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Tarikh:

2.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyesuaian organisma terhadap iklim habitat
Adaptation of organisms to the climate of habitats
PBD
Konstekstual

Buku teks m/s 32


Bincang penyesuaian haiwan dan tumbuhan terhadap iklim yang berlainan. TP2
Discuss the adaptation of animals and plants with different climates.

Kehilangan Makanan Air Lemak Lemak tebal Klorofil


Loss Food Water Fat Thick fat Chlorophyll

BAB
Duri Bulu tebal Air Bulu Menyerap Kulit

2
Spines Thick fur Water Fur Absorb Skin Praktis
Kendiri

1 Gurun…panas dan kering


Desert…hot and dry

(a) Unta/Camel
Bonggol menyimpan makanan dalam bentuk lemak yang
dioksidakan untuk menghasilkan air .
The hump stores food in the form of fat which is
oxidised to produce water .

(b) Kaktus/Cactus
Daun berbentuk duri untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air.
Leaves are adapted into spines to reduce water loss .

Batang kaktus mempunyai klorofil dan dapat menyimpan air .


Cactus's stems have chlorophyll and are able to store water .

Akar panjang dapat menyerap air jauh ke dalam tanah.


The long roots grow deep into the soil to absorb water .

2 Tundra…sangat sejuk
Tundra…very cold

Beruang kutub dan anjing laut mempunyai lapisan lemak tebal


di bawah kulit sebagai penebat haba. Beruang kutub mempunyai
bulu tebal sebagai penebat haba.
Polar bears and seals have a layer of thick fat under the skin
as heat insulator. Polar bears have thick fur as heat insulator .

3 Tropika…panas dan lembap


Tropical…hot and humid

Gajah, badak air dan kerbau mempunyai sedikit bulu dan


berendam dalam air untuk menyejukkan badannya.
Elephant, hippopotamus and buffalos have less fur and
stay in water to cool down their bodies.

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Tarikh:

2.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Interaksi antara organisma
Interaction between organisms
PBD
Konstekstual

Buku teks m/s 33 – 35


1 Kenal pasti jenis interaksi antara organisma berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi. TP1
Identify the types of interaction between organisms based on the given statements.

Komensalisme Parasitisme Mangsa-pemangsa Persaingan Mutualisme


BAB

Commensalism Parasitism Prey-predator Competition Mutualism

2
Jenis interaksi Pernyataan
Type of interaction Statement
(a) Mangsa-pemangsa Organisma (pemangsa) memburu dan memakan organisma lain (mangsa)
Prey-predator sebagai makanan.
Organisms (predators) hunt and eat other organisms (prey) as food.
(b) Persaingan Organisma bersaing untuk keperluan asas yang sama.
Competition Organisms compete for the same basic needs.
(c) Mutualisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama di mana
Mutualism kedua-dua organisma mendapat manfaat.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together whereby both
organisms benefit.
(d) Parasitisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama. Satu organisma
Parasitism mendapat manfaat manakala organisma yang satu lagi mengalami
kerugian.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together. One organism
benefits while the other organism is negatively affected.
(e) Komensalisme Berlaku antara dua spesies organisma yang hidup bersama. Satu organisma
Commensalism mendapat manfaat manakala organisma yang satu lagi tidak mengalami
sebarang kerugian.
Occurs between two species of organisms that live together. One organism
benefits while the other organism is not adversely affected.

2 Kenal pasti jenis interaksi dalam hubungan simbiosis. TP1


Identify the types of interaction that belong to symbiotic relationships.
Mutualisme, parasitisme dan komensalisme/Mutualism, parasitism and commensalism

3 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi di 1, kenal pasti jenis interaksi antara organisma di bawah. TP2
Based on the information given in 1, identify the types of interaction between organisms below.

(a) (b) (c) Ikan badut/Clown fish (mendapat


Buran/Sea anemone
(mendapat makanan/gets food) makanan dan perlindungan/get
Rafflesia/Rafflesia Pokok (perumah) food and protection)
(parasit menyerap Tree (host)
nutrien pokok/
parasite absorbs
the tree nutrients)

Umang-umang/Hermit crab
(mendapat perlindungan/
Buran/Sea anemone (mendapat
gets protection)
makanan dan pembersihan/get
food and cleaning)
Buran dan umang-umang
Sea anemone and hermit Pokok dan Rafflesia Ikan badut dan buran
crab Tree and Rafflesia Clown fish and sea anemone

Mutualisme Parasitisme Komensalisme


Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

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(d) (e) (f) Cacing pita dan kutu
Tumbuhan/Plant (parasit) mendapat nutrien
Ikan jerung (perumah) (mendapat nitrat/gets nitrate) Tapeworms and lice
Shark (host) (parasites) get nutrients
Bakteria dalam
nodul akar
Bacteria in the root
nodules (mendapat
makanan dan
tempat tinggal/

BAB
Ikan remora (komensal) get food and
Remora fish (commensal) shelter)
(mendapat makanan dan
perlindungan daripada ikan
jerung/gets food and protection
from the shark)
Bakteria pengikat nitrogen
Usus manusia
(perumah)
Human
Manusia dan
haiwan (perumah)
Humans
2
intestine (host) and animals (host)
Ikan jerung dan ikan remora dan tumbuhan kekacang
Shark and remora fish Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Cacing pita/kutu dan manusia
leguminous plant Tapeworm/Lice and human

Komensalisme Mutualisme Parasitisme


Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

(g) (h) (i)


Paku-pakis langsuir (komensal)
Tumbuhan/Plant Bird’s nest fern (commensal)
(mendapat mineral dan cahaya (mendapat cahaya
matahari/gets minerals and sunlight) matahari/gets sunlight) Burung hantu/Owl

Pokok
(perumah)
Tree (host)

Tikus/Rat

Pokok dan paku-pakis langsuir Burung hantu dan tikus


Pokok bunga dan rumpai
Tree and bird’s nest fern Owl and rat
Flowering plants and weeds

Persaingan Komensalisme Mangsa-pemangsa


Competition Commensalism Prey-predator

(j) Burung tiung/Mynah (k) Kulat (mendapat makanan) (l)


(makan pacat pada dan alga (mendapat air
badan kerbau/eats leeches dan mineral)
on the body of the buffalo) Fungi (get food) and algae Pokok/Tree
(get water and minerals) Praktis
Kendiri

Afid/Aphid
(mendapat nutrien/gets nutrients)

Kerbau dan burung tiung Kulat dan alga Pokok dan afid
Buffalo and mynah Fungi and algae Tree and aphid

Mutualisme Komensalisme Parasitisme


Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

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Tarikh:

2.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kawalan biologi
Biological control
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 36
Kaji rajah yang diberi./Study the diagrams given.
Kumbang kura-kura (pemangsa)
Ladybird (predator) Pemangsa Penyengat Ichneumon (bertelur)
Predator Ichneumon wasp (lays eggs)
BAB

Larva Ichneumon
Ichneumon larva

2 Ulat karung Daun kelapa sawit


Stem borer Oil palm leaf
Mangsa (perosak)/Prey (pest)
Afid (parasit)/Aphid (parasite)
Larva penyengat Ichneumon
Kumbang kura-kura memakan Burung hantu memakan tikus. memakan ulat karung.
afid. An owl eats a rat. An Ichneumon wasp larva eats
A ladybird eats aphid. stem borers.

1 Kaedah/Method: TP1
Kawalan biologi/Biological control

2 Penjelasan kaedah/Explanation of the method: TP2


Musuh semula jadi , iaitu pemangsa semula jadi, parasit atau patogen digunakan untuk
mengawal populasi perosak tanpa menggunakan racun perosak.
A natural enemy that is a natural predator, parasite or pathogen is used for controlling Praktis
the population of a pest without using a pesticide. Kendiri
3 Wajarkan penggunaan kawalan biologi dalam sektor pertanian. TP5/KBAT
Justify the use of biological control in agricultural sector.
Keseimbangan Selamat Masa Mencemarkan Membunuh Murah
Balance Safe Time Pollute Kill Cheap

Kawalan biologi/Biological control


Kelebihan/Advantages Kekurangan/Disadvantages

(a) Murah dan selamat digunakan. (a) Keseimbangan ekosistem mungkin


Cheap
and safe
to be used. terganggu.

(b) Tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar. The balance of the ecosystem might be
pollute disrupted.
Does not the environment. Masa
(b) yang lebih panjang diperlukan
(c) Tidak membunuh organisma lain selain untuk mengawal populasi perosak.
perosak. time
kill A longer is required to control
Does not other organisms except the population of the pests.
the pests.

4 Pak Ali menghadapi masalah tikus di ladang kelapa sawitnya. Cadangkan bagaimana Pak Ali dapat
mengawal populasi tikus menggunakan kaedah yang mesra alam. TP3/KBAT
Pak Ali faces rats problem in his palm oil estate. Suggest how he can control the population of rats
using environmentally friendly method.
kawalan biologi . Pak Ali boleh membela pemangsa
Pak Ali boleh menggunakan kaedah
tikus seperti ular
dan burung hantu . Tikus merupakan mangsa kepada
ular dan burung hantu .
Pak Ali can use biological control method. He can rear predators of rats such as snakes
and owls . Rats are the prey of snakes and owls .

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Standard Kandungan
2.3 Saling bersandaran dan interaksi antara organisma dan antara
organisma dengan persekitaran
2.4 Peranan manusia dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan alam Tarikh:

2.9 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Faktor yang mempengaruhi saiz populasi
Factors that affect the size of a population
PBD
Konstekstual

Buku teks m/s 37 – 38


1 Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi saiz populasi dalam suatu ekosistem. Pilih jawapan yang betul.
State the factors that affect the size of a population in an ecosystem. Choose the correct answers. TP2
Kehadiran pemangsa Sumber makanan Perubahan cuaca Serangan penyakit
The presence of predator Source of food Change of weather Disease attack

BAB
(a) (b)
2
Serangan penyakit Praktis
Kehadiran pemangsa Kendiri
Disease attack
The presence of
predators

Apabila populasi pemangsa meningkat, saiz


Parasit boleh menyebabkan penyakit
populasi mangsa akan (meningkat, menurun).
dan (melambatkan, meningkatkan)
As the population of predators increase, the
pertumbuhan organisma.
size of the population of preys will (increase,
Parasites may cause diseases and (slow down,
decrease).
speed up) the growth of organisms.

(c) (d)

Sumber makanan Perubahan cuaca


Source of food Change of weather

Kekurangan sumber makanan akan Kemarau menyebabkan populasi organisma


(meningkatkan, menurunkan) saiz populasi. (bertambah, berkurang).
Lack of sources of food will (increase, decrease) Drought causes the population of organisms to
the size of a population. (increase, decrease).

2 Ramalkan bagaimana perubahan dalam ekosistem mempengaruhi sumber yang ada dan keseimbangan
antara populasi. TP2
Predict how changes in an ecosystem affect the existing resources and the balance between the populations.

air (c) Saiz populasi


(a) Kekurangan semasa
haiwan yang
keseimbangan
kemarau mengganggu bertambah
antara populasi hidupan.
akan
Water shortage during drought mengurangkan
disrupts the balance between the sumber yang ada.
living populations.
An increasing
Kekurangan bekalan air size of animal
Limited water supply populasion will
reduce
(b) Migrasi haiwan ke tempat lain
mengurangkan existing resources.
saiz populasi dalam
suatu ekosistem. Bertambah/Increasing
The migration of animals to other Keseimbangan/Balance
places reduce the population size Migrasi/Migration
Migrasi haiwan in an ecosystem. Mengurangkan/Reduce
Migration of animals Air/Water

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PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 2 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.


Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Antara yang berikut, yang 2 Antara yang berikut, yang B Pengguna sekunder
BAB

manakah menggambarkan manakah diperlukan oleh Secondary consumer


interaksi organisma dalam pokok yang tumbuh di dalam C Pengguna tertier
2 Rajah 1?
Which of the following decribes
hutan hujan tropika?
Which of the following are being
Tertiary consumer
D Pengurai/Decomposers
the interaction of organisms in competed by trees in a dense
Diagram 1? tropical rainforest? 4 Antara yang berikut, yang
I Tanah/Soil manakah merupakan pemangsa
II Oksigen/Oxygen dalam rantai makanan berikut?
III Karbon dioksida Which of the following is the
Carbon dioxide predator in the food chain below?
IV Cahaya matahari
Sunlight Daun/Leaves ⎯→ Belalang/
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 A I dan II/I and II Grasshopper ⎯→ Katak/Frog
B II dan III/II and III ⎯→ Ular/Snake
A Habitat
Habitat C III dan IV/III and IV A Daun dan belalang
B Populasi D I dan IV/I and IV Leaves and grasshopper
Population B Belalang dan katak
C Ekosistem 3 Antara yang berikut, yang Grasshopper and frog
Ecosystem manakah memakan pengeluar? C Katak dan ular
D Komuniti Which of the following eats Frog and snake
Community producers? D Daun dan katak
A Pengguna primer Leaves and frog
Primary consumer

Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Peta alir di bawah menunjukkan suatu rantai makanan. Bulatkan dua mangsa pada rantai makanan itu.
The flow map below shows a food chain. Circle two preys in the food chain. TP1

Rumput/Grass ⎯→ Beluncas/Caterpillar ⎯→ Katak/Frog ⎯→ Ular/Snake

[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Lengkapkan peta titi berikut tentang jenis interaksi antara hidupan. TP1
Complete the following bridge map with the types of interaction between living things.

Interaksi adalah Helang-arnab Kerbau-lintah Pokok-paku tanduk rusa


Interaction are Eagle-rabbit Buffalo-leech Tree-staghorn fern
as as
Faktor penghubung
Relating factor (i) Mangsa-pemangsa (ii) Parasitisme (iii) Komensalisme
Prey-predator Parasitism Commensalism

[2 markah/2 marks]

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Bahagian C/Section C

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua rantai makanan dalam suatu ekosistem.


Diagram 1 shows two food chains in an ecosystem.

Tumbuhan/Plant Tikus/Rat Ular/Snake

BAB
Tumbuhan/Plant Burung/Bird
Ular/Snake
Helang/Eagle
2

Tumbuhan/Plant Kambing/Goat Harimau/Tiger

Rajah 1/Diagram 1

(a) Nyatakan jenis interaksi yang wujud antara organisma yang berikut. TP1
State the type of interaction that exists between the following organisms.
(i) Burung dan tikus/The bird and rat : Persaingan/Competition
(ii) Helang dan ular/The eagle and snake : Mangsa-pemangsa/Prey-predator
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku pada tikus, burung dan tumbuhan jika semua ular berhijrah ke tempat
lain. TP2
Predict what will happen to the rats, birds and plants if all the snakes move to other places.
Bilangan tikus dan burung akan bertambah manakala bilangan tumbuhan akan berkurang.
The number of rats and birds will increase while the number of plants will decrease.
[3 markah/3 marks]
(c) Bina satu siratan makanan daripada rantai makanan yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.
Construct a food web from the food chains shown in Diagram 1. TP4/Menganalisis
Praktis
Tikus Formatif
Rat
Ular
Snake
Tumbuhan Burung Helang
Plants Bird Eagle

Kambing Harimau
Goat Tiger
[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Sejenis alga hijau tumbuh pada sejenis kulat dalam keadaan semula jadi secara mutualisme. Terangkan
hubungan antara kedua-dua organisma tersebut.
A type of green algae grows on a type of fungus in the natural in the state of mutualism. Explain the relationship
between these organisms.
Alga membekalkan makanan kepada kulat. Kulat memberi perlindungan kepada alga dan membebaskan
karbon dioksida untuk alga menjalankan proses fotosintesis.
Algae supplies food to fungi. Fungus protects algae and releases carbon dioxide for alga to carry out the process
of photosynthesis.
[3 markah/3 marks]

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BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 1 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup
B
BA

3 Nutrisi
Nutrition

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Peta Buih

contoh Kelas makanan Ujian makanan Gizi seimbang


examples Classes of food Food tests A balanced diet
as as
Faktor Karbohidrat dan Ujian iodin dan Dipengaruhi oleh
penghubung protein ujian Millon umur dan iklim
Relating factor Carbohydrates and Iodine and Millon’s Influenced by age and
proteins test climate

contoh Organ pencernaan Enzim pencernaan Usus besar Tisu badan


examples Digestive organs Digestive enzymes Large intestine Body tissues
as as
Faktor Mulut dan usus Amilase (mencerna Penyerapan Asimilasi dan
penghubung kecil kanji) dan protease semula air dan respirasi berlaku
Relating factor Mouth and small (mencerna protein) penyahtinjaan Assimilation and
intestine Amylase (digests Reabsorption respiration take
starch) and protease of water and place
(digests proteins) defecation

APAKAH NUTRISI?
WHAT IS NUTRITION?

Nutrisi ialah pengambilan makanan mengikut keperluan badan untuk pertumbuhan dan kesihatan badan.
Selain pengambilan makanan, nutrisi merangkumi penyerapan makanan dan asimilasi. Apakah proses
asimilasi?
Nutrition is the intake of food according to the needs of the body for growth and health. Besides the intake of
food, nutrition includes absorption of food and assimilation. What is the process of assimilation?

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NOTA BESTARI
Kelas Makanan Classes of Food
1. Karbohidrat dan lemak terdiri daripada unsur karbon, 1. Carbohydrates and fats are made up of carbon, arbon,
hidrogen dan oksigen. hydrogen and oxygen.
2. Terdapat tiga jenis karbohidrat yang utama, iaitu kanji, 2. There are three main types of carbohydrates, s, i.e.
glikogen dan selulosa. starch, glycogen and cellulose.

BAB
3. Protein terdiri daripada unsur karbon, hidrogen, 3. Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen en and
oksigen dan nitrogen. Sesetengah protein juga nitrogen. Some proteins also contain phosphorus us and
mempunyai fosforus dan sulfur.
4. Protein digunakan untuk membina tisu badan,
sulphur.
4. Proteins are used for building body tissues, synthesising
esising
3
mensintesis enzim, hormon dan antibodi. enzymes, hormones and antibodies.
5. Vitamin dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan, iaitu 5. Vitamins are classified into two groups, i.e. water-
vitamin larut air (vitamin B dan C) dan vitamin larut soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C) and fat-solubleoluble
lemak (vitamin A, D, E dan K). vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K).

Kepentingan Gizi Seimbang Importance of a Balanced Diet


1. Gizi seimbang ialah makanan yang terdiri daripada 1. A balanced diet is food that has all the classes of food
semua kelas makanan dalam kuantiti yang betul. in the right quantities.
2. Faktor yang mempengaruhi gizi seimbang ialah umur, saiz 2. The factors that affect a balanced diet are age, body
badan, jantina, pekerjaan, iklim dan keadaan kesihatan. size, gender, work, climate and the state of health.

Human Digestive System


Sistem Pencernaan Manusia
1. Digestion is the break down of complex or large food
1. Pencernaan ialah proses penguraian makanan yang
to smaller molecules that are soluble and ready to be
kompleks atau besar kepada molekul yang lebih kecil
absorbed by the body.
yang boleh larut dan sedia diserap oleh badan.
2. Digestion takes place in two stages:
2. Pencernaan berlaku dalam dua peringkat:
(a) Physical digestion – breaking down of large food
(a) Pencernaan fizikal – pemecahan makanan yang
into smaller pieces with the help of teeth, tongue
besar kepada cebisan lebih kecil dengan bantuan
and saliva.
gigi, lidah dan air liur.
(b) Chemical digestion – the breaking down of
(b) Pencernaan kimia – penguraian molekul-molekul
complex food molecules into simple molecules
kompleks makanan kepada molekul-molekul
with the help of enzymes.
ringkas dengan bantuan enzim.
Digestion of Food
Pencernaan Makanan
The types of enzymes secreted and the food digested:
Jenis enzim yang dirembeskan dan makanan yang dicerna: (a) Mouth – salivary amylase (starch → maltose)
(a) Mulut – amilase liur (kanji → maltosa) (b) Stomach – protease in the gastric juice (protein →
(b) Perut – protease dalam jus gaster (protein → polypeptides)
polipeptida) (c) Duodenum – pancreatic juice produces
(c) Duodenum – jus pankreas menghasilkan amilase pancreatic amylase (starch → maltose),
pankreas (kanji → maltosa), protease (polipeptida protease (polypeptides → dipeptides) and lipase (fat
→ dipeptida) dan lipase (lemak → asid lemak + → fatty acids + glycerol)
gliserol) (d) Small intestine – maltase (maltose → glucose) and
(d) Usus kecil – maltase (maltosa → glukosa) dan protease (dipeptides → amino acids)
protease (dipeptida → asid amino)
Absorption of Food and Defecation
Penyerapan Makanan dan Penyahtinjaan 1. Absorption of food is the process in which the end
1. Penyerapan makanan ialah proses yang mana hasil products of digestion enter the bloodstream through
akhir pencernaan masuk ke dalam aliran darah melalui the walls of the small intestine.
dinding usus kecil. 2. The surface of the small intestine is folded and covered
2. Permukaan usus kecil adalah berlipat-lipat dan with millions of villi to increase the surface area.
diliputi oleh berjuta-juta vilus untuk menambah luas 3. Undigested food in the large intestine is
permukaan. removed as faeces through the process of
3. Makanan yang tidak tercerna dalam usus besar disingkir- defecation.
kan sebagai najis atau tinja melalui proses penyahtinjaan.
Nota Grafik

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Standard Kandungan
3.1 Kelas makanan Tarikh:

3.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kelas makanan dan fungsinya
Classes of food and their functions
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 46 – 50


1 Nyatakan kelas makanan berdasarkan fungsinya. TP2
State the classes of food based on their functions.

Kelas makanan Fungsi


Classes of food Functions

((a) Karbohidrat Membekalkan tenaga


BAB

Carbohydrate To supply energy

3
( Protein
(b) Membina sel-sel baharu untuk menggantikan tisu yang rosak
Protein dan untuk pertumbuhan
To build new cells to replace damaged tissues and for growth

( Lemak
(c) Sebagai penebat haba dan melindungi organ dalaman
Fat As a heat insulator and to protect the internal organs

(d) Vitamin
Vitamin
Mengekalkan kesihatan badan
To maintain good health Gal Info
erii In
aler fo
Pelawas tidak dapat
(e) Mineral Mengekalkan kesihatan badan diuraikan oleh sistem
Mineral To maintain good health pencernaan manusia.
Fibres cannot be
broken down by
(f) Pelawas Merangsang proses peristalsis human digestive
Fibre (Roughage) To stimulate peristalsis system.

(g) Air Sebagai pelarut bahan kimia, mengangkut


Water nutrien dan oksigen dan mengawal suhu badan
As a solvent for chemicals, to transport nutrients and oxygen and
regulates body temperature

2 Kelaskan makanan yang berikut kepada empat kelas. TP1


Classify the following foods into four classes.
Makanan laut/Seafood Nasi/Rice Mentega/Butter Bayam/Spinach
Minyak ikan/Fish oil Roti/Bread Susu/Milk Marjerin/Margarine
Daging/Meat Putih telur/Egg white Madu/Honey Betik/Papaya
Ubi kentang/Potato Kekacang/Nuts Kuning telur/Egg yolk Kubis/Cabbage
Pisang/Banana Nanas/Pineapple Gula/Sugar Minyak kelapa/Coconut oil

Kelas makanan/Classes of food


Karbohidrat Protein Lemak Pelawas
Carbohydrate Protein Fat Fibre

Nasi/Rice Makanan laut/Seafood Mentega/Butter Bayam/Spinach


Roti/Bread Susu/Milk Minyak ikan/Fish oil Betik/Papaya
Madu/Honey Putih telur/Egg white Marjerin/Margarine Nanas/Pineapple
Ubi kentang/Potato Daging/Meat Kuning telur/Egg yolk Kubis/Cabbage
Pisang/Banana Kekacang/Nuts Minyak kelapa/Coconut oil Kiwi/Kiwi

Buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran mengandungi vitamin dan mineral .


