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Sesi - 5
Grounding and Bonding
Pada Instalasi

of

Kenapa harus ada Grounding?

Diharuskan oleh STANDAR, untuk ;
1. Keamanan Personil
Menghilangkan beda tegangan antara alat yang
tidak dilalui arus (tutup & frame) dan antara
peralatan dengan tanah.
2. Proteksi Peralatan
Menjalankan proteksi arus lebih jika ada
gangguan ke ground (50/60Hz event)
3. Mengalirkan arus Petir (5kHz - 500kHz)
4. Menghilangkan ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
5. Kontrol derau/noise (Computer Grounding)
2

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DEFINISI
Grounding :
Menyalurkan muatan listrik ke bumi tanpa
membahayakan personil dan peralatan

Elektroda Grounding :
Komponen metal yang bersentuhan dengan bumi untuk
mendispersikan muatan listrik

Bonding :
Menghubungkan bagian - bagian metal untuk
menghilangkan beda tegangan.
Secara lebih khusus menghubungkan metal tersebut ke
elektroda grounding

Grounding dan Bonding merupakan bagian dari sistem proteksi

petir

Beberapa fungsi grounding ...

• Meminimumkan pengaruh arus impuls

petir terhadap personil, struktur dan
peralatan
• Memelihara tegangan sentuh dan
tegangan langkah dalam daerah kerja
tetap rendah selama ada gangguan
• Menyediakan saluran untuk arus
gangguan
• Menyalurkan arus muatan statik dan arus
bocor
• Meminimumkan gangguan noise

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STANDAR
• IEC 62305-1 Protection of Structure Against
Lightning
• IEC 62305-3 Protection Against Lightning
Electro Magnetic Impuls
• IEEE Std 1050 Guide for Instrumentation and
Control Equipment Grounding in
Generating Station
• IEEE Std 81 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth
Resistivity, Ground
Impedance, and Earth Surface
Potentials for Ground System

Untuk mendispersikan arus ke bumi tanpa

menimbulkan overvoltage, bentuk tebal
dan ukuran elektroda grounding lebih
penting daripada harga spesifik tahanan
elektroda. Tetapi secara umum, tahanan
elektroda yang rendah dianjurkan.
Dari sudut pandang proteksi petir, sistem
grounding tunggal yang terintegrasi
dengan struktur lebih menguntungkan
untuk semua keperluan (proteksi petir,
sistem tenaga, sistem telekomunikasi).
Sistem yang karena satu sebab harus
terpisah, harus diintegrasikan dengan
semacam “earth clamp atau Spark Gap”

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Contoh Sistem Grounding Stasiun Telekomunikasi

