
I am diligent, aren’t I?

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 Chapter 5 – Exercise day 6 (Question Tag)

Buatlah contoh kalimat Question tag menggunakan 5

aturan diatas.

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 Chapter 5 – Question Tag

6. Jika kalimatnya menggunakan modals, maka gunakan modals untuk question tag-nya. Khusus untuk modals
have to, gunakan kata bantu do untuk question tag-nya.
Contoh:
Imogen will come back soon, won’t she?
Jack can’t drive a car, can he?
They have to make a film now, don’t they?
7. Jika subjeknya somebody, everyone, someone, everybody, no one dan nobody, maka gunakan they dalam
question tag.
Contoh:
Everybody went to the restaurant, didn’t they?
Somebody brought the guitar to my studio last week, didn’t they?
8. Jika kalimatnya mengandung sebuah kata dengan arti negatif, contohnya nobody, hardly no one, rarely
nothing, seldom, barely maka gunakan question tag positif.
Contoh:
No one comes to my house, do they?
She never seems to care, does she?

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 Chapter 5 – Question Tag

9. Jika subjeknya something, everything, dan nothing, maka gunakan it dalam question tag.
Contoh:
Something is moving, isn’t it?
Everything should be ready, shouldn’t it?
10. Jika kalimatnya dimulai dengan let’s, maka question tag-nya adalah shall we.
Contoh:
Let’s forget it, shall we?
Let’s draw the good picture here, shall we?

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Chapter 5 – Exercise day 7 (Question Tag)
1. Father went to office late last day, ….? 16. My friend and I were in market when you came to my house, …?
2. She wasn’t happy when he didn’t came to her house, …? 17. She always keeps her attitude better, …?
18. He lost his money when he went to exhibition, …?
3. They were learning Physics when we came last morning, …?
19. They didn’t choose Leda as their leader, …?
4. I can do this faster, …? 20. I shouldn’t have kissed him, …?
5. He could try again if he wanted to get more, …?
6. I will be happy if you bring me many chocolates, …?
7. Retna eats many fresh vegetables every night to her dinner, …?
8. They shouldn’t play a lot if they want their task to be finished, …?
9. Mia and I wanted to shop together last Friday night, …?
10. He had many things to be sold, …?
11. She has done her task since 8 a.m, …?
12. We want to make friendship, …?
13. He canceled his vacation because of his business, …?
14. We will come if they had finished their task yet, …?
15. I have finished my report for 5 minutes, …?
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Chapter 5 – Exercise day 7 (Question Tag)
1. didn’t he? 11. hasn’t she?
2. was she? 12. don’t we?
13. didn’t he?
3. weren’t they? 14. won’t we?
4. can’t I? 15. haven’t I?
5. couldn’t he? 16. weren’t we?
17. doesn’t she?
6. won’t I? 18. didn’t he?
7. doesn’t she? 19. did they?
20. should I?
8. should they?
9. didn’t we?
10. didn’t he?

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 Chapter 6 – Modal Auxiliary

• Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi
makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut.
• Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikan willingness (kemauan) atau ability (kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan),
dan possibility (kemungkinan). Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain:
can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to.

1. Can dan Could

Can dan could dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan). Bedanya, could untuk menyatakan ability
(kemampuan) di masa lalu (past). Keduanya dapat berfungsi untuk Modal verb ini juga dapat pula digunakan
untuk meminta izin (permission) untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Example:
You can buy anything with your money but you can‘t buy love.
(Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta)
You could run faster than me two years ago.
(Kamu dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu.)
Could I use your computer to print and scan?
(Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?)
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 Chapter 6 – Modal Auxiliary

2. May dan Might

May dan might dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) di masa sekarang (present) dan
masa depan (future).
May dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) dimana modal verb ini lebih formal dari can. Adapun
might ketika digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang bersifat lebih formal daripada modal verb could.
Dibanding may, might lebih tentatif (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.

Example:
He may work out and eat healthy food every day.
(Dia mungkin berlatih dan memakan makanan sehat setiap hari.)
You may/might forget the embarassing incident tomorrow.
(Kamu mungkin melupakan insiden memalukan itu besok.)
May I go home now?
(Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?) permission
If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend?
(Jika saya sudah membersihkan ruangan, bolehkah saya main dengan teman?) permission

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 Chapter 6 – Modal Auxiliary

3. Will dan Would

Will untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan). Willingness dapat diungkapkan dalam conditional sentence type 1
maupun invitation (undangan/ajakan). Would juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan),
namun lebih polite (sopan). Selain untuk mengungkapkan willingness, will dan would dapat pula digunakan untuk
membicarakan kemungkinan atau membuat prediksi.
Would saja dapat dipadukan dengan auxiliary have dan past participle (verb-3) untuk membentuk conditional
sentence type 3. Disini would untuk menyatakan tindakan yang ingin dilakukan di masa lalu.

Example:
I will help you if you help yourself first.
(Saya akan membantumu jika kamu membantu dirimu sendiri dulu.) conditional sentence type 1
Will you marry me?
(Maukah kamu menikah dengan saya?)
Would you like to see my craft?
(Maukah kamu melihat kerajinan tanganku?)
The sandstorm will come tonight.
(Badai pasir akan datang nanti malam.) prediksi
If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya menghadiri pestamu.) conditional sentence type 3

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 Chapter 6 – Modal Auxiliary

4. Shall
Shall [British English] digunakan untuk menyatakan simple future seperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person (orang pertama) I
dan we. Shall [US English] jarang digunakan selain untuk polite question untuk first person. Modal verb ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan
obligation (kewajiban) pada formal situation (yang dapat berupa legal document maupun pada saat meeting. Pada situasi ini, baik second maupun
third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini.

