2.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyesuaian organisma terhadap iklim habitat
Adaptation of organisms to the climate of habitats
PBD
Konstekstual
BAB
Duri Bulu tebal Air Bulu Menyerap Kulit
2
Spines Thick fur Water Fur Absorb Skin Praktis
Kendiri
(a) Unta/Camel
Bonggol menyimpan makanan dalam bentuk lemak yang
dioksidakan untuk menghasilkan air .
The hump stores food in the form of fat which is
oxidised to produce water .
(b) Kaktus/Cactus
Daun berbentuk duri untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air.
Leaves are adapted into spines to reduce water loss .
2 Tundra…sangat sejuk
Tundra…very cold
17
2.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Interaksi antara organisma
Interaction between organisms
PBD
Konstekstual
2
Jenis interaksi Pernyataan
Type of interaction Statement
(a) Mangsa-pemangsa Organisma (pemangsa) memburu dan memakan organisma lain (mangsa)
Prey-predator sebagai makanan.
Organisms (predators) hunt and eat other organisms (prey) as food.
(b) Persaingan Organisma bersaing untuk keperluan asas yang sama.
Competition Organisms compete for the same basic needs.
(c) Mutualisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama di mana
Mutualism kedua-dua organisma mendapat manfaat.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together whereby both
organisms benefit.
(d) Parasitisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama. Satu organisma
Parasitism mendapat manfaat manakala organisma yang satu lagi mengalami
kerugian.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together. One organism
benefits while the other organism is negatively affected.
(e) Komensalisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama. Satu organisma
Commensalism mendapat manfaat manakala organisma yang satu lagi tidak mengalami
sebarang kerugian.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together. One organism
benefits while the other organism is not adversely affected.
3 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi di 1, kenal pasti jenis interaksi antara organisma di bawah. TP2
Based on the information given in 1, identify the types of interaction between organisms below.
Umang-umang/Hermit crab
(mendapat perlindungan/
Buran/Sea anemone (mendapat
gets protection)
makanan dan pembersihan/get
food and cleaning)
Buran dan umang-umang
Sea anemone and hermit Pokok dan Rafflesia Ikan badut dan buran
crab Tree and Rafflesia Clown fish and sea anemone
18
BAB
Ikan remora (komensal) get food and
Remora fish (commensal) shelter)
(mendapat makanan dan
perlindungan daripada ikan
jerung/gets food and protection
from the shark)
Bakteria pengikat nitrogen
Usus manusia
(perumah)
Human
Manusia dan
haiwan (perumah)
Humans
2
intestine (host) and animals (host)
Ikan jerung dan ikan remora dan tumbuhan kekacang
Shark and remora fish Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Cacing pita/kutu dan manusia
leguminous plant Tapeworm/Lice and human
Pokok
(perumah)
Tree (host)
Tikus/Rat
Afid/Aphid
(mendapat nutrien/gets nutrients)
Kerbau dan burung tiung Kulat dan alga Pokok dan afid
Buffalo and mynah Fungi and algae Tree and aphid
19
2.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kawalan biologi
Biological control
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 36
Kaji rajah yang diberi./Study the diagrams given.
Kumbang kura-kura (pemangsa)
Ladybird (predator) Pemangsa Penyengat Ichneumon (bertelur)
Predator Ichneumon wasp (lays eggs)
BAB
Larva Ichneumon
Ichneumon larva
1 Kaedah/Method: TP1
Kawalan biologi/Biological control
(b) Tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar. The balance of the ecosystem might be
pollute disrupted.
Does not the environment. Masa
(b) yang lebih panjang diperlukan
(c) Tidak membunuh organisma lain selain untuk mengawal populasi perosak.
perosak. time
kill A longer is required to control
Does not other organisms except the population of the pests.
the pests.
4 Pak Ali menghadapi masalah tikus di ladang kelapa sawitnya. Cadangkan bagaimana Pak Ali dapat
mengawal populasi tikus menggunakan kaedah yang mesra alam. TP3/KBAT
Pak Ali faces rats problem in his palm oil estate. Suggest how he can control the population of rats
using environmentally friendly method.
kawalan biologi . Pak Ali boleh membela pemangsa
Pak Ali boleh menggunakan kaedah
tikus seperti ular
dan burung hantu . Tikus merupakan mangsa kepada
ular dan burung hantu .
Pak Ali can use biological control method. He can rear predators of rats such as snakes
and owls . Rats are the prey of snakes and owls .
20
2.9 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Faktor yang mempengaruhi saiz populasi
Factors that affect the size of a population
PBD
Konstekstual
BAB
(a) (b)
2
Serangan penyakit Praktis
Kehadiran pemangsa Kendiri
Disease attack
The presence of
predators
(c) (d)
2 Ramalkan bagaimana perubahan dalam ekosistem mempengaruhi sumber yang ada dan keseimbangan
antara populasi. TP2
Predict how changes in an ecosystem affect the existing resources and the balance between the populations.
21
Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Peta alir di bawah menunjukkan suatu rantai makanan. Bulatkan dua mangsa pada rantai makanan itu.
The flow map below shows a food chain. Circle two preys in the food chain. TP1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Lengkapkan peta titi berikut tentang jenis interaksi antara hidupan. TP1
Complete the following bridge map with the types of interaction between living things.
[2 markah/2 marks]
22
BAB
Tumbuhan/Plant Burung/Bird
Ular/Snake
Helang/Eagle
2
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
(a) Nyatakan jenis interaksi yang wujud antara organisma yang berikut. TP1
State the type of interaction that exists between the following organisms.
(i) Burung dan tikus/The bird and rat : Persaingan/Competition
(ii) Helang dan ular/The eagle and snake : Mangsa-pemangsa/Prey-predator
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku pada tikus, burung dan tumbuhan jika semua ular berhijrah ke tempat
lain. TP2
Predict what will happen to the rats, birds and plants if all the snakes move to other places.
Bilangan tikus dan burung akan bertambah manakala bilangan tumbuhan akan berkurang.
The number of rats and birds will increase while the number of plants will decrease.
[3 markah/3 marks]
(c) Bina satu siratan makanan daripada rantai makanan yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.
Construct a food web from the food chains shown in Diagram 1. TP4/Menganalisis
Praktis
Tikus Formatif
Rat
Ular
Snake
Tumbuhan Burung Helang
Plants Bird Eagle
Kambing Harimau
Goat Tiger
[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Sejenis alga hijau tumbuh pada sejenis kulat dalam keadaan semula jadi secara mutualisme. Terangkan
hubungan antara kedua-dua organisma tersebut.
