Asam Nukleat: Struktur-Fungsi
Asam Nukleat: Struktur-Fungsi
ASAM NUKLEAT
Oleh : Dr. I Nengah Wirajana, S.Si, M.Si.
Email : biokimia2020unud@gmail.com
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▪ menguasai konsep teoretis struktur, sifat, dan perubahannya baik
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informasi genetika
🞆 Struktur-Sifat-Fungsi RNA
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PENDAHULUAN: ALIRAN INFORMASI
GENETIKA
🞆 Gen
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⚫Unit fundamental informasi dalam sistem kehidupan
adalah gen.
🞆 Gen
⚫Dogma sentral menunjukkan aliran umum
informasi melalui replikasi, transkripsi, dan
translasi.
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(Kata “dogma” di sini adalah istilah yang kurang tepat.
DNA
Perkecualian :
virus tertentu
mempunyai enzim
reverse transkriptase
RNA
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PENDAHULUAN: ALIRAN INFORMASI GENETIKA
🞆 Kromosom
🞆 Kromosom tdd : protein dan molekul-molekul asam
nukleat tempat menyimpan informasi genetik
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organisme merupakan molekul terbesar dalam sel
🞆 ATTGCC = 6 bp atau pb
(pasang basa)
PENDAHULUAN: ALIRAN INFORMASI GENETIKA
Kromosom
🞆 Kromosom eukariot – Genome sel-sel eukariot
terbagi dalam beberapa atau banyak kromosom,
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masing-masing mengandung molekul DNA linier,
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organism.
🞆 DNA is a component of the chromosomes
(proteins are the other component).
🞆 DNA is one of two types of nucleic acid.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the other.
🞆 DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
linked through phosphodiester bonds
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🞆 Deoxyribonucleotides Acid
(DNA) contain three components :
⚫a phosphate group,
⚫a modified sugar called deoxyribose, and
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⚫a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,
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🞆 Deoxyribose (more accuratey named 2-
deoxyribose) is a five carbon sugar contained in
deoxyribonucleosides.
🞆 Deoxyribose differs from ribose in lacking a
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hydroxyl at position 2.
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🞆 Adenine is a purine base found in DNA and
RNA. In nucleosides and nucleotides, adenine is
linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond
between nitrogen #9 of adenine and carbon #1 of
the sugar.
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🞆 The ribonucleoside containing adenine is called
adenosine. The deoxyribonucleoside containing
adenine is called deoxyadenosine.
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🞆 Guanine is a purine base found in DNA and
RNA. In nucleosides and nucleotides, guanine
is linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond
between nitrogen #9 of guanine and carbon #1 of
the sugar.
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🞆 The ribonucleoside containing guanine is called
guanosine. The deoxyribonucleoside containing
guanine is called deoxyguanosine.
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🞆 Cytosine is a pyrimidine base found in DNA
and RNA. In nucleosides and nucleotides,
cytosine is linked to the sugar moiety via a
covalent bond between nitrogen #1 of cytosine
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and carbon #1 of the sugar.
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🞆 Thymine is a pyrimidine base found almost
exclusively in DNA. In nucleosides and
nucleotides, thymine is linked to the sugar
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moiety via a covalent bond between nitrogen #1
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🞆 In cells, DNA consists of two strands wound
around each other in a double-helical structure
such that the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone is
on the outside and the bases are on the inside.
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(see next Figure).
🞆 3’ 5’ 20
COMPARISON OF THE TWO MAJOR FORMS
OF DNA
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Konformasi B Konformasi A
Fundamental
elements of
structure in the
DNA double helix.
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???
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🞆 RNA contain the
sugar ribose instead
of 2-deoxyribose, as
is found in DNA.
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Chemical structures of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Struktur RNA
RNA
🞆 The bases in RNA are adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine (C), and uracil (U). These are the same bases as
DNA except that the base uracil is used in place of
thymine (T).
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🞆 Instead, RNA exists as a single-stranded entity, though
extensive regions of many RNAs may form double helices
within themselves by the base pairing rules.
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messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA),
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
⚫The three predominant forms of RNA are all
involved in translating the genetic information in
the sequence of bases in DNA to a sequence of
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amino acids in proteins.
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🞆 mRNA is made directly from DNA, so mRNA
carries the genetic information in the DNA
sequence from the cell nucleus to the ribosomes
where proteins are made.
🞆 Information is organized in DNA (and mRNA) in
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a sequence of three nucleotides called a codon.
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The genetic code
(as written in
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mRNA).
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bertugas membaca kodon
tRNA yang ada pada mRNA
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🞆 There are not 61 different tRNAs molecules,
however, because some tRNAs can recognize
more that one codon (especially when the
difference is in the Wobble position).
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like structure
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Strutur tersiaer tRNA yang sebenarnya ditentukan
dengan metode difraksi sinar-x (x-ray diffraction)
🡪 seperti Huruf “L” terbalik.
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Formation of aminoacyl tRNAs by aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase
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DISKUSI:
🞆 tRNA membawa asam amino dari
sitoplasma ke ribosom sesuai asam amino
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apa yang diperlukan dalam proses translasi
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Fungsi mRNA membawa kodon, dan tRNA membaca kodon, rRNA
penyusun ribosom tempat terjadinya biosintesis protein, dengan
jelas ditunjukkan pada proses translasi
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RIBOSOM
🞆 The ribosome is the structure on which
translation occurs.
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🞆 Next Figure shows that the prokaryotic
ribosome consists of two large subunits.
🞆 Each subunit, in turn, consists of multiple
proteins and RNA. The 70S, 50S, and 30S
designations refer to centrifugation
sedimentation coefficients, which reflect the size
of each entity, but are not strictly additive.
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RIBOSOMAL RNA
🞆 rRNA is a type of
RNArRNA is a type of
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RNA that is a
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TUGAS
1. JELASKAN PERBEDAAN & PERSAMAAN DNA DAN RNA
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B. Dalam hal FUNGSINYA