Example:
We shall overcome it someday.
(Kita akan mengatasinya suatu hari nanti.)
Shall we pay a call him?
(Haruskah kita menjenguknya?) polite question

5. Should
Should untuk memberi suggestion (saran) atau advice (nasehat).
You should see the doctor.
(Kamu harus ke dokter.)
6. Must
Must dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan prohibition (larangan). Selain itu, modal verb ini juga dapat untuk mengekspresikan obligation
(kewajiban) atau necessity (kebutuhan).
You mustn’t give up.
(Kamu tidak boleh menyerah.)
We must go to bed now.
(Kita harus tidur sekarang.)

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 Chapter 6 – Modal Auxiliary

Mustn’t / Not Have to

Penggunaan
Mustn’t dan not have to masing-masing merupakan bentuk negative dari must dan have to. Tidak seperti must dan have to yang
maknanya mungkin memiliki kemiripan, mustn’t dan not have to maknanya berbeda drastis.
Mustn’t digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang dilarang untuk dilakukan. Larangan tersebut dapat bersifat subjective
(pendapat pribadi) ataupun objective (peraturan). Adapun not have to untuk menyatakan bahwa tidak ada kewajiban untuk
melakukan sesuatu.

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 Chapter 6 – Exercise Modal Auxiliary (Day 8)

1.My father is very smart. He ________ speak five languages.

2.Look! The girl is falling into the river. We ________ rescue her
now.
3.Tom gets failed in his exams. I think he ________ study
harder.
4.There is nobody in the room now. They ________ go out to
buy something.
5.If you don’t bring your dictionary, you ________ borrow mine
now.
6.You ________ touch the wall. My father has just painted it.
7.You ________ care about her since she loves you very much.
8.John is absent from school today. He ________ be sick.
9.The bus 1 has just left. We ____wait another later.
10.Sorry, I am very busy now. I ________ help you.

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 Chapter 6 – Exercise Modal Auxiliary (Day 8)

1.My father is very smart. He ________ speak five languages. 1. Can

2.Look! The girl is falling into the river. We ________ rescue her 2. Must
now. 3. Should
3.Tom gets failed in his exams. I think he ________ study 4. May
harder. 5. Can
4.There is nobody in the room now. They ________ go out to 6. Mustn’t
buy something. 7. Must
5.If you don’t bring your dictionary, you ________ borrow mine 8. May
now. 9. Should
6.You ________ touch the wall. My father has just painted it. 10. Cannot
7.You ________ care about her since she loves you very much.
8.John is absent from school today. He ________ be sick.
9.The bus 1 has just left. We ____wait another later.
10.Sorry, I am very busy now. I ________ help you.

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 Chapter 7 – Phrasal Modal Verb

Phrasal modal verb adalah modal yang biasanya dimulai dengan to be atau have dengan/tanpa diakhiri dengan to.

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Phrasal Modal Verb

be supposed to, be to
We’re not supposed to bring any gifts to his wedding.
(Kita tidak diharapkan membawa hadiah apapun ke
pernikahannya.)
expectation (harapan) The participant was to fill out all fields of the form,
but he left some fields blank.
(Partisipan tersebut diharapkan mengisi semua kolom
formulir, namun dia membiarkan beberapa kolom
kosong.)

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 Chapter 7 – Phrasal Modal Verb

be able to (=can)
The woman is able to make the depressed people
smile and brighten their whole day.
ability (kemampuan) (Wanita itu bisa membuat orang-orang yang depresi
tersenyum dan
menyemarakkan sepanjang hari mereka.)
be going to
I’m going to call on my grandfather next week.
plan (rencana di masa depan)
(Saya mengunjungi kakek minggu depan.)
have to (=must), have got to
Phrasal modal ini untuk menyatakan keharusan
I have to meet my thesis supervisor today.
(necessity, obligation). Have got to lebih kuat dari
(Saya harus bertemu pembimbing skripsi hari ini.)
have to ~ strong obligation.
Phrasal verb ini untuk menyatakan keyakinan yang
kuat (strong The little boy has to be at home alone.
certain) bahwa tidak ada kemungkinan logis yang (Anak kecil itu pasti di rumah sendirian.)
lain.

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 Chapter 7 – Phrasal Modal Verb
ought to
Phrasal verb ini untuk menyatakan kepastian (certainty). Range
keyakinannya bisa sangat yakin (strong certain) atau tidak sangat yakin He ought to have done all the work correctly.
(not very certain) dimana ada kemungkinan lain tapi kira-kira inilah yang (Dia pasti telah menyelesaikan smua pekerjaan dengan benar.)
paling mungkin.
You ought to support your friend.
recommendation/advice (saran, nasehat)
(Kamu harus mendukung temanmu.)
used to
My mother used to feed her chickens every morning and afternoon.
habitual past action (kebiasaan di masa lalu)
(Ibu saya biasa memberi makan ayam-ayamnya setiap pagi dan sore hari.)

had better
You had better learn to accept help.
recommendation/advice (saran, nasehat)
(Kamu lebih baik belajar menerima bantuan.)
would rather, would prefer
I would rather eat potatoes than rice for breakfast.
preference (pilihan, yang lebih disukai)
(Saya lebih suka makan kentang daripada nasi untuk sarapan.)
would like to
Pinky and the Brain would like to conquer the world.
desire (keinginan)
(Pinky dan the Brain ingin menguasai dunia.)
Would you like me to repeat the question?
offer/invitation (tawaran/undangan)
(Kamu mau saya mengulangi pertanyaan?)