A type of green algae grows on a type of fungus in the natural in the state of mutualism. Explain the relationship
between these organisms.
Alga membekalkan makanan kepada kulat. Kulat memberi perlindungan kepada alga dan membebaskan
karbon dioksida untuk alga menjalankan proses fotosintesis.
Algae supplies food to fungi. Fungus protects algae and releases carbon dioxide for alga to carry out the process
of photosynthesis.
[3 markah/3 marks]
23
3 Nutrisi
Nutrition
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
Peta Buih
APAKAH NUTRISI?
WHAT IS NUTRITION?
Nutrisi ialah pengambilan makanan mengikut keperluan badan untuk pertumbuhan dan kesihatan badan.
Selain pengambilan makanan, nutrisi merangkumi penyerapan makanan dan asimilasi. Apakah proses
asimilasi?
Nutrition is the intake of food according to the needs of the body for growth and health. Besides the intake of
food, nutrition includes absorption of food and assimilation. What is the process of assimilation?
24
BAB
3. Protein terdiri daripada unsur karbon, hidrogen, 3. Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen en and
oksigen dan nitrogen. Sesetengah protein juga nitrogen. Some proteins also contain phosphorus us and
mempunyai fosforus dan sulfur.
4. Protein digunakan untuk membina tisu badan,
sulphur.
4. Proteins are used for building body tissues, synthesising
esising
3
mensintesis enzim, hormon dan antibodi. enzymes, hormones and antibodies.
5. Vitamin dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan, iaitu 5. Vitamins are classified into two groups, i.e. water-
vitamin larut air (vitamin B dan C) dan vitamin larut soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C) and fat-solubleoluble
lemak (vitamin A, D, E dan K). vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K).
25
3.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kelas makanan dan fungsinya
Classes of food and their functions
PBD
Kontekstual
3
( Protein
(b) Membina sel-sel baharu untuk menggantikan tisu yang rosak
Protein dan untuk pertumbuhan
To build new cells to replace damaged tissues and for growth
( Lemak
(c) Sebagai penebat haba dan melindungi organ dalaman
Fat As a heat insulator and to protect the internal organs
(d) Vitamin
Vitamin
Mengekalkan kesihatan badan
To maintain good health Gal Info
erii In
aler fo
Pelawas tidak dapat
(e) Mineral Mengekalkan kesihatan badan diuraikan oleh sistem
Mineral To maintain good health pencernaan manusia.
Fibres cannot be
broken down by
(f) Pelawas Merangsang proses peristalsis human digestive
Fibre (Roughage) To stimulate peristalsis system.
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 1: Menguji kehadiran kanji, glukosa, protein dan lemak (rujuk silang m.s.185 – 187).
Compulsory Experiment 1: To test for the starch, glucose, protein and fat (cross-reference pp. 185 – 187).
26
3.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kepentingan nutrien
Importance of nutrients
PBD
Kontekstual
BAB
Ekstra Kendiri
endiri
7 8 9
10 11 12
Tidak hamil
No pregnancy
Tulang lemah
Weak bone
27
3.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Gizi seimbang
Balanced diet
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 53 – 59
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan gizi seimbang?/What is meant by a balanced diet? TP2
Gizi yang mengandungi semua kelas makanan dalam kuantiti yang betul .
A diet that contains all the food classes in the right quantities.
2 Jadual
Ja di bawah menunjukkan nilai kalori dalam satu gram karbohidrat, protein dan lemak.
Th
The table below shows the calorific values in one gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat.
BAB
K
Kelas makanan Karbohidrat Protein Lemak
3 Classes of food
C
N
Nilai kalori makanan per gram (kJ)
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Seorang budak lelaki mengambil 100 g karbohidrat, 60 g protein dan 5 g lemak sebagai sarapan
paginya.
A boy took 100 g of carbohydrate, 60 g of protein and 5 g of fat as his breakfast.
Hitung nilai kalori yang telah diambil oleh budak lelaki itu untuk sarapan paginya.
Calculate the calorific value taken by the boy for his breakfast. TP3/KBAT
Praktis
Nilai kalori/Calorific value = (17.2 × 100) + (22.2 × 60) + (38.5 × 5) Kendiri
= 3 244.5 kJ
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) golongan individu yang memerlukan lebih banyak tenaga dalam kehidupan harian.
Berikan sebab dengan memilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Mark ( ✓ ) the individual that needs more energy in daily life. Give reasons by choosing the correct answer.
Orang sakit memerlukan (kurang, lebih) (Kurang, Lebih) tenaga diperlukan untuk
tenaga untuk menentang penyakit. mengekalkan suhu badan di tempat sejuk.
Sick people need (less, more) energy to fight (Less, More) energy is needed to maintain the
diseases. body temperature in a cold place.
Kadar metabolisme badan besar lebih Kerja berat memerlukan (kurang, lebih)
(rendah, tinggi). tenaga untuk dilakukan.
The metabolic rate of a large body is (lower, Heavy work needs (less, more) energy to
higher). perform.
28
3.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sistem pencernaan manusia
Human digestive system
PBD
Masteri
1 Pada rajah di bawah, label organ-organ dalam sistem pencernaan manusia menggunakan perkataan yang
diberi./On the diagram below, label the organs in human digestive system using the words given. TP1
P1
BAB
Duktus hempedu/Bile duct Usus besar/Large intestine Perut/Stomach
Pankreas/Pancreas Pundi hempedu/Gall bladder Usus kecil/Small intestine
tine
3
(a) Mulut Kelenjar liur (g) Esofagus
Mouth Salivary glands
Oesophagus
29
Organ Fungsi
Organs Functions
(a) Mulut Memotong makanan menjadi serpihan kecil dan
Mouth mencernakan kanji
Cuts food into small pieces and digests starch
(b)
( Esofagus Menyalurkan bolus (gumpalan makanan) ke dalam perut
BAB
5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan makanan ditolak di sepanjang salur pencernaan oleh otot dinding yang
mengecut dan mengendur secara bersilih ganti. Namakan proses yang berlaku. TP1
The diagram below shows that food is pushed along the digestive tract by the alternate contraction and
relaxation of the muscles of the wall. Name the process that takes place.
Proses/Process:
Peristalsis/Peristalsis
Dinding berotot salur pencernaan Makanan
Muscular wall of the digestive tract Food
6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) fungsi-fungsi asid hidroklorik yang dirembeskan oleh dinding perut. TP1
Mark ( ✓ ) the functions of the hydrochloric acid secreted by the wall of the stomach.