Type of Electrode Side View Top View Formula Ref

8Lρ
R= − 1) =(ln
2πL
d 1
Vertikal electrode on Surface L d ρ 4L
ln
2πL 1.36 • d

h
ρ 4L 2h + L
Vertical electrode buried d R= ln • 1
L 2πL 1.36 • d 2h + L

Macam - d d

macam Strip on Surface

L L/2
R=
ρ
ln
2L
πL 1.36 • d
1

Elektroda Strip buried d h

d

R=
ρ
ln
L2 2
2πL 1.85 • hd
Grounding d
L/2

d a

dengan Two strips on surface

L/2 L/2
R=
ρ
ln
L2
πL 2 • 1.85 • da
3

Formula Two strips burried d h d a R=

ρ
2πL
ln
L4
16 • 3.42 • hdaA 2

Harga L/2 L/2

ρ
A = a 2 + 4h 2

L 2

Two strips buried d R= ln

Teoritis
L/2 2
2πL 1.27 • hd

Tahanan Three strips burried d L/3

R=
ρ
2πL
ln
L
0.767 • hd
2

Grounding Four strips buried

d
L/4
R=
ρ
ln
L2 2
2πL 0.217 • hd

Six strips buried d

L/6 ρ L2 •103
R= ln 2
2πL 9.42 • hd

d
L/8 ρ L2 • 10 4
Eight strips burried R= ln 2
2πL 2.69 • hd

Ref. Table :
d<<L d<<4h<<L/n d<<a<<L/n

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NATURAL GROUNDING

Tulang beton fondasi dapat

dimanfaatkan sebagai elektroda
grounding.
Pada kebanyakan kasus elektroda
dalam beton menghasilkan impedansi
grounding lebih kecil dari pada
elektroda ditanam langsung.
Di samping itu elektroda grounding
beton lebih awet dan bebas perawatan

Tulangan Beton Sebagai Elektroda

Grounding

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MATERIAL GROUNDING
• Material untuk elektroda grounding harus
memiliki konduktifitas listrik baik dan tahan
korosi. Penggunaan dua macam elektroda
secara bersamaan tidak dianjurkan
Penampang minimum elektroda grounding
• Tembaga = 50 mm2
• Besi = 80 mm2

Dimensi minimum komponen proteksi petir

menurut IEC 62305-1

Level Material Terminasi Down Elektroda

Proteksi udara Conductor Grounding
2
(mm ) (mm2) (mm2)
CU 35 16 50
I-IV Al 70 25 -
Fe 50 50 80

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DAFTAR KEAKTIFAN BERBAGAI

JENIS METAL

IUM

UM

M
ADIU
MIUM
NES

MUN

PER
EL

ER

D
LEAD
IRON

PALL
NICK
ZINC
MAG

GOL
SILV

COP
CAD
ALU

TIN
MAGNESIUM 0.00 -0.71 -1.61 -1.93 -1.97 -2.12 -2.23 -2.24 -2.71 -3.17 -3.36 -3.87
ALUMUNUM 0.71 0.00 -0.90 -1.22 -1.26 -1.41 -1.52 -1.53 -2.00 -2.46 -2.65 -3.16
ZINC 1.61 0.90 0.00 -0.32 -0.36 -0.51 -0.63 -0.64 -1.10 -1.56 -1.75 -2.26
L
E IRON 1.93 1.22 0.32 0.00 -0.04 -0.19 -0.30 -0.31 -0.78 -1.24 -1.43 -1.94
S CADMIUM 1.97 1.26 0.36 0.04 0.00 -0.15 -0.27 -0.28 -0.74 -1.20 -1.39 -1.90
S NICKEL 2.12 1.41 0.51 0.19 0.15 0.00 -0.11 -0.12 -0.59 -1.05 -1.24 -1.75
N TIN 2.23 1.52 0.63 0.30 0.27 0.11 0.00 -0.01 -0.47 -0.94 -1.12 -1.64
O
B LEAD 2.24 1.53 0.64 0.31 0.28 0.12 0.01 0.00 -0.46 -0.93 -1.11 -1.63
L SILVER 2.71 2.00 1.10 0.78 0.74 0.59 0.47 0.46 0.00 -0.46 -0.65 -1.16
E COPPER 3.17 2.46 1.56 1.24 1.20 1.05 0.94 0.93 0.46 0.00 -0.19 -0.70
PALLADIUM 3.36 2.65 1.75 1.43 1.39 1.24 1.12 1.11 0.65 0.19 0.00 -0.51
GOLD 3.87 3.16 2.26 1.94 1.90 1.75 1.64 1.63 1.16 0.70 0.51 0.00

LESS NOBLE

RESISTIVITAS TANAH/BATUAN
Cretaceous Cambrian Pre-Cambrian
Earth Resistivity Carboniferous
Quarternary Tertiary Ordovician and Combinat
Ohmmeter Triassic
Quarternary Devonian with Cambrian

1 Sea water

10 Unusually low Loam

Clay
30 Very low Chalk
Chalk
Trap
100 Low Diabase
300 Medium Shale
Limestone Shale
1000 High Sandstone Limestone
Sandstone
Sandstone
3000 very High Coarse Stan Dolomite
Quartyite
and Gravel
Slate
in Surface
Granite
10.000 very High Layers
Gneisses

