Review Jurnal Kajian

REVIEW JURNAL KAJIAN/PENELITIAN YANG BERKAITAN
DENGAN PERENCANAAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN

METODE KUALITATIF MINIMAL 2 JURNAL (NASIONAL
DAN INTERNATIONAL)
Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Mata Kuliah Metode Analisis Perencanaan Tahun
Ajaran 2020-2021
Disusun Oleh:
HASNA ROFIFAH
10070319112
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
PRODI PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM BANDUNG
2020 M / 1442 H
JURNAL NASIONAL 1
Judul Jurnal : SMART CITY PADA PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA KAWASAN

KOTA TUA AMPENAN BERBASIS KEARIFAN.
Penulis : Siti Puspita Hida Sakti MZ, Marzuki Marzuki
Publikasi : JURTI, Vol.3 No.2, Desember 2019, ISSN: 2579-8790
Review : Kawasan kota tua Ampenan merupakan kawasan strategis dari sudut
kepentingan sosial budaya dan menjadi kawasan cagar budaya di
Kota Mataram berdasarkan Rencana Tata Bangunan dan
Lingkungan (RTBL) 2013. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah
pengembangan kemampuan, kemandirian, keberdayaan, dan
produktivitas masyarakat di bidang pariwisata berbasis smart city
berdasarkan kearifan lokal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian
ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi.
Kesimpulan : Konsep smart tourism dan usulan kebijakan Pemerintah terhadap
permasalahan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya untuk diangkat menjadi
aset ekonomis sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan
masyarakat guna mencapai hidup yang lebih sejahtera. Selain itu,
terjadinya kemitraan antar masyarakat yang memiliki berbagai
keterampilan (administrasi, pendidikan, teknologi informasi, dan
sebagainya) sehingga dapat terwujud kerjasama yang baik dalam
mengembangkan, memberdayakan, dan meningkatkan kemandirian
usaha pariwisata sebagai salah satu pilar ekonomi keluarga pada
kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan.
Komentar : Menurut pendapat saya jurnal yang disajikan sudah baik, konsep
smart city (tourism) pada pengembangan pariwisata tersebut dapat
meningkatkan nilai ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya
Dapus : Puspita HSM, Siti, 2019, Smart City dalam Rencana Tata Bangunan
dan Lingkungan (RTBL) Kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan, Bali,
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Universitas Warmadewa.
Spillane, James, 1993, Ekonomi Pariwisata, Sejarah dan prospeknya,
Yogyakarta, Kanisius.
Vitasurya, V.R., 2016, Local Wisdom for Sustainable Development of
Rural Tourism, Case on Kalibiru and Lopati Village, Province of
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Procedia Social and
Behavioral Sciences.
JURNAL NASIONAL 2
Judul Jurnal : ANALISIS PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN LAHAN TEMPAT

PEMBUANGAN AKHIR SAMPAH
Penulis : Johanes Sembiring* 1) , Marlon Sihombing2) & Agus Suriadi3)
Publikasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 8 (1) Juni 2018 ISSN 2088-527X (Print)
ISSN 2548-7787 (Online)
Review : Latar belakang dari penulisan jurnal diketahui untuk mengetahui
bagaimana perencanaan pembangunan Lahan Tempat
Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan
Wampu Kabupaten Langkat dan Faktor penghambat Perencanaan
Pembangunan TPA tersebut serta untuk mengetahui upaya apa
yang telah dilakukan oleh instansi terkait dalam mengatasi hambatan
tersebut. yang dilihat dari fokus perencanaan, partisipasi
masyarakat, sinergitas perencanaan, dan legalitas perencanaan.
Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan
pendekatan deskriptif.
Kesimpulan : Proses perencanaan pembangunan lahan tempat pembuangan akhir
(TPA) sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten
Langkat belum dilaksanakan secara optimal, dengan uraian sebagai
berikut: Fokus perencanaan, yaitu berdasarkan pada masalah dan
kebutuhan masyarakat yang dihadapi masyarakat serta
memperhatikan aspirasi masyarakat yang memenuhi sikap saling
percaya dan terbuka.
Komentar : Menurut pendapat saya, jurnal yang di sajikan sudah lengkap, dan
mudah dimengerti, serta konsep dalam pembahasan tersebut juga
sangat bermanfaat untuk masyarakat tentang persampahan
bagaimana sebaiknya.
Dapus : Budiman, C. (2007). Pengantar Kesehatan Lingkungan. Penerbut
Buku Kedokteran. Jakarta.
Tjokrowinoto. (1995). Peran Pemerintah Desa dalam Pembangunan
Masyarakat Desa Pesangga Kota Batu, Skripsinya.
Sutrisnoadi, 2005. MP. Todaro. (1977). Pembangunan Ekonomi di
Dunia Ketiga, Jilid 1 dan 2.
Erlangga. Jakarta. Kartasasmita, G., dan Siagian. (1994).
Pembangunan Infrastruktur Seminar Pembangunan Konsep dan
Implikas. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, Yogyakarta: Universitas
Gajah Mada.
JURNAL INTERNATIONAL
Judul Jurnal : Regions and sustainable development: regional planning matters

Penulis : GRAHAM HAUGHTON AND DAVE COUNSELL
Publikasi : The Geographical Journal, Vol. 170, No. 2, June 2004, pp.
135–145
Review : Latar belakang dari penulisan jurnal diketahui untuk
mengetahui istilah 'pembangunan berkelanjutan' telah digunakan
dalam proses tersebut pembuatan rencana regional selama dekade
terakhir. Ini menekankan geografi yang berbeda perdebatan ini di
Inggris, dalam hal bagaimana pembangunan berkelanjutan telah
digunakan untuk membenarkan berbagai jenis pendekatan di
berbagai bagian negara. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode
kualitatif.
Kesimpulan : Perencanaan wilayah telah menjadi unsur penting dari
arsitektur kelembagaan daerah baru Inggris dan sebagian besar
karena ini berkelanjutan perkembangan telah menjadi inti dari
perdebatan baru-baru ini tentang cara terbaik untuk
mengembangkan wilayah di masa mendatang Seperempat abad.
Komentar : Menurut pendapat saya pribadi, dalam mengenai jurnal ini sudah
sangat bagus, dan informatif megenai studi pembangunan
berkelanjutan yang dilakukan di Inggris untuk berbagai negara.
Dapus : Allmendinger P and Tewdwr-Jones M 2000 New Labour, new
planning? The trajectory of planning in Blair’s Britain Urban
Studies 37 1379–403
Breheny M 1991 The renaissance of strategic planning Environment and
Planning B 18 233–49.
Counsell D and Haughton G 2003 Regional planning in transition:
planning for growth and sustainable development in two
contrasting regions Environment and Planning C 21 225– 39.
DTLR 2001 Planning Green Paper, planning: delivering a fundamental
change The Stationery Office, London.
Jones M and MacLeod G 1999 Towards a regional renaissance?
Reconfiguring and rescaling England’s economic governance
Transactions IBG 24 295– 314.
JURTI, Vol.3 No.2, Desember 2019, ISSN: 2579-8790
Smart City Pada Pengembangan Pariwisata

Kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal
Siti Puspita Hida Sakti MZ *1, Marzuki 2
Program Studi Sistem Informasi, STMIK Syaikh Zainuddin NW Anjani Jln. Raya
1,2
Mataram – Lb. Lombok KM. 49, Anjani, Lombok Timur, NTB, 83652
e-mail: *1puspita_siti@yahoo.co.id, 2masrzukiadami@gmail.com,
Abstrak
Kawasan kota tua Ampenan merupakan kawasan strategis dari sudut kepentingan
sosial budaya dan menjadi kawasan cagar budaya di Kota Mataram berdasarkan Rencana
Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan (RTBL) 2013 [5]. Hal ini sejalan dengan Rencana Tata Ruang
dan Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Mataram Tahun 2011-2031 untuk pengembangan pariwisata
dengan sistem informasi sebagai promosi mengenai festival kota tua Ampenan, serta sesuai
dengan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang dan Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) Kota
Mataram Tahun 2016-2021 tentang kota tua Ampenan yang memiliki nilai historis, pelestarian
adat istiadat dan budaya lokal sebagai jati diri maupun penanda dari kearifan lokal
masyarakat [1]. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pengembangan kemampuan, kemandirian,
keberdayaan, dan produktivitas masyarakat di bidang pariwisata berbasis smart city
berdasarkan kearifan lokal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode
kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan
dokumentasi. Penelitian ini merupakan luaran wajib yang dimasukkan ke dalam salah satu
jurnal dan luaran tambahan penelitian ini adalah prosiding dan usulan desain smart city
berbasis e-tourism kepada Pemerintah Kota Mataram dan Pemerintah Kecamatan Ampenan
sebagai masukan dalam Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan (RTBL) Kawasan Kota Tua
Ampenan. Untuk Tingkat Kesiapterapan Teknologi (TKT) penelitian ini adalah TKT jenis
software namun aplikasi yang diusulkan dalam penelitian ini masih berupa konsep, rancang
bangun atau analisa dan perancangan sistem sehingga diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk
mengimplementasi aplikasi smart city ini
Kata kunci : Smart City, e-Tourism, Pariwisata, Kearifan Lokal, Kota Tua Ampenan
1. PENDAHULUAN
Beberapa tahun belakangan ini, tingkat kedatangan wisatawan baik dalam dan luar negeri
mengalami kenaikan yang cukup signifikan. Tingginya penggunaan sosial media dan keinginan
melakukan traveling membuat banyak kemunculan lokasi wisata baru yang cepat terkenal. Bahkan untuk
menarik pengunjung, di bangun spot-spot photo yang unik dan menarik sehingga menjadi viral di media
sosial. Lokasi wisata lama sudah didukung oleh berbagai infrastruktur sehingga wisatawan merasa
nyaman dan kemudahan dalam mengakses lokasi wisata, namun akan sangat ramai dan sulit menemukan
spot kosong untuk berphoto. Berbeda dengan lokasi wisata baru yang dibuka atau kurang dikenal, hanya
diketahui oleh penduduk lokal, akses lokasi yang sulit dan informasi yang kurang menarik pengunjung,
sehingga perlunya membuat spot- spot photo yang unik dan instagramable agar semakin terkenal.
Seiring terkenalnya Lombok sebagai daerah wisata, maka di beberapa daerah mulai menjadikan
pariwisata sebagai Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) yang besar selain sumber daya alam lainnya. Kawasan
Kota Tua Ampenan sebagai salah satu daerah yang memiliki banyak lokasi wisata dan beberapa spot
hanya dikenal oleh penduduk lokal, namun tingginya minat anak muda untuk mengeksplor daerahnya
sehingga lokasi-lokasi yang awalnya hanya pantai beralih ke bangunan tua, mulai memperbanyak
festival budaya dan etnis sehingga menarik kunjungan dari luar kawasan, serta informasi akses jalan
dan lokasi wisata dengan lebih mudah. Misalnya papan penunjuk jalan dan informasi lokasi wisat serta
keramahan yang menunjukkan kearifan lokal akan ditemui pengunjung sepanjang jalan pada kawasan
kota tua ampenan.
Tingginya tingkat wisatawan tentunya membantu peningkatan masyarakat lokal secara ekonomi
melalui pariwissata ini namun banyak sisi negatifnya seperti dapat merusak moral dan pikiran kaum muda
serta kurangnya penghormatan akan penduduk lokal. Oleh karena itu, perlunya awiq-awiq atau aturan
desa untuk menjaga tingkah laku dan didukung peraturan Pemerintah untuk penduduk lokal maupun
wisatawan dengan memasukkan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal masyarakat kota tua ampenan yang mengandung
dalam bagian pelestarian kawasan wisata. Masyarakat kota tua ampenan yang didukung oleh beberapa
aturan seperti RPJMD dan RTRW Kota Mataram serta RTBL Kota Tua Ampenan memiliki kedekatan
emosional dan pemikiran terhadap sumber daya alamnya, yang kemudian melahirkan sikap dan perilaku
nyata dengan mempertimbangkan kapasitas pariwisata. Sebagian masyarakat Ampenan memiliki
ketergantungan hidup kepada sumber daya alam di daratan. Namun demikian, mereka sangat dekat
dengan teknologi informasi dan konsep smart city dan kedekatan secara sosial masih tinggi. Dapat dilihat
dari gotong royong yang sangat melekat dan sikap hormat kaum muda terhadap tokoh masyarakat, serta
memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk mengelola sumber dayanya.
Masyarakat Kota Tua Ampenan memiliki kearifan lokal berupa sejumlah tradisi, anjuran atau
pantangan yang masih berlaku secara turun temurun yang dipraktekkan, dipelihara dan ditaati. Dikaji
secara ilmiah tradisi ini mengandung nilai-nilai lokal bagi pelestarian bangunan tua, kuliner khas dan
budaya etnisa. Nilai-nilai lokal ini perlu dijaga dan diperkuat agar tidak tergilas oleh kemajuan dan
tantangan hidup masyarakat. Pemerintah Kecamatan Ampenan sangat dibantu dengan adanya kelompok
pemuda yang sangat antusias dalam memajukan desa, ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya ide-ide baik dalam
bentuk memperkenalkan tradisi dan budaya adat serta kegiatan yang selalu mengikutsertakan semua
elemen masyarkat dan dilaksanakan di beberapa tempat sambil memperkenalkan daerah wisata dan
produk khas Kota tua Ampenan. Usaha pemerintah desa dan seluruh lapisan masyarakat telah memberi
dampak positif bagi terpeliharanya ekosistem dan kawasan wisata sehingga saat ini wilayah kota tua
ampenan menjadi salah satu destinasi di Kota Mataram. Selain itu masyarakat dapat memperoleh
tambahan pendapatan dari jasa pariwisata ini.
2. METODE PENELITIAN
2.1 Metode Analisis