Memusnahkan bakteria
✓
Destroys bacteria aler
Gal Info
erii In fo
Menyediakan keadaan berasid untuk tindakan enzim Duodenum ialah
✓ bahagian pertama
Prepares an acidic medium for the action of enzymes
usus kecil.
Mencernakan protein Praktis The duodenum is the
Digests proteins Kendiri first part of the small
intestine.
Meneutralkan sifat alkali air liur dan menghentikan tindakan enzim
✓
amilase liur
Neutralises the alkaline property of saliva and stops the action of salivary amylase
30
3.5 EKSPERIMEN Tindakan enzim dalam air liur terhadap kanji PBD
INKUIRI Action of the enzyme in saliva on starch Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 64 – 65
Tujuan Mengkaji tindakan enzim dalam air liur terhadap kanji
To study the action of the enzyme in saliva on starch
Bahan dan Larutan kanji 1%, larutan iodin, larutan Benedict, air liur, air, bikar 250 ml, termometer, meter,
Radas penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, silinder penyukat, tabung didih, penitis, enitis,
jubin putih
BAB
1% starch solution, iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, saliva, water, 250 ml beaker, thermometer,
meter,
Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, measuring cylinder, boiling tube, dropper, white te tile
Prosedur Termometer
3
Thermometer
Panaskan
Heat
1 Masukkan 5 ml larutan kanji ke dalam dua tabung didih yang berlabel A dan B.
Pour 5 ml of starch solution into two boiling tubes labelled A and B.
2 Tambahkan kira-kira 2 ml air liur ke dalam tabung didih B dan goncang campuran
itu.
Add about 2 ml of saliva in boiling tube B and shake the mixture.
3 Titiskan beberapa titik larutan daripada tabung didih A dan B
Drip a few drops of solution from boiling tubes A and B
(a) ke atas jubin putih dan titiskan dengan beberapa titik larutan iodin.
onto white tiles and add a few drops of iodine solution.
(b) ke dalam tabung didih dan panaskan dengan larutan Benedict di dalam kukus air.
into a boiling tube and heat with Benedict’s solution in a water bath.
4 Catatkan pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.
5 Kemudian, panaskan kedua-dua tabung didih bersama kandungannya di dalam kukus
air pada suhu 37oC selama 15 minit.
Then, heat both boiling tubes and their contents in a water bath at a temperature of
37°C for 15 minutes.
6 Ulang langkah 3 bagi larutan dalam tabung didih A dan B pada akhir aktiviti.
Repeat step 3 for the solutions in boiling tubes A and B at the end of the activity.
Galeri Info
fo
t&O[JNEBMBNBJSMJVSUFSEJSJEBSJQBEBQSPUFJOEBOBLBOUFSNVTOBIKJLBEJEJEJILBO
The enzyme in saliva is made of protein and will be destroyed if it is boiled.
t3FNCFTBOBTJEIJESPLMPSJLZBOHCFSMFCJIBOBLBONFOZFCBCLBOHBTUSJL5BIVLBIBOEBCBIBXBHBTUSJLBEBMBI
BLJCBUEBSJQBEBEJOEJOHQFSVUZBOHUFSLBLJTPMFIBTJE
The excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid causes gastric pains. Did you know that gastric pains are the result of the
stomach wall being corroded by acid?
31
Perbincangan 1 Berdasarkan pemerhatian, tandakan ( ✓ ) jika kelas makanan itu hadir dan ( ✗ ) jika
kelas makanan itu tidak hadir./Based on the observations, mark ( ✓ ) if the class of food
is present and ( ✗ ) if the class of food is not present. TP2
Awal aktiviti
Akhir aktiviti
Beginning of the
Tabung didih End of the activity
activity
Boiling tube
Kanji Gula Kanji Gula
Starch Sugar Starch Sugar
(A) Larutan kanji sahaja
✓ ✗ ✓ ✗
Starch solution only
(B) Larutan kanji + air liur
✓ ✗ ✗ ✓
Starch solution + saliva
2 Bagaimanakah enzim dalam air liur di dalam tabung didih B bertindak terhadap kanji?
How does the enzyme in the saliva in boiling tube B act on the starch? TP2
Enzim menguraikan kanji kepada maltosa (gula) .
The enzyme breaks down starch into maltose (sugar) .
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) enzim dalam air liur yang mencernakan kanji. TP1
Mark ( ✓ ) the enzyme contained in saliva which digests starch.
Protease Amilase liur Lipase
Protease
✓ Salivary amylase Lipase
32
3.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Ringkasan pencernaan makanan
Summary of the digestion of food
PBD
Masteri
BAB
Organ
pencernaan Rembesan Jenis enzim
Makanan yang
dicerna
Hasil pencernaan
Products off
aan 3
Digestive Secretion Types of enzyme Food which is
digestion
organs digested
Mulut Air liur (a) Amilase liur (b) Kanji (c) Maltosa
Mouth Saliva Salivary Starch (Gula)
amylase Maltose
(Sugar)
Perut (d) Jus gaster Protease (e) Protein Polipeptida
Stomach Gastric juice Protease Protein Polypeptides
Usus kecil (f) Jus pankreas (g) Lipase (h) Lemak (i) Asid lemak dan
(Duodenum) Pancreatic Lipase Fats gliserol
Small juice Fatty acids and
intestine glycerol
(Duodenum) (Dihasilkan oleh
pankreas) Protease Polipeptida Dipeptida
(Produced by the Protease Polypeptides Dipeptides
pancreas)
Amilase pankreas (j) Kanji Maltosa (Gula)
Pancreatic amylase Starch Maltose (Sugar)
Usus kecil Jus usus Maltase Maltosa (Gula) (k) Glukosa
(Ileum) Intestinal juice Maltase Maltose (Sugar) Glucose
Small
intestine (l) Protease Dipeptida (m) Asid amino
(Ileum) Protease Dipeptides Amino acids
2 Daripada jawapan anda di 1, nyatakan hasil-hasil akhir pencernaan bagi kelas makanan yang diberi.
From your answers in 1, state the final products of digestion of the given classes of food. TP1
(a) Karbohidrat/Carbohydrate: Glukosa/Glucose
(b) Protein/Protein: Asid amino/Amino acids
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) dua organ dalam salur pencernaan yang mana pencernaan makanan
tidak berlaku. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) two organs of the digestive tract in which the digestion of food does not take place.