Fruits and vegetables contain vitamins and minerals .

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 1: Menguji kehadiran kanji, glukosa, protein dan lemak (rujuk silang m.s.185 – 187).
Compulsory Experiment 1: To test for the starch, glucose, protein and fat (cross-reference pp. 185 – 187).

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Tarikh:

3.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kepentingan nutrien
Importance of nutrients
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 46 – 50


Berdasarkan penyakit, nyatakan kekurangan nutrien bagi penyakit.
Based on the diseases, state deficiency of nutrients.

Vitamin Iodin/Iodine Kalium/Potassium


A/B/C/D/E/K Besi/Iron Natrium/Sodium
Kalsium/Calcium Protein/Protein Fosforus/Phosphorus Video Nota Praktis
aktis

BAB
Ekstra Kendiri
endiri

1 Gusi berdarah 2 Fungsi otot berkurangan 3


Bleeding gums Decreased muscle function 3
Normal Sel
darah
merah
Red
R d
Anemia blood
cell
Anaemia
Skurvi/Scurvy Beri-beri

Vitamin C Vitamin B Vitamin B, besi/iron

4 Sukar melihat dalam gelap 5 6


Difficulty seeing in the dark
Bengkak
pada
kelenjar
tiroid
Swollen at
thyroid
gland
Rabun malam
Night blindness Kwasyiorkor/Kwashiorkor Goiter/Goiter

Vitamin A Protein/Protein Iodin/Iodine

7 8 9

Riket dan gigi rapuh Kekejangan otot Darah lambat membeku


Rickets and brittle teeth Muscle cramp Prolonged bleeding
Vitamin D, kalsium, fosforus Natrium, kalium
Vitamin K
Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus Sodium, potassium

10 11 12
Tidak hamil
No pregnancy
Tulang lemah
Weak bone

Osteoporosis/Osteoporosis Penyakit kulit/Skin diseases Kemandulan/Sterility

Kalsium/Calcium Vitamin A, vitamin D Vitamin E

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Standard Kandungan
3.2 Kepentingan gizi seimbang Tarikh:

3.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Gizi seimbang
Balanced diet
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 53 – 59
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan gizi seimbang?/What is meant by a balanced diet? TP2
Gizi yang mengandungi semua kelas makanan dalam kuantiti yang betul .
A diet that contains all the food classes in the right quantities.

2 Jadual
Ja di bawah menunjukkan nilai kalori dalam satu gram karbohidrat, protein dan lemak.
Th
The table below shows the calorific values in one gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat.
BAB

K
Kelas makanan Karbohidrat Protein Lemak
3 Classes of food
C
N
Nilai kalori makanan per gram (kJ)
Carbohydrate Protein Fat

17.2 22.2 38.5


C
Calorific values of the food per gram (kJ)

Seorang budak lelaki mengambil 100 g karbohidrat, 60 g protein dan 5 g lemak sebagai sarapan
paginya.
A boy took 100 g of carbohydrate, 60 g of protein and 5 g of fat as his breakfast.
Hitung nilai kalori yang telah diambil oleh budak lelaki itu untuk sarapan paginya.
Calculate the calorific value taken by the boy for his breakfast. TP3/KBAT
Praktis
Nilai kalori/Calorific value = (17.2 × 100) + (22.2 × 60) + (38.5 × 5) Kendiri
= 3 244.5 kJ

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) golongan individu yang memerlukan lebih banyak tenaga dalam kehidupan harian.
Berikan sebab dengan memilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Mark ( ✓ ) the individual that needs more energy in daily life. Give reasons by choosing the correct answer.

(a) Umur/Age: (d) Jantina/Gender:


Orang muda Orang tua Lelaki Perempuan
✓ ✓
Young people Old people Men Women
Orang muda (kurang, lebih) aktif. Lelaki melakukan aktiviti yang lebih (ringan,
Young people are (less, more) active. berat).
Men do more (light, heavy) activities

(b) Keadaan kesihatan/State of health: (e) Iklim/Climate:


Orang sihat Orang sakit Iklim panas Iklim sejuk
✓ ✓
Healthy people Sick people Hot climate Cold climate

Orang sakit memerlukan (kurang, lebih) (Kurang, Lebih) tenaga diperlukan untuk
tenaga untuk menentang penyakit. mengekalkan suhu badan di tempat sejuk.
Sick people need (less, more) energy to fight (Less, More) energy is needed to maintain the
diseases. body temperature in a cold place.

(c) Saiz badan/Body size: (f) Pekerjaan/Work:


Besar Kecil Kerja berat Kerja ringan
✓ ✓
Large Small Heavy work Light work

Kadar metabolisme badan besar lebih Kerja berat memerlukan (kurang, lebih)
(rendah, tinggi). tenaga untuk dilakukan.
The metabolic rate of a large body is (lower, Heavy work needs (less, more) energy to
higher). perform.

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Standard Kandungan
3.3 Sistem pencernaan manusia Tarikh:

3.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sistem pencernaan manusia
Human digestive system
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 60 – 63


Jawab soalan-soalan di bawah./Answer the questions below. HEBAT Sains Modul 11

1 Pada rajah di bawah, label organ-organ dalam sistem pencernaan manusia menggunakan perkataan yang
diberi./On the diagram below, label the organs in human digestive system using the words given. TP1
P1

Mulut/Mouth Hati/Liver Duodenum/Duodenum


Esofagus/Oesophagus Rektum/Rectum Dubur/Anus

BAB
Duktus hempedu/Bile duct Usus besar/Large intestine Perut/Stomach
Pankreas/Pancreas Pundi hempedu/Gall bladder Usus kecil/Small intestine
tine
3
(a) Mulut Kelenjar liur (g) Esofagus
Mouth Salivary glands
Oesophagus

(b) Pundi hempedu (h) Hati


Gall bladder Liver

(c) Duktus hempedu (i) Perut


Bile duct Stomach

(d) Duodenum (j) Pankreas


Duodenum Pancreas

(e) Usus kecil (k) Usus besar


Small intestine Large intestine

(f) Rektum (l) Dubur


Rectum Anus

2 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pencernaan? TP2


What is meant by digestion?
Penguraian molekul makanan yang kompleks atau besar kepada molekul-molekul yang
lebih kecil supaya dapat melarut dan sedia diserap ke dalam sel-sel badan.
The breaking down of complex or large food molecules into smaller molecules
that are soluble and ready to be absorbed by the body cells.
3 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang pergerakan makanan dalam salur pencernaan manusia. TP2
Complete the flow map on the movement of food in the human digestive tract.

Mulut Esofagus Perut Duodenum


Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum

Usus kecil Usus besar Rektum Dubur


Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

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4 Nyatakan organ pencernaan berdasarkan fungsinya. TP2
State the digestive organs based on their functions.

Organ Fungsi
Organs Functions
(a) Mulut Memotong makanan menjadi serpihan kecil dan
Mouth mencernakan kanji
Cuts food into small pieces and digests starch
(b)
( Esofagus Menyalurkan bolus (gumpalan makanan) ke dalam perut
BAB

Oesophagus Channels bolus (lump of food) into the stomach


((c) Perut Pencernaan protein bermula
3 Stomach Starts the digestion of proteins
((d) Pankreas Merembeskan jus pankreas yang mengandungi enzim
Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes
((e) Hati Menghasilkan hempedu untuk membaurkan (memecahkan)
Liver lemak/Produces bile to emulsify (break down) fats
(f) Pundi hempedu Menyimpan hempedu
Gall bladder Stores bile
(g) Usus kecil Mencerna karbohidrat, protein dan lemak serta menyerap
Small intestine makanan tercerna/Digests carbohydrates, proteins and fats and
absorbs digested food
(h) Usus besar Menyerap semula air
Large intestine Reabsorbs water
(i) Rektum Menyimpan tinja
Rectum Stores faeces
(j) Dubur Menyingkirkan tinja dari badan
Anus Removes faeces from the body

5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan makanan ditolak di sepanjang salur pencernaan oleh otot dinding yang
mengecut dan mengendur secara bersilih ganti. Namakan proses yang berlaku. TP1
The diagram below shows that food is pushed along the digestive tract by the alternate contraction and
relaxation of the muscles of the wall. Name the process that takes place.

Proses/Process:
Peristalsis/Peristalsis
Dinding berotot salur pencernaan Makanan
Muscular wall of the digestive tract Food

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) fungsi-fungsi asid hidroklorik yang dirembeskan oleh dinding perut. TP1
Mark ( ✓ ) the functions of the hydrochloric acid secreted by the wall of the stomach.
Memusnahkan bakteria

Destroys bacteria aler
Gal Info
erii In fo
Menyediakan keadaan berasid untuk tindakan enzim Duodenum ialah
✓ bahagian pertama
Prepares an acidic medium for the action of enzymes
usus kecil.
Mencernakan protein Praktis The duodenum is the
Digests proteins Kendiri first part of the small
intestine.
Meneutralkan sifat alkali air liur dan menghentikan tindakan enzim

amilase liur
Neutralises the alkaline property of saliva and stops the action of salivary amylase

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Tarikh:

3.5 EKSPERIMEN Tindakan enzim dalam air liur terhadap kanji PBD
INKUIRI Action of the enzyme in saliva on starch Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 64 – 65
Tujuan Mengkaji tindakan enzim dalam air liur terhadap kanji
To study the action of the enzyme in saliva on starch

Bahan dan Larutan kanji 1%, larutan iodin, larutan Benedict, air liur, air, bikar 250 ml, termometer, meter,
Radas penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, silinder penyukat, tabung didih, penitis, enitis,
jubin putih

BAB
1% starch solution, iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, saliva, water, 250 ml beaker, thermometer,
meter,
Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, measuring cylinder, boiling tube, dropper, white te tile

Prosedur Termometer
3
Thermometer

A B Berkumur dengan air untuk


menyingkirkan sebarang sisa
makanan di dalam mulut anda
Larutan kanji
sebelum memulakan eksperimen.
sahaja
Starch solution
Gargle your mouth with water to
only Larutan kanji + air liur remove any food particles in your
Starch solution + saliva mouth before start the experiment.
Kukus air
Water bath
(37ºC)

Panaskan
Heat

1 Masukkan 5 ml larutan kanji ke dalam dua tabung didih yang berlabel A dan B.
Pour 5 ml of starch solution into two boiling tubes labelled A and B.
2 Tambahkan kira-kira 2 ml air liur ke dalam tabung didih B dan goncang campuran
itu.
Add about 2 ml of saliva in boiling tube B and shake the mixture.
3 Titiskan beberapa titik larutan daripada tabung didih A dan B
Drip a few drops of solution from boiling tubes A and B
(a) ke atas jubin putih dan titiskan dengan beberapa titik larutan iodin.
onto white tiles and add a few drops of iodine solution.
(b) ke dalam tabung didih dan panaskan dengan larutan Benedict di dalam kukus air.
into a boiling tube and heat with Benedict’s solution in a water bath.
4 Catatkan pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.
5 Kemudian, panaskan kedua-dua tabung didih bersama kandungannya di dalam kukus
air pada suhu 37oC selama 15 minit.
Then, heat both boiling tubes and their contents in a water bath at a temperature of
37°C for 15 minutes.
6 Ulang langkah 3 bagi larutan dalam tabung didih A dan B pada akhir aktiviti.
Repeat step 3 for the solutions in boiling tubes A and B at the end of the activity.