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan
data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Gambar 1. Alur penelitian
menggambarkan metode dan tahapan rancangan, implementasi dan penerapan konsep smart city kota tua
Ampenan. Konsep Smart City dalam Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan (RTBL) Kawasan Kota
Tua Ampenan dapat membantu Pemerintah membangun kota tua Ampenan sebagai pusat pariwisata yang
memperkenalkan bangunan tua bernilai budaya, wisata kuliner khas dan festival keberagaman budaya
berbagai etnis. Hal ini menunjukan toleransi serta suasana kota tua Ampenan yang eksotis dan vintage
sehingga pengunjung serasa dibawa ke masa lampau.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pengembangan kemampuan, kemandirian, keberdayaan, dan
produktivitas masyarakat di bidang pariwisata berbasis smart city berdasarkan kearifan lokal. Metode
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Gambar 1. Alur penelitian
menggambarkan metode dan tahapan rancangan, implementasi dan penerapan konsep smart city kota tua
Ampenan.
 167
Gambar 1. Tahapan Penelitian
2.2 Ruang Lingkup Pariwisata berbasis Kearifan Lokal

2.2.1 Pemanfaatan Potensi Pariwisata
a. Pemetaan dan penataan potensi wisata baru kawasan kota tua Ampenan
b. Informasi Go Clean wisata baru untuk menunjang kawasan pariwisata
2.2.2 Verisifikasi Produk Sumber Daya Alam
a. Informasi pasar mingguan di salah satu lokasi wista secara bergantian
b. Pengembangan lokasi wisata baru yang sesuai dengan aturan adat dan Pemerintah
c. Pengembangan produksi makanan atau produk barang yang khas
d. Pembuatan video dokumentasi kawasan kota tua Ampenan yang menonjolkan
potensi pariwisata dan kebudayaan
e. Pelatihan penggunaan website baik mencari atau menambahkan informasi tentang
wisata baru
2.2.3 Pelestarian Nilai Sosial Budaya Lokal
a. Rangkaian acara adat pada salah satu lokasi wisata
b. Pengamalan budi pekerti dan keagamaan ditengah gempuran smart city
2.2.4 Peningkatan Mutu Lingkungan
a. Informasi tempat sampah yang dibedakan berdasarkan jenis sampahnya
b. Kegiatan pohon masa depan sebagai bagian dari pelestarian kawasan
c. Informasi pelayanan kesehatan, penyuluhan hidup bersih dan sehat
168
3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
3.1 Model pengembangan pariwisata berbasis kearifan lokal

Mengembangkan kawasan kota tua Ampenan sebagai kawasan smart city melalui pariwisata dengan
mengumpulkan dan menyebarkan informasi yang terus diperbaharui (update) tentang lokasi wisata baru
dan bernilai kearifan lokal. Meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat kawasan kota tua Ampenan dalam
mengelola wisata baru dengan infrastruktur dan akses berbasis smart city, serta mendukung pelestarian
kawasan yang mendorong mitra lainnya untuk membantu pengelolaan sumber daya pariwisata baru.
Pemerintah diharapkan menetapkan peraturan yang sejalan dengan RPJMD, RTRW dan RTBL yang
selinier dengan pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumber daya dan nilai-nilai lokal yang berkonsep smart city
pada kawasan kota tua Ampenan. Mengefisienkan biaya pengelolaan awasan kota tua Ampenan dengan
ide-ide kreatif seperti informasi spot-spot photo yang menarik dan unik yang memanfaatkan sumber daya
alam sekitar lokasi wisata dan dukungan swadaya masyarakat melalui konsep smart city untuk
meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat selain retribusi lokasi wisata serta menambahkan kebudayaan atau
tradisi adat dalam menarik wisatawan.
3.2 Smart City berbasis Kearifan Lokal

Informasi yang diberikan melalui smart city kota tua Ampenan menjadi usulan materi dalam
kurikulum dan penelitian siswa maupun mahasiswa berbasis kearifan lokal serta menjadi pusat kajian
tentang kebudayaan daerah yang menjadi bagian dari pengelolaan kawasan pariwisata. Perlunya
peningkatan kepekaan dalam melihat permasalahan dan potensi yang dimiliki kota tua Ampenan
khususnya di bidang pariwisata.
Terjadi transfer pengetahuan melalui smart city namun tetap memelihara nilai-nilai lokal seperti
keramahan penduduk lokal terhadap wisatawan dan kedatangan wisatawan tidak membawa dampak
buruk bagi budaya ketimuran kaum muda kota tua Ampenan. Selain itu, memanfaatkan sumber daya alam
untuk pengembangan pariwisata, menciptakan ide kreatif dan terlatih dalam mengatasi masalah dengan
pendekatan dan metode yang sesuai kebutuhan masyarakat. Masyarakat lokal membagikan pengalaman
dalam memelihara nilai-nilai lokal pada pemamfaatan sumber daya alam untuk pengembangan pariwisata
yang mepertimbangkan daya dukung sumber daya alan dan sumber daya manusia. Nilai-nilai ini terus
dilestarikan dan terus diperkuat dengan ditunjang teknologi informasi termasuk smart city dalam
pengelolaan lokasi wisata sehingga menjadi lebih terkenal untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal kawasan
kota tua Ampenan
Pengembangan wisata baru yang menarik dengan menambahkan kebudayaan atau tradisi adat dalam
menarik wisatawan dapat dimamfaatkan oleh masyarakat kota tua Ampenan dan menjadi salah satu
percontohan bagi masyarakat atau kota lainnya yang memiliki kawasan wisata baru dan menjadi pusat
kajian tentang kebudayaan daerah serta kajian kearifan lokal bagi pengelolaan kawasan pariwisata serta
memberikan dampak positif pada perubahan perilaku masyarakat sekitar. Meningkatkan efisiensi biaya
dam swadaya masyarakat kawasan dalam mengembangkan ide-ide kreatif melalui pembuatan spot-spot
photo yang menarik dan unik dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam sekitar lokasi wisata yang
dilandasi oleh pemahaman teknologi informasi guna meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat kota tua
Ampenan. Dukungan masyarakat kawasan diharapkan dapat mendorong mitra lainnya dalam membantu
pengelolaan pariwisata dan Pemerintah dapat menetapkan peraturan sesuai dengan peraturan
Pemerintahan diatasnya terkait dengan pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumber daya wisata daerah dan
pelestarian nilai-nilai lokal.
Dukungan infrastruktur dan akses yang mudah akan sangat membantu smart tourism berbasis
kearifan lokal. Produk hasil keterampilan selain wisata baru dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat
juga merupakan bentuk partisipasi masyarakat kota tua Ampenan pada pengembangan pariwisata lokal.
 169
3.3 Smart City: e-Tourism berbasis Kearifan Lokal Kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan
Implementasi konsep smart city yang relevan dengan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal masyarakat kota tua
Ampenan dalam pengelolaan kawasan, pelestarian bangunan bernilai sejarah, penelusuran budaya dan
tradisi berbagai etnis. Smart city ini digunakan Pemerintah dan masyarakat sebagai layanan bagi
pengelola dan pengunjung kawasan kota tua Ampenan. Pihak terkait sebagai pemegang kebijakan
pengelolaan pariwisata berdasarkan smart city dan berbasis kearifan lokal sangat berperan penting dalam
mendukung implementasi ini. Layanan smart city yang dapat diberikan adalah informasi lokasi wisata
termasuk sosial budaya pada lokasi wisata tersebut serta akses yang mudah dan fasilitas yang memadai
akan sangat menarik banyak wisatawan untuk datang berkunjung.
Pengolahan sumber daya alam menjadi produk bernilai ekonomis namun mempertahankan
pelestarian ekosistem dan kearifan lokal pada kawasan kota tua Ampenan yang mengikutsertakan
masyarakat. Layanan smart city memberikan informasi pengenalan bahan lokal, desain dan teknologi
pembuatan produk, teknik pengawetan dan pengemasan produk sehingga dapat dipasarkan. Di beberapa
lokasi wisata pengunjung dapat ikut melakukan berbagai kegiatan yang dilakukan masyarakat lokal
sehingga akan terasa sekali keramahanda pengenalan budaya yang lebih detail sehingga pengnjung akan
mengerti tujuan dan makna suatu kegiatan tersebut Informasi mengenai kegiatan kebudayaan ini akan
melengkapi layanan- layanan yang diberikan dan diakses melalui smart city.
Pengolahan limbah rumah tangga menjadi produk bernilai ekonomis pada masyarakat kawasan
seperti limbah plastik dan organik menjadi produk souvenir. Layanan smart city memberikan informasi
pengenalan bahan limbah, proses daur ulang produk, teknik tampilan dan penjualan produk sehingga
dapat menarik minat pengunjung untuk membeli.
Perancangan desain dan pembuatan website tentang informasi kawasan kota tua Ampenan, terkait
pariwisata dan tata kelola yang melibatkan Pemerintah, pemilik lokasi wisata dan masyarakat mengenai
akses dan rute lokasi wisata. Akses dan rute lokasi wisata tidak hanya dalam kawasan kota tua Ampenan
namun diluar kawasan dan area sebelum memasuki kawasan juga memerlukan perhatian untuk
mendukung pengenalan dan pengembangan pariwisata. Masyarakat lokal sangat berperan penting baik
dari sisi informasi maupun keamanan dan fasilitas pendukung serta akses yang membtua pengunjung
betah menikmati kawasan kota Tua Ampenan.
Pembangunan pondok informasi dan penataan display informasi tentang lokasi wisata termasuk
papan penunjuk jalan dan fasilitas yang ada di masing-masing lokasi wisata serta penggunaan website dan
social media dalam penyebaran infornasi kawasan wisata kota tua Ampenan. Layanan ini sangat penting
karena pengunjung dari luar daerah mungkin akan tidak mengenal seluruh kawasan dan pengunjung dapat
menikmati kawasan secara menyeluruh, baik lokasi wisata, nilai dan sejarah lokasi, budaya lokasi wisata,
makanan atau produk khas lokal, dapat berbaur dengan masayarkat dan kegiatan yang dilakukan
masyarakat lokal, maupun adat istiadat serta festival yang menunjukkan nilai kearifan lokal yang
tercermin dalam semua layanan berbasis smart city tersebut.
Meningkatkan kerjasama yang baik antara Pemerintah dengan pemilik lokasi wisata atau masyarakat
yang pengelolaannya berdasarkan musyawarah. Masyarakat bertanggung jawab penuh akan keamanan
kawasan wisata dan mampu membuka peluang kerja serta menaikkan pendapatan seperti menjual produk
khas daerah yang diletakkan dalam layanan smart city termasuk informasi bangunan toilet dan mushalla.
Semua pihak terkait dapat menyalurkan pendapat dan ide-ide yang disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan
aturan kawasan. Mitra ini juga dapat melibatkan bidang kependidikan, komunitas peduli lingkungan dan
komunitas-komunitas anak muda sebagai pembelajaran terhadap nilai-nilai luhur yang dianut masyarakat
kawasan ditengah gempuran berita-berita hoaks.
4. KESIMPULAN
Konsep smart tourism dan usulan kebijakan Pemerintah terhadap permasalahan ekonomi, sosial dan
budaya untuk diangkat menjadi aset ekonomis sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat guna
mencapai hidup yang lebih sejahtera. Selain itu, terjadinya kemitraan antar masyarakat yang memiliki
berbagai keterampilan (administrasi, pendidikan, teknologi informasi, dan sebagainya) sehingga dapat
terwujud kerjasama yang baik dalam mengembangkan, memberdayakan, dan meningkatkan kemandirian
usaha pariwisata sebagai salah satu pilar ekonomi keluarga pada kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan.
5. SARAN
Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, saran agar dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan kearah
teknologi informasi yang berbasis smart city pada masyarakat Kota Tua Ampenan yang bekerja dibidang
pariwisata, sehingga masyarakat dapat terus mendapatkan kemanfaatan dari segi ekonomi, sosial, budaya,
dan kesejahteraan. Adanya pemahaman berbasis smart city terhadap pelestarian ekosistem akan
memperkuat ketahanan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal termasuk pengembangan potensi alam menjadi produk
bernilai ekonomi sehingga mengangkat kesejahteraan masyarakat dan ditindaklanjuti oleh Pemerintah
terkait pariwisata Kota Tua Ampenan.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Penelitian ini didukung oleh Kemenristekdikti dalam Hibah Penelitian Pemula (PDP) dan telah sesuai
dengan luaran wajib yang dicantumkan pada proposal. Semoga Allah SWT senantiasa melimpahkan
rahmat-Nya sehingga penelitian ini berjalan dengan baik dan lancer serta memberikan mamfaat bagi kita
semua.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Puspita HSM, Siti, 2019, Smart City dalam Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan
(RTBL) Kawasan Kota Tua Ampenan, Bali, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Universitas
Warmadewa.
[2] Spillane, James, 1993, Ekonomi Pariwisata, Sejarah dan prospeknya, Yogyakarta,
Kanisius.
[3] Spillane, James, 1994, Pariwisata Indonesia, Siasat Ekonomi dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan,
Yogyakarta, Kanisius.
[4] Vitasurya, V.R., 2016, Local Wisdom for Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism,
Case on Kalibiru and Lopati Village, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Procedia
Social and Behavioral Sciences.
[5] Sugiyarto dan Amaruli, R. J., 2018, Pengembangan Pariwisata Berbasis Budaya dan
Kearifan Lokal, Jurnal Adminsitrasi Bisnis, Volume 7, Nomor 1, Maret 2018, pp. 45-52
P-ISSN: 2242-3294 E-ISSN: 2548-4923.
[6] Mbulu, Y. P., Firmasnyah, R., dan Puspita, N., 2017, Identifikasi Daya Tarik Pariwisata
Perkotaan terhadap Tingkat Kunjungan Wisatawan di Kota Mataram Lombok, Tourism
Seientific Journal, Volume 3 Nomor 1 Desember 2017.
[7] Farania, A., Hardiana, A., dan Putri, R.A., 2017, Kesiapan Kota Surakarta dalam
mewujudkan Pariwisata Cerdas (Smart Tourism) ditinjau dari Aspek Fasilitas dan Sistem
Pelayanan, Region, Volume 12, No. 1, Januari 2017, 36-50.
[8] Liu, Pu dan Liu, Yuan, 2016, Smart Tourism via Smart Phone, Proceeding of
International Conference on Communications, Information Management and Network
Security (CIMNS 2016).
[9] Zhang, L., 2012, Smart Tourism: The Coming Era of Personalization and Intelligent
Public Service, Tourism Tribune, 27(2), 3-5.
[10] Pratama, I Putu Agus Eka, 2014, Smart city beserta cloud computing dan teknologi-
teknologi pendukung lainnya, Bandung, Informatika
Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 8 (1) Juni 2018 ISSN 2088-527X (Print) ISSN 2548-7787 (Online)
Jurnal Administrasi Publik