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Added Salt in %

Added Salt in %

Variasi resistivitas tanah

METODA PENGUKURAN RESISTANSI

GROUNDING

1. Metoda 2 (dua) titik (Avometer-

Voltmeter)
2. Metoda 3 (tiga) titik
3. Metoda ratio
4. Metoda tegangan jatuh

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• Pengukuran
resistansi
grounding
dengan
metoda
tegangan
jatuh

OHMS 100
DC GENERATOR 0

c
RANGE
SWITCH POTENTIAL
COIL
CURRENT
COIL
c
CURRENT REVERSER POTENTIAL
c

CIRCUIT
RESISTANCE
POTENTIAL REVERSER

P1 P2

C2 C1

P C

AUXILIARY OR
REFERENCE GROUNDS
GROUND UNDER TEST
POTENTIAL CURRENT

Ratio Ohm Meter

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A C SOURCE

Ra
Rb
Sb Sa
B
A a b

Detector

RX p Rc c
x

d1 d2

AUXILIARY
GROUND UNDER TEST AUXILIARY
CURRENT
POTENTIAL GROUND
GROUND

Double Balance Bridge

IMPEDANSI GROUNDING

Hubungan ketanah pada umumnya berbentuk

impedansi kompleks, yaitu mengandung
komponen resistif, kapasitif dan induktif.
Resistansi grounding terutama menarik bagi
mereka yang berkecimpung dalam sistem
tenaga.
Sementara itu kapasitas dan induktansi
terutama menarik bagi mereka yang
berkecimpung dengan frekuensi tinggi
seperti teknik radio atau proteksi petir.

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Induktansi Pada Grounding

KARAKTERISTIK IMPULS
DARI GROUNDING
• Penentuan karakteristik grounding dengan
resistansi bisa orde 10 MHz,
• Setiap saluran selalu mempunyai induktansi
• Earth tester beroperasi dengan tegangan DC
atau frekuensi 100 Hz
Induktansi Grounding (driven rod)

L = 0.2 ln(l / r ) µH / m

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• Resistansi per meter Grounding (driven rod)

l = Panjang elektroda
ρ l
r = radius elektroda R= . ln  Ωm
2π r
ρ = resistivitas bumi

• Panjang efektif elektroda

l eff = T1R / L m

• Tahanan Impuls
R ( impl ) = R / l eff Ω

Contoh Perhitungan :
• resistivitas tanah ρ = 30 Ωm
• diameter eelektroda 2r = 2 cm
• waktu dahi petir sambaran pertama T1= 10 μs
• waktu dahi petir sambaran susulan T2= 0.25 μs

20 m • panjang efektif grounding

leff(10μs) = √[10x36.7/(0.2ln 20/0.01)] = 16 m
• panjang efektif grounding
leff(0.25μs)= √[0.25x36,7/(0.2ln20/0.01)] = 2.5 m
• Resistansi per meter
R = 30/2π x ln(20/0.01) = 36.7Ωm

• Impedansi impuls (10μs)

Rst(10μs) = 36.7/16 = 2.2 Ω
• Impedansi impuls (0.25μs)
Rst(0.25μs) = 36.7/2.5 = 14 Ω
• Resistansi DC RDC = 1.8 Ω

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Efek frekuensi pada impedansi counterpoise

PENGUKURAN IMPEDANSI GROUNDING

DENGAN PETIR DIPANCING ROKET (EDF)

Bentuk elektroda yang diuji

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Hasil...
• Tidak terjadi ionisasi tanah untuk arus <20 kA
• .
Z = R ( R + 2 π fL )
dimana Z = Impedansi
R =Resistensi frekuensi rendah
L =induktansi =1,2 µ H / m