Galeri Info
fo
t&O[JNEBMBNBJSMJVSUFSEJSJEBSJQBEBQSPUFJOEBOBLBOUFSNVTOBIKJLBEJEJEJILBO
The enzyme in saliva is made of protein and will be destroyed if it is boiled.
t3FNCFTBOBTJEIJESPLMPSJLZBOHCFSMFCJIBOBLBONFOZFCBCLBOHBTUSJL5BIVLBIBOEBCBIBXBHBTUSJLBEBMBI
BLJCBUEBSJQBEBEJOEJOHQFSVUZBOHUFSLBLJTPMFIBTJE
The excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid causes gastric pains. Did you know that gastric pains are the result of the
stomach wall being corroded by acid?

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Pemerhatian Awal aktiviti
Tabung didih Ujian makanan Akhir aktiviti
Beginning of the
Boiling tube Food test End of the activity
activity
A Ujian iodin Biru tua Biru tua
Larutan kanji Iodine test Dark blue Dark blue
sahaja
Starch solution Ujian Benedict Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
only Benedict’s test No change No change
BAB

Ujian iodin Biru tua Tiada perubahan


B
Iodine test Dark blue No change
Larutan kanji +
3 air liur
Starch solution
Ujian Benedict Tiada perubahan Mendakan merah
Benedict’s test No change bata
+ saliva
Brick-red precipitate

Perbincangan 1 Berdasarkan pemerhatian, tandakan ( ✓ ) jika kelas makanan itu hadir dan ( ✗ ) jika
kelas makanan itu tidak hadir./Based on the observations, mark ( ✓ ) if the class of food
is present and ( ✗ ) if the class of food is not present. TP2

Awal aktiviti
Akhir aktiviti
Beginning of the
Tabung didih End of the activity
activity
Boiling tube
Kanji Gula Kanji Gula
Starch Sugar Starch Sugar
(A) Larutan kanji sahaja
✓ ✗ ✓ ✗
Starch solution only
(B) Larutan kanji + air liur
✓ ✗ ✗ ✓
Starch solution + saliva

2 Bagaimanakah enzim dalam air liur di dalam tabung didih B bertindak terhadap kanji?
How does the enzyme in the saliva in boiling tube B act on the starch? TP2
Enzim menguraikan kanji kepada maltosa (gula) .
The enzyme breaks down starch into maltose (sugar) .
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) enzim dalam air liur yang mencernakan kanji. TP1
Mark ( ✓ ) the enzyme contained in saliva which digests starch.
Protease Amilase liur Lipase
Protease
✓ Salivary amylase Lipase

4 Apakah fungsi tabung didih A?/What is the function of boiling tube A?


Bertindak sebagai kawalan/It acts as a control

5 Bahagian salur pencernaan manusia yang manakah berlakunya pencernaan (analogi)


yang ditunjukkan di dalam tabung didih B?/What is the part of the human digestive tract
in which the digestion (analogy) shown in boiling tube B takes place? TP2
Mulut/The mouth

6 Mengapakah suhu air perlu dikekalkan pada 37ºC? TP2


Why should the temperature of water be maintained at 37ºC?
37ºC ialah suhu optimum bagi enzim, iaitu suhu badan manusia.
37ºC is the optimum temperature for enzymes, i.e. the body temperature of
humans.
Kesimpulan Enzim yang terdapat dalam air liur mencernakan kanji kepada maltosa .
The enzyme present in saliva digests starch into maltose .

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Tarikh:

3.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Ringkasan pencernaan makanan
Summary of the digestion of food
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 62 – 64


1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang ringkasan pencernaan makanan dalam manusia. TP2
Complete the table below on the summary of the digestion of food in humans.

Jus gaster/Gastric juice Asid amino/Amino acids Protein/Protein


Lipase/Lipase Maltosa/Maltose Jus pankreas/Pancreatic juice
uice
Amilase liur/Salivary amylase Kanji/Starch Lemak/Fat
Glukosa/Glucose Protease/Protease Gliserol/Glycerol

BAB
Organ
pencernaan Rembesan Jenis enzim
Makanan yang
dicerna
Hasil pencernaan
Products off
aan 3
Digestive Secretion Types of enzyme Food which is
digestion
organs digested

Mulut Air liur (a) Amilase liur (b) Kanji (c) Maltosa
Mouth Saliva Salivary Starch (Gula)
amylase Maltose
(Sugar)
Perut (d) Jus gaster Protease (e) Protein Polipeptida
Stomach Gastric juice Protease Protein Polypeptides
Usus kecil (f) Jus pankreas (g) Lipase (h) Lemak (i) Asid lemak dan
(Duodenum) Pancreatic Lipase Fats gliserol
Small juice Fatty acids and
intestine glycerol
(Duodenum) (Dihasilkan oleh
pankreas) Protease Polipeptida Dipeptida
(Produced by the Protease Polypeptides Dipeptides
pancreas)
Amilase pankreas (j) Kanji Maltosa (Gula)
Pancreatic amylase Starch Maltose (Sugar)
Usus kecil Jus usus Maltase Maltosa (Gula) (k) Glukosa
(Ileum) Intestinal juice Maltase Maltose (Sugar) Glucose
Small
intestine (l) Protease Dipeptida (m) Asid amino
(Ileum) Protease Dipeptides Amino acids

2 Daripada jawapan anda di 1, nyatakan hasil-hasil akhir pencernaan bagi kelas makanan yang diberi.
From your answers in 1, state the final products of digestion of the given classes of food. TP1
(a) Karbohidrat/Carbohydrate: Glukosa/Glucose
(b) Protein/Protein: Asid amino/Amino acids

(c) Lemak/Fat: Asid lemak dan gliserol/Fatty acids and glycerol

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) dua organ dalam salur pencernaan yang mana pencernaan makanan
tidak berlaku. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) two organs of the digestive tract in which the digestion of food does not take place.
Praktis
Mulut Esofagus Usus besar Perut Kendiri
Mouth
✓ Oesophagus
✓ Large intestine Stomach

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2: Proses penyerapan hasil pencernaan (rujuk silang m.s. 189 – 190).
Compulsory Experiment 2: The absorption process of digested products (cross reference pp. 189 – 190).

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Tarikh:

3.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Asimilasi, penyerapan semula air dan penyahtinjaan
Assimilation, reabsorption of water and defecation
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 66, 68 – 69


1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur suatu vilus.
The diagram below shows a structure of villus.

Dinding usus kecil


Wall of the small intestine
BAB

3
A
Apakah struktur yang berlabel X dan Y? TP1
What are the structures labelled X and Y? Nota
X: Lakteal/Lacteal Y: Kapilari darah/Blood capillary Ekstra

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) dua sistem badan yang terlibat pada makanan di usus kecil sehingga di sel-sel badan.
Mark ( ✓ ) two body systems involved on food in small intestine until in body cells. TP1
Sistem perkumuhan Sistem pencernaan Sistem peredaran darah
Excretory system
✓ Digestive system
✓ Blood circulatory system

3 Apakah nama proses pengagihan hasil akhir pencernaan bagi kegunaan sel-sel badan seperti
pembentukan sel-sel baharu, untuk respirasi dan pengawalan suhu badan? TP1
What is name of the process which distributes the final products of digestion for the use of body cells
such as the formation of new cells, for respiration and regulation of body temperature?
Asimilasi/Assimilation

4 Padankan hasil akhir pencernaan dengan kegunaannya dalam proses asimilasi. TP2
Match the end products of digestion with their uses in the process of assimilation.
Bergabung untuk membentuk lemak
(a) Asid amino/Amino acid
Combine to form fat
Membina komponen sel-sel
(b) Glukosa/Glucose
Builds component of cells
(c) Asid lemak dan gliserol Menghasilkan tenaga dalam proses respirasi
Fatty acid and glycerol Produces energy in the respiration process

5 Namakan proses penyingkiran tinja (makanan tidak tercerna) daripada badan. TP1
Name the process of removing faeces (undigested food) from the body.
Penyahtinjaan/Defecation

6 (a) Azlan menghadapi kesukaran menyingkirkan tinja dari rektum. Nyatakan keadaan itu. TP2
Azlan has difficulty in removing faeces from the rectum. State the condition.
Sembelit/Constipation

(b) Cadangkan dua cara untuk mengatasi masalah yang dinyatakan di 6(a). TP2
Suggest two ways to overcome the problem stated in 6(a).
Minum banyak air dan makan lebih banyak buah-buahan serta sayur-sayuran
Praktis
Drink more water and eat more fruits and vegetables Kendiri

Penyerapan semula air ke dalam usus besar dapat mengekalkan keseimbangan bendalir dalam badan.

The reabsorption of water into large intestine is able to maintain the balance of fluids in the body.

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PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 3 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.


Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Vitamin X mempunyai ciri-ciri A I dan II B III dan IV Jenis Nilai kalori
ori
berikut. I and II III and IV makanan kJ/100 g
Vitamin X has the following C II dan III D I dan IV Type of Calorificc

BAB
characteristics. II and III I and IV food value kJ/100
00 g
• Mencegah penyakit
skurvi/Prevents scurvy 3 Antara proses berikut, yang
Nasi/Rice 1500
3
• Memelihara kesihatan manakah menyebabkan per- Telur ayam
700
kulit gerakan makanan melalui usus? Chicken egg
Promotes healthy skin Which of the following causes Pisang
350
the movement of food through Banana
Apakah vitamin X?
the intestine?
What is vitamin X? Seorang murid bersarapan pagi
A Asimilasi/Assimilation
A Vitamin A B Vitamin B dengan mengambil 200 g nasi,
B Respirasi/Respiration
C Vitamin C D Vitamin D 100 g telur ayam dan 50 g
C Pencernaan/Digestion
pisang. Hitung nilai kalori yang
D Peristalsis/Peristalsis
2 Makanan yang manakah telah diambil oleh murid itu
mengandungi kandungan untuk sarapan paginya.
karbohidrat yang tinggi? 4 Jadual di sebelah menunjukkan A student had 200 g rice, 100 g
Which food has a high content tiga jenis makanan dan nilai chicken egg and 50 g banana as his
of carbohydrate? kalori dalam 100 g makanan breakfast. Calculate the calorific
I Nasi/Rice itu. value taken by the student for his
II Roti/Bread The table next shows three types breakfast.
III Tomato/Tomato of food and their calorific values A 1275 kJ B 2375 kJ
IV Ikan/Fish in 100 g of the food mentioned. C 2550 kJ D 3875 kJ

Bahagian B/Section B

1 (a) Gizi seimbang mengandungi nutrien daripada semua kelas makanan dalam kuantiti yang betul. Bulatkan
dua penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan kalium./A balanced diet contains nutrients from all the
classes of food in the right quantities. Circle two diseases caused by the lack of potassium.

Osteoporosis/Osteoporosis Kekejangan otot/Muscle cramp

Lumpuh/Paralysis Riket/Rickets

[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan peta bulatan tentang penyakit riket.
Diagram 1 shows a circle map about rickets.

Kalsium
Calsium
Tulis dalam peta bulatan dua nutrien yang
Riket kekurangannya akan menyebabkan riket.
Rickets Write two nutrients which the deficiency will
cause rickets in the circle map.
Vitamin D [2 markah/2 marks]
Vitamin D

Rajah1/Diagram 1

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Bahagian C/Section C
2 Mira membaca majalah dan menjumpai halaman mengenai nutrien makanan. Rajah 2 menunjukkan
sebahagian daripada kandungan majalah itu.
Mira read a magazine and came across a page about food nutrients. Diagram 2 shows a part of the content of
the magazine.

Sumber iodin/Sources of iodine Sumber besi/Sources of iron


BAB

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

(a) Lengkapkan Jadual 1.1 dengan nutrien yang betul. TP1


Complete Table 1.1 with the correct nutrients.