Praktis
Mulut Esofagus Usus besar Perut Kendiri
Mouth
✓ Oesophagus
✓ Large intestine Stomach
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2: Proses penyerapan hasil pencernaan (rujuk silang m.s. 189 – 190).
Compulsory Experiment 2: The absorption process of digested products (cross reference pp. 189 – 190).
33
3.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Asimilasi, penyerapan semula air dan penyahtinjaan
Assimilation, reabsorption of water and defecation
PBD
Masteri
3
A
Apakah struktur yang berlabel X dan Y? TP1
What are the structures labelled X and Y? Nota
X: Lakteal/Lacteal Y: Kapilari darah/Blood capillary Ekstra
2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) dua sistem badan yang terlibat pada makanan di usus kecil sehingga di sel-sel badan.
Mark ( ✓ ) two body systems involved on food in small intestine until in body cells. TP1
Sistem perkumuhan Sistem pencernaan Sistem peredaran darah
Excretory system
✓ Digestive system
✓ Blood circulatory system
3 Apakah nama proses pengagihan hasil akhir pencernaan bagi kegunaan sel-sel badan seperti
pembentukan sel-sel baharu, untuk respirasi dan pengawalan suhu badan? TP1
What is name of the process which distributes the final products of digestion for the use of body cells
such as the formation of new cells, for respiration and regulation of body temperature?
Asimilasi/Assimilation
4 Padankan hasil akhir pencernaan dengan kegunaannya dalam proses asimilasi. TP2
Match the end products of digestion with their uses in the process of assimilation.
Bergabung untuk membentuk lemak
(a) Asid amino/Amino acid
Combine to form fat
Membina komponen sel-sel
(b) Glukosa/Glucose
Builds component of cells
(c) Asid lemak dan gliserol Menghasilkan tenaga dalam proses respirasi
Fatty acid and glycerol Produces energy in the respiration process
5 Namakan proses penyingkiran tinja (makanan tidak tercerna) daripada badan. TP1
Name the process of removing faeces (undigested food) from the body.
Penyahtinjaan/Defecation
6 (a) Azlan menghadapi kesukaran menyingkirkan tinja dari rektum. Nyatakan keadaan itu. TP2
Azlan has difficulty in removing faeces from the rectum. State the condition.
Sembelit/Constipation
(b) Cadangkan dua cara untuk mengatasi masalah yang dinyatakan di 6(a). TP2
Suggest two ways to overcome the problem stated in 6(a).
Minum banyak air dan makan lebih banyak buah-buahan serta sayur-sayuran
Praktis
Drink more water and eat more fruits and vegetables Kendiri
Penyerapan semula air ke dalam usus besar dapat mengekalkan keseimbangan bendalir dalam badan.
The reabsorption of water into large intestine is able to maintain the balance of fluids in the body.
34
BAB
characteristics. II and III I and IV food value kJ/100
00 g
• Mencegah penyakit
skurvi/Prevents scurvy 3 Antara proses berikut, yang
Nasi/Rice 1500
3
• Memelihara kesihatan manakah menyebabkan per- Telur ayam
700
kulit gerakan makanan melalui usus? Chicken egg
Promotes healthy skin Which of the following causes Pisang
350
the movement of food through Banana
Apakah vitamin X?
the intestine?
What is vitamin X? Seorang murid bersarapan pagi
A Asimilasi/Assimilation
A Vitamin A B Vitamin B dengan mengambil 200 g nasi,
B Respirasi/Respiration
C Vitamin C D Vitamin D 100 g telur ayam dan 50 g
C Pencernaan/Digestion
pisang. Hitung nilai kalori yang
D Peristalsis/Peristalsis
2 Makanan yang manakah telah diambil oleh murid itu
mengandungi kandungan untuk sarapan paginya.
karbohidrat yang tinggi? 4 Jadual di sebelah menunjukkan A student had 200 g rice, 100 g
Which food has a high content tiga jenis makanan dan nilai chicken egg and 50 g banana as his
of carbohydrate? kalori dalam 100 g makanan breakfast. Calculate the calorific
I Nasi/Rice itu. value taken by the student for his
II Roti/Bread The table next shows three types breakfast.
III Tomato/Tomato of food and their calorific values A 1275 kJ B 2375 kJ
IV Ikan/Fish in 100 g of the food mentioned. C 2550 kJ D 3875 kJ
Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Gizi seimbang mengandungi nutrien daripada semua kelas makanan dalam kuantiti yang betul. Bulatkan
dua penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan kalium./A balanced diet contains nutrients from all the
classes of food in the right quantities. Circle two diseases caused by the lack of potassium.
Lumpuh/Paralysis Riket/Rickets
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan peta bulatan tentang penyakit riket.
Diagram 1 shows a circle map about rickets.
Kalsium
Calsium
Tulis dalam peta bulatan dua nutrien yang
Riket kekurangannya akan menyebabkan riket.
Rickets Write two nutrients which the deficiency will
cause rickets in the circle map.
Vitamin D [2 markah/2 marks]
Vitamin D
Rajah1/Diagram 1
35
Rajah 2/Diagram 2
Nutrien/Nutrient Fungsi/Function
(i) Besi Untuk membina hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah
Iron To buid haemoglobin in red blood cells
(ii) Iodin Membantu kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik
Iodine Helps thyroid gland to function well
Jadual 1.1/Table 1.1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Terdapat satu muka surat dalam majalah itu menerangkan tentang kesan kekurangan vitamin K. Wajarkan
kepentingan vitamin K kepada manusia. TP4/Menganalisis
The magazine has a page about the effect of vitamin K deficiency. Justify the importance of vitamin K to humans.
Vitamin K diperlukan untuk mempercepatkan proses pembekuan darah. Kekurangan vitamin K akan
menyebabkan darah lambat membeku./Vitamin K is needed to speed up the blood-clotting process. The
deficiency of vitamin K will prolong bleeding.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(c) Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi tiga makanan yang terdapat dalam majalah itu.
Table 1.2 shows the calorific values of three foods found in the magazine.
Mira makan 100 g nasi, 50 g telur dan 100 g ayam semasa makan tengah hari. Hitung jumlah kalori
yang diambilnya. TP3
Mira eats 100 g of rice, 50 g of egg and 100 g of chicken for her lunch. Calculate the total calorie taken.
[2 markah/2 marks]
36
4 Kesihatan Manusia
Human Health
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
Peta Buih
Boleh dicegah.