IMPEDANSI GROUNDING UNTUK

ARUS PETIR

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SUSUNAN GROUNDING

• Tipe A :
1. Terdiri atas elektroda radial dan vertikal
2. Tiap down conductor harus terhubung pada sedikitnya
satu susunan elektroda grounding
3. Satu susunan elektroda terdiri atas minimum 2 batang
4. Cocok untuk struktur kecil atau tanah yang konduktif

• Tipe B :
1. Berupa ring sekeliling struktur atau fondasi
2. Keliling rata - rata harus lebih besar atau sama dengan I1
3. Panjang minimum elektroda radial sama dengan I1
4. Panjang minimum elektroda vertikal sama dengan 0.5 I1

100

90
LEVEL I
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

LEVEL II-IV
10

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

(Ωm )

Panjang minimum elektroda grounding

menurut IEC 1024 – 1 (62305-1)

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BONDING

Tujuan bonding adalah untuk

menghilangkan perbedaan
tegangan diantara bagian -
bagian metal dan sistem dalam
ruang yang diproteksi
terhadap pengaruh dari
sambaran petir.

Bonding sebagai bagian dari sistem proteksi petir,

garis putus-putus mengambarkan bonding dari
komponen metal dalam satu bangunan

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KONFIGURASI BONDING
Konfigurasi Bintang Konfigurasi Jala
S (satu titik) M

Dasar Jaringan S M
Ikatan

•Grid

Ikatan ke
Pembumian
•Bintang Bersama
Ss Mm

TRP

= Pembumian Bersama Struktur

= Jaringan Ikat

= Peralatan

. = Hubungan Ikatan ke Pembumian

TRP = Titik Rujukan Pembumian

Bonding bintang digunakan untuk sistem

dalam ruangan yang kecil, dimana semua
kabel dan komponen metal masuk ruangan
pada satu titik.

Titik bonding harus diintegrasikan ke sistem

grounding hanya pada satu titik. Semua kabel
bonding harus terletak paralel dan terisolasi.

Arus gangguan frekuensi rendah tidak akan

berpengaruh pada sistem yang dibonding
bintang.

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Bonding untuk saluran dari luar

masuk bangunan pada satu titik
Tulangan ZPP 0A, 0B

ZPP 1

Batang Ikat

Terminal Pembumian

Ikatan

Saluran Daya, Telekomunikasi,

dan Komponen Metal

Lightning Protection Equipotentialization

for Line Entries
Lightning Protection Equipotentialization
EBB

PS
External LPS

Water

Gas Z
Cathodic protection of filler pipe
Foundation earth electrode

S532/3e 532-3e.ppt / 26.05.98 / PWO

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Bila komponen metal dari luar dan saluran listrik

serta komunikasi masuk struktur pada lokasi yang
berbeda, dan karenanya memerlukan beberapa titik
bonding, mereka harus dihubungkan sependek
mungkin ke elektroda grounding ring.

Bila grounding ring tidak tersedia, maka konduktor

ring dalam ruangan dapat dipergunakan. Ring ini
harus dihubungkan ke semua sistem grounding di
luar.

Bila ruangan berukuran besar atau tempat terbuka,

dimana terdapat hubungan antara sistem dan kabel
masuk dalam ruangan di beberapa tempat,
konfigurasi bonding grid dapat ditetapkan.

Bonding untuk saluran metal masuk

kedalam ruangan pada beberapa titik

Saluran daya atau

komunikasi

ZPP 0A, 0B

Komponen metal Elektroda

ZPP 1 Pembumian Ring
luar

Tulangan Batang Ikat

Ikatan ke Tulangan
Komponen metal
luar

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PERSOALAN INDUKTANSI PADA KABEL

BONDING

Tegangan jatuh pada kabel bonding

terutama disebabkan oleh induktansi
dan bukan resistansi, karenanya
penambahan keliling penghantar serta
jumlah paralel lebih berguna dari
pada penambahan luas penampang
penghantar