Nutrien/Nutrient Fungsi/Function
(i) Besi Untuk membina hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah
Iron To buid haemoglobin in red blood cells
(ii) Iodin Membantu kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik
Iodine Helps thyroid gland to function well
Jadual 1.1/Table 1.1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Terdapat satu muka surat dalam majalah itu menerangkan tentang kesan kekurangan vitamin K. Wajarkan
kepentingan vitamin K kepada manusia. TP4/Menganalisis
The magazine has a page about the effect of vitamin K deficiency. Justify the importance of vitamin K to humans.
Vitamin K diperlukan untuk mempercepatkan proses pembekuan darah. Kekurangan vitamin K akan
menyebabkan darah lambat membeku./Vitamin K is needed to speed up the blood-clotting process. The
deficiency of vitamin K will prolong bleeding.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(c) Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi tiga makanan yang terdapat dalam majalah itu.
Table 1.2 shows the calorific values of three foods found in the magazine.

Makanan Nasi Telur Ayam Praktis


Food Rice Egg Chicken Formatif

Makanan (kJ per 100 g) 1 500 600 827


Calorific value (kJ per 100 g)

Jadual 1.2/Table 1.2

Mira makan 100 g nasi, 50 g telur dan 100 g ayam semasa makan tengah hari. Hitung jumlah kalori
yang diambilnya. TP3
Mira eats 100 g of rice, 50 g of egg and 100 g of chicken for her lunch. Calculate the total calorie taken.

Jumlah nilai kalori/Total calorific value = (1 × 1 500) + (0.5 × 600) + (1 × 827)


= 2 627 kJ

[2 markah/2 marks]

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BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 1 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup
B
BA

4 Kesihatan Manusia
Human Health

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Peta Buih

Dilawan oleh sistem Contoh: Kanser,


Contoh: Taun, TB, H1N1, hipertensi dan
pertahanan badan
SARS dan kurap diabetes
yang kuat
Examples: Cholera, Examples: Cancer,
Are fought by the strong
TB, H1N1, SARS, hypertension and
body defence system
and ringworm diabetes

Boleh dicegah.
PENYAKIT Contoh: Pemakanan PENYAKIT TIDAK
BERJANGKIT sihat dan aktiviti fizikal BERJANGKIT
INFECTIOUS Can be prevented. NON-INFECTIOUS
DISEASES Examples: Healthy DISEASES
eating habits and
physical activities

Disebarkan melalui Boleh dicegah Disebabkan oleh


air, udara, sentuhan melalui imunisasi sistem badan yang
dan vektor seperti pemvaksinan terganggu
Spread through water, Can be prevented by Caused by disturbed
air, contact and vectors immunisation such as body system
vaccination

APAKAH KESIHATAN?
WHAT IS HEALTH?

Kesihatan adalah satu keadaan yang mana seseorang dapat berfungsi dengan baik secara fizikal, mental, sosial
dan rohani dalam persekitaran hidupnya. Manusia yang sihat adalah manusia yang bebas daripada sebarang
jangkitan penyakit.
Health is a state in which a person is able to function well physically, mentally, socially and spiritually in the
environment in which the person is living. A healthy human is a human being free from any disease infections.

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NOTA BESTARI
Penyakit Berjangkit dan Penyakit Tidak Berjangkit Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases
1. Patogen ialah mikroorganisma yang menyebabkan 1. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases.
penyakit. 2. Vectors are animals that transfer pathogens.
2. Vektor ialah haiwan yang memindahkan patogen. 3. An infectious disease is a disease which can be
3. Penyakit berjangkit adalah penyakit yang dapat transmitted to other people.
dipindahkan kepada orang lain. 4. Infectious diseases can be spread to humans through:
4. Pe
Penyakit berjangkit dapat merebak kepada manusia (a) water – cholera
m
melalui: (b) air – TB, H1N1, SARS and flu
(a
(a) air – taun/kolera (c) contact – ringworm and tinea
(b
(b) udara – TB, H1N1, SARS dan selesema (d) vectors – leptospirosis, dengue, malaria and Zika
BAB

(c
(c) sentuhan – kurap dan panau 5. There is no specific treatment for diseases caused by

4
(d
(d) vektor – kencing tikus, denggi, malaria dan Zika viruses.
5. Ti
Tiada rawatan khusus bagi penyakit yang disebabkan 6. Cancer, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular
ol
oleh virus. diseases are non-infectious diseases are caused by
6. Ka
Kanser, hipertensi, diabetes dan penyakit genetic factor or lifestyle such as bad eating habits
ka
kardiovaskular adalah penyakit-penyakit tidak such as consuming excessive quantities of cholesterol,
berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh faktor genetik atau salt and sugar in the daily diet.
gaya hidup seperti tabiat makan yang buruk seperti
pengambilan kolesterol, garam dan gula dalam
kuantiti yang berlebihan dalam gizi harian.

Pertahanan Badan Body Defence


1. Antigen ialah protein asing, seperti mikrob dan 1. Antigens are foreign proteins such as microbes and
patogen dalam darah. pathogens in the blood.
2. Antibodi adalah sejenis protein yang dihasilkan oleh 2. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to fight
badan untuk melawan antigen. antigens.
3. Keimunan ialah keupayaan sistem badan untuk 3. Immunity is the ability of the body system to fight
menentang penyakit yang disebabkan oleh patogen. diseases caused by pathogens.
4. Pengimunan atau imunisasi melibatkan tindakan 4. Immunisation is a biochemical reaction that enables
biokimia yang membolehkan badan membina the body to build immunity to fight diseases.
keimunan untuk menentang penyakit. 5. Vaccination is a process of injecting weakened or dead
5. Pemvaksinan (vaksinasi) ialah proses penyuntikan pathogens (vaccine) into the body to stimulate the
patogen yang dilemahkan atau dimatikan (vaksin) body to produce certain antibodies.
ke dalam badan untuk merangsang badan bagi 6. Immunity enables certain diseases such as tetanus
menghasilkan antibodi tertentu. to be treated and the spread of certain diseases can
6. Keimunan membolehkan penyakit tertentu seperti be prevented through vaccination. Epidemics can be
tetanus dirawat dan jangkitan penyakit tertentu dapat prevented from spreading.
dicegah melalui pemvaksinan. Wabak penyakit dapat
dihalang daripada merebak.

Jenis-jenis Keimunan Types of Immunity


1. Keimunan aktif adalah jenis keimunan yang diperoleh 1. Active immunity is a type of immunity which is attained
apabila sistem keimunan menghasilkan antibodi dalam when the immune system produces antibodies in
gerak balas terhadap kehadiran antigen dalam darah. response to the presence of an antigen in the blood.
2. Keimunan pasif diperoleh apabila badan memperoleh 2. Passive immunity is acquired when the body attains
keimunan selepas menerima antibodi yang tersedia. immunity after receiving ready-made antibodies.
3. Terdapat dua jenis keimunan aktif iaitu keimunan 3. There are two types of active immunity which are
aktif semula jadi (sembuh daripada penyakit) dan natural active immunity (has recovered from a certain
keimunan aktif buatan (suntikan vaksin). disease) and artificial active immunity (injection of a
4. Terdapat dua jenis keimunan pasif iaitu keimunan vaccine).
pasif semula jadi (antibodi daripada ibunya) dan 4. There are two types of passive immunity
keimunan pasif buatan (antiserum). which are natural passive immunity
(antibodies from mother) and artificial
passive immunity (antiserum). Nota Grafik

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Standard Kandungan
4.1 Penyakit berjangkit dan penyakit tidak berjangkit Tarikh:

4.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyakit berjangkit dan penyakit tidak berjangkit
Infectious and non-infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 76 – 80


1 (a) Apakah nama yang diberi kepada mikroorganisma yang menyebabkan penyakit? TP1
What is the name given to microorganisms that cause diseases?
Patogen/Pathogens
(b) Apakah nama yang diberi kepada haiwan yang memindahkan patogen? TP1
What is the name given to animals that transfer pathogens? Praktis
Vektor/Vectors Kendiri

(c)

Berdasarkan rajah, hidupan yang manakah merupakan pakan


vektor? TP1

BAB
Tikus/Rat Lalat rumah
Housefly Based on the diagram, which living things are vectors??
Lipas Tikus, lalat rumah, nyamuk dan lipas
Cockroach
Rat, housefly, mosquito and cockroach 4
Lebah/Bee Nyamuk/Mosquito

2 Kelaskan penyakit yang diberi kepada penyakit berjangkit dan penyakit tidak berjangkit. TP1
Classify the given diseases into infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Kolera/Cholera SARS/SARS H1N1/H1N1 Hipertensi/Hypertension
Malaria/Malaria Panau/Tinea Denggi/Dengue Kencing tikus/Leptospirosis
Zika/Zika Kanser/Cancer Selesema/Flu Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis
Kurap/Ringworm Diabetes/Diabetes Gonorea/Gonorrhoea Asma/Asthma
Cacar air/Chicken pox Kepialu/Typhoid Penyakit kardiovaskular/Cardiovascular diseases
Sifilis/Syphilis AIDS/AIDS Disentri ameba/Amoebic dysentery

Penyakit berjangkit Penyakit tidak berjangkit


Infectious disease Non-infectious disease

Kolera, Denggi, SARS, Zika, H1N1, Tuberkulosis, Malaria, Kurap, Kanser, Hipertensi, Diabetes,
Panau, Selesema, Kencing tikus, Cacar air, Kepialu, Disentri Penyakit kardiovaskular, Asma/
ameba, Sifilis, AIDS, Gonorea/Cholera, Dengue, SARS, Zika, Cancer, Hypertension, Diabetes,
H1N1, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Ringworm, Tinea, Flu, Leptospirosis, Cardiovascular diseases, asthma
Chicken pox, Typhoid, Amoebic dysentery, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea

3 Berdasarkan jawapan anda di soalan 2, tulis jenis penyakit berjangkit berdasarkan cara penularannya
dalam peta pokok di bawah. TP1
Based on your answers in question 2, write down the types of infectious diseases based on the methods
by which they are spread in the tree map below.
Penyakit berjangkit/Infectious diseases

(a) Penyakit bawaan air (b) Penyakit bawaan (c) Melalui sentuhan (d) Melalui vektor
Waterborne diseases udara Through contact Through vectors
Airborne diseases

Kolera/Cholera Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis Panau/Tinea Kencing tikus


Kepialu/Typhoid H1N1/H1N1 Kurap/Ringworm Leptospirosis
Kencing tikus SARS/SARS Sifilis/Syphilis Denggi/Dengue
Leptospirosis Selesema/Flu Gonorea/Gonorrhoea Malaria/Malaria
Disentri ameba AIDS/AIDS Zika/Zika
Amoebic dysentery Kolera/Cholera
Kepialu/Typhoid

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Tarikh:

4.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Vektor dan simptom penyakit berjangkit
Vectors dan symptoms of infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 76 – 80


1 Nyatakan penyakit berdasarkan vektornya./State the diseases based on their vectors. TP1

Kencing tikus Denggi Kepialu Zika Malaria Kolera


Leptospirosis Dengue Typhoid Zika Malaria Cholera

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Nyamuk
BAB

Anopheles
Nyamuk Aedes Anopheles Lalat rumah Tikus Lipas

4 Aedes mosquito
Denggi/Dengue
Mosquito
Malaria
Housefly
Kolera/Cholera
Rat
Kencing tikus
Cockroach
Kepialu
Zika/Zika Malaria Kepialu/Typhoid Leptospirosis Typhoid

2 Kenal
K pasti jenis penyakit berjangkit berdasarkan gejalanya. TP2
Identify the types of infectious diseases based on their symptoms.