(Public Administration Journal)
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/jap
Analisis Perencanaan Pembangunan Lahan
Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah
Analysis of Land Development Planning of
Final Waste Disposal
Johanes Sembiring*1), Marlon Sihombing2) & Agus
Suriadi2)
1) Magister Administrasi Publik, Pascasarjana, Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia
2) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politk, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
*Coresponding Email: sembiringjohanes @gmail.com
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perencanaan pembangunan Lahan Tempat Pembuangan
Akhir (TPA) Sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat dan Faktor penghambat
Perencanaan Pembangunan TPA tersebut serta untuk mengetahui upaya apa yang telah dilakukan oleh instansi
terkait dalam mengatasi hambatan tersebut. yang dilihat dari fokus perencnaan, partisipasi masyarakat, sinergitas
perencanaan, dan legalitas perencanaan. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan
deskriptif. Sumber data primer yaitu wawancara kepada pihak terkait dan dengar pendapat pada kegiatan
konsultasi publik dan sekunder dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan penelitian di lapangan. Teknis analisis data
adalah model interaktif, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil
penelitian bahwa perencanaan pembangunan pada saat ini masih dalam tahap perencanaan dan penetapan lokasi.
Pelaksanaan pembangunan direncanakan pada akhir tahun 2016. Adapun yang faktor penghambat yaitu proses
pembebasan lahan dan pembuatan sertifikat lahan memakan waktu yang lama. Adapun upaya yang yang telah
dilaksanakan instansi terkait saat ini, yaitu melakukan pendekatan kepada masyarakat, mengadakan pertemuan
yang melibatkan masyarakat, meningkatkan kinerja instansi terkait dalam perencanaan pembangunan TPA,
menginformasikan setiap kegiatan perencanaan pembangunan TPA kepada masyarakat.
Kata Kunci: Analisis, Perencanaan, Pembangunan, Lahan
Abstract
This study aims to find out how the development planning Land Final Disposal (TPA) Garbage in the Village
Mekar Jaya Wampu District Langkat and Inhibiting Factors Planning Construction of the TPA and to determine
what efforts have been done by relevant agencies in overcoming these obstacles. This research uses qualitative
method with descriptive approach, the focus of this research is how Planning Land Construction Landfill (TPA)
Garbage and Inhibiting Factors Planning Construction of the TPA and to know what efforts have been done by
relevant agencies in overcoming these barriers which is seen from the focus of planning, community
participation, planning synergy, and legality of planning. Primary data sources are interviews to related parties
and public and secondary consultation activities are collected through field observation and research. Technical
data analysis is an interactive model, ie data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Based on the results
of research that the planning of landfill landfill (TPA) in the village of Mekar Jaya KecamatanWampu Langkat
district is still in the planning and determining the location. Implementation of development is planned at the end
of 2016. As for the inhibiting factors namely the process of land acquisition and the making of land certificate
takes a long time. As for the efforts that have been implemented by the relevant agencies at this time, yaittu
Approach to the community, Conducting meetings involving the community, Improve the performance of relevant
agencies in the planning of landfill construction, Inform every activity planning of landfill construction to the
community.
Key Words: Planning of landfill construction
How to Cite: Sembiring, J. Sihombing, M. & Suriadi, A. (2018). Analisis Perencanaan Pembangunan Lahan
Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah. Jurnal Administrasi Publik. 8 (1): 39-46.
Johanes Sembiring, Marlon Sihombing & Agus Suriadi. Analisis Perencanaan Pembangunan Lahan Tempat
PENDAHULUAN Besarnya timbunan sampah yang tidak dapat

Pendidikan adalah me Jumlah penduduk ditangani tersebut akan menyebabkan berbagai
Indonesia yang besar dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang permasalahan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung
tinggi mengakibatkan bertambahnya volume sampah. bagi penduduk apalagi daerah disekitar tempat
Disamping itu, pola konsumsi masyarakat penumumpukan. Dampak langsung dari penanganan
kontribusi dalam sampah yang kurang bijaksana diantaranya adalah
menimbulkan jenis sampah yang beragam. Jika timbulnya berbagai penyakit menular maupun penyakit
mendengar istilah sampah, pasti yang terlintas dalam kulit serta gangguan pernafasan, sedangkan dampak
benak kita adalah setumpuk barang-barang atau pun tidak langsung diantaranya adalah bahaya banjir yang
benda- benda yang tak layak guna dan menimbulkan disebabkan oleh terhambatnya arus air di sungai karena
aroma bau busuk yang sangat menyengat. Sampah terhalang timbunan sampah yang dibuang ke sungai.
diartikan sebagai material sisa yang tidak diinginkan Selain penumpukan di tempat pembuangan sementara
setelah berakhirnya suatu proses. Kemudian Sampah (TPS), jumlah sampah pun akan semakin meningkat di
dapat diartikan ssebagai sesuatu yang tidak digunakan, tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA).
tidak dipakai, tidak disenangi atau sesuatu yang dibuang
berasal dari kegiatan manusia dan tidak terjadi dengan
sendirinya. Dalam kehidupan manusia sampah dalam
METODE PENELITIAN
jumlah besar datang dari aktivitas industri, misalnya Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan di Dinas
pertambangan, manufaktur, dan konsumsi. Hampir Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kabupaten Langkat,
semua produk industri akan menjadi sampah pada suatu Dimana pada saat ini digabung dengan Dinas
waktu, dengan jumlah sampah yang kira-kira mirip Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Langkat. Berdasarkan
dengan jumlah konsumsi. Laju pengurangan sampah pada waktu penelitian yang akan dilaksanakan,
lebih kecil dari pada laju produksinya. Hal inilah yang penelitian tersebut akan dalaksanakan selama 1 (satu)
menyebabkan sampah semakin menumpuk disetiap bulan. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengumpulkan
penjuru kota. data dari alat ukur penelitian. Instrument (alat ukur)
yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi (lembar
pengamatan). Lembar observasi
13
Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 8 (1) Juni 2018: 39-46
yaitu alat ukur yang digunakan untuk mengamati objek

sugiarto (Wijaya, 2001), yaitu terdapat 4 ciri
penelitian secara langsung. Lembar observasi yang
Perencanan Pembangunan dalam penelitian ini.
digunakan menursut wicaksono dan
Tabel 1 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian
NO KONSEP INDIKATOR Aspek-aspek
1. Perencanaan Fokus Perencanaan Kesesuaian recana dengan
Pembangunan kebutuhan. Memperhatikan aspirasi
masyarakat.
Partisipasi Keikutsertaan/Partsipasi Masyarakat.
Sinergitas perencanaan Koordinasi antar instansi terkait.
Legalitas perencanaan 1. Peraturan yang berlaku
Sumber: Teori Wicaksono dan Sugiarto (Wijaya, 2001)
Perencanaan yang baik dapat dicapai dengan