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 Chapter 7 – Exercise Phrasal Modal Verb (Day 9)

Buatlah 2 Kalimat masing-masing menggunakan Phrasal modal verb!

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 Chapter 8 – Kombinasi Modal Verb dengan Phrasal Modal Verb

Sekilas One-Word dan Phrasal Modal Verb

Modal Verb merupakan kata yang muncul sebelum main verb untuk memodifikasi makna dari main verb tersebut.
Modal verb dapat digolongkan menjadi single atau one-word modal (hanya terdiri dari satu kata) dan phrasal modal
verb (umumnya dimulai dengan to be atau have dengan/tanpa diakhiri dengan preposition to).

Contoh One Word Modal Verb: Contoh Phrasal Modal Verb:

•will •be supposed to
•would •be to
•may •be able to
•might •be going to
•should •have to
•can •ought to
•could •would like to
•must

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 Chapter 8 – Kombinasi Modal Verb dengan Phrasal Modal Verb

Kombinasi One-Word dengan Phrasal Modal Verb

One-word modal verb dapat dikombinasikan dengan phrasal modal verb seperti sebagai berikut:

modal verb + phrasal modal verb

You will have to do over your task.
(Kamu harus mengerjakan kembali tugasmu.)

antara phrasal modal pun dapat dikombinasikan:

phrasal modal + phrasal modal
She is going to have to make a choice.
(Dia akan harus membuat sebuah keputusan.)

namun tidak ada:

modal verb + modal verb

You can must work harder

phrasal modal verb + modal verb

You are able to must work harder

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 Chapter 8 – Additional (Perfect Modal)

Tambahan Pembahasan Modal:

Perfect Modal
Perfect modal adalah modal verb yang diikuti perfect infinitive (have + past participle) untuk membicarakan masa lampau.
Pola: modal verb + have + past participle

Modal verb yang dapat digunakan antara lain:

should
would
might
may
must
can’t

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 Chapter 8 – Additional (Perfect Modal)

Penggunaan dan Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal

1. should have + past participle
Perfect modal ini digunakan ketika ingin membicarakan past event yang tidak terjadi tetapi seharusnya terjadi.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
You should have recieved your refund by now.
(Kamu seharusnya sudah menerima pengembalian dana.)
2. could have + past participle
Perfect modal ini untuk membicarakan hal yang dapat dilakukan di masa lalu namun tidak dilakukan atau tidak berhasil dilakukan.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
I could have bought that car, but I prefered to save money and wait for the manual version.
(Saya dapat sudah membeli mobil itu, tapi saya pilih untuk menyimpan uang dan menunggu versi manualnya.)
3. would have + past participle
Formula ini untuk memberikan pernyataan tentang hal yang tidak terjadi.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
He would have arrived earlier if he had taken a taxi.
(Dia akan tiba lebih awal jika dia naik taksi.)
4.

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 Chapter 8 – Additional (Perfect Modal)

Penggunaan dan Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal

4. might/may/could have + past participle
Perfect modal ini berguna untuk membicarakan kemungkinan di masa lampau.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
The traveler looks far from happy. He may have waited for his flight for hours.
(Pelancong itu kelihatan jauh dari bahagia. Dia mungkin telah menunggu penerbangannya selama berjam-jam.)
5. must have + past participle
Perfect modal dengan must digunakan ketika merasa yakin akan suatu hal di masa lampau.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
Someone must have used my email!
(Seseorang pasti telah menggunakan email saya!)
6. can’t have + past participle
Formula ini digunakan ketika kita merasa yakin bahwa sesuatu tidak terjadi di masa lampau.
Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal
I can’t have signed the bad contract. I always read a contract carefully before signing it.
(Saya tidak pernah menandatangani kontrak buruk itu. Saya selalu membaca sebuah kontrak dengan hati-hati sebelum
menandatanginya.)

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 Chapter 8 – Exercise Kombinasi Modal Verb dengan Phrasal Modal
Verb (day 10)

Buatlah 6 Kalimat yang menggunakan kombinasi Phrasal modal verb dan Modal Verb
serta contoh kalimat masing-masing perfect modal!

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 Chapter 9 – Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali
dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).
Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0.

1. Conditional Sentence Type 0

Conditional sentence type 0 atau zero conditional digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat)
selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact (fakta ilmiah) atau general truth (kebenaran umum) yang
merupakan habitual activity (kebiasaan).
Pola: if + simple present, simple present
Contoh:
If we burn paper, it becomes ash.
(Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.)
I feel sick if I eat too much.
(Saya merasa sakit jika saya makan terlalu banyak.) habitual activity

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 Chapter 9 – Conditional Sentence

2. Conditional Sentence Type 1

Conditional sentence type 1 atau first conditional digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat)
memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud di masa depan karena condition-nya realistik untuk dipenuhi.
Pola: if + simple present, simple future “will” / imperative
Contoh:
If I meet him, I will introduce myself.
(Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.)
I will cook dinner tonight if you clean the house.
(Saya akan memasak makan malam jika kamu membersihkan rumah.)