Kawat Fasa
Sebagian Tegangan
Arus Petir
UA jatuh pada
APS
Umax SPD/APS
UL (UA) dan lead
kabel
arrester (UL)
ke bonding
Batang Ikat
bar

UA = Tegangan Sisa APS

UL = Tegangan Induksi
Umax = Tegangan Surja antara Kawat Fasa dengan Batang Ikat

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INDUKTANSI PENGHANTAR
Bulat :
L = 0.508s[2.303 log10 ( 4 s / d ) − 0.75]x10 − 2 µ H
Pelat :
L = 0,508s[2.303 log 10( s / w + t )) + 0.5
+ 0.2235( w + t ) / s ]x10 − 2 µH
Dimana S = panjang dalam inchi
d = diameter dalam inchi
w = lebar dalam inchi
t=tebal dalam inchi
Pendekatan kasar untuk kabel  L = 1.0 µH / meter

Size & (Diameter)

(0.46) (0.365) (0.257) (0.162) (0.102) (0.064)
Strap 6" 3" 1-1/2" 0000 00 #2 #6 #10 #14
5 1.07 1.28 1.49 1.68 1.75 1.86 2.0 2.14 2.28
L e n g th i n F e e t

10 2.56 2.98 3.39 3.78 3.922 4.13 4.4 4.7 4.98

15 4.21 4.83 5.46 6.04 6.25 6.57 7.0 7.42 7.85

20 5.96 6.8 7.63 8.4 8.7 9.1 9.7 10.25 10.81

25 7.78 8.83 9.88 10.85 11.2 11.7 12.44 13.15 13.85

30 9.67 10.93 12.19 13.35 13.78 14.4 15.26 16.11 16.96

Perkiraan induktansi berbagai konduktor dalam

microHenry

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Contoh...
Sebuah kabel bonding punya panjang 50 cm, dilalui arus sebesar 3
kA (8/20 s).
Besar tegangan jatuh resistif dan induktif diperlihatkan pada tabel
µ :
berikut
Penampang
VR(V) L( ) VL(V)
kabel µH
1 52 1.2 450
2.5 21 1.1 376
4 13 1.1 376
6 8.4 1.0 342
10 5.2 1.0 342
100 0.5 0.7 239

Penambahan penampang sampai 100 kali hanya

menghasilkan penurunan sekitar 50 % pada arus 8/20. Bila
kecuraman arus lebih besar, penambahan penampang tidak
banyak membawa manfaat

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Bulkhead
bonding
system

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Contoh praktek peletakan penghantar bonding yang salah &

benar(kiri) dan peralatan penghantar yang benar pada
group(kanan)

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Pemasangan Lightning Arrester

Eingan
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
g 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3

Ausgang Ausgang

3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Eingan
Eingang g

Verkoppelung: Eingang - Trennung: Eingang - Ausgang

S386
Ausgang 386.ppt / 11.03.1998 / ESC

Contoh Pemasangan Proteksi saluran telepon

S1567 1567.ppt / 14.10.97 /

b OB

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SISTEM GROUNDING & BONDING

MENURUT STANDAR

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Gambaran penyebaran energi sesaat setelah arus petir mencapai

tanah, diharapkan menyebar melalui peralatan

Konfigurasi bonding grid pada instalasi besar

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Contoh Penerapan bonding 1 titik yang tidak konsisten

Contoh penerapan bonding 1 titik yang memadai

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Alternative cable entry pada stasiun radio

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Cable with outer “lightning protection“ screen,

wire pair screening and wires in pairing

PVC-Outer Jacket Plastic Tape PE-Insulation Cu-Conductor

(fine wired)

Cu-Braiding Screened Pair

(Screen) (PiMF) with Sheath Wire

Grounding and Bonding

Discussion Topics:
• Theory and relevant standards
• Grounding
• Bonding
• Substation Lightning Protection

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SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIR

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Grounding

DISSIPATE ENERGY INTO

EARTH

Grounding Definition (IEEE)

Definition:
A conducting connection, whether intentional or
accidental, by which an electric circuit or
equipment is connected to the Earth, or to some
conducting body of relatively large extent that
serves in place of the Earth.