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN mempertimbangkan kondisi diwaktu yang akan datang
Hakikat Perencanaan Pembangunan dalam mana perencanaan dan kegiatan yang

diputuskan akan dilaksanakan, serta periode sekarang
Pembangunan adalah pergeseran dari suatu
pada saat rencana dibuat.
kondisi nasional yang satu menuju kondisi nasional
Pembahasan penelitian akan merujuk pada
yang lain, yang dipandang lebih baik dan lebih berharga
pendapatan Wicaksono dan Sugiarto (dalam Wijaya,
(Katz dalam Tjokrowinoto 1995). Disamping itu
2001) yaitu, terdapat 4 ciri perencanaan partisipatif
pembangunan juga merupakan proses multi dimensional
yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Keempat ciri
yang menyangkut perubahan-perubahan yang penting
tersebut yakni yang pertama, fokus perencanaan
dalam suatu struktur, sistem sosial ekonomi,
berdasarkan pada hambatan dalam perencanaan
pengangguran kesenjangan dan pemberantasan
pembangunan TPA serta memperhatikan aspirasi
kemiskinan absolute (Todaro, 1997). Pengertian
masyarakat yang memenuhi sikap saling percaya dan
tersebut mengisyaratkan bahwa pembangunan berarti
terbuka. Kedua, partisipasi masyarakat dimana setiap
proses menuju perubahan- perubahan yang dimaksud
masrayakat memperoleh peluang yang sama dalam
untuk memperbaiki kualitas kehidupan
sumbangan pemikiran tanpa dihambat oleh
masyarakat itu sendiri.
kemampuan berbicara, waktu dan tempat. Ketiga,
T. Hani Handoko mengemukakan pengertian
sinergitas perencanaan yaitu selalu menekankan kerja
perencanaan adalah pemilihah sekumpulan kegiatan dan
sama antar wilayah
pemutusan selanjutnya apa yang harus dilakukan,
kapan, bagaimana, dan oleh siapa.
14
administrasi dan geografi serta memperhatikan interaksi

diantara stakeholders. Keempat, legalitas 3. Sinergitas perencanaan yaitu selalu
perencanaan dimana perencanaan pembangunan menekankan kerjasama antar wilayah dan
dilaksanakan dengan mengacu pada semua peraturan geografis, serta interaksi diantara
yang berlaku, dan menjunjung etika dan tata nilai
stakeholders.
masyarakat.
4. Legalitas perencanaan dimana
Untuk menganalisa hasil penelitian digunakan
pendapat Wicaksono dan Sugiarto (Wijaya, 2001:16) perencanaan pembangunan
sebagai acuan analisi yang mengemukakan bahwa dilaksanakan dengan mengacu pada
perencanaan pembangunan partisipatif adalah usaha semua peraturan yang berlaku,
yang dilakukan masyarakat untuk memecahkan masalah
menunjang etika dan tata nilai masyarakat
yang di hadapi agar mencapai kondisi yang diharapkan
serta tidak memberikan peluang bagi
berdasarkan kebutuhan masyarakat.
Berdasarkan pendapat Wicaksono dan Sugiarto penyalahgunaan wewenang dan
pelaksanaan perencanaan dikatakan partisipatif bila kekuasaan.
memeuhi ciri- ciri sebagai berikut: Pertama, fokus perencanaan, berdasarkan pada
1. Fokus perencanaan, berdasarkan pada masalah dan kebutuhan yang dihadapi masayarakat serta
masalah dan kebutuhan yang dihadapi memperhatikan aspirasi masyarakat yang memenuhi
sikap salaing percaya dan terbuka. Pelaksanaan
masyarakat serta memperhatikan aspirasi
perencaan partisipatif di Desa Mekar
masyarakat yang memenuhi sikap saling Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat dilakukan
percaya dan terbuka. dalam rangka menyusun Perencanaan Pembangunan
2. Partisipasi masyarakat dimana setiap Lahan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah.
masyarakat memperoleh peluang yang Tujuan dari kegiatan perencanaan
pembangunan itu sendiri adalah:
sama dalam sumbangan pemikiran tanpa
1. Menentukan arah dan tujuan perencanaan
dihambat oleh kemampuan berbicara,
pembangunan oleh masyarakat.
waktu dan tempat.
2. Teridentifikasinya jenis-jenis usulan dan
tanggapan masyarakat mengenai rencana
pembangunan lahan tempat pembuangan
akhir (TPA) sampah tersebut.
15
3. Teridentifikasinya rencana program

1. Keterbatasan masyarakat terhadap
pembangunan.
pemahaman perencanaan
Pada pelaksanaannya di Desa Mekar Jaya
Keacamata Wampu Kabupaten Langkat, perencanan pembangunan TPA.
pembangunan dimulai dari tahapan persiapan, 2. Adanya kekhawatiran masyarakat
pelaksanaan dan keluaran perencanaan pembangunan. terhadap dampak negatif dari hasil
Masyarakat diharapkan terlibat dan memahami seluruh
pengolahan sampah.
rangkaian dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan
3. Terbatasnya jumlah aparat dan kader
lahan tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) sampah di Desa
Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat. pembangunan yang bertugas
Perencanaan yang disiapkan belum mengkomunikasikan informasi mengenai
memperhatikan aspirasi masyarakat yang memenuhi perencanaan pembangunan kepada
sikap saling percaya dan terbuka. Hal ini dapat dilihat
masyarakat.
dari hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa sebagian
4. Waktu penyelenggaran perencanaan
besar masayarakat masih belum memahi proses
perencanaan pembangunan TPA pembangunan relatif pendek sehingga
tersebut. tidak dapat diterima oleh masayarakat
Kedua, partisipasi masyarakat dimana setiap materi yang disampaikan.
masyarakat memperoleh peluang yang sama dalam
5. Rendahnya keterlibatan masyarakat
sumbangan pemikiran tanpa dihambat oleh kemampuan
merupakan salah satu indikator dari tidak
berbicara, waktu dan tempat.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian keterlibatan pahamnya masayarakat dalam
masyarakat dalam forum pertemuan yang dilakasanakan perencanaan Pembangunan Lahan
di aula Kantor Desa Mekar Jaya adalah rendah. Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA)
Rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses
Sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan
perencanaan pembangunan dipengaruhi oleh faktor:
Wampu Kabupaten Langkat.
Ketiga, sinergitas perencanaan yaitu selalu
menekankan kerjasama antar wilayah dan geografi, serta
interaksi antara stakeholders. Pada perencanaan
partisipatif dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan
Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat,
proses perencanaan pembangunan yang dilaksanakan
oleh pemerintah secara formal telah dilakukan dengan
baik
16
meskipun tahap sosialisasi yang dilaksanakan masih

sesui dengan Undang-undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008
kurang. Bila dilihat dari tanggapan masyarakat, pada
Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah, mengamanatkan bahwa
dasarnya masyarakat Desa Mekar jaya dalam proses
penetapan lokasi tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA)
perencanaan pembangunan lahan tempat pembuangan
sampah disesuaikan dengan rencana tata ruang wilayah
akhir (TPA) sampah masih memiliki pemahaman yang
(RTRW) dan pemantauan serta evaluasi dilakukan
rendah.
setiap 6 (enam) bulan selama 20 (dua puluh) tahun
Namun dilihat dari dokumen sebagai bahan
seiring dengan jangka waktu berlakunya RTRW. Di
masukan dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan lahan
dalam undang-undang ini juga menjelaskan bahwa
tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) sampah, sudah
dalam menyelenggarakan
tersedia beberapa kelengkapan seperti : dokumen
pengelolaan sampah, pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota dalam
laporan studi kelayakan tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA)
hal ini Kabupaten Langkat memiliki kewenangan penuh
sampah di Kabupaten Langkat.
untuk menetapkan kebijakan dan strategi pengelolaan
Keempat, legalitas perencanaan dimana
sampah di Kabuaten Langkat berdasarkan kebijakan
nasional dan provinsi.
akhir (TPA) sampah dilaksanakan dengan mengacu
Sehingga melelui penjelasan diatas, Pemerintah
pada semua peraturang yang berlaku, menjunjung etika
Daerah Kabupaten Langkat melaksanakan kegiatan
dan nilai masyarakat.
study kelayakan tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA)
Penyelenggaraan proses perencanaan pembangunan
sampah di Kabupaten Langkat, melalui dana APBD
tahun anggaran 2016 ini sebagai pedoman dasar dalam
Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat
pelaksanaan pembagunan TPA sesuai dengan ketentuan
merupakan tanggung jawab Dinas Pertamanan dan
dan aturan yang berlaku.
Kebersihan Kabupaten Langkat dalam hal ini telah
Pemahaman masyarakat dalam proses
dialihkan ke Dinas Lingkunga Hidup Kabupaten
Langkat dan dibantu oleh beberapa instansi terkait.
akhir (TPA) sampah memberikan banyak manfaat bagi
Untuk menyelenggarakan proses perencanaan
masyarakat itu sendiri, diantaranya mampu
pembangunan lahan tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA)
meningkatkan pendapatan
sampah
17
masyarakat melalui program