3. Conditional Sentence Type 2

Conditional sentence type 2 atau second conditional digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat)
tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi di masa
sekarang atau condition-nya sulit untuk dipenuhi di masa depan
Pola: if + simple past / were, would/could/might + bare infinitive
Contoh:
If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
(Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.)

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 Chapter 9 – Conditional Sentence

4. Conditional Sentence Type 3

Conditional sentence type 3 atau third conditional digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat)
tidak ada kemungkinan terwujud karena condition-nya harus sudah dipenuhi di masa lalu.
Pola:
if + past perfect, would/should/could/might + have + past participle

Contoh:
If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)
We might have gone to South America if she had not been pregnant.
(Kamu mungkin telah pergi ke Amerika Selatan jika dia tidak hamil.)

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 Chapter 9 – Exercise Conditional Sentence (Day 11)

1. If we had left the house earlier, they……………….(be; negative) so late getting to the ship.
2. If I finish the assignment before Saturday, I………………..(submit) it to my lecturer.
3. If I had seen the concert, I………………..(tell) you about it last night.
4. Had Juki not interfered in his brother’s marital problems, there…………………(be) peace between them.
5. She would give you the money if she……………………(have) it.
6. They would call you immediately if they………………….(need) help.
7. Had my mother arrived at the sale early, she……………….(find) a better dress.
8. If you have enough time, please…………………..(clean) your room before you go to school.
9. They could go for a drive if today…………………(be) Sunday.
10. If I win the prize, it will be because I………………………(write) very well.
11. If your sister………………….(buy) that chocolate for you, will you be happy?
12. If she…………………..(decide) earlier, she could have left on the morning flight.
13. Had I known his address, I…………….(write) him a letter.
14. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain………………………(leak) inside.
15. My cat always sleeps if it……………………(watch) drama on TV.
16. If you………….(see) John tonight, please ask him to call his mother.
17. If I……………(do) a good job, I would get the raise.
18. My lecturer will not accept my work if I…………….(submit) it in late.
19. If we had known her, we……………………(talk) to her.
20. They would understand it if you……………….(explain) it to them more slowly.

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 Chapter 9 – Exercise Conditional Sentence (Day 11)
Answer Key
1. would not have been
2. can submit
3. would have told
4. would have been
5. had
6. needed
7. would have found
8. clean
9. were
10. write
11. buy
12. had decided
13. would have written
14. leaks
15. watches
16. see
17. did
18. submit
19. would have talked
20. explained

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization

Passivization adalah proses perubahan verb (kata kerja) atau declarative sentence (kalimat) dari aktif menjadi pasif.
Proses ini memungkinkan seseorang untuk menanggalkan pelaku aksi yang sebenarnya yang sering diterapkan di
penulisan surat kabar.

Melalui passivization, direct object pada kalimat aktif dapat menjadi subject pada kalimat pasif, sedangkan verb yang
berupa transitive verb (kata kerja yang membutuhkan direct object) yang memuat aksi menjadi passive participle (past
participle) dengan diawali verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, be). Verb to be perlu disesuaikan dengan subject.

Active Passive
Passivization S (direct objectactive form) + verb to
S + action verb + direct object ⇒ be + past participle +/- by … (agent
= Sactive form)

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization
Rumus Passive Voice Berbagai Tenses
Berikut beberapa rumus dan contoh kalimat passive voice pada beberapa tense bahasa Inggris. Bentuk pasif dari perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari
karena rumit dan tidak elegan.

1. Simple Present
Active:
S + verb-1 + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) + is/am/are + past participle +/- by … (agent)
People make books from trees.
(Orang membuat buku dari pohon.)
Books are made from trees.
(Buku dibuat dari pohon.)

2. Present Continous
Active:
S + am/is/are + present participle + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) + is/am/are + being + past participle +/- by … (agent)
The surveyor is using the digital theodolite.
(Surveyor sedang menggunakan teodolit digital.)
The digital theodolit is being used.
(Teodolit digital sedang digunakan.)

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 12

Buatlah kalimat – kalimat ini menjadi kalimat pasif

1. I eat brown rice and green beans.

2. He rides a fixed-gear bike.
3. They access the intranet.
4. She brings little money.
5. We need extra pillows.
6. She is cleaning the microwave oven.
7. Some workers are still renovating my kitchen and bathroom.
8. They are setting up the meeting room.
9. Are the students planning a school trip abroad?
10. The local chefs are preparing meals.

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 12
Buatlah kalimat – kalimat ini menjadi
kalimat pasif
1. I eat brown rice and green beans.
2. He rides a fixed-gear bike.
3. They access the intranet.
4. She brings little money.
5. We need extra pillows.
6. She is cleaning the microwave oven.
7. Some workers are still renovating
my kitchen and bathroom.
8. They are setting up the meeting
room.
9. Are the students planning a school
trip abroad?
10. The local chefs are preparing meals.
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Answer
1. brown rice and green beans are
eaten by me
2. a fixed-gear bike is ridden by him
3. the intranet is accessed by them
4. little money is brought by her
5. extra pillows are needed by us
6. the microwave oven is being cleaned
by her
7. my kitchen and bathroom are still
being renovated by some workers
8. the meeting room is being set up by
them
9. is a school trip abroad being planned
by the students?
10. meals are being prepared by the
local chefs
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 Chapter 10 – Passivization

3. Present Perfect Tense

Active:
S + have/has + past participle + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) + have/has + been + past participle +/- by … (agent)
We have verified your application.
(Kami sudah memverifikasi aplikasimu.)
Your application has been verified.
(Aplikasimu telah diverfikasi.)