Denggi/Dengue SARS/SARS Zika/Zika H1N1/H1N1 Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis Malaria/Malaria


Kurap/Ringworm Panau/Tinea Selesema/Flu Kencing tikus/Leptospirosis Kolera/Cholera

Penyakit/Diseases Gejala/Symptoms
(a) Tuberkulosis Letih, batuk, kahak berdarah, penyusutan berat badan
Tuberculosis Fatigue, cough, blood in the sputum, weight loss
(b) Kolera Cirit-birit, muntah tanpa loya, kekejangan otot
Cholera Diarrhoea, vomiting without nausea, muscle cramps Video

(c) Selesema/H1N1 Demam, bersin, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong, hidung berhingus
Flu/H1N1 Fever, sneezing, headache, sore throat, runny nose
(d) Denggi Demam, sakit kepala, bintik merah pada kulit, sakit di belakang mata,
Dengue mata berair, sakit otot dan sendi/Fever, headache, red spots on the skin,
pain behind the eyes, watery eyes, muscle and joint pains
(e) Panau/Tinea Tompok putih yang gatal/White itchy spots
(f) Kurap/Ringworm Tompok merah yang gatal/Red itchy spots
(g) Malaria Menggigil, demam, berpeluh Nota ekstra
Malaria Shivering, fever, sweating
(h) SARS Demam, batuk, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong, sakit otot, sesak nafas,
SARS cirit-birit, letih, tiada selera makan/Fever, cough, headache, sore throat,
muscle aches, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, fatigue, no appetite
(i) Kencing tikus Demam, sesak nafas, sakit abdomen, sakit kepala, batuk, bengkak pada
Leptospirosis badan, loya dan muntah, sakit otot, ruam, tiada selera makan, cirit-birit,
mata merah/Fever, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, headache, cough,
swelling of the body, nausea and vomiting, muscle aches, rashes, no appetite,
diarrhoea, red eyes
(j) Zika Demam, ruam, sakit otot dan sendi, sakit kepala, sakit di belakang mata,
Zika konjunktivitis (mata kemerahan), muntah/Fever, rashes, muscle and joint
pains, headache, pain behind the eyes, conjunctivitis (red eyes), vomiting
(j) Kepialu Demam, ruam merah, usus berdarah
Typhoid Fever, red rashes, intestinal bleeding

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Tarikh:

4.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Cara penularan dan menghalang penularan penyakit berjangkit
Ways to spread out and prevent the spread of infectious diseases
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 77 – 81


1 Bagaimanakah vektor yang berikut menyebarkan penyakit? TP2
How do the following vectors spread out diseases?
(a) Nyamuk:/Mosquito:
Nyamuk memindahkan patogen dalam darah ke badan Praktis
manusia melalui gigitan. Kendiri
Mosquitoes transfer pathogens in the blood to human’s body
through bites.
(b) Lalat rumah:/Houseflies:
Lalat rumah membawa patogen pada badan dan kaki dan akan
mencemarkan

BAB
makanan yang dihinggapinya.
A housefly carries pathogens on its body and legs that will
contaminate the food it lands upon. 4
2 Berdasarkan cara-cara pencegahan penularan penyakit berjangkit yang diberi, kenal pasti jenis
penyakit. TP2
Based on the given ways of preventing the spread of infections diseases, identify the types of diseases.
ases

Cara pencegahan penularan penyakit berjangkit Penyakit


Ways of preventing the spread of infections diseases Diseases
(a) Mendidihkan air minuman, mencampurkan klorin di dalam sistem Kolera, kepialu,
bekalan air, mencuci tangan dengan sabun selepas menggunakan disentri ameba
tandas dengan sistem sanitasi yang sempurna Cholera, typhoid,
Boiling drinking water, add chlorine into water supply system, washing amoebic dysentry
hands with soap after using the toilet with good sanitation
(b) Menutup mulut dan hidung semasa bersin, batuk atau menguap, tidak Selesema, H1N1, SARS,
meludah di merata-rata tempat, jauhi tempat yang sesak, tempat tuberkulosis, cacar air
tinggal yang cukup cahaya (sinar UV) Flu, H1N1, SARS,
Cover the mouth and nose when sneezing, coughing or yawning, do not tuberculosis, chicken
spit everywhere, stay away from clouded places, living place which gets pox
enough light (UV light)
(c) Menyembur racun serangga (‘fogging’), hapuskan air bertakung, Denggi, malaria, Zika
bersihkan longkang yang tersumbat, membela ikan gapi dalam kolam, Dengue, malaria, Zika
masukkan minyak atau abate ke dalam air bertakung/Spraying
insecticide (fogging), clearing stagnant water, clearing clogged drains,
rearing guppy fish in ponds, putting oil or abate in stagnant water
(d) Menjaga kebersihan badan dan tidak berkongsi barangan peribadi Kurap, panau
seperti tuala, sikat dan pakaian dengan orang lain Ringworm, tinea
Taking care of body hygiene and do not share personal items such as
towels, combs and clothes with others
(e) Menyimpan makanan dan minuman dengan baik serta elakkan Kencing tikus
daripada minum air banjir atau berada dalam air banjir terutamanya Leptospirosis
jika ada luka pada badan, didihkan air minuman
Keping food and drinks well and avoid taking flood water or being
in flood water especially if there are wounds on the body, boil drinking
water

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 3: Kes penyakit penduduk Malaysia (rujuk silang m.s. 181)
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 3: A case study of diseases on Malaysian (cross-reference p. 182)

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Standard Kandungan
4.2 Pertahanan badan Tarikh:

4.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Barisan pertahanan pertama, kedua dan ketiga
First, second and third lines of defences
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 82 – 84


Padan dan lengkapkan ruang tentang barisan pertahanan badan. TP2
Match and complete the spaces about the lines of body defence.
A. Mekanisme pertahanan badan tidak spesifik/Non-specific body defence mechanism
1 Barisan pertahanan pertama/First line of defence Praktis
Kendiri
• Menghalang patogen daripada memasuki badan.
To prevent the pathogens from entering the body.
Kulit Air mata Perut Air liur Membran mukus
Skin Tears Stomach Saliva Mucous membrane
BAB

(a) Air liur dan air mata (c) Perut/Stomach


Saliva and tears • Mengandungi asid

4 • Mengandungi enzim
anti-bakteria/Contains
hidroklorik/Contains
hydrochloric acid
antibacterial enzymes

(d) Kulit/Skin
(b) Membran mukus
• Merembeskan peluh dan
Mucous membrane sebum yang mengandungi
• Memerangkap patogen bahan kimia yang
di salur pernafasan memusnahkan patogen
Traps pathogens in the Secretes sweat and sebum
respiratory tract containing chemicals that
destroy the pathogens

2 Barisan pertahanan badan kedua/Second body line of defence


• Melawan patogen melalui fagositosis./Fight against pathogens through phagocytosis.

Bakteria
Bacteria
Diperangkap
Trapped
(a) Fagosit (b) Bakteria Fagosit
diperangkap (c) Enzim Phagocyte
(sejenis sel dan
darah putih) ditelan mencernakan Enzim
Phagocyte . bakteria. Enzyme
(a type of white Bacteria is trapped Enzyme digests
Ditelan
blood cell) and swallowed . the bacteria. Swallowed

B. Mekanisme pertahanan badan spesifik/Specific body defence mechanism


Barisan pertahanan ketiga/Third line of defence
• Melawan patogen melalui penghasilan antibodi.
Fight against pathogens through the production of antibodies.

Melekat/Attached
Antibodi
Antibody
Termusnah/Destroyed
Patogen Antibodi/Antibodies
Pathogen

Antibodi
yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih melekat pada patogen menyebabkannya
menggumpal dan termusnah ./The antibodies produced by white blood cells are
attached to pathogens and cause pathogens to clump together and destroy .

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Tarikh:

4.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Keimunan
Immunity
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 84 – 88


1 Padankan maksud bagi istilah yang berikut./Match the meanings of the following terms. TP2

(a) Vaksin Bahan asing seperti patogen dalam darah yang merangsang
Vaccine penghasilan antibodi.
• •
A foreign substance such as a pathogen in the blood which stimulates
the production of antibody.
(b) Antigen Bahan (antigen) yang mengandungi patogen yang dilemahkan atau
• •
Antigen dimatikan.
A substance (antigen) which contains weakened or dead pathogens.
(c) Antibodi Tindakan suntikan vaksin.
Antibody • • Action of injecting a vaccine.

BAB
(d) Pemvaksinan Protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih untuk melawan antigen.
gen.
• •
Vaccination The proteins produced by white blood cells to fight antigens.
(e) Antiserum
Antiserum
• •
Keupayaan sistem badan untuk melawan suatu patogen.
The ability of the body system to fight against pathogens.
4
(f) Imunisasi Bahan yang mengandungi antibodi untuk mencegah penyakit.
Immunisation • • A substance which contains the antibodies to prevent diseases.
(g) Keimunan Prosedur perubatan yang membolehkan badan membina keimunan
Immunity melawan sesuatu penyakit.
A medical procedure that allows the body to build immunity against
• •
a disease.

2 Isi tempat kosong tentang jenis-jenis keimunan. TP2


Fill in the blanks about the types of immunity.

Pasif buatan
Aktif buatan Pasif semula jadi Aktif semula jadi Vaksin
Artificial
Artificial active Natural passive Natural active Vaccine
passive
Demam campak Tetanus Rabies Antiserum
Tuberkulosis
Measles Tetanus Rabies Antiserum Praktis
Tuberculosis Kendiri

Jenis keimunan/Types of immunity


Keimunan aktif Keimunan pasif
Active immunity Passive immunity
Aktif semula jadi Aktif buatan Pasif semula jadi Pasif buatan
Natural active Artificial active Natural passive Artificial passive
Diperoleh apabila Diperoleh apabila Bayi memperoleh Seseorang disuntik
seseorang sembuh badan seseorang keimunan melalui dengan antiserum
daripada penyakit menghasilkan susu ibu. Embrio atau yang diekstrak daripada
tertentu seperti antibodi setelah fetus dalam uterus darah haiwan untuk
demam campak . menerima suntikan memperoleh antibodi merawat penyakit seperti
Badannya vaksin seperti daripada ibunya tetanus
melalui tali pusat. dan
memperoleh BCG untuk mencegah rabies
keimunan seumur tuberkulosis . A baby obtains .
hidup. immunity through A person is injected with
Obtained when the its mother’s milk. antiserum
Obtained when body of a person an that
someone has been An embryo or foetus is extracted from animal
produces antibodies obtains antibodies from
cured of a certain after an injection of blood to treat diseases
disease such as its mother through the tetanus
a vaccine such as umbilical cord in the such as
measles . rabies
BCG to prevent uterus. and .
His/Her body has tuberculosis .
acquired life long
immunity.

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Tarikh:

4.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Jenis-jenis graf keimunan
Types of immunity graphs
PBD
Konstekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 86
Kaji jenis-jenis graf keimunan di bawah. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Study the types of immunity below. Choose the correct answers.

(a) Graf keimunan aktif semula jadi


P: Jangkitan pertama/First infection
Graph of natural active immunity
Selepas sembuh, kepekatan antibodi yang dihasilkan
dalam badan adalah (rendah, tinggi).
Concentration of antibody in

After recovering, the concentration of antibody


Kepekatan antibodi dalam

Q: Jangkitan kedua/Second infection


produced is (low, high) in the body.
Aras keimunan
Immunity level
Q: Jangkitan kedua/Second infection
BAB

the blood (%)

P: Jangkitan pertama Kepekatan antibodi (kurang daripada, melebihi)


darah (%)

First infection
aras keimunan. Keimunan yang tahan lama dicapai.
4 Masa (minggu)
Time (week)
The concentration of antibody (less than, exceed) the
immunity level. The last long immunity is achieved.