PENYAKIT Contoh: Pemakanan PENYAKIT TIDAK
BERJANGKIT sihat dan aktiviti fizikal BERJANGKIT
INFECTIOUS Can be prevented. NON-INFECTIOUS
DISEASES Examples: Healthy DISEASES
eating habits and
physical activities
APAKAH KESIHATAN?
WHAT IS HEALTH?
Kesihatan adalah satu keadaan yang mana seseorang dapat berfungsi dengan baik secara fizikal, mental, sosial
dan rohani dalam persekitaran hidupnya. Manusia yang sihat adalah manusia yang bebas daripada sebarang
jangkitan penyakit.
Health is a state in which a person is able to function well physically, mentally, socially and spiritually in the
environment in which the person is living. A healthy human is a human being free from any disease infections.
37
(c
(c) sentuhan – kurap dan panau 5. There is no specific treatment for diseases caused by
4
(d
(d) vektor – kencing tikus, denggi, malaria dan Zika viruses.
5. Ti
Tiada rawatan khusus bagi penyakit yang disebabkan 6. Cancer, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular
ol
oleh virus. diseases are non-infectious diseases are caused by
6. Ka
Kanser, hipertensi, diabetes dan penyakit genetic factor or lifestyle such as bad eating habits
ka
kardiovaskular adalah penyakit-penyakit tidak such as consuming excessive quantities of cholesterol,
berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh faktor genetik atau salt and sugar in the daily diet.
gaya hidup seperti tabiat makan yang buruk seperti
pengambilan kolesterol, garam dan gula dalam
kuantiti yang berlebihan dalam gizi harian.
38
4.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyakit berjangkit dan penyakit tidak berjangkit
Infectious and non-infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual
(c)
BAB
Tikus/Rat Lalat rumah
Housefly Based on the diagram, which living things are vectors??
Lipas Tikus, lalat rumah, nyamuk dan lipas
Cockroach
Rat, housefly, mosquito and cockroach 4
Lebah/Bee Nyamuk/Mosquito
2 Kelaskan penyakit yang diberi kepada penyakit berjangkit dan penyakit tidak berjangkit. TP1
Classify the given diseases into infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Kolera/Cholera SARS/SARS H1N1/H1N1 Hipertensi/Hypertension
Malaria/Malaria Panau/Tinea Denggi/Dengue Kencing tikus/Leptospirosis
Zika/Zika Kanser/Cancer Selesema/Flu Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis
Kurap/Ringworm Diabetes/Diabetes Gonorea/Gonorrhoea Asma/Asthma
Cacar air/Chicken pox Kepialu/Typhoid Penyakit kardiovaskular/Cardiovascular diseases
Sifilis/Syphilis AIDS/AIDS Disentri ameba/Amoebic dysentery
Kolera, Denggi, SARS, Zika, H1N1, Tuberkulosis, Malaria, Kurap, Kanser, Hipertensi, Diabetes,
Panau, Selesema, Kencing tikus, Cacar air, Kepialu, Disentri Penyakit kardiovaskular, Asma/
ameba, Sifilis, AIDS, Gonorea/Cholera, Dengue, SARS, Zika, Cancer, Hypertension, Diabetes,
H1N1, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Ringworm, Tinea, Flu, Leptospirosis, Cardiovascular diseases, asthma
Chicken pox, Typhoid, Amoebic dysentery, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea
3 Berdasarkan jawapan anda di soalan 2, tulis jenis penyakit berjangkit berdasarkan cara penularannya
dalam peta pokok di bawah. TP1
Based on your answers in question 2, write down the types of infectious diseases based on the methods
by which they are spread in the tree map below.
Penyakit berjangkit/Infectious diseases
(a) Penyakit bawaan air (b) Penyakit bawaan (c) Melalui sentuhan (d) Melalui vektor
Waterborne diseases udara Through contact Through vectors
Airborne diseases
39
4.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Vektor dan simptom penyakit berjangkit
Vectors dan symptoms of infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual
Nyamuk
BAB
Anopheles
Nyamuk Aedes Anopheles Lalat rumah Tikus Lipas
4 Aedes mosquito
Denggi/Dengue
Mosquito
Malaria
Housefly
Kolera/Cholera
Rat
Kencing tikus
Cockroach
Kepialu
Zika/Zika Malaria Kepialu/Typhoid Leptospirosis Typhoid
2 Kenal
K pasti jenis penyakit berjangkit berdasarkan gejalanya. TP2
Identify the types of infectious diseases based on their symptoms.
Penyakit/Diseases Gejala/Symptoms
(a) Tuberkulosis Letih, batuk, kahak berdarah, penyusutan berat badan
Tuberculosis Fatigue, cough, blood in the sputum, weight loss
(b) Kolera Cirit-birit, muntah tanpa loya, kekejangan otot
Cholera Diarrhoea, vomiting without nausea, muscle cramps Video
(c) Selesema/H1N1 Demam, bersin, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong, hidung berhingus
Flu/H1N1 Fever, sneezing, headache, sore throat, runny nose
(d) Denggi Demam, sakit kepala, bintik merah pada kulit, sakit di belakang mata,
Dengue mata berair, sakit otot dan sendi/Fever, headache, red spots on the skin,
pain behind the eyes, watery eyes, muscle and joint pains
(e) Panau/Tinea Tompok putih yang gatal/White itchy spots
(f) Kurap/Ringworm Tompok merah yang gatal/Red itchy spots
(g) Malaria Menggigil, demam, berpeluh Nota ekstra
Malaria Shivering, fever, sweating
(h) SARS Demam, batuk, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong, sakit otot, sesak nafas,
SARS cirit-birit, letih, tiada selera makan/Fever, cough, headache, sore throat,
muscle aches, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, fatigue, no appetite
(i) Kencing tikus Demam, sesak nafas, sakit abdomen, sakit kepala, batuk, bengkak pada
Leptospirosis badan, loya dan muntah, sakit otot, ruam, tiada selera makan, cirit-birit,
mata merah/Fever, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, headache, cough,
swelling of the body, nausea and vomiting, muscle aches, rashes, no appetite,
diarrhoea, red eyes
(j) Zika Demam, ruam, sakit otot dan sendi, sakit kepala, sakit di belakang mata,
Zika konjunktivitis (mata kemerahan), muntah/Fever, rashes, muscle and joint
pains, headache, pain behind the eyes, conjunctivitis (red eyes), vomiting
(j) Kepialu Demam, ruam merah, usus berdarah
Typhoid Fever, red rashes, intestinal bleeding
40
4.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Cara penularan dan menghalang penularan penyakit berjangkit
Ways to spread out and prevent the spread of infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual
BAB
makanan yang dihinggapinya.