4. Simple Past
Active:
S + verb-2 + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) + was/were + past participle +/- by … (agent)
Sunmark Press printed the first book in 2005.
(Sunmark Press mencetak buku pertama tersebut pada tahun 2005.)
The first book was printed in 2005 by Sunmark Press.
(Buku pertama tersebut dicetak pada tahun 2005 oleh Sunmark Press.)
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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 13

Buatlah kalimat – kalimat ini menjadi kalimat pasif

1. We have diluted the samples.

2. She has deleted the unwanted app.
3. You have confirmed your reservation.
4. They have roasted and degassed the coffee beans.
5. The seller has already shipped my orders.
6. Sunmark Press printed the first book in 2005.
7. Someone left the letter when he was away from his desk.
8. Tio cooked roast beef for dinner.
9. They just discussed about mental health.
10. Yesterday, my father booked the hotel.

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 13
Buatlah kalimat – kalimat ini menjadi kalimat
pasif
1. We have diluted the samples.
2. She has deleted the unwanted app.
3. You have confirmed your reservation.
4. They have roasted and degassed the
coffee beans.
5. The seller has already shipped my
orders.
6. Sunmark Press printed the first book in
2005.
7. Someone left the letter when he was
away from his desk.
8. Tio cooked roast beef for dinner.
9. They just discussed about mental health.
10. Yesterday, my father booked the hotel
yesterday.
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Answer
1. The samples have been diluted by us.
2. The unwanted app has been deleted by
her.
3. Your reservation has been confirmed by
you.
4. The coffee beans have been roasted and
degassed by them.
5. My orders have already been shipped by
the seller.
6. The first book was printed in 2005 by
Sunmark Press.
7. The letter was left when he was away
from his desk.
8. Roast beef were cooked for dinner by Tio.
9. Mental health was just discussed by
them.
10. Yesterday, the hotel was booked by my
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 Chapter 10 – Passivization

5. Past Continous Tense

Active:
S + was/were + present participle + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) +was/were + being + past participle +/- by … (agent)
My friend was baking bread when I came.
(Teman saya sedang memanggang roti ketika saya datang.)
Bread were being baked when I came.
(Roti sedang dipanggang ketika saya datang.)

6. Past Perfect Tense

Active:
S + had + past participle + direct object
Passive:
S (direct object) + had + been + past participle +/- by … (agent)
They had used poison gas in World War I.
(Mereka telah menggunakan gas beracun dalam perang dunia pertama.)
Poison gas had been used in World War I.
(Gas beracun telah digunakan dalam perang dunia pertama.)
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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 14

Isilah titik – titik dibawah ini dalam bentuk pasif yang benar

1. My friend was baking bread when I came.

2. Some workers were maintaining the toll road at this time yesterday.
3. She was cleaning the kitchen floor while the children were playing in the living room.
4. They were discussing exchange rates at 7 o’clock this morning.
5. The human resource manager said that he was still processing my documents
6. They had used poison gas in World War I.
7. Sally had read two hundred books before graduating from the college
8. He had helped you so many times before you got the job.

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 14
Isilah titik – titik dibawah ini dalam bentuk pasif
yang benar
1. My friend was baking bread when I came.
2. Some workers were maintaining the toll
road at this time yesterday.
3. She was cleaning the kitchen floor while the
children were playing in the living room.
4. They were discussing exchange rates at 7
o’clock this morning.
5. The human resource manager said that he
was still processing my documents
6. They had used poison gas in World War I.
7. Sally had read two hundred books
before graduating from the college
8. He had helped you so many times before
you got the job.
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Answer Key
1. Bread was being baked when I came.
2. The toll road was being maintained at this
time yesterday.
3. The kitchen floor was being cleaned while
the children were playing in the living room.
4. Exchange rates were being discussed at 7
o’clock this morning.
5. The human resource manager said that my
documents were still being processed.
6. Poison gas had been used in World War I.
7. Two hundred books had been read by Sally
before graduating from the college.
8. You had been helped so many times before
you got the job..
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 Chapter 10 – Passivization
7. Simple Future
Active: 8. Future Perfect
S + will + bare infinitive + direct object Active:
S + am/is/are going to + bare infinitive + direct object S + will + have + past participle + direct object
Passive: Passive:
S (direct object) + will + be + past participle +/- by … S (direct object) + will + have + been + past participle +/- by …
(agent) (agent)
S (direct object) + am/is/are going to + be + past
participle +/- by … (agent) I will have saved much money at this time next year.
(Saya akan telah menyimpan banyak uang tahun depan.)
Dino will show you something interesting. Much money will have been saved at this time next year.
(Dino akan menunjukkan padamu sesuatu yang (Banyak uang akan telah disimpan tahun depan.)
menarik.)
You will be shown something interesting.
(Kamu akan ditunjukkan sesuatu yang menarik.)
He is going to meet a new client tomorrow.
(Dia akan bertemu seorang klien baru besok.)
A new client is going to be met tomorrow.
(Seorang klien baru akan ditemui besok.)