saling percaya dan terbuka. Pelaksanaan kegiatan
pembangunan, agar kendisi kehidupan masyarakat
penyeledikan atau identifikasi masalah dan kebutuhan
mencapai tingkat kemampuan yang diharapkan. Dengan
masyarakat pada Proses perencanaan pembangunan
demikian upaya melibatkan
masyarakat dalam
Mekar Jaya belum dilakukan secara optimal.
perencanaan masyarakat dalam
perencanaan yang dilaksanakan juga belum
perencanaan pembangunan berarti memberikan
memperhatikan aspirasi masyarakat yang memenuhi
kesempatan kepada
sikap saling percaya dan terbuka karena masyarakat
masyarakat untuk dapat lebih sejahtera dari hasil
tidak dilibatkan langsung dalam proses Proses
program pembangunan.
Berdasarkan pembahasan hasil penelitian,
akhir (TPA) sampah, dalam hal ini masyarakat hanya
pemahaman masyarakat dalam perencanaan
ikut dalam tahap sosialisasi (konsultasi publik) yang
dilaksanakan di aula Kantor Desa Mekar Jaya.
sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu
Partisipatoris, dimana setiap masyarakat memperoleh
Kabupaten Langkat masih rendah, banyak faktor yang
peluang yang sama dalam sumbangan pemikiran tanpa
mempengaruhi rendahnya pemahaman masyarakat, hal
dihambat oleh waktu dan tempat serta melibatkan
ini akan mempengaruhi kenyamanan masyarakat
masyarakat dalam Proses perencanaan pembangunan
terhadap program perencanaan pembangunan lahan
lahan tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) sampah.
tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) sampah.
Partisipasi masyarakat rendah rendah dalam kegiatan
penyelidikan masalah kebutuhan masyarakat.
SIMPULAN
Masyarakat masih belum dapat memahami proses
Proses perencanaan pembangunan lahan tempat
perencanaan pembangunan yang akan dilaksanakan.
pembuangan akhir (TPA) sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya
Sinergitas Perencanaan yaitu Proses perencanaan
Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat belum
dilaksanakan secara optimal, dengan uraian sebagai
sampah di Desa Mekar Jaya Kecamatan Wampu
berikut: Fokus perencanaan, yaitu berdasarkan pada
Kabupaten Langkat selalu
masalah dan kebutuhan masyarakat yang dihadapi
masyarakat serta memperhatikan aspirasi masyarakat
yang memenuhi sikap
18
menekankan kerjasama antar wilayah dan geografi, serta interaksi diantara stakeholders. Legalitas Perencanaan,
dimana perencanaan pembangunan dilaksanakan dengan mengacu pada semua peraturan yang berlaku, serta
menjunjung etika dan tata nilai masyarakat. Unsur legalitas belum dilakakan dengan baik dengan dalam proses
perencanaan pembangunan.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Budiman, C. (2007). Pengantar Kesehatan Lingkungan. Penerbut Buku Kedokteran. Jakarta.
Tjokrowinoto. (1995). Peran Pemerintah Desa dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat Desa Pesangga Kota Batu,
Skripsinya Sutrisnoadi, 2005.
MP. Todaro. (1977). Pembangunan Ekonommi di Dunia Ketiga, Jilid 1 dan 2. Erlangga. Jakarta.
Kartasasmita, G., dan Siagian. (1994). Pembangunan Infrastruktur Seminar Pembangunan Konsep dan Implikas.
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada.
Kartasasmita, G. (1996). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Konsep Pembangunan yang berakar pada
masyarakat. Bappenas. Jakarta. Tjokrowinoto. (1999). Konsep Pembanunan
Nasional. Liberty. Yogyakarta.
Conyers, D. (1994). Perncanaan Sosial di Dunia Ketiga Suatu Pengantar: Gajah Mada University Press.
Kunarjo. (2002). Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Program Pembangunan. UI Press.
Tjokroamidjojo, B. (1998). Perencanaan Pembangunan. Haji Masagung. Jakarta.
Nazir. M, (2011). Metode penelitian. Bogor. Ghalia Indonesia
Satori, D., dan Komariah, A. (2014). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Bandung. Alfabeta.
Fathomi, A. (2006). Managemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Rineka Cipta. Bandung.
Moleong. L. J. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nazir, M. (1983). Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta.
Singarimbun, M. dan Efendi, S. (2008). Metode Penelitian Survey. LP3ES. Jakarta.
Bodga, R.C. dan Bikler, S.K. (1982). Qualitative Research For Education. An Introduction to Theory and
Methods, Allyn and Bacon. Boston.
Alawasilah. (2013). Pokoknya Menulis. Kiblat Buku Utama. Bandung.
Riyadi dan Baratakusumah, D. (2004). “Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah: Strategi Menggali Potensi dalam
Mewejudkan Otonomi Daerah”. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Conyers, D. (1981). Perencanaan di Dunia Ketiga Suatu Pengantar. Gajah Mada Univesity Press.
Conyers, D. (1994). Perencanaan di Dunia Ketiga Suatu Pengantar. Gajah Mada Univesity Press.
Silalahi, U, (2012). Metode penelitian sosial. PT Refika Aditama. Bandung.
Sugiyono, (2014). Metode penelitian kuanatif, kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung. Alfabeta.
Wijaya, C.I. (2004). Analisis Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Cianjur Jawa Barat Menggunakan Sistem
Informasi Geografis [skripsi]. Bogor: Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan,
Insitut Pertanian Bogor.
Wijaya, R, (2001), Forum Pengambilan Keputusan dalam Perubahan Perencanaan Pembangunan di Era
Otonomi Daerah (Studi Kasis Di Kelurahan Jabres Kota Surkarta), Tesis, Megister Perencanaan Kota dan
Daerah Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
http://lokasitpa.blogspot.co.id/2011/06/penentua n-lokasi-tpa-sampah-yang-layak.html
Undang - undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang pemerintah daerah.
Undang-undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah.
Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Keptusan Bupati Langkat Nomor : 393-40/K/2016 tentang Penetapan Lokasi Pengadaan Tanah Untuk
Pembangunan Lahan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah Yang Terletak di Desa Mekar Jaya
Kecamatan Wampu Kabupaten Langkat Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
SNI : 05-3241-1994 tentang Tata Cara Pemilihan Lokasi Tempat Pembuangan Sampah.
19
The Geographical Journal, Vol. 170, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 135–145
Regions and sustainable development:

regional planning matters
GRAHAM HAUGHTON AND DAVE COUNSELL
Department of Geography, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX E-mail:
g.f.haughton@hull.ac.uk
This paper was accepted for publication in March 2004
This paper looks at how the term ‘sustainable development’ has been used in the process of
regional plan making over the past decade. It emphasizes the differing geographies of these
debates within England, in terms of how sustainable development has been used to justify
different types of approach in different parts of the country. Both drawing on and challenging
recent work on state theory, the paper argues the need to see regional planning as a part of a
multi-scalar governance system, whose importance should not be underestimated.
KEY WORDS: regionalism, regional planning, state theory, sustainable development, multi-
level governance
should be used to redistribute both jobs and the
R
‘surplus industrial population’ in ways which met
Planning’s fluctuating fortunes national goals, relieving pressure on the growth
regions and bringing jobs to the declining regions.
egional planning matters – it is a process Directive state intervention involved active regional
fundamental to future place-making activities, policy for constraining growth in some regions, and
providing a forum for deciding what types of future incentives to attract employers to other parts of the
settlement patterns society wishes to see. Yet we make country. In addition, many households were redirected
the bold statement that regional planning matters to new areas, notably the New Towns and Expanded
precisely because until quite recently, in England at Town schemes. It is generally accepted that these
least, it has been cast out into the political regional interventions were not always as effective as
wilderness, attracting little policy interest and intended, with some aspects of regional plans never
consequently little academic inquiry. Indeed, the re- achieving implementation. Nonetheless, it is worth
emergence of interest in regional planning is a emphasizing that the New and Expanded Towns, for
fascinating area of study precisely because its fortunes instance, did mark a major rewriting of the
have waxed and waned so dramatically over the last settlement pattern of the country, involving millions of
50 or 60 years (Table 1), partly reflect- ing changes in people, whilst substantial industrial investments were
how the planning process is viewed attracted to the declining regions. Rather than detailing
within the wider political sphere (Table 2).
In brief, regional planning entered the first strong the ways in which the post- war consensus about the
period of growth in policy interest during the post- need for regional planning broke down, along with a
1945 years, when it still bore the legacy of wartime more general decline in public and political faith in
centralized planning, even adopting the regional the legitimacy of planners to intervene in such
boundaries used for civil defence purposes during the directive ways (see instead, Wannop and Cherry
years of the Second World War (Powell 1978). Its key 1994; Haughton and Counsell 2004), we merely
philosophical underpinnings chimed with the point out here the multiplicity of ways in which this
Keynesian ethos of the times, in particular the might be interpreted. For instance, some planning
expectation that the state would adopt a more inter- literature tends to associate changes particularly with
ventionist role than previously in directing economic the influence of key individuals, professionals and
growth to meet wider societal objectives. A central politicians, plus
theme of regional planning was that it could and
0016-7398/04/0002-0135/$00.20/0 © 2004 The Royal Geographical Society
20
Regions and sustainable development 136
Table 1 Active and less active periods of regional policy and planning in the UK
Dominant regional
institutional architecture Dominant themes
Pioneering phase, Appointed regional commissioners, central Post-blitz plans for rebuilding cities,
1920s –1940s government ministries green belt policy, new town policy,
decentralization of the ‘industrial population’
The fallow period, Central government ministries and Implementation of first phase of new towns
1950s New Town Commission Limited application of regional policy tools
Regional revival,
Government ministries, regional industrial Industrial and population relocation Regional
1960s and 1970s
development associations Creation of corporatist bodies establishing
Regional Economic Planning Councils and non-statutory economic and physical strategies
Boards (REPCs/REPBs) Growing interest in sub-regional planning Limited
funding to regional bodies
The second fallow Dissolution of REPCs and REPBs (1980) Rapid weakening of regional policy, with reigned-
period, 1980s Abolition of metropolitan in scope, financing and areal coverage Growth in
county councils (1986) localized, short-term,
business-led approaches
The second Introduction of RPG (1990) Growth Gradual re-emergence of regional approach to 1997,
regional revival, of regional partnerships for EU then rapid expansion in regional institutions and
1990 – programmes, 1994 Strengthening of number of strategies
RPG, 1998 RDAs, 1998 Key themes: policy integration, sustainable development
Regional assemblies, 2000 Regional and competitiveness
Spatial Strategies (2003–)
Source: Haughton and Counsell (2004), drawing in part on Wannop and Cherry (1994).
Table 2 Planning’s changing circumstances, 1970 –2003
Planning under
Planning under Planning rediscovered Planning
question 1970s
siege 1979 –89 1990 –7 rehabilitated 1997–
Era Late Fordism /

Roll-back Neostatism / Third Way
Keynesianism
neoliberalism neoliberalism neoliberalism
Key changes Questioning of the
Land-use focus, Growing concern with Integrated approaches to
role of planners as
supporting economic environment and sustainable
experts, especially
development ‘sustainable development
on social issues
development’
Dominant Plans based on Market-led – growing Plan-led development. Attempts to improve
approaches to detailed analysis with emphasis on speed and Tentative reengagement public participation and
plan making lengthy periods of cutting red tape with strategic planning yet also speed up plan-
preparation making
Civil society Critiques of planning Individuals to be freed Consulting with Engaged with a
as a form of ‘social from ‘tyranny of ‘the community’ multiplicity of
engineering’ bureaucracy’ stakeholders
Local government Lead role in Part of the problem, Technical guidance Facilitator in widely
role local planning being too and facilitator of based collaborative
anti-enterprise development processes
Central government Dwindling No enthusiasm Useful role, if Key part of the new
approach to regional enthusiasm appropriately limited. regional institutional
planning Focused on new architecture
housing issue
Source: Haughton and Counsell (2004).