A housefly carries pathogens on its body and legs that will
contaminate the food it lands upon. 4
2 Berdasarkan cara-cara pencegahan penularan penyakit berjangkit yang diberi, kenal pasti jenis
penyakit. TP2
Based on the given ways of preventing the spread of infections diseases, identify the types of diseases.
ases
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 3: Kes penyakit penduduk Malaysia (rujuk silang m.s. 181)
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 3: A case study of diseases on Malaysian (cross-reference p. 182)
41
4.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Barisan pertahanan pertama, kedua dan ketiga
First, second and third lines of defences
PBD
Kontekstual
4 • Mengandungi enzim
anti-bakteria/Contains
hidroklorik/Contains
hydrochloric acid
antibacterial enzymes
(d) Kulit/Skin
(b) Membran mukus
• Merembeskan peluh dan
Mucous membrane sebum yang mengandungi
• Memerangkap patogen bahan kimia yang
di salur pernafasan memusnahkan patogen
Traps pathogens in the Secretes sweat and sebum
respiratory tract containing chemicals that
destroy the pathogens
Bakteria
Bacteria
Diperangkap
Trapped
(a) Fagosit (b) Bakteria Fagosit
diperangkap (c) Enzim Phagocyte
(sejenis sel dan
darah putih) ditelan mencernakan Enzim
Phagocyte . bakteria. Enzyme
(a type of white Bacteria is trapped Enzyme digests
Ditelan
blood cell) and swallowed . the bacteria. Swallowed
Melekat/Attached
Antibodi
Antibody
Termusnah/Destroyed
Patogen Antibodi/Antibodies
Pathogen
Antibodi
yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih melekat pada patogen menyebabkannya
menggumpal dan termusnah ./The antibodies produced by white blood cells are
attached to pathogens and cause pathogens to clump together and destroy .
42
4.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Keimunan
Immunity
PBD
Kontekstual
(a) Vaksin Bahan asing seperti patogen dalam darah yang merangsang
Vaccine penghasilan antibodi.
• •
A foreign substance such as a pathogen in the blood which stimulates
the production of antibody.
(b) Antigen Bahan (antigen) yang mengandungi patogen yang dilemahkan atau
• •
Antigen dimatikan.
A substance (antigen) which contains weakened or dead pathogens.
(c) Antibodi Tindakan suntikan vaksin.
Antibody • • Action of injecting a vaccine.
BAB
(d) Pemvaksinan Protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih untuk melawan antigen.
gen.
• •
Vaccination The proteins produced by white blood cells to fight antigens.
(e) Antiserum
Antiserum
• •
Keupayaan sistem badan untuk melawan suatu patogen.
The ability of the body system to fight against pathogens.
4
(f) Imunisasi Bahan yang mengandungi antibodi untuk mencegah penyakit.
Immunisation • • A substance which contains the antibodies to prevent diseases.
(g) Keimunan Prosedur perubatan yang membolehkan badan membina keimunan
Immunity melawan sesuatu penyakit.
A medical procedure that allows the body to build immunity against
• •
a disease.
Pasif buatan
Aktif buatan Pasif semula jadi Aktif semula jadi Vaksin
Artificial
Artificial active Natural passive Natural active Vaccine
passive
Demam campak Tetanus Rabies Antiserum
Tuberkulosis
Measles Tetanus Rabies Antiserum Praktis
Tuberculosis Kendiri
43
4.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Jenis-jenis graf keimunan
Types of immunity graphs
PBD
Konstekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 86
Kaji jenis-jenis graf keimunan di bawah. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Study the types of immunity below. Choose the correct answers.
First infection
aras keimunan. Keimunan yang tahan lama dicapai.
4 Masa (minggu)
Time (week)
The concentration of antibody (less than, exceed) the
immunity level. The last long immunity is achieved.
G
(b) Graf keimunan aktif buatan (Vaksin)
P: Suntikan pertama/First injection
Graph of artificial active immunity
(Sedikit, Banyak) antibodi dihasilkan.
(Vaccine)
(A little, lot) antibodies is produced.
Kepekatan antibodi dalam
Concentration of antibody
Immunity level
animals is injected without interrupting the patient's
darah (%)
44
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis 2 Maklumat di bawah menun- 3 Antara penyakit berikut, yang
serangga. jukkan simptom bagi suatu manakah merebak melalui
Diagram 1 show a type of insect. penyakit. udara?
The information below shows Which of the following diseases
seases
the symptom of a disease. spread out through air?
I Kolera/Cholera
BAB
Tompok putih yang gatal II Panau/Tinea
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 Itchy white disease III Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis
4
osis
Antara penyakit berikut, yang IV Selesema/Flu
manakah disebarkan oleh Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, A I dan II
serangga itu? apakah penyakit itu? I and II
Which of the following diseases is Based on the information above, B III dan IV
spread by the insect? what is the disease? III and IV
A Zika/Zika A Denggi B Kolera C II dan III
B Denggi/Dengue Dengue Cholera II and III
C Kolera/Cholera C Panau D Kurap D I dan IV
D Kurap/Ringworm Tinea Ringworm I and IV
Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir dalam Rajah 1 tentang gejala penyakit kolera dengan memilih jawapan
yang betul.
Complete the multi-flow map in Diagram 1 about the symptoms of cholera by choosing the correct answer.
(i) Cirit-birit
Diarrhoea
Bakteria Kolera
Bacteria Cholera
(ii) Muntah tanpa loya
Vomiting without nausea
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Gariskan jawapan yang betul tentang penyakit tidak berjangkit.
Underline the correct answers about the non-infectious diseases.
(i) (Angina, Arteriosklerosis) disebabkan oleh pemendapan kolesterol pada dinding dalam arteri yang
menyempitkan lumen arteri.
(Angina, Arteriosclerosis) is the accumulation of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries that narrows
the lumens of arteries.
(ii) Gula yang berlebihan dalam gizi boleh menyebabkan (hipertensi, diabetes).
Too much sugar in the diet can cause (hypertension, diabetes).
[2 markah/2 marks]
45
Kulat panau
Praktis
Formatif
penyakit X/disease X
penyakit Y/disease Y
BAB
Rajah 2/Diagram 2
(a) Apakah patogen penyakit ini?/What is the pathogen of this disease? TP1
Kulat/Fungus
[1 markah/1 mark]
(b) Apakah penyakit X dan Y?/What diseases are X and Y? TP1
(i) Penyakit X?/Disease X?