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 15

Buatlah kalimat dibawah ini menjadi kalimat pasif

1. I will wash the dishes.

2. They are going to invest a small amount of their money in the stock market.
3. Dino will show you something interesting.
4. His assistant will prepare and edit your legal documents.
5. He is going to meet a new client tomorrow.
6. By next month, the selection panel will have reviewed your application.
7. The students will have completed the exam before closing time
8. I will have saved much money at this time next year

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 Chapter 10 – Passivization Exercise Day 15
Buatlah kalimat dibawah ini menjadi kalimat
pasif
1. I will wash the dishes.
2. They are going to invest a small amount
of their money in the stock market.
3. Dino will show you something interesting.
4. His assistant will prepare and edit your
legal documents.
5. He is going to meet a new client tomorrow.
6. By next month, the selection panel will
have reviewed your application.
7. The students will have completed
the exam before closing time
8. I will have saved much money at this time
next year
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Answer Key
1. The dishes will be washed.
2. A small amount of their money is going to
be invested in the stock market
3. You will be shown something interesting
4. Your legal documents will be prepared and
edited
5. A new client is going to be met tomorrow
6. By next week, your application will have
been reviewed
7. The exam will have been completed before
closing time.
8. Much money will have been saved at this
time next year.
69
 Chapter 11 – No, None, dan None of
No
No ditempatkan segera sebelum singular atau plural noun tanpa article (a/an/the). Maknanya “not a” atau “not any”.
No + noun dapat ditempatkan di awal kalimat.
Contoh:
He had no time to renew his passport.
(Dia tidak punya waktu untuk memperbaharui passportnya.)
No sugar was added to the product.
(Tidak ada gula ditambahkan ke produk tersebut.)

None of
None of digunakan sebelum definite article “the”, demonstrative (this, that), possessive (my, her, your, etc), atau
pronoun. Sebagai subject, none of digunakan bersama singular verb pada formal style; dan plural verb pada informal
speaking.
Contoh:
None of my reviews were published by the travel website last year.
(Tidak satu pun dari ulasan saya dipublikasikan oleh situs perjalanan tersebut tahun lalu.) informal speaking
None of the new buildings is poorly built.
(Tidak satu pun dari bangunan baru tersebut dibangun dengan buruk.) formal style

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 Chapter 11 – No, None, dan None of
None
None merupakan pronoun yang bermakna “not one”, “not any” ini digunakan untuk menggantikan countable atau
uncountable noun. Pronoun ini dapat digunakan sebagai subject atau object. Ketika none digunakan sebagai subject,
verb yang mengikutinya dapat singular atau plural tergantung pronoun tersebut mengarah pada apa.
Contoh:
How many interview invitations have you received? None.
(Berapa banyak undangan wawancara yang telah kamu terima? Tidak ada.)
She went to the grocery store to buy boneless skinless chicken breasts, but she bought none.
(Dia pergi ke toko bahan makanan untk membeli dada ayam tanpa tulang dan kulit tapi dia tidak membeli apapun.)

Tugas Day 16
Buatlah 3 kalimat masing-masing menggunakan No, None, None of

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 Chapter 12 – Anyone, Anybody, dan Anything (Indefinite Pronoun)

Anybody, anyone dan anything merupakan indefinite pronoun yang mengarah kepada person (orang) atau thing (benda
atau hal) tanpa mengatakan dengan tepat siapa atau apa mereka. Anybody dan anyone untuk orang dan anything
untuk benda.
Anyone dan anybody tidak mempunyai perbedaan makna. Anyone hanya digunakan lebih sering pada writing daripada
anybody karena anyone sedikit lebih formal daripada anybody.
Plural pronoun “they” sering digunakan untuk mengarah ke anyone atau anybody ketika gender dari orang yang
dimaksud tidak diketahui, khususnya pada daily speech. Versi formalnya adalah he or she.
Contoh:
Anybody likes working with him.
(Siapapun senang bekerja dengannya.)
Has anyone received a refund yet?
(Sudahkah siapapun menerima pengembalian dana?)
Anybody is allowed to enter the room. They can also work with the computer there.
(Siapapun diperkenankan memasuki ruangan tersebut. Mereka juga dapat bekerja dengan komputer disana.)

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 Chapter 12 – Anyone, Anybody, dan Anything Day 17

Translate into English!

1. Anak itu tidak menabrak kendaraan apapun dengan mobilnya.
2. Apakah kamu tidak menonton film apapun tadi malam ?
3. Tidak ada di dalam ruangan ini.
4. Kucing ku tidak suka makan apapun kecuali ikan segar.
5. Para pelaut tidak akan melaut kemanapun pada musim hujan.
6. Tidak ada binatang apapun yang hidup di kutub selatan selain beruang kutub dan pinguin.
7. Anak kecil itu tidak membawa masalah apapun dirumahnya.
8. Tidak ada pesawat yang telah terbang selama 5 haru ketika bencana alam menutup bandara sebulan yang lalu.
9. Ular itu belum memakan makanan apapun di dalam kandang.
10. Penculik itu tidak membawa seorang gadis cantik kemanapun kemarin.