G
(b) Graf keimunan aktif buatan (Vaksin)
P: Suntikan pertama/First injection
Graph of artificial active immunity
(Sedikit, Banyak) antibodi dihasilkan.
(Vaccine)
(A little, lot) antibodies is produced.
Kepekatan antibodi dalam

Concentration of antibody

Q: Suntikan kedua/Second injection


Badan terangsang untuk menghasilkan (kurang, lebih
Aras keimunan
in the blood (%)

Immunity level banyak) antibodi yang (kurang daripada, melebihi)


aras keimunan. Keimunan adalah berpanjangan.
darah (%)

The body stimulated to produce (less, more) antibodies


Masa (minggu) that (less than, exceed) the immunity level. Immunity
Time (week)
is prolonged.
P: Suntikan pertama Q: Suntikan kedua
First injection Second injection

(c) Graf keimunan pasif semula jadi


Graph of natural passive immunity
Anak menerima (antibodi, antiserum) daripada
susu ibu atau darah ibu yang merentasi dinding
Concentration of antibody in
Kepekatan antibodi dalam

plasenta melalui tali pusat. Keimunan ini (tahan,


Aras keimunan tidak tahan) lama.
Immunity level
A baby receives (antibody, antiserum) from breast
milk or from the mother’s blood that flows across the
the blood (%)

placenta through the umbilical cord. This immunity


darah (%)

is (last, not last) long.


Masa (minggu)
Time (week)

(d) Graf keimunan pasif buatan (antiserum)


Graph of natural passive immunity
(antiserum)
Antiserum yang mengandungi (antigen, antibodi)
haiwan disuntik untuk melawan patogen tanpa
Concentration of antibody in
Kepekatan antibodi dalam

mengganggu sistem keimunan pesakit. Keimunan


ini adalah (lambat, segera) tetapi (sementara, tahan
lama).
Aras keimunan Antiserum containing (antigens, antibodies) from
the blood (%)

Immunity level
animals is injected without interrupting the patient's
darah (%)

immune system against pathogens. This immunity is


Masa (minggu) (slow, fast) but (temporary, last long).
Time (week)
P: Suntikan pertama Q: Suntikan kedua

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PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 4 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.


Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis 2 Maklumat di bawah menun- 3 Antara penyakit berikut, yang
serangga. jukkan simptom bagi suatu manakah merebak melalui
Diagram 1 show a type of insect. penyakit. udara?
The information below shows Which of the following diseases
seases
the symptom of a disease. spread out through air?
I Kolera/Cholera

BAB
Tompok putih yang gatal II Panau/Tinea
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 Itchy white disease III Tuberkulosis/Tuberculosis
4
osis
Antara penyakit berikut, yang IV Selesema/Flu
manakah disebarkan oleh Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, A I dan II
serangga itu? apakah penyakit itu? I and II
Which of the following diseases is Based on the information above, B III dan IV
spread by the insect? what is the disease? III and IV
A Zika/Zika A Denggi B Kolera C II dan III
B Denggi/Dengue Dengue Cholera II and III
C Kolera/Cholera C Panau D Kurap D I dan IV
D Kurap/Ringworm Tinea Ringworm I and IV

Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir dalam Rajah 1 tentang gejala penyakit kolera dengan memilih jawapan
yang betul.
Complete the multi-flow map in Diagram 1 about the symptoms of cholera by choosing the correct answer.

Sakit sendi Cirit-birit Muntah tanpa loya Ruam pada badan


Joint pain Diarrhoea Vomiting without nausea Rashes on the skin

(i) Cirit-birit
Diarrhoea
Bakteria Kolera
Bacteria Cholera
(ii) Muntah tanpa loya
Vomiting without nausea

Rajah 1/Diagram 1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Gariskan jawapan yang betul tentang penyakit tidak berjangkit.
Underline the correct answers about the non-infectious diseases.
(i) (Angina, Arteriosklerosis) disebabkan oleh pemendapan kolesterol pada dinding dalam arteri yang
menyempitkan lumen arteri.
(Angina, Arteriosclerosis) is the accumulation of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries that narrows
the lumens of arteries.
(ii) Gula yang berlebihan dalam gizi boleh menyebabkan (hipertensi, diabetes).
Too much sugar in the diet can cause (hypertension, diabetes).
[2 markah/2 marks]

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Bahagian C/Section C
2 Seorang kanak-kanak lelaki dijangkiti sejenis penyakit yang gatal pada kulitnya seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 2./A boy is infected by a type of itchy disease on his skin as shown in Diagram 2.

Kulat panau
Praktis
Formatif
penyakit X/disease X

penyakit Y/disease Y
BAB

4 Patogen hidup pada tisu badan yang mati


seperti rambut, kuku dan kulit luar.
Pathogens lives on dead body tissues such as
the hair, nails and outer skin.

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

(a) Apakah patogen penyakit ini?/What is the pathogen of this disease? TP1
Kulat/Fungus
[1 markah/1 mark]
(b) Apakah penyakit X dan Y?/What diseases are X and Y? TP1
(i) Penyakit X?/Disease X?
Panau/Tinea
(ii) Penyakit Y?/Disease Y?
Kurap/Ringworm
[2 markah/2 marks]
(c) Apakah perbezaan antara gejala penyakit X dengan gejala penyakit Y pada pesakit? TP2
What is the difference in the symptoms of diseases X and Y in patients?
Penyakit X menyebabkan tompok putih yang gatal pada kulit pesakit manakala penyakit Y
menyebabkan tompok merah yang gatal pada kulit pesakit.
Disease X causes itchy white spots on the patient’s skin while disease Y causes itchy red spots on the patient’s skin.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Bagaimanakah pesakit dijangkiti penyakit X atau penyakit Y? TP2
How is the patient infected with disease X or disease Y?
Tidak menjaga kebersihan badan dan melalui perkongsian barangan peribadi seperti tuala dan pakaian
Do not taking care of body hygiene and through sharing of personal items such as towel and clothes
[2 markah/2 mark]
(e) Ahli keluarga Kumar dijangkiti penyakit X dan Y. Kumar pergi ke farmasi dan menerangkan kepada ahli
farmasi tentang gejala-gejala penyakit yang dialami oleh ahli keluarganya. Apakah ubat yang mungkin
akan dicadangkan oleh ahli farmasi itu untuk merawat penyakit tersebut? Terangkan bagaimana ubat itu
digunakan dan peranan ubat itu. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Kumar's family members are infected X and Y diseases. Kumar went to the pharmacy and explain to the pharmacist
on the symptoms that his family members faced. What medications might the pharmacist recommend to treat the
disease? Explain how the medicine is use and its role.
Ubat anti kulat. Sapu pada bahagian badan yang dijangkiti pesakit. Ubat anti kulat mencegah
pertumbuhan kulat.
Anti-fungal medicines. Apply on the part of the infected body. The anti-fungal medicine prevents the growth of fungus.
[3 markah/3 marks]

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04 SPS SAINS 2022 TG2 (NG)-BAB4-HeeF-1.indd 46 9/6/21 9:56 AM
BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam
B
BA

5 Air dan Larutan


Water and Solution

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Peta Buih

Sifat fizik air seperti takat beku


dan ketumpatan
Physical characteristics of
water such as freezing point
and density
Peringkat dalam sistem Elektrolisis air dan kesan
pembekalan air seperti bendasing terhadap takat
pengenapan dan penurasan lebur dan takat didih air
Stages in the water supply Electrolysis of water and the
system such as effect of impurities on the
sedimentation and filtration melting and boiling points of
water
AIR DAN
Bekalan air seperti kitar LARUTAN
semula air WATER AND
SOLUTION Faktor mempengaruhi kadar
Supply of water such as
penyejatan air dan kadar
recycle of water
keterlarutan seperti suhu
Factors that affect the rate
of evaporation of water and
Kaedah pembersihan air seperti the rate of solubility such as
pendidihan dan penurasan the temperature
Water purification methods such
as boiling and filtration

Larutan, koloid, pelarut air dan bukan air


Solution, colloid, water and organic solvents

APAKAH AIR DAN LARUTAN?


WHAT ARE WATER AND SOLUTION?

Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna yang merupakan komponen utama cecair Bumi.
Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut di
dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut.
Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s liquid.
A solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance that dissolves
in liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute.

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NOTA BESTARI
Sifat Fizik Air Physical Characteristics of Water
1. Air ialah sebatian kimia yang dapat diuraikan kepada 1. Water is a chemical compound that can be broken
hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan elektrik down into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity
melalui proses elektrolisis. through the process of electrolysis.
2. Takat lebur ais dan takat beku air ialah 0°C. Takat didih 2. The melting point of ice and the freezing point of
air ialah 100°C. water is 0°C. The boiling point of water is 100°C.
3. Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi 3. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease
menurunkan takat beku air atau takat lebur ais. the freezing point of water or melting point of ice.
Penyejatan Air Evaporation of Water
1. Penyejatan air ialah proses yang berlaku di permukaan 1. Evaporation of water is a process that occurs on the
air yang menukarkan air menjadi wap air pada surface of water which changes water into water
sebarang suhu. vapour at any temperature.
2. Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas 2. The humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed
BAB

permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara surface area of water and movement of air affect the
mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. rate of evaporation of water.

5 Larutan Solution
1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan 1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a
suatu bahan (zat terlarut). substance (solute).
2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu pelarut. 2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
3. Larutan ialah campuran yang terbentuk apabila satu 3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or
atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut. more solutes dissolve in a solvent.
4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk daripada 4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the
zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu pelarut. solute that is insoluble in a solvent.

Keterlarutan Solubility
1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum 1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity
zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at
pada suhu tertentu. a certain temperature.
2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi 2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size
padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat of solute and volume of solvent affect the rate of
terlarut dalam pelarut. solubility of a solute in a solvent.
3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut 3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are
yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear or
campuran jernih atau mendakan. precipitate mixture.
Pelarut Bukan Air Organic Solvents
1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti 1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil and
minyak dan gris. grease.
2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah 2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are
contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic dirt.
melarutkan kotoran organik.
Sistem Pembekalan Air Water Supply System
1. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan, 1. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration,
penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan. chlorination and distillation.
2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan 2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water are
dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian dipamkan collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped into
ke loji pembersihan air. water treatment plants.
3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air 3. The sequence in water purification in
adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan, water treatment plants is as follows:
tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki water reservoir, filtration tank, oxidation
pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan, tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation
tangki pemfluoridaan dan tangki penyimpanan. tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank,
fluoridation tank and storage tank. Nota Grafik

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Standard Kandungan
5.1 Sifat fizik air Tarikh:

5.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sifat-sifat fizik air
Physical characteristics of water
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 96 – 97


1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sifat fizik air.
Complete the table below about the physical characteristics of water.

(a) Warna air/Colour of water (b) Ketumpatan air/Density of water

Isi padu air/Volume of water = 200 cm3


Jisim air/Mass of water = 200 g
Air
Water
Ketumpatan air = 200 g 3 = 1 g/cm3
Tidak berwarna/Colourless Density of water 200 cm
Warna/Colour:

(c) Tegangan permukaan air (d) Tindakan kapilari air


Surface tension of water Capillary action of water

BAB
5

Tegangan permukaan membolehkan Kebolehan air untuk bergerak melawan


ayak-ayak terapung di permukaan air. graviti melalui ruang yang sempit.
Surface tension enables a water stricler to
The ability of water to move against gravity
float on the surface of water. in narrow spaces.

2 (a) Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa air membeku dan
mendidih./Name processes X and Y. Then, mark ( ✓ ) the heat change when water freezes and boils. TP1

Haba diserap Haba diserap



Heat is absorbed Heat is absorbed

Haba dibebaskan Haba dibebaskan


✓ Heat is released Heat is released
Ais/Ice Air/Water Gas/Gas
X Y

Proses X: Pembekuan Proses Y: Pendidihan

Process X: Freezing Process Y: Boiling

(b) Air bertukar menjadi ais pada takat beku .


The water changes into ice, at the freezing point.
(c) Air bertukar menjadi gas pada takat didih .
The water changes into gas, at the boiling point.

Tegangan permukaan ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan air. Tindakan kapilari ialah daya lekitan antara molekul
air dan daya lekatan antara molekul air dengan dinding bekas melalui saluran sempit.

The surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface of water. The capillary action is the cohesive
force between the molecules of water and the adhesive force between the molecule of water and the walls of a container
through a narrow vessel.