Panau/Tinea
(ii) Penyakit Y?/Disease Y?
Kurap/Ringworm
[2 markah/2 marks]
(c) Apakah perbezaan antara gejala penyakit X dengan gejala penyakit Y pada pesakit? TP2
What is the difference in the symptoms of diseases X and Y in patients?
Penyakit X menyebabkan tompok putih yang gatal pada kulit pesakit manakala penyakit Y
menyebabkan tompok merah yang gatal pada kulit pesakit.
Disease X causes itchy white spots on the patient’s skin while disease Y causes itchy red spots on the patient’s skin.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Bagaimanakah pesakit dijangkiti penyakit X atau penyakit Y? TP2
How is the patient infected with disease X or disease Y?
Tidak menjaga kebersihan badan dan melalui perkongsian barangan peribadi seperti tuala dan pakaian
Do not taking care of body hygiene and through sharing of personal items such as towel and clothes
[2 markah/2 mark]
(e) Ahli keluarga Kumar dijangkiti penyakit X dan Y. Kumar pergi ke farmasi dan menerangkan kepada ahli
farmasi tentang gejala-gejala penyakit yang dialami oleh ahli keluarganya. Apakah ubat yang mungkin
akan dicadangkan oleh ahli farmasi itu untuk merawat penyakit tersebut? Terangkan bagaimana ubat itu
digunakan dan peranan ubat itu. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Kumar's family members are infected X and Y diseases. Kumar went to the pharmacy and explain to the pharmacist
on the symptoms that his family members faced. What medications might the pharmacist recommend to treat the
disease? Explain how the medicine is use and its role.
Ubat anti kulat. Sapu pada bahagian badan yang dijangkiti pesakit. Ubat anti kulat mencegah
pertumbuhan kulat.
Anti-fungal medicines. Apply on the part of the infected body. The anti-fungal medicine prevents the growth of fungus.
[3 markah/3 marks]
46
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
Peta Buih
Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna yang merupakan komponen utama cecair Bumi.
Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut di
dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut.
Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s liquid.
A solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance that dissolves
in liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute.
47
permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara surface area of water and movement of air affect the
mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. rate of evaporation of water.
5 Larutan Solution
1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan 1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a
suatu bahan (zat terlarut). substance (solute).
2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu pelarut. 2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
3. Larutan ialah campuran yang terbentuk apabila satu 3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or
atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut. more solutes dissolve in a solvent.
4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk daripada 4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the
zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu pelarut. solute that is insoluble in a solvent.
Keterlarutan Solubility
1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum 1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity
zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at
pada suhu tertentu. a certain temperature.
2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi 2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size
padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat of solute and volume of solvent affect the rate of
terlarut dalam pelarut. solubility of a solute in a solvent.
3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut 3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are
yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear or
campuran jernih atau mendakan. precipitate mixture.
Pelarut Bukan Air Organic Solvents
1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti 1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil and
minyak dan gris. grease.
2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah 2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are
contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic dirt.
melarutkan kotoran organik.
Sistem Pembekalan Air Water Supply System
1. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan, 1. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration,
penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan. chlorination and distillation.
2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan 2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water are
dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian dipamkan collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped into
ke loji pembersihan air. water treatment plants.
3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air 3. The sequence in water purification in
adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan, water treatment plants is as follows:
tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki water reservoir, filtration tank, oxidation
pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan, tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation
tangki pemfluoridaan dan tangki penyimpanan. tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank,
fluoridation tank and storage tank. Nota Grafik
48
5.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sifat-sifat fizik air
Physical characteristics of water
PBD
Kontekstual
BAB
5
2 (a) Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa air membeku dan
mendidih./Name processes X and Y. Then, mark ( ✓ ) the heat change when water freezes and boils. TP1
Tegangan permukaan ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan air. Tindakan kapilari ialah daya lekitan antara molekul
air dan daya lekatan antara molekul air dengan dinding bekas melalui saluran sempit.
The surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface of water. The capillary action is the cohesive
force between the molecules of water and the adhesive force between the molecule of water and the walls of a container
through a narrow vessel.
49
Bahan dan Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis,
Radas silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya,
suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden
splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current
power supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch
Y X
BAB
Prosedur
Prose Air suling ditambahkan Silinder penyukat
dengan beberapa titik Measuring cylinder
5
asid sulfurik cair
Distilled water is added
with a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid
Suis
Switch
+ -
12 V
Galeri Info
fo
Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut
sel elektrolitik. Sel elektrolitik menggunakan tenaga
elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang
berlaku disebut elektrolisis.
The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an
electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to
decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes
place is called electrolysis.
50
bunyi ‘pop’
Menghasilkan
dengan kayu uji bernyala Hidrogen
X 10
Produces a ‘pop’ sound with Hydrogen
a burning wooden splinter
BAB
2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1
(a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode
(b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode 5
3 Berapakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen kepada oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ti ini?
What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2
Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen
= 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1
4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air? TP2
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water?
2:1
5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang
betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H dan O.
Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers.
The symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively.
TP1
(a) Atom oksigen
Oxygen atom Simbol molekul air
Symbol of the molecule of water
HO HO2 H2O
6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling?
What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled
water? TP2
Untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik air suling
Praktis
To increase the electrical conductivity of the distilled water
Kendiri
7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab. TP2
Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason.
Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah .
No . Pure distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity .
Kesimpulan Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen .
One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
51
5.3 EKSPERIMEN Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air PBD
INKUIRI The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 99 – 100
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water
Bahan dan Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku
Radas kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort/Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker,
thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, retort stand
Termometer/Thermometer
Prosedur
Air suling
Bikar/Beaker Distilled water
Ais Panaskan
Ice Heat
BAB
5 1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b).
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b).
2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap)./Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature).
3 Catat takat didih air suling./Record the boiling point of distilled water.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke dalam
ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by adding a spatula of
common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity.
(b) Ramalkan takat lebur ais jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya.
Predict the melting point of ice if a little common salt is added to it. TP3/KBAT
Lebih rendah daripada 0°C/Lower than 0°C
Kesimpulan Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air.
decrease
Impurities the melting point of ice but increase the boiling point of water.