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 Chapter 12 – Anyone, Anybody, dan Anything (Indefinite Pronoun)
Translate into English!
1. Anak itu tidak menabrak kendaraan apapun dengan
mobilnya.
2. Apakah kamu tidak menonton film apapun tadi malam
? 2. Did you watch no movies last night ? or Did you not watch any movies last
3. Tidak ada di dalam ruangan ini.
4. Kucing ku tidak suka makan apapun kecuali ikan segar.
5. Para pelaut tidak akan melaut kemanapun pada musim
hujan.
6. Tidak ada binatang apapun yang hidup di kutub
selatan selain beruang kutub dan pinguin.
7. Anak kecil itu tidak membawa masalah apapun
dirumahnya.
8. Tidak ada pesawat yang telah terbang selama 5 haru
ketika bencana alam menutup bandara sebulan yang lalu.
9. Ular itu belum memakan makanan apapun di dalam
kandang.
10. Penculik itu tidak membawa seorang gadis cantik
kemanapun kemarin.
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1. That child hits no vehicle with his car. or That child doesn’t hit no vehicle
with his car.
night ?
3. Nothing is in this room. or Anything isn’t in this room.
4. My cat likes no food expect fresh fish. or My cat does not like any food
expect fresh fish.
5. The sailors go to sail no where in rainy season. Or
The sailors don’t go to sail any where in rainy season.
6. No animal lives in South Pole expect polar bears and penguins. Or
Any animal doesn’t live in South Pole expect polar bears and penguins.
7. The child brings no problem in his house. Or
The child doesn’t bring any problem in his house.
8. No plane had flown for five days when the cataclysm closed airport a month
ago. Or Any plane had not flown for five days when the cataclysm closed
airport a month ago.
9. That snake has eaten no food in the stable. Or
That snake has not eaten any food in the stable.
10. The kidnapper brought a beautiful girl no where yesterday. Or
The kidnapper didn’t bring a beautiful girl any where yesterday.
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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech
The Quoted / Direct Speech adalah kalimat yang diucapkan sama persis oleh pembicara.
The Reported / Indirect speech adalah kalimat yang dilaporkan oleh orang lain dan diceritakan dengan cara lain tanpa mengubah makna
atau arti.
Aturan dalam mengubah kalimat Direct ke kalimat Indirect :
Aturan 1
- Jika induk kalimat dalam Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) berupa Present Tenses, maka tenses dan keterangan tempat dalam Indirect
Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) tidak mengalami perubahan, yang berubah hanya Pronoun (kata ganti) nya saja.
E.g ( contoh ) :
Direct : Lisa says, " I am at home".
Indirect : Lisa says that she is at home.
Direct : My mother is asking me, " Where will you go ?".
Indirect : My mother is asking me where I will go.
Aturan 2
- Jika induk kalimat direct speech berupa Past Tenses, maka tenses dan keterangan waktu atau tempat dalam Indirect Speech mengalami
perubahan . Perubahan itu mengikuti aturan perubahan tenses.
E.g ( contoh ) :
Direct : Boy told me, "You have to do it tomorrow".
Indirect : Boy told me that I had to do it the following day.
Direct : He asked you, " What did you do last night ?"
Indirect : He asked you what you had done the previous night.

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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech

Aturan 3
- Orang pertama (yang berbicara) dalam Indirect Speech kembali ke Subject induk dalam kalimat Indirect Speech.
E.g ( contoh ) :
Direct : Naura tells us, " I like swimming".
Indirect : Naura tells us that she likes swimming.
Aturan 4
- Orang kedua (orang yang diajak bicara) dalam Direct Speech kembali ke Object induk kalimat dalam Indirect Speech.
E.g ( contoh ) :
Direct : Joy told us, " I don't agree with you".
Indirect : Joy told us that he didn't agree with us.
Aturan 5
- Orang ketiga (orang yang dibicarakan) dalam Direct Speech tidak berubah dalam Indirect Speech.
E.g ( contoh ) :
Direct : Laila said to us, " Winda will not go with me."
Indirect : Laila said to us that Winda would not go with her.

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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech
Aturan perubahan tenses dari Direct ke Indirect (apabila induk kalimat berupa Past Tenses)

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

- Simple Present - Simple Past
- Present Continous - Past Continous
- Present Perfect - Past Perfect
- Present Perfect Continous - Past Perfect Continous

- Simple Past - Past Perfect

- Past Continous - Past Perfect Continous
- Past Perfect - Past Perfect
- Past Perfect Continous - Past Perfect Continous

- Simple Future - Simple Past Future

- Future Continous - Past Future Continous
- Future Perfect - Past Future Perfect
- Future Perfect Continous - Past Future Perfect Continous

- Simple Past Future - Past Future Perfect

- Past Future Continous - Past Future Perfect Continous
- Past Future Perfect - Past Future Perfect
- Past Future Perfect Continous - Past Future Perfect Continous
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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech

MODAL Aturan perubahan keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverb)

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech

May Might - Now - Then
Can Could - Yesterday - The day before /
Must Had to the previous day
Have to / Hast t Had to - Last week - The week before
Will / Shall Would / Should - Last Sunday - The Sunday before
Could Could have - Two days ago - Two days before
Might Might have - Four years ago - Four years before
Should / Would Should / Would have - Today - That day
- Tomorrow - The following day /
The next day
- Next week - The following week
- The day after tomorrow - In two days time
- Here - There
- This - That
- These - Those
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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech

Change into Indirect Statement !