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Bonding Definition (IEEE)

Permanent Connection Definition:

A grounding connection that will retain its
electrical and mechanical integrity for the design
life of the conductor…

Conclusion:
A “Grounding System” is made up of both
grounding and bonding elements.

Earthing Standards
IEEE 80
“Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding”
IEEE 837
“Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connections Used
in Substation Connections”
IEEE 81
“IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground
Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground
System”
IEEE 1246
“IEEE Guide for Temporary Protective Grounding
Systems Used in Substations”

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Earthing Standards

IEEE Std. 80-2000 “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC

Substation Grounding”
• Provides a clear definition of how to provide a safe
environment for people.
• Voluntary use (non-mandatory), however many
authority’s specifications state that its application is
mandatory.
• Used worldwide.
• Latest edition (2000) included “changes in the criteria for
selection of conductors and connections”.
• IEEE Std. 837 is referenced for testing of connections

IEEE Std. 80

IEEE Std. 80-2000 “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC

Substation Grounding”

Special Areas of Concern…

• Service Areas
• Switch Shaft and Operating Handle Grounding
• Surge Arrester Grounding
• Transferred Potentials

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IEEE Std. 80
Clause 11 of IEEE Std. 80-2000 details the details the
requirements for the selection of the conductors,
connections, electrodes and all of the connecting
leads. The the basic requirements are:
1. Each element used in the earthing system must have
sufficient conductivity for the application.
2. Each component must resist mechanical deterioration.
3. Each element must resist fusing during a fault for the
specified duration.
4. Finally, all of these components must be “mechanically
reliable and rugged and be able to maintain its function
even when exposed to corrosion or physical abuse.

Types of Earthing Connectors

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Types of Connections
• Brazed

• Mechanical (Bolted, Wedge,

Compression)
– Rely on Physical Pressure to
Maintain Connection

• Exothermic Welding
– Permanent Molecular Bond

Exothermic Welding
• Thermite (Aluminothermic) Process
– Aluminum Reduction of Copper Oxide,
Which Forms Super Heated Copper and
Aluminum Oxide (Slag)

3Cu2O +2Al --------> 6Cu + Al2O3 + HEAT

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Typical Substation Connection

Exothermic Weld

CADWELD® Connections

IEEE Std. 837

IEEE Std. 837-2002 “IEEE Standard for Qualifying
Permanent Connections Used In Substation Grounding”
• Created in 1984 after several manufacturers petitioned for new
standard to qualify mechanical connectors for permanent use in
substations.
• The 1986 version of IEEE 80 allowed any connector that passed
the requirements of 837 to be used without temperature de-rating
the conductors.
• IEEE 80-2000 version only recommends connectors that pass
IEEE 837
• Unlike UL, IEEE is not a testing organization. Manufacturers
can claim to meet IEEE 837 even though they may not.

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IEEE Std. 837 - 2002

• Scope:
“This standard provides direction and
methods for qualifying permanent connections
used for substation grounding. It particularly
addresses the connection used within the grid
system, the connection used to join ground
leads to the grid system, and the connection
used to join the ground leads to equipment and
structures.”

IEEE Std. 837 - 2002

• Purpose:
To Give Assurance to the User That Connectors
Meeting the Requirements of the Standard Will
Perform in a Satisfactory Manner Over the
Lifetime of the Installation.

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Why Ground – Personnel Safety

• Touch Potential:
Controlled by Proper Bonding and
Protective Systems Such as Personnel
Safety Mats.