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5.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian
Evaporation of water in daily life
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 104 – 105
1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor, iaitu kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan air yang terdedah
dan pergerakan udara yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
State the factors, i.e. humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface area of water and movement
of air, that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Choose the correct answers.
(a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the humidity is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the temperature is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(c) Semakin besar luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The larger the exposed surface area of water is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The faster the movement of air is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
2 Pernyataan di bawah adalah mengenai faktor-faktor yang meningkatkan kadar penyejatan air. ir. Isi
tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP2
BAB
The statement below is about the factors that increase the rate of evaporation of water. Fill in
n the
blanks with the correct answers.
molekul air yang terlepas dari permukaan air. Suhu tinggi memberi lebih tenaga kepada
epada
molekul-molekul air di permukaan untuk bergerak dengan lebih pantas dan terbebas ke
udara. Luas permukaan air terdedah yang lebih besar membolehkan lebih banyak molekul air
terbebas ke udara. Udara bergerak mempercepatkan penyejatan air dengan membawa wap air
dalam udara ke tempat lain.
less more
Dry air contains water vapour and can hold water molecules that escape from
the water surface. High temperatures give more energy to the water molecules at the surface to move
faster more
and escape into the air. A larger exposed surface area of water enables water
quickens
molecules to escape into the air. Movement of air the water evaporation by sweeping
away water vapour in the air to other places.
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian. TP1
Praktis
Mark ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life. Kendiri
Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Pemprosesan air mineral Pengeringan pakaian basah
Drying fish or coconut Processing of mineral water Drying wet clothes
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 3: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air (rujuk silang m.s.191 – 194).
Compulsory Experiment 3: Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water (cross-reference pp. 191 – 194).
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5.5 EKSPERIMEN Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu PBD
INKUIRI Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 106 – 107
Tujuan Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu
To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution
Bahan dan Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca Nota
Radas Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod Ekstra
Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau dengan
rod kaca./Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with
a glass rod.
2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.
Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak larut
lagi dalam air./Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve
any more in water.
4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.
BAB
5 Pemerhatian
Peme
Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat Warna larutan
Adakah semua
garam larut?
Amount of copper(II) sulphate Colour of solution
Does all the salt dissolve?
1 spatula Biru muda Ya
1 spatula Light blue Yes
2 spatula Biru Ya
2 spatulas Blue Yes
Lebih daripada 2 spatula Biru tua Tidak
More than 2 spatulas Dark blue No
Kesimpulan Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan, iaitu
larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu .
There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are
dilute solution saturated solution
, concentrated solution and .
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Bahan dan Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula
Radas Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula
Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam sebuah
bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to 50 cm3
of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod.
2 Catat pemerhatian./Record the observation.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder.
Pemerhatian
Bahan Pemerhatian Adakah bahan larut?
BAB
Substance Observation Does the substance dissolve?
ve?
5
Serbuk natrium Larutan jernih terbentuk.
klorida/Sodium Ya/Yes
chloride powder A clear solution is formed.
Serbuk kanji Ampaian terbentuk. Tidak/No
Starch powder suspension
A is formed.
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5.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Keterlaluan zat terlarut, koloid dan pelarut semesta
The solubility of solute, colloid and universal solvent
PBD
Kontekstual
(a) Semakin (kecil, besar) saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu akan larut di dalam air.
The (smaller, bigger) the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(b) Semakin (rendah, tinggi) suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut di dalam air.
The (lower, higher) the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut jika campuran itu (dikacau, tidak dikacau).
A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is (stirred, not stirred).
(d) Semakin (kecil, besar) isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut dalam pelarut.
The (smaller, larger) the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute will dissolve in the solvent.
2 K
Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid.
BAB
Koloid ialah suatu campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak
membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap.
5 A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes dispersed evenly in a solvent. The colloid does not
fform a clear mixture and also does not settle down.
B
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta dakap di bawah.
B
Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the brace maps below. TP1
Emulsi
Emulsions Susu getah/Latex
Mayonis/Mayonnaise Nota
Ekstra
Jenis koloid
Types of colloid Span mandi/Bath sponge
1442443
3 Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri
pembuatan, pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan pelbagai jenis bahan. Apakah
nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut? TP1
Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material in the manufacturing industry,
agriculture and medicine. Water is used for dissolving various types of substances. What is the name
given to water as a solvent?
Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 4: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut (rujuk silang m.s. 195 – 198).
Compulsory Experiment 4: Factors affecting the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes (cross-reference pp. 195 – 198).
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5.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pelarut organik (Pelarut bukan air)
Organic solvents
PBD
Kontekstual
BAB
• Penyediaan syelek • Minyak lampu • Mencairkan cat
Preparation of shellac Lamp oil Diluting paints
Turpentin/Kerosin
Turpentine/Kerosene Alkohol/Alcohol Eter/Ether
• Menanggalkan kotoran cat • Melarutkan iodin untuk • Pengekstrakan minyak
Paint remover menghasilkan larutan dan lemak seperti dalam
iodin sebagai antiseptik makanan kucing
Dissolving iodine to Extraction of oil and fat
produce iodine solution as like in cat food
an antiseptic
Galeri Info
fo
t "MLPIPMCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOLPUPSBOLMPSPmMEBOEBLXBULFLBMQBEBQBQBOUVMJT
Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board.
Praktis t "NJMBTFUBUKVHBCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOHJODVEBOWBSOJTLVLV
Kendiri Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish.
57
Bahan dan Air kolam, air klorin, bikar, corong turas, termometer, kaki retort dan penyepit, kertas
Radas turas, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig,
penyumbat berlubang, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, mikroskop
Pond water, chlorine water, beaker, filter funnel, thermometer, retort stand and clamp, filter
paper, glass rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, stopper with
a hole, cover slip, glass slide, microscope
Prosedur
Penurasan/Filtration Pendidihan/Boiling
Kertas turas
Filter paper
Air kolam
BAB
Kaki retort
Pond water Retort stand Air kolam
Pond water
Corong turas
5 Filter funnel
Baki
Residue Panaskan
Heat
Hasil turasan
Filtrate
Penyulingan/Distillation Pengklorinan/Chlorination
Termometer
Thermometer Air keluar Kondenser Liebig
Water out Liebig condenser
Air klorin
Chlorine water
Air kolam
Pond water
Air masuk
Serpihan Water in Air
porselin
Water
Porcelain
chips
Panaskan
Heat Air suling
Distilled water
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 4: Audit air di rumah atau sekolah (rujuk silang m.s. 183).
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 4: Water audit at home and school (cross-reference p. 184).
58