1. My father says to me, “ You are conducting an orchestra

today ”.
2. My daughter says to me, “ You paint the wall beautifully ”.
3. He says to him, “ The boss will review your work after she
returns from vacation next week”.
4. He said to me, “ I was in a concert yesterday ”.
5. My manager said to me, “ I’ll give you a call on my cell phone
as soon as my plane lands ”.
6. She said to him, “ I don’t especially like my job ”.
7. He said to me, “ I am going to stay with his company until I
find something better ”.

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 Chapter 13 – Direct Indirect Speech Exercise day 18
Change into Indirect Statement !
1. My father says to me, “ You are conducting an
orchestra today ”.
2. My daughter says to me, “ You paint the wall
beautifully ”.
3. He says to him, “ The boss will review your work
after she returns from vacation next week”.
4. He said to me, “ I was in a concert yesterday ”.
5. My manager said to me, “ I’ll give you a call on
my cell phone as soon as my plane lands ”.
6. She said to him, “ I don’t especially like my job ”.
7. He said to me, “ I am going to stay with his
company until I find something better ”.
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Answer
1. My father says to me that I am conducting an orchestra
today.
2. My daughter says to me that I pain the wall beautifully.
3. He says to him that the boss will review his work after she
returns from vacation next week.
4. He said to me that he had been in a concert the day before.
5. My manager said to me that he would give me a call on his
cell phone as soon as his plane landed.
6. She said to him that she did not especially like her job.
7. He said to me that he was going to stay with that company
until I found something better.
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 Chapter 14 – A, An, The

A, an, the (articles) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk membatasi pengertian dari noun (kata benda). Article atau kata
sandang, terbagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu: definite dan indefinite. Adapula zero article yang berarti tanpa kata
sandang.

Definite Article
The merupakan kata sandang yang digunakan pada definite article.
The digunakan pada hal yang spesifik (telah jelas ataupun telah diterangkan sebelumnya) meliputi: person (orang),
thing (benda), maupun idea (pemikiran).
Kata ini digunakan sebelum countable noun (kata benda dapat dihitung) maupun uncountable noun (kata benda yang
tidak dapat dihitung).
Contoh:
There’s a girl in front of the bookstore. The girl wore boots.
(Disana ada seorang anak di depan toko buku.)
The place that I just visited is cozy.
(Tempat yang baru saya kunjungi sangat nyaman.)

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 Chapter 14 – A, An, The

Indefinite Articles
A atau an digunakan pada indefinite articles.
Kata sandang ini digunakan pada hal yang tidak spesifik atau belum pernah diterangkan sebelumnya, meliputi: person
(orang), thing (benda), maupun idea (pemikiran).
Kata ini hanya digunakan sebelum singular countable noun (kata benda dapat dihitung tunggal).
Contoh:
He goes to the swimming pool twice a week.
(Dia pergi ke kolam renang dua kali seminggu.)

Zero Article (Tanpa a, an, the)

Zero article berarti tidak ada article (a, an, the) yang perlu untuk digunakan terhadap suatu noun (kata benda).
Beberapa macam noun yang tidak atau dapat tidak menggunakan article (tanpa a, an, the) antara lain adalah nama-
nama bahasa, olahraga, academic subject, dll.
Contoh:
Can you speak Japanese?
(Dapatkah kamu bicara bahasa Jepang?)
That children played football.
(Anak-anak itu bermain bola.)
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 Chapter 14 – A, An, The Day 19

Isi bagian yang kosong dengan article a, an, atau the.

1. My father works as ___ engineer.
2. I prefer to choose ___ blue T-shirt rather than ___ red one.
3. Is your father still working in ___ old company?
4. I know who ___ murder is.
5. ___ sun is shining bright.
6. I will show you ___ reason why I am so excited.
7. My mother has ___ terrible headache.
8. Can you buy me ___ pair of shoes?
9. Do you want to see ___ interesting movie with me?
10. I know ___ problem between you and him.
11. Give me ___ change to fix this problem.
12. I have read ___ amazing life story.
13. ___ weather of today is quite unpredictable.
14. Is she ___ American?
15. I saw ___ very beautiful creature, but I don’t know ___ name is.

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 Chapter 14 – A, An, The Day 19
Jawaban:
Isi bagian yang kosong dengan article a, an, atau the.
1. My father works as ___ engineer. 1. an
2. I prefer to choose ___ blue T-shirt rather than ___ red one. 2. the, the
3. Is your father still working in ___ old company? 3. an
4. I know who ___ murder is. 4. the
5. ___ sun is shining bright. 5. the
6. I will show you ___ reason why I am so excited. 6. the
7. My mother has ___ terrible headache. 7. a
8. Can you buy me ___ pair of shoes? 8. a
9. Do you want to see ___ interesting movie with me? 9. an
10. I know ___ problem between you and him. 10. the
11. Give me ___ change to fix this problem. 11. a
12. I have read ___ amazing life story. 12. an
13. ___ weather of today is quite unpredictable. 13. the
14. Is she ___ American? 14. an
15. I saw ___ very beautiful creature, but I don’t know ___ name is. 15. a, the

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 Day 20 Ujian

https://test-english.com/level-test/

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