aRqma

5
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
• proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
• realoba, orazrov-
neba da iluziebi •
aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba

yuradRebis procesebi
• seleqciuri (SerCe-
viTi) yuradReba
• yuradReba da sagnebi
garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
• figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
• perceptuli dajgu-
febis principebi
• sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
• moZraobis aRqma
• siRrmis aRqma
• aRqmis konstantoba

fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs

identifikacia da cnoba
• aRmavali da daRmava-
li procesebi
• sagnebis cnoba
• molodinis da kon-
teqstis gavlena
• bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
142
 g anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-
melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-
mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera
kengis reaqciebi:
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac
ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si-
sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da-
misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi-
lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas
manamde enaxa.
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa
da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar `gesmiT~,
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa-
Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa-
ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam-
dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-
saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi
akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-
dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-
lobebsa da aRqmaze.
aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-
leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda 143
 Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:
`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo-
ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba-
duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli-
lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta-
biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep-
torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro-
cesebs ganvixilavT.
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da cnoba
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,
niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime
Tavi 5 / aRqma
kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi-
saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-
Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-
zualur velSi.
144
maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli
organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-
ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-
deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-
raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-
ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-
dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
saidan
viciT
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis
darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
 uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi-
anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri-
Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada-
mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo-
saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae-
naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da-
nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi-
lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru-
lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,
perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni
iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan-
sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-
tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma-
luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar
iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi –
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi-
sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-
cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-
ceptuli SekiTxva: `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-
deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-
lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
sabolood `siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri
stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-
xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-
lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-
saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-
naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)
_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
145
 kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba
retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-
ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).
magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli –
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRe-
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT. don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis bebze.
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im- rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo- obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti- safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
Tavi 5 / aRqma

uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi

stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-
saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-
taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op-
146 tikuri gamosaxuleba.
sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-
pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-
lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
 suraTi
5.1

retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.

da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3

procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

suraTi
5.2
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-
maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-
tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
orazrovneba
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
147
 suraTi
5.3

SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi

diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,

romlebic Semosuli informa-
ciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-
nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-
bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-
vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-
oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli infor-
maciidan perceptuli gamosa-
xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-
lenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-
qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom
vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4 orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-
pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-
xurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
Tavi 5 / aRqma

sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad

5.4
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT suraTi
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
orazrovani suraTi
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
dalmatineli.
148 interpretacia hqondes.
suraTi
5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz-
rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga-
nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi-
lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-
muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-
misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki
dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-
menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-
lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-
nilebas.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-
fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-
medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-
liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-
teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
suraTi
5.6
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ 149
 iluziebi sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-
sabamo~-s, `uazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs
ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
Tavi 5 / aRqma

suraTi
5.7
xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
150 zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo
fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve-
uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad-
vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi-
ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)
iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo-
aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses-
wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da-
yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)
| | (b)
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri
iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan-
sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli
suraTi
5.8
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT
sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per
ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-
xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-
ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSi
kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-
xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-
moSi.
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
151
 scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi
icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, rac
ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-
riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.
amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
iZleva.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

virtualuri realoba

ai, saukunis dasawyisis te-
leSouebisa da filmebisTvis
tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama-
kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko-
mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,
rom yvelaferi, rac
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam-
dvileSi superkompiuterebis
mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiu-
terebi akontroleben pla-
netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri
realobis versiebi jerjero-
biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir-
tualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga-
sarTob centrebSi. virtua-
luri realobis gancdis xa-
risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani
axali saSualebebi. virtua-
luri realobis Semqmnelebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.
yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris
monawilis CarTva socialurad
mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi
(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir-
tualur samyaroSi yofnis
SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo-
kidebulia virtualur sam-
yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep-
tulad realurad aRiqmeba.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im perceptuli infor-
maciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur
samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo-
filad yofnis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram-
denad kargad SeuZlia adamians
amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva
perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo-
ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nash
et al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romel-
Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa-
xulebis zemoqmedeba simula-
torSi manqanis marTvis unarze.
am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa-
vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane
keeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).
monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac
periferiidan. sainteresoa,
rogor xdeba es virtualur
samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-
Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-
wils, rodesac ekrani perife-
riul informacias iZleoda,
Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
periferiuli informacia, rea-
luri samyaros gancdis analo-
giurad, Zalze detaluri
yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
mxolod vizualuri velis
centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-
lizacias. periferiuli in-
formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-
ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-
baluri vizualuri struq-
turiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-
liwadSi virtualuri samyaro
kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-
deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-
goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
perceptuli sistemebi
kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-
ros `realurobaSi~.
Web sites

cdiloben, perceptuli pro-

cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve-
bidan miRebuli codna sru-
liad axali samyaros cxovel
gancdebSi gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri rea-
lobis sistemis mizani monawi-
leTaTvis virtualur samya-
152
ekrani perceptuli gada-
muSavebisaTvis saintereso
realur samyaroseul monacemebs
i Z l e o d a . g a v i x s e n o T, r o m
realuri samyaros gancdisas
informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _
www.hitl.washington.ed/
projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,
(veb-gverdi, romelic vir-
tualur realobaze moicavs
monacemebs)
www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-
ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.
ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-
dRiuri gamocdileba~. Tqven xedavT
mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav-
sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom-
lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur-
velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
helmholcis klasikuri Teoria
1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-
Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
aRqma induqciuri procesia – konkretuli, sava-
raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-
bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
153
 daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara-
udebs warmoadgens.
geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis
II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt-
fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle-
beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT
`formas~, `mTlians~, `konfiguracias~ an `arss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali-
Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-
sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar-
tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
154
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare
(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
gibsonis ekologiuri optika
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-
giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
`ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-
lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-
sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-
riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-
mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-
holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe
mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-
mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological
optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,
1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-
lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-
ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-
luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-
veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro- xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs
bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva- cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS- aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
vneloba. ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel- subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.

Sejameba
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe-
xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi-
zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi-
fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri
yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi
ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
yuradRebis procesebi

stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule-
bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre-
tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi-
kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-
zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-
lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-
laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
155
fokusireba.