the influence of dominant national political parties retains considerable influence, not least the right to
and their preferences (Labour being usually more veto and reverse decisions. In other words, the state
pro-regionalism than Conservatives) (see Hall is strategic and selective in how powers are
1988; Simmons 1999; Wannop and Cherry 1994). reworked (Jessop 1990
By contrast, state theory informed approaches tend
to link changes in planning to the wider structural
imperatives facing capitalism, linked to notions
such as Fordism, post-Fordism, neoliberalism and
so forth (e.g. Gleeson and Low 2000a 2000b;
Haughton and Counsell 2004). State theory is
particularly helpful in linking planning’s changing
regulatory possibilities to broader tendencies
within recent capitalist development, particularly
the attention to neoliberalist policy reforms with
their rhetorical emphasis on the importance of
globalization, enhancing competitiveness, rolling
back the frontiers of the state, and greater citizen
engagement. Indeed, all of these tendencies find
an expression in some of the state’s attempts to re-
negotiate the parameters of planning, particularly
over the past 30 years. Whilst we have broad
sympathy with this approach, it is important to
highlight that state theory can lead to a tendency to
over-emphasize the internal heterogeneity of partic-
ular periodizations of capitalist development, such
as Fordism, with insufficient attention to
differences within these broad periods and between
different areas (but see Jessop 2002; Peck and
Tickell 2002). Equally important, there has been
a tendency to under-estimate some of the
continuities at work between different periods of
capitalist accumulation. Particularly important for
the analysis here has been the growing attention
to scale issues when analysing state restructuring,
drawing impetus from concerns about whether the
growing porosity of the global economy has
undermined the ability of governments to manage
their national economies. This has involved
considerable debate about the ‘hollowing out of
the nation state’, the idea that nation state powers
have tended to lend powers upwards (e.g. to the
European Union), downwards (e.g. to new local
and regional partnership bodies) and horizontally
(Jones and MacLeod 1999; Jessop 1997). As part
of this latter tendency, attention is usually drawn
to a shift from government to governance, as
new actors are brought into the more widely
constituted domains of governance at all spatial
scales, evident for instance in the growth of private
sector and civil society groups in local
regeneration partnerships (Jessop 2000a 2000b).
But these tendencies should not be read as
universal or as a simple abandonment of nation
state powers. Instead, by virtue of its power to
decide to which agencies powers, responsibilities
and finance should be reworked, the nation state
2000b). The state, in this sense, exercises its globalization, neglecting sustainable development.
powers through the ‘government of governance’, This neglect of regional planning and sustainable
that is meta-governance or meta-steering (Jessop development is problematic to say the least,
2000b). The scalar dimensions of this can providing at best a blinkered view of the policy
sometimes be over-emphasized, but nonetheless dynamics currently underway and at worst a
the emergence of new regional scale institutions, truncated understanding of sub-national devel-
including those of regional planning, needs to be opment processes. Regional economic
seen as an exercise in the spatial and strategic development,
selectivity of the state (Jones 1997). That is to
say, there are always poten- tially winners and
losers as powers are reworked across governance
scales, across governance actors and across
policy sectors.
Resurgent regionalism and the rekindling

of interest in regional planning
Regionalism has started to rise up the political
agenda in many European countries, leading to
growing experiments with both policy devolution
and political devolution, for instance in France,
Italy, Spain and the UK. Paralleling this rise in
policy interest has been a growing academic
interest in the ways in which regionalism has
been inserted into state-restructuring processes.
Two particular themes dominate much of the work
in this area: the rise to prominence of regional
economic development institutions and the
growing importance of multi- level governance.
Rather than rehearse the exten- sive debates on
the ‘new regionalism’ and regional economic
development here, it is perhaps sufficient for our
purposes to highlight the ways in which new
regional approaches have often been presented as
a necessary way of addressing some of the conse-
quences of globalization and the attendant
restructuring of the powers of the state and
corporations (e.g. Porter 1990; Leadbetter 2000;
DETR 1998). This, in turn, has led to
increasingly sophisticated critiques of the
reworking of state powers, including the limits of
regionalism (see, for instance, Lovering 1999;
Brenner 2000; MacLeod 2001). In terms of multi-
level governance, the key issue is the emphasis
on conducting analysis less focused on specific
scales, such as the regional, and instead looking at
how powers are continuously being reworked
across scales.
Much of the recent academic literature has
focused on the emerging infrastructure for
regional economic development, in the process
neglecting regional planning (for exceptions, see
Murdoch 2000; Counsell and Haughton 2003).
Most of this work has also been very heavily
focused on debates about competitiveness and
for instance, heavily depends on the planning provide ‘advice’ on what might be in the documents,
system to help provide employment sites plus new it was central government which issued RPG,
housing for workers and executives, and to guide leading to criticisms
key infrastructure. As such, regional planning is an
essential part of the new regional institutional
landscape in England, operating in a mutually
inter- dependent way with regional economic
development. Indeed, since regional planning is
expected to provide the spatial development
framework for other strategies, including a
requirement for public consultation and a public
examination, regional planning has become the
prime regional forum in which aspects of the
regional strategic processes can be examined. In a
similar vein, it is necessary to look beyond the
discourses of competitiveness and globalization
associated with regional economic development, to
examine the ways in which sustainable
development has also been invoked as a necessary
dimension of the new regional institutional
architecture. A key part of the argument here is that
sustainable development has been selectively
interpreted and mobilized as a way of taking
forward regional planning and economic develop-
ment practices, leading to a set of tensions about
what sustainable development means and how best
to operationalize it. The resulting debates have in
turn impacted on the parameters of what is deemed
politically acceptable in pursuing competitiveness
agendas – for instance, taming the demands
from economic development practitioners for
new employment site designations on greenfield
sites near motorway junctions.
During the late 1980s, the then Conservative
government tentatively reintroduced regional
planning in the form of regional planning guidance
(RPG) documents, which during the early to mid
1990s were produced for each English standard
region. Although portrayed as heralding a more
strategic approach to planning, at this stage the
principal function of the new system was to
allocate future housing numbers to local planning
authorities, which were expected to integrate
them into their local plans. The combination of
requiring local authority engagement and the
absence of a clear regional democratic mandate
tended to result in ‘lowest common denominator’
approaches, which did not upset any of the key
parties involved. Not surprisingly, therefore, the
first round of RPG documents came to be widely
criticized for being too tentative, bland in content,
weak on strategic content, lacking spatial direction,
focusing too narrowly on land use issues, and
tending simply to reproduce aspects of national
planning guidance. In addition, although standing
conferences of local authorities in the regions did
of centralist tendencies (Breheny 1991; Baker south of England where there has been strong
1998; Baker et al. 1999). Other than allocating opposition to new housing allocations. Moreover,
housing numbers, it is not clear what this round of since 1997 it is notable that central government has
RPG actually achieved. been prepared to cede greater autonomy for
With the election of the New Labour regional economic development strategies (RESs)
government in 1997 came a general growth of than for regional
policy concern for regional policy, not simply
regional planning, involving greater political and
policy devolution in Scotland, Wales, Northern
Ireland, London and, to a more limited extent,
the English regions (Allmendinger and Tewdwr-
Jones 2000). In England, the new government’s
‘regional project’ has developed reasonably
rapidly in terms of policy devolution, in
particular with the creation of a tier of new or
revamped regional institutions and strategies,
notably for economic development, planning,
housing and sustainable development. With
proposals now in the political domain to allow
for partial political devolution to Regional
Assemblies in each region, the extent of this
devolutionary process is becoming clearer
(Cabinet Office and DTLR 2002). Since 1997,
new arrangements have been introduced to
make the regional planning system more strategic,
better integrated with other policy spheres, and
more transparent, through the introduction of
formal consultations with stakeholders and a
public examination before a government-
appointed panel of experts (DETR 1998 2000;
Counsell et al. 2003). Under the revised system,
the first draft of RPG was to be prepared by
Regional Planning Bodies, usually consortia of
local authorities in each region, though the final
version of RPG remained the responsibility of
central government through its Government
Offices of the Regions. Recent proposals in
Planning Green Paper (DTLR 2001), currently
being taken forward with the Planning and
Compulsory Purchase Bill (2002), will further
strengthen the regional tier of planning, replacing
both RPG and county struc- ture plans with a
single tier of statutory strategic plans called
Regional Spatial Strategies. Regional planning
will then be the main arena for strategic planning
and with it, as the new title suggests,
responsibility for setting out the spatial
framework within which all regional policies will
be expected
to operate.
The complexities and the political
dimensions of rescaling are strongly evident in
these recent changes. For instance, the creation of
the new system of Regional Spatial Strategies
effectively removes power from county councils,
some of which have been opposed to aspects of
the government’s agenda, in particular in the
planning. This implies it has considerable faith policies. These typically involved a combination of
in the newly created, private-sector led Regional higher residential densities, more mixed land use
Development Agencies (RDAs), which are zoning in order to reduce the demand for travel, and
responsible for RESs. Alternatively, the state did greater
not appear to trust the RDAs sufficiently to give
them control for regional planning, instead
preferring to root its activities in the democratic
institutions of local government and newly created
regional consortia arrangements. The state then is
clearly being both strategic and selective in the
reworking of its powers within planning and in the
newly empowered regional tier of governance.
It is worth emphasizing that these changes to
the regional planning system are part of a wider
programme of modernization for planning
instigated by New Labour. Central to this process
has been the growing expectation that planning
would play a central role in government policy for
sustainable development. As part of this, there has
been a broadening out of the remit of planning,
including a greater emphasis on integrated
approaches which combine economic,
environmental and social issues; a growing
rediscovery of strategic planning, particularly in
relation to finding locations for new housing; a
central role in bringing about an urban renaissance;
and the growing commitment to regional planning
already remarked upon. These are all issues that find
expression in planning’s emerging mandate for
pursuing sustainable development, which is
essentially now its core objective.
In practice, these changes have helped to legiti-
mate a particular set of policy concerns about how
to cope with the projected rate of new household
formation, which at one stage seemed to suggest
4.4 million new houses needed to be built by 2016,
most of them in the southern regions of the country.
However, the prospect of releasing large areas of
land for new housing in areas that regard
themselves as already overcrowded has seen a
growing public interest in using the planning
system to protect greenfield sites and especially
areas designated for protection, such as green belts.
In addition, planners have been increasingly
exercised by the need to address the regeneration
needs of city centres and the growing problem of
areas of housing abandonment. Abandonment has
been particularly evident in northern cities, where
in the last 10 years major problems of demand
deficit have occurred, often in areas quite close to
regions of relative prosperity, for instance in the
city of Leeds in Yorkshire.
Seeking to address these issues, planners have
sought to pursue ‘sustainable development’ in
ways which conserve the land resource, especially
greenfield sites, by arguing for urban compaction
coordination between transport and land use periods of time (Healey and Shaw 1994) (see Table
planning, including support for public transport. 3). Whilst not abandoned by any means,
In addition to helping preserve land from environmental considerations in planning had
development, the aim of these policies has been to tended to take a back-seat during the mid-1980s
address car dependence as a means of reducing when the Thatcher government placed the interests
energy demand and associated pollution levels. In of the market to the fore, notably with the
a sense then, planning has used its understanding introduction
of sustainable development to pursue particular
policy approaches, whilst at the same time
helping in the general rehabilitation of the
profession in the political and public imagination.
It has moved beyond its traditional attention to
local environment concerns to a wider process of
relegitimation, grounded in global environmental
concerns and the possibilities for local
environmental policies to address these.
Sustainable development and the

regions
In one form of words or another, all of the main
regional institutions in England are now charged
with pursuing sustainable development as part of
their strategic approach to policy development.
This is reflected in the various types of regional
strategies that all include reference to sustainable
development, most notably Regional
Sustainable Develop- ment Frameworks
(RSDFs), RESs prepared by the RDAs, and RPG.
The RSDFs were introduced in 2000 in order to
counter charges of fragmentation, with a remit to
provide a ‘high level’ vision in each region which
would help integrate the work of all other
regional strategies. More prosaically, the RSDFs
probably also reflected a growing concern with
the potential for dissonance between the more
‘economic’ approach taken by most RDAs in
preparing their first RESs, and the more ‘environ-
mental’ approach in first drafts of RPG produced
under the revised arrangements of the late 1990s.
By the late 1990s, it had already become clear
that whilst the government was expecting all the
regional strategies to support sustainable develop-
ment, this was being interpreted rather differently
by the different stakeholders in each policy
sphere. More worryingly perhaps, differences
were emerging between the main policy areas of
economic development and planning. This in
part reflects the differing intellectual traditions
involved, with economic development inevitably
very much based on assumptions about the
importance of employment and wealth creation.
By contrast, planning had long been concerned
with ‘the environment’, with some fairly
distinctive approaches developing at different
Table 3 Environmental planning: the historical context (an updated and modified version of the framework provided in Healey and Shaw
(1994) )
Welfare utilitarianism (1940s