• Step Potential:
Controlled by Properly Designed
Ground Electrode System (e.g. Grid)

Reasons for Grounding

• Required by Standards
• Personnel Safety
– Reduce potential differences. Step and
Touch Voltages.
• Equipment Protection
– Operate over-current device during a
ground fault (50/60Hz event)
• Effective Lightning Dissipation
• Minimise Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
• Noise Control (e.g.Telecom Grounding)

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Voltage Around Ground Rod

R α 1/A
Rαρ
R = Resistance
A = Surface Area
ρ = Resistivity

Voltage Around Ground Rod

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Touch Potential
Touch Potential due Controlled Touch Potential
to voltage gradient
No Potential Difference

Same Applies to Step Potential

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Resistivity

Resistivity (ρ) - intrinsic material property,

independent of size, units are in (Ω (Ω - m)
Resistance (R) - extrinsic property, function
of ρ (resistivity) and dimension (size &
length), unit is (Ω
(Ω)
Ground Resistivity
Measurement (at depth a)
ρ(a) = 2 x π x a x R
(measured resistance)

Resistivity

Also known as specific resistance:

• Physical characteristic of the material
• Copper = 1.72 x 10-8 ohm.m
• GEM = 0.12 ohm.m
• Bentonite = 2.5 ohm.m (typical)
• Concrete = 30 to 90 ohm.m
• Sand (moist) = 300 ohm.m
• Gravel (moist) = 500 ohm
• Sand (dry) = 1000 ohm.m
• Stoney soil = 30,000 ohm

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GROUND ENHANCEMENT
-In soils of high resistivity, we use treatments to
help achieve a lower electrode resistance.
- Earth enhancement must be permanent and hold
it’s earth resistance without maintenance

Available choices :

• Chemicals (salts) / Copper Sulphates

• Chemical Ground Rods / Electrolytic Electrodes
• Bentonite
• GEM25A ®

Grounding Design

For any design, we need to establish the

parameters:
• Required ground resistance;
• From standard or specified by client
• Soil resistivity;
• At least 2 measurements at 90 degrees
• Many measurements at different spacings
• Bore hole survey of site
• Site area and limitations (drawings)
• Property outline
• Existing structures, paved areas
• Buried pipes and services

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Ground Testers

Grounding Design
Increasing diameter of an earth rod has little effect on resistance

Resistance vs. Electrode Diameter

120%
RESISTANCE, %

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

ROD DIAMETER, INCHES

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Grounding Design
Doubling depth of a ground rod will reduce R by 40% !!

Resistance vs. Electrode Depth

600

500
½” Earth rod
1" Earth rod
400
Resistance (ohms)

300

200

100

Electrode Depth (feet)

Grounding Design
Ground rod resistance is affected by:
• Depth (and size);
• Relative placement;
• Coupling integrity;
• Soil composition;
• Moisture and
• Temperature
• (seasons).

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Grounding Design

Complex Modeling can be done

using design software…

GROUND RODS
Material Choices

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GROUND RODS
• Copperbonded earth rods are less expensive than
solid copper and can be deep driven Galvanised
steel rods are cheap but have a relatively short
service life
• Solid copper and stainless steel have a long
service life but are considerably more expensive

GROUND RODS

50
45 50
40
35 45
30
35
Years 25
20
15
15
10
5
0
Zinc Galvanized Copperbonded Copperbonded Stainless Steel
Steel (250um) Steel (330um)

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GROUND RODS
Good bonded rod

Copper bonded (electroplated)

• Nickel flash provides a stable
molecular bonding of copper to
steel
• 250µm (BS7430 and UL467)
• Will not tear, crinkle or crack
• Tougher steel than sheathed rod
• Suitable for deep driving
• Long service life in most conditions

Typical sheathed rod

GROUND ENHANCEMENT
-In soils of high resistivity, we use treatments to
help achieve a lower electrode resistance.
- Earth enhancement must be permanent and hold
it’s earth resistance without maintenance

Available choices :