The separation of town and countryside was central to planning activities in the pre and
and 1950s)
immediate post-war period, emphasizing the restriction of urban sprawl through devices such
as green belt and the protection of agricultural land
Growth management
During a period when planning was preoccupied with growth, the environment was treated
(1960s)
largely in functional terms as a resource for recreation, an amenity and a provider of an
aesthetic setting
Active environmental care
During the 1970s, the attitude towards countryside nature changed from being a back-
(1970s)
cloth to one where natural systems needed to be managed. Local authority
intervention in the countryside increased with a new emphasis on recreation
Market utilitarianism
In a period of deregulation with a presumption in favour of development, moves to relax green
(1980s)
belt policy fell foul of Conservative Party supporters in the shire counties and were withdrawn.
Elsewhere, the environment was viewed as a tradable asset with private developers promoting
the idea of planning-gain
Environmental sustainability Following the return to a ‘plan-led’ system and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, sustainable
(early 1990s) development became the buzz word in planning. Early attempts to operationalize sustainable
development focused on techniques designed to protect environmental assets such as carrying
capacity, environmental capital, and environmental appraisal
Quality of life In part arising from professional concerns about the lack of attention to the socio- economic
(later 1990s and early 2000s) aspects of sustainable development, and following the election of the Labour Government,
sustainable development was re-defined as a holistic concept about ‘quality of life’. The
environment was one of four objectives of sustainable development, to be met at the same time
in pursuit of win–win–win solutions
of a presumption in favour of development plans and regional plan-

(Thornley 1993; Tewdwr-Jones 1996). By the late
1980s, however, this stance was beginning to
weaken as tensions emerged within the
Conservative Party, between business interests,
generally promoting development, and traditional
party supporters in the shire counties concerned
about rural protection and opposed to proposals
that might jeopardize house prices or quality of life
(Thornley 1993; Allmendinger and Tewdwr-Jones
2000).
Perhaps energized by the 1992 Rio Earth
Summit, the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development, the early 1990s
was a period of enhanced environmental awareness
on the part of the UK national government.
Publication of This common inheritance in 1990
had already committed the Conservative
government (then led by John Major) to a
strengthened environmental agenda (Healey and
Shaw 1994) and in the wake of Rio it produced the
first UK sustainable development strategy
(Department of the Environment 1994). The
strengthening national policy on the environment
was reflected in a series of revisions to national
planning policy guidance (PPG) – PPG1 General
policies and principles (Department of the
Environment 1992) and PPG12 Development
ning guidance (1993), which were all re-written
to give greater emphasis to environmental issues.
In this climate of renewed commitment to the
environment, many local authorities embarked on
development plan reviews and revisions. In
preparing their plans, some important new
concepts and tools for planners were
experimented with, such as identifying different
types of environmental capital, environmental
thresholds and limits, and, related to this,
environmental capacity studies (Healey and
Shaw 1994; Owens 1994; Owens and Cowell
2002; Haughton and Counsell 2004). These
new approaches, however, proved problematic in
practice, often being subject to challenge at public
examinations for strategic plans, mainly by those
who felt that ‘environmental’ concerns were
being used to impede development, which it was
argued could have significant positive social or
economic impacts. As such, it was in the
professional yet highly politicized arenas of
planning that attempts to use supposedly
‘objective’ environmental techniques were subject
to close scrutiny about their underlying
assumptions and biases. In practice, many of the
techniques were being tested by planning
authorities under local pressure to resist new
housing proposals on greenfield sites, almost
immediately politicizing
them. Far from providing a technocratic set of tools environmental ones. Central government issued
for making ‘neutral’ decision-making, in the end guidance requiring both RESs and RPG to be subject
these debates led to a growing policy impetus to to sustainability appraisal during their preparation,
move away from the more environmental tech- providing a means for
niques in favour of more holistic approaches, which
might offer a better means of addressing economic,
environmental and social issues in more integrated
ways.
Perhaps more important than the difficulties
experienced in operationalizing environmental policy
tools was the emergence of the ‘Third Way’
philosophy of New Labour, with its emphasis on
consensual partnership working in pursuit of inter-
national competitiveness (Fairclough 2000). After
a consultation exercise in 1998, the new
government published its sustainable development
strategy with the title A better quality of life
(DETR 1999), defining sustainable development
according to four objectives which should be met
at the same time:
• social progress which recognizes the needs of
everyone;
• effective protection of the environment;
• prudent use of natural resources;
• maintenance of high and stable levels of economic
growth.
In terms of the environmental literature (e.g.
Turner et al. 1994), this is essentially a ‘weak’
definition of sustainable development, involving a
shift from looking at sustainable development
in terms of environmental limits to one more
focused on managing growth. Inserting ‘high and
stable levels of economic growth’, in particular,
gives a strong impetus to those wishing to ensure
environmental concerns did not detract too much
from pursuing a national growth strategy.
Sustainable development in recent regional

planning debates
Debates on the second round of producing RPG
documents, from the mid-1990s to the present,
have frequently been conducted with reference to
how the new documents might promote
‘sustainable development.’ In practical terms, one
of the key devices for achieving the government’s
preferred approach to sustainable development has
been a process of policy appraisal known as
sustainability appraisal, first developed to appraise
RPG during the late 1990s. This new approach
represented an important shift in its own right,
away from ‘environmental appraisal’ to the wider
remit of sustainability appraisal, which gives social
and economic issues equal weighting to
ensuring that these concerns were integrated into scientific understandings of sustainable
the written documents. Sustainability appraisal development can be co-opted to legitimate particular
works by scrutinizing documents according to policy approaches. This can be seen in the recent
agreed objectives, in particular the objectives for proliferation of sustainabilities, ‘sustainable commun-
sustainable development which were agreed upon ities’, ‘sustainable economic development’, ‘sustainable
in drawing up RSDFs for each region (Counsell regeneration’ and so forth, each of which seeks to
and Haughton 2002). Although the RSDFs were
expected to be widely consulted upon in each
region and therefore regionally distinctive,
national guidance suggests that they should also
be based on the four objectives outlined in the
national government’s sustainable development
strategy. In conse- quence, sustainability
appraisal has served as a form of self-policing
mechanism, ensuring that strategies are produced
which support the government’s preferred
approach to sustainable development.
Despite the frequent level of conformity
between regional and national interpretations of
sustainable development, in practice, discussions
about which policies to adopt in the main regional
documents for planning and economic
development quickly uncovered some underlying
tensions, essentially based on the different
understandings of sustainable development held
by different protagonists. This was particularly
evident in the different interpretations of
sustainable development within RESs and RPGs
– with the early economic strategies tending to
treat environmental issues as simply a quality of
life back- drop to economic growth, where good
environments were important to attract businesses
to relocate. By contrast, planners tended to pursue
a much stronger line on environmental protection,
leading to some important conflicts when it came
to public examinations for draft RPGs
(Haughton and Counsell 2004). To some extent
this was perhaps predictable. Within the
academic literature, it is now relatively
commonplace to start off with an
acknowledgement of the multiplicity of
understandings of sustainable development and
its consequent contestability when it comes to
policy formulation (Hajer 1995; Harvey 1996). In
particular, attention has been drawn to the ways in
which discourses of sustainability are con-
structed and used to influence both policy
processes and public opinion, involving important
selectivities in how to interpret sustainable
development.
Building from these insights, it is helpful to think
of three intersecting dimensions to how
sustainable development is used within policy
debates in areas such as planning. First,
sustainable development can be used as a political
resource. From this perspective it is important to
emphasize the ways in which popular and
legitimate often fairly mainstream approaches by rather than environmental values. The additional
incorporating ‘sustainable’ into its rhetorics in a problem for environmentalists was that the quality of
sometimes superficial manner. Second, sustainable the environmental assets lost in such trade-offs was
development can be deployed as a political tactic, known, whilst the quality was not known of any new
for instance to enforce or legitimate particular pre- jobs created on a new industrial site or any
ferred approaches by adopting and policing, compensatory environmental provision.
through a variety of scientific or quasi-scientific
techniques, particular understandings of sustainable
development in pursuit of wider policy goals. In
this sense, techniques such as sustainability
appraisal become part of the disciplinary process of
the state, ensuring various sub-national strategies
reinforce particular national strategies. Third,
sustainable development can be seen as a political
strategy, in which aspects of sustainable
development are used to construct or justify
alternative understandings of ‘sustainable
development’. For instance, the social aspects
of sustainable development can be highlighted by
developers to justify providing more housing, in
the process challenging the interpretations of
sustainable development held by some
environmental groups which can be portrayed as
backing a ‘nature-first’ rather than ‘people-first’
approach.
When sustainable development is read as a
political
resource, tactic or strategy, rather than an abstract
concept, it becomes possible to see how many of
the policies which purport to be in the name of
sustainable development actually have more com-
plex underpinnings, ambiguities and tensions. This
is particularly evident in the shift that emerged in
recent regional planning debates from approaches
based on notions of ‘trade off’ in favour of
identifying ‘win–win’ solutions. In terms of
political discourse, the change in language is
interesting, in particular the emergence of the
policy imperative to identify win– win solutions as
a first-order policy preference. Under this
approach, trade-offs can no longer be considered
until possible ‘win–win’ solutions have been
explored first. Trade-offs usually involve some
form of compensation, in most cases for a loss of
some environmental amenity – in essence
environmental assets are treated as a tradable
commodity. So a housing development might be
allowed in a sensitive or protected area, provided
that an equivalent or larger area was restored or
protected elsewhere, or perhaps roads, schools or
parks provided. The main problems for
environmentalists with this approach is that,
typically, it has been used to legitimate envir-
onmental degradation, in a sense buying off opposi-
tion. As such, it has tended to be driven more by
fiscal considerations, that is by financial values
‘Win–win’ solutions are said to be those which regional proposals for new housing construction
encourage policymakers to think creatively about (Haughton and Counsell 2004). A fairly similar set
ways in which policies might achieve both of tensions between northern and southern regions
environmental protection and economic also emerged for designating major new
development objectives. Politically they are employment sites, again prompting different types
attractive because they offer the possibility of o
finding solutions where everyone is a winner,
although in practice it is not to be quite so simple
(Rydin and Thornley 2001). By the end of the
1990s, the terminology had moved on, with ‘win–
win–win’ introduced, incorporating the social
goals of planning alongside the economic and
environment. Indeed, addressing economic,
social, and environmental objectives at the same
time, rather than giving priority to one over
another, is at the heart of Labour government
approaches to sustainable development. A typical
example is the policy emphasis on brownfield
sites, involving the introduction of a sequential
test which requires that all brownfield site options
must be explored fully before greenfield land
release can be considered. This is seen to be a
win–win–win solution as it improves the quality
of degraded land, preserves greenfield sites and in
most cases means developments are closest to
the areas of greatest need and also to existing
infrastructure provision.
These seemingly abstract debates about ‘sustain-
able development’ can have very real and tangible
impacts when agreed regional strategies are trans-
lated into practice. Intriguingly, there is already
evidence of a geography to debates about
sustainable development. For instance, in terms of
new housing, in the South East and South West
the environmental aspects of sustainable
development have been used by environmental
groups and those local governments opposed to
designating new greenfield sites for housing.
Alternatively, developers and social housing
providers have drawn heavily on the economic
and social dimensions of sustainable development
to argue that it is precisely such new housing
developments which are most ‘sustainable’.
Debates about new housing in the North East and
North West have been very differently
configured, with sustainable development
invoked by developers and local authorities as a
rationale for providing more housing than
household growth projections suggest are needed,
as new executive housing is seen by local
politicians as essential to providing a more
sustainable regional economy. Paradoxically
perhaps, in the South East and the South West,
central government was forced to intervene to
back the pro- development case to increase
allocations for new housing, whilst in the
northern regions it intervened to reduce the
government response to the different debates which to be rooted in an understanding of the ways in
had taken place in each regional context (Counsell which the state is strategically selective in how
and Haughton 2003). Sustainable development powers and resources are reworked, across different
then is developing its own regional geographies. scales of governance and across actors in the new
governance systems. As part of this, we argue that
the fortunes of regional strategic planning
Conclusion: achieving sustainable and regional economic development have become

mutually entwined. One of the threads which binds
development? them together is the growing policy emphasis on
sustainable development. For instance, the re-
Regional planning has become an essential emergence of interest in strategic regional planning
ingredient of the new regional institutional reflects and draws legitimacy from the long-term
architecture of England and in large part because perspectives which the sustainable development
this sustainable development has been at the heart agenda advocates, with its concern about inter-
of recent debates about how best to develop regions generational equity. Debates about sustainable
over the next quarter century. Planning’s role is development have therefore helped to provide part
sometimes under- emphasized in the recent of the rationale for a shift away from the 1980s
literature on regionalism, yet its continuing role in distrust of planning, in particular the concern with
the statutory regulatory apparatus of the state ‘bureaucrats’ second-guessing the market for long
suggests that it should not be dismissed so time periods. Whilst some of this distrust remains,
casually. there is a growing recognition that replacing
Our analysis suggests the need to examine the strategic planning with short-termism and
recent reworking of planning powers as a process incrementalism was not working very well,
of re-regulation rather than de-regulation, in which particularly in instances when large infrastructure
planning’s scope and modus operandi have been projects and large-scale land use planning
altered to reflect changing dominant political ideol- designations were required.
ogies and indeed political possibilities. In seeking Linked to such concerns has been the growing
to explain these changes, rather than characterize emphasis on sustainable development as an
particular approaches as either state or market based, integrative concept and indeed integrative device,
we tend to agree with Storper’s (1998) assertion of with its insistence on the need to see economic,
the need to look at the ever-changing interface social and environmental issues as always inter-
between the state, markets and civil society. Partic- related. This fundamentally challenged the basis of
ularly important is the resulting tension evident the narrowing down of planning’s focus to largely
within planning to be more responsive to both land use issues during the 1980s, leading to a
market demands and the demands for improved gradual widening of the scope of planning. The
engagement with citizens. In addition, planning has resulting change in focus for spatial planning has
changed to reflect the very tangible realities of seen a growing recognition across different policy
changes in technologies, which have impacted on sectors of their need to work with and through the
personal mobility (the car, public transport etc.) planning system in pursuit of many of their
and the changing locational preferences of objectives, as planning is handed a key role in
employers, retailers and so forth. So rather than a policy integration through providing the spatial
unilinear chronology of stronger regulation expression of different regional policies, from
followed by deregulation, it is helpful to see economic development to housing, biodiversity,
planning as responsive to the wider political and and cultural policy. For geographers, a key interest
ideological environments within which it functions, is examining how this process works, in terms
retaining elements of continuity, change and of whether the hoped for divergence of policy
sometimes reversal in terms of its assumptions, approaches which might follow regional devolution
rationales, scope and ways of operating. It is in this might paradoxically be limited by the need for
context that the recent rise of regional planning greater integration across policy scales, across
needs to be seen not as ‘coming full circle’, but as regions, and across policy sectors. Given that
being reworked in light of contemporary policy sustainable development is one of the main
imperatives rooted in wider socio-economic, aspects of this integrative impulse and that it is
technical and political dynamics. famously subject to being adopted and adapted in
Drawing on recent state theory work, we argue multiple and conflicting ways, the signs are that we
that any analysis of state strategies for sustainable can expect elements of both conformity and
development at the regional scale necessarily needs
diversity in how future debates unfold in different
regional contexts.
Acknowledgements
The work presented here was funded by ESRC
grant R000238368 ‘Changes in regional
planning: a new opportunity for sustainable
development?’ This paper distills and in part
expands some of the work in Haughton and
Counsell (2004). We would like to acknowledge
Sally Eden’s prompting that we think
of sustainable development as a ‘resource’ whilst Gleeson B and Low N 2000b Unfinished business: neoliberal
absolving her from any responsibility for how we planning reform in Australia Urban Policy and Research 18 7–28
have used this. Hajer M 1995 The politics of environmental discourses:
ecological modernization and the policy process Clarendon Press,
Oxford
References
Hall P 1988 Cities of tomorrow: an intellectual history of urban
Allmendinger P and Tewdwr-Jones M 2000 New Labour, new planning and design in the twentieth century Blackwell, Oxford
planning? The trajectory of planning in Blair’s Britain Urban Harvey D 1996 The environment of justice in Merrifield A and
Studies 37 1379 –403 Swyngedouw E eds The urbanization of injustice Lawrence
Amin A and Thrift N 1995 Globalisation, institutional ‘thick- and Wishart, London 65 –99
ness’ and the local economy in Healey P, Cameron S, Haughton G and Counsell D 2004 Regions, spatial strategies
Davoudi S, Graham S and Madani-Pour A eds and sustainable development Routledge, London
Managing cities: the new urban context John Wiley and Sons, Healey P and Shaw T 1994 The treatment of the environment by
Chichester 91–108 planners: evolving concepts and policies in development plans
Baker M 1998 Planning for the English regions: a review of the Working Paper No. 31 Department of Town and Country Planning,
Secretary of State’s regional planning guidance Planning Practice University of Newcastle upon Tyne
and Research 13 153 –69 Jessop B 1990 State theory: putting the capitalist state in its
Baker M, Deas I and Wong C 1999 Obscure ritual or adminis- place Polity, Cambridge
trative luxury? Integrating strategic planning and regional Jessop B 1997 The entrepreneurial city: re-imaging localities,
development Environment and Planning B: Environment and redesigning economic governance, or restructuring capital? in
Design 26 763 –82 Jewson N and MacGregor S eds Transforming cities: contested
Breheny M 1991 The renaissance of strategic planning Environment governance and new spatial divisions Routledge, London 28 –41
and Planning B 18 233– 49 Jessop B 2000a Governance failure in Stoker G ed The
Brenner N 2000 The urban question as a scale question: politics of British urban governance Macmillan, Basingstoke 11–
reflections on Henri Lefebvre, urban theory and the politics of 32
scale International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 Jessop B 2000b The crisis of the national spatio-temporal fix and
361–78 the ecological dominance of globalizing capitalism International
Cabinet Office and DTLR 2002 Your region your choice: Journal of Urban and Regional Studies 24 273 –310
revitalising the English regions The Stationery Office, London Jessop B 2002 Liberalism, neoliberalism and urban governance:
Counsell D and Haughton G 2002 Sustainability appraisal of a state-theoretical perspective Antipode 34 452–72
regional planning guidance: final report ODPM, London Jones M 1997 Spatial selectivity of the state? The regulationist
Counsell D and Haughton G 2003 Regional planning in transi- enigma and local struggles over economic governance
tion: planning for growth and sustainable development in two Environment and Planning A 29 831– 64
contrasting regions Environment and Planning C 21 225 – 39 Jones M and MacLeod G 1999 Towards a regional renaissance?
Counsell D, Haughton G F, Allmendinger P and Vigar G Reconfiguring and rescaling England’s economic governance
2003 Transactions IBG 24 295–314
New directions in UK strategic planning: from development plans Leadbetter C 2000 Living on thin air: the new economy (with a
to spatial development strategies Town and Country Planning 72 blueprint for the 21st century) Penguin, London
15 –19 Lovering J 1999 Theory led by policy: the inadequacies of
Department of the Environment 1992 PPG1 General policies
‘the new regionalism’ (illustrated from the case of Wales)
and principles HMSO, London International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 379 –
Department of the Environment 1993 PPG12 Development 95
plans and regional planning guidance HMSO, London MacLeod G 2001 New regionalism reconsidered: globalisation
Department of the Environment 1994 Sustainable development: and the remaking of political economic space International
the UK strategy HMSO, London Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25 804 –29
Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions Murdoch J 2000 Space against time: competing rationalities in
(DETR) 1998 Regional development agencies’ regional strategies planning for housing Transactions IBG 25 503 –19
The Stationery Office, London Owens S 1994 Land. Limits and sustainability: a conceptual
DETR 1999 A better quality of life – strategy for sustainable framework and some dilemmas for the planning system
development for the UK HMSO, London Transactions IBG 19 439–56
DETR 2000 PPG11 Regional planning HMSO, London Owens S and Cowell R 2002 Land and limits: interpreting
DTLR 2001 Planning Green Paper, planning: delivering a fun- sustainability in the planning process Routledge, London
damental change The Stationery Office, London Peck J and Tickell A 2002 Neoliberalizing space Antipode 34
Fairclough N 2000 New Labour, new language? Routledge, 380 –404
London
Gleeson B and Low N 2000a Revaluing planning. Rolling back
neo-liberalism in Australia Progress in Planning 53 83 –164
Porter M 1990 The competitive advantage of nations
Macmillan, London
Powell A G 1978 Strategies for the English regions: ten years of evolution Town Planning Review 49 5 –13
Rydin Y and Thornley A 2001 An agenda for the new millennium in Rydin Y and Thornley A eds Planning in the UK: agendas
for the new millennium Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot 1–10
Simmons M 1999 The revival of regional planning Town Planning Review 70 159–72
Storper M 1998 Civil society: three ways into a problem in
Douglass M and Friedmann J eds Cities for citizens John Wiley and Sons, London 239 –46
Tewdwr-Jones M ed 1996 British planning policy in transition: planning in the 1990s UCL Press, London
Thornley A 1993 Urban planning under Thatcherism: the challenge of the market Routledge, London
Turner R K, Pearce D and Bateman I 1994 Environmental economics Harvester Wheatsheaf, London
Wannop U and Cherry G 1994 The development of regional planning in the United Kingdom Planning Perspectives 9 29 –60

Review Jurnal Kajian

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Review Jurnal Kajian

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

REVIEW JURNAL KAJIAN/PENELITIAN YANG BERKAITAN

DENGAN PERENCANAAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN

Judul Jurnal : SMART CITY PADA PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA KAWASAN

Judul Jurnal : ANALISIS PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN LAHAN TEMPAT

Judul Jurnal : Regions and sustainable development: regional planning matters

Smart City Pada Pengembangan Pariwisata

2.1 Metode Analisis

Gambar 1. Tahapan Penelitian

2.2 Ruang Lingkup Pariwisata berbasis Kearifan Lokal

3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Model pengembangan pariwisata berbasis kearifan lokal

3.2 Smart City berbasis Kearifan Lokal

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Jurnal Administrasi Publik

PENDAHULUAN Besarnya timbunan sampah yang tidak dapat

yaitu alat ukur yang digunakan untuk mengamati objek

Perencanaan yang baik dapat dicapai dengan

Hakikat Perencanaan Pembangunan dalam mana perencanaan dan kegiatan yang

administrasi dan geografi serta memperhatikan interaksi

3. Teridentifikasinya rencana program

meskipun tahap sosialisasi yang dilaksanakan masih

masyarakat melalui program

Regions and sustainable development:

should be used to redistribute both jobs and the

Era Late Fordism /

Source: Haughton and Counsell (2004).

Resurgent regionalism and the rekindling

Sustainable development and the

Welfare utilitarianism (1940s

of a presumption in favour of development plans and regional plan-

Sustainable development in recent regional

Conclusion: achieving sustainable and regional economic development have become

Anda mungkin juga menyukai