• Chemicals (salts) / Copper Sulphates

• Chemical Ground Rods / Electrolytic Electrodes
• Bentonite
• GEM25A ®

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GROUND ENHANCEMENT

Bentonite Vs. GEM

• Earth enhancement must be permanent and hold it’s it s
earth resistance without maintenance
• Bentonite clay is a common soil conditioning agent
• It is often blended with gypsum
• Bentonite swells to six times it’s own volume
• Shrinks and returns to powder form in dry periods
• GEM is a permanent, solid and effective means of
improving soil resistance
• Resistivity factor 20 times lower than Bentonite
• 30% to 60% Lower Ground Resistance with GEM®

Bentonite Vs. GEM

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GROUND ENHANCEMENT
GEM
• Very effective - conducts wet or dry
• 20 times more conductive than Bentonite
• Provides seasonal stability – sets hard
• Easy to use
• 11kg bags
• Install wet or dry
• Reasonable price & readily available
• Design software available

GEM Calculator

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Bonding With CADWELD

The Process

• The CADWELD Connection is Created by

an Exothermic Process
• A Chemical Reaction in Which Aluminum
Reduces Copper Oxide, Forming Super
Heated Copper and Aluminum Oxide (Slag)
• The Reaction Takes Place in 5 to 10
Seconds

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The Process

• Mold Can Be Opened in About 30 Seconds

• After Cleaning, the Mold is Ready for the
Next Connection
• A CADWELD Connection is the Best
Connection for Any High Current Condition
or for Use in a Corrosive Location

Traditional

CADWELD Exothermic
Connection Process

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Traditional

Traditional

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The process
CADWELD is Now Even Easier to Use
with the Latest Advancement in the
Continuing Evolution of ERICO’s
Exothermic Products

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The system

Simplified Method of Completing Exothermic

Welded Electrical Connections

The system

• Utilizes Integrated
Tamper Proof,
Disposable, Moisture
Resistant Weld Metal
Package
• Weld Metal, Disk and
Ignition Source are All
Incorporated into
Weld Metal Package

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Connection
CADWELD metal

Molecular bond of
Cable sleeved by
cable ends to
CADWELD metal
CADWELD metal
beyond weld for
mechanical strength

Cross Section of a CADWELD Connection

Connection

Examples of Connection Types…

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Advantages of

Use CADWELD When Any of the

Following Need to Be Considered:
• Conductivity
• Corrosion Resistance
• Overload Withstand
• Reliability and Long Life
• Small Space Available or Large Conductors
• Compliance With IEEE 837 & IEEE 80

Advantages of

• Provides a Molecular Bond Between Conductors

and Ensures Equal Current Sharing Between
Conductor Strands
• Never Loosen
• Never Increase in Resistance
• Never Corrode
• Have an Ampacity that Exceeds that of the
Conductors Joined

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Advantages of

• Minimum Training is Required

• No External Power is Required
• Quality Can Be Checked Visually
• UL and cUL Listed to UL467 and CSA
C22.2 Respectively
• Cost Effective

CADWELD VS.
MECHANICAL
CONNECTIONS

CADWELDED JOINTS

MECHANICAL JOINTS

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Average Life of a Buried Grounding

Connector
Average Life of Connection

40

35

30

25

Avg Life
20

15

10

0
Bolted Crimped Welded

MECHANICAL / BOLTED
CONNECTOR

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CRIMP TYPE CONNECTOR

CADWELD TYPE CONNECTION

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ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS
TESTING PROGRAM

Only the CADWELD samples

successfully passed the testing and
complied with the requirements of
IEEE Std. 837

Other Bonding Products…

Bonding Plates…

Ground Bars…

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Other Bonding Products…

Fence & Gate Jumpers

Other Bonding Products…

Rebar Clamps

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Electrode to Soil

Ground rod resistance is affected by:

• Depth (and size)
• Placement, min
separation = 2 X Rod length
• Coupling integrity
• Soil composition
• Moisture and
• Temperature (seasons).

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End of Session …...

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