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Tarikh:

5.2 EKSPERIMEN Komposisi air PBD


INKUIRI The composition of water Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 97 – 98
Tujuan Menjalankan elektrolisis untuk menentukan
Carry out electrolysis to determine
(a) komposisi air
the composition of water
(b) nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air
the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water

Bahan dan Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis,
Radas silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya,
suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden
splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current
power supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch

Y X
BAB

Prosedur
Prose Air suling ditambahkan Silinder penyukat
dengan beberapa titik Measuring cylinder

5
asid sulfurik cair
Distilled water is added
with a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid

Rod karbon (elektrod)


Carbon rods (electrodes)

Suis
Switch
+ -

12 V

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Tambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
3 Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus elektrik selama 10 minit.
Turn on the switch and allow electricity to flow for 10 minutes.
4 Catat isi padu gas yang terkumpul di dalam silinder penyukat X dan Y.
Record the volumes of gas that are collected in measuring cylinders X and Y.
5 Matikan suis apabila kedua-dua silinder penyukat itu telah penuh dengan gas.
Turn off the switch when both measuring cylinders are full of gas.
6 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat X dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder X with a burning wooden splinter.
7 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat Y dengan kayu uji berbara.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder Y with a glowing wooden splinter.
8 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

Galeri Info
fo
Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut
sel elektrolitik. Sel elektrolitik menggunakan tenaga
elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang
berlaku disebut elektrolisis.
The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an
electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to
decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes
place is called electrolysis.

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Keputusan Silinder Isi padu Jenis gas
penyukat gas (cm3) Ujian bagi gas terbebas
Measuring Volume of Test for gas Type of gas
cylinder gas (cm3) released

bunyi ‘pop’
Menghasilkan
dengan kayu uji bernyala Hidrogen
X 10
Produces a ‘pop’ sound with Hydrogen
a burning wooden splinter

Menyalakan kayu uji berbara


Lights up/Ignites Oksigen
Y 5 a glowing Oxygen
wooden splinter
(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)
Perbincangan
Analisis 1 Apakah proses yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the process used in this activity?
Elektrolisis/Electrolysis

BAB
2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1
(a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode
(b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode 5
3 Berapakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen kepada oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ti ini?
What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2
Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen
= 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1
4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air? TP2
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water?
2:1

5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang
betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H dan O.
Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers.
The symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively.
TP1
(a) Atom oksigen
Oxygen atom Simbol molekul air
Symbol of the molecule of water
HO HO2 H2O

(b) Atom hidrogen / Hydrogen atoms

6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling?
What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled
water? TP2
Untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik air suling
Praktis
To increase the electrical conductivity of the distilled water
Kendiri
7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab. TP2
Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason.
Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah .
No . Pure distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity .

Kesimpulan Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen .

One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

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Tarikh:

5.3 EKSPERIMEN Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air PBD
INKUIRI The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 99 – 100
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water

Bahan dan Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku
Radas kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort/Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker,
thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, retort stand

Termometer/Thermometer
Prosedur
Air suling
Bikar/Beaker Distilled water

Ais Panaskan
Ice Heat
BAB

Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b)

5 1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b).
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b).
2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap)./Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature).
3 Catat takat didih air suling./Record the boiling point of distilled water.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke dalam
ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by adding a spatula of
common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity.

Keputusan Takat lebur ais 0


The melting point of ice = ºC

Takat lebur ais + garam biasa –2


The melting point of ice + common salt = ºC

Takat didih air suling 100


The boiling point of distilled water = ºC

Takat didih air suling + garam biasa 102


The boiling point of distilled water + common salt = ºC

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)


Perbincangan 1 Apakah kesan penambahan garam biasa terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air?
What is the effect of adding common salt on the melting point of ice and boiling point
of water? TP2
Garam biasa mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan
takat didih air.
Praktis Common salt decreases the melting point of ice but increases the boiling
Kendiri point of water.
2 (a) Berapakah takat lebur ais/What is the melting point of ice? TP1
0°C

(b) Ramalkan takat lebur ais jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya.
Predict the melting point of ice if a little common salt is added to it. TP3/KBAT
Lebih rendah daripada 0°C/Lower than 0°C

Kesimpulan Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air.
decrease
Impurities the melting point of ice but increase the boiling point of water.

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Tarikh:

5.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian
Evaporation of water in daily life
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 104 – 105
1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor, iaitu kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan air yang terdedah
dan pergerakan udara yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
State the factors, i.e. humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface area of water and movement
of air, that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Choose the correct answers.
(a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the humidity is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the temperature is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(c) Semakin besar luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The larger the exposed surface area of water is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The faster the movement of air is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

2 Pernyataan di bawah adalah mengenai faktor-faktor yang meningkatkan kadar penyejatan air. ir. Isi
tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP2

BAB
The statement below is about the factors that increase the rate of evaporation of water. Fill in
n the
blanks with the correct answers.

Pantas/Faster Kurang/Less Mempercepatkan/Quickens Tenaga/Energy Lebih banyak/More


More 5
Udara yang kering mengandungi kurang
wap air dan dapat menampung lebih banyak
yak

molekul air yang terlepas dari permukaan air. Suhu tinggi memberi lebih tenaga kepada
epada
molekul-molekul air di permukaan untuk bergerak dengan lebih pantas dan terbebas ke
udara. Luas permukaan air terdedah yang lebih besar membolehkan lebih banyak molekul air
terbebas ke udara. Udara bergerak mempercepatkan penyejatan air dengan membawa wap air
dalam udara ke tempat lain.
less more
Dry air contains water vapour and can hold water molecules that escape from
the water surface. High temperatures give more energy to the water molecules at the surface to move
faster more
and escape into the air. A larger exposed surface area of water enables water
quickens
molecules to escape into the air. Movement of air the water evaporation by sweeping
away water vapour in the air to other places.
3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian. TP1
Praktis
Mark ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life. Kendiri

(a) (b) (c)


✓ ✓

Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Pemprosesan air mineral Pengeringan pakaian basah
Drying fish or coconut Processing of mineral water Drying wet clothes

(d) (e) (f)


✓ ✓ ✓

Penghasilan garam Minyak wangi di badan Pengeringan rambut yang


daripada air laut/Production menghasilkan bau/A perfume basah
of salt from seawater on the body gives out a smell Drying of wet hair

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 3: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air (rujuk silang m.s.191 – 194).
Compulsory Experiment 3: Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water (cross-reference pp. 191 – 194).

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Standard Kandungan
5.2 Larutan dan kadar keterlarutan Tarikh:

5.5 EKSPERIMEN Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu PBD
INKUIRI Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 106 – 107
Tujuan Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu
To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

Bahan dan Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca Nota
Radas Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod Ekstra

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau dengan
rod kaca./Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with
a glass rod.
2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.
Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak larut
lagi dalam air./Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve
any more in water.
4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.
BAB

5 Pemerhatian
Peme
Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat Warna larutan
Adakah semua
garam larut?
Amount of copper(II) sulphate Colour of solution
Does all the salt dissolve?
1 spatula Biru muda Ya
1 spatula Light blue Yes
2 spatula Biru Ya
2 spatulas Blue Yes
Lebih daripada 2 spatula Biru tua Tidak
More than 2 spatulas Dark blue No

Perbincangan Kenal pasti jenis larutan yang terhasil. TP2


Identify the types of solution produced.

Larutan tepu Larutan cair Larutan pekat


Saturated solution Dilute solution Concentrated solution

Larutan terhasil Maksud


Kuantiti garam
Solution Meaning
Amount of salt
produced
Larutan yang mengandungi zat
1 spatula Larutan cair terlarut yang berlebihan.
1 spatula Dilute solution A solution that has excessive
2 spatula Larutan pekat amount of solute.
2 spatulas Concentrated Larutan yang mengandungi sangat
solution sedikit zat terlarut.
A solution that has very little solute.
Lebih daripada Larutan tepu
2 spatula Saturated Larutan yang mengandungi banyak
More than 2 solution zat terlarut.
spatulas A solution that has a lot of solute.

Kesimpulan Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan, iaitu
larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu .
There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are
dilute solution saturated solution
, concentrated solution and .

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Tarikh:

5.6 EKSPERIMEN Larutan dan ampaian PBD


INKUIRI Solutions and suspensions Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 107 – 108
Tujuan Menunjukkan perbezaan antara larutan dengan ampaian
To show the differences between a solution and a suspension

Bahan dan Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula
Radas Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam sebuah
bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to 50 cm3
of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod.
2 Catat pemerhatian./Record the observation.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder.

Pemerhatian
Bahan Pemerhatian Adakah bahan larut?

BAB
Substance Observation Does the substance dissolve?
ve?

5
Serbuk natrium Larutan jernih terbentuk.
klorida/Sodium Ya/Yes
chloride powder A clear solution is formed.
Serbuk kanji Ampaian terbentuk. Tidak/No
Starch powder suspension
A is formed.

Perbincangan Lengkapkan ruang di bawah. TP2


Complete the spaces below.

2 Zat terlarut/Solute 3 Larutan/Solution Larutan


• Serbuk natrium klorida • Larutan natrium klorida Solution
Sodium chloride powder Sodium chloride solution Zat terlarut
Solute
Ampaian
Suspension
1 Pelarut/Solvent
Pelarut
• Air/Water Solvent

4 Bahan yang melarut dalam suatu cecair. Zat terlarut


A substance that dissolves in a liquid. Solute
5 Cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut untuk membentuk Pelarut
suatu larutan. Solvent
A liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution.
6 Campuran jernih yang terbentuk apabila zat terlarut Larutan
melarut dalam suatu pelarut. Solution
A clear mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
7 Campuran keruh yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang Ampaian
Praktis tidak melarut dalam suatu pelarut./A cloudy mixture Suspension
Kendiri containing a solute which is insoluble in a solvent.

Kesimpulan 1 Larutan mengandungi zat terlarut yang larut dalam air.


A solution contains a solute that dissolves in water.
2 Ampaian mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak larut yang terampai dalam air.
A suspension contains an insoluble solute that is suspended in water.

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Tarikh:

5.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Keterlaluan zat terlarut, koloid dan pelarut semesta
The solubility of solute, colloid and universal solvent
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 109 – 112


1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air. Pilih jawapan
yang betul. TP2
Explain the factors which affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water. Choose the correct answers.

(a) Semakin (kecil, besar) saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu akan larut di dalam air.
The (smaller, bigger) the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(b) Semakin (rendah, tinggi) suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut di dalam air.
The (lower, higher) the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut jika campuran itu (dikacau, tidak dikacau).
A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is (stirred, not stirred).
(d) Semakin (kecil, besar) isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut dalam pelarut.
The (smaller, larger) the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute will dissolve in the solvent.
2 K
Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid.
BAB

Koloid ialah suatu campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak
membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap.

5 A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes dispersed evenly in a solvent. The colloid does not
fform a clear mixture and also does not settle down.

B
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta dakap di bawah.
B
Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the brace maps below. TP1

Susu getah/Latex Mayonis/Mayonnaise Krim pencukur/Shaving cream


Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil Gelembung-gelembung dalam Span mandi/Bath sponge
Susu segar/Fresh milk minuman bergas/Bubbles in
Krim putar/Whipped cream carbonated drinks
1442443

Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil


Susu segar/Fresh milk
14444244443

Emulsi
Emulsions Susu getah/Latex
Mayonis/Mayonnaise Nota
Ekstra
Jenis koloid
Types of colloid Span mandi/Bath sponge
1442443

Krim pencukur/Shaving cream


Busa Krim putar/Whipped cream
Foams
Gelembung-gelembung dalam minuman bergas
Praktis
Bubbles in carbonated drinks Kendiri

3 Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri
pembuatan, pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan pelbagai jenis bahan. Apakah
nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut? TP1
Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material in the manufacturing industry,
agriculture and medicine. Water is used for dissolving various types of substances. What is the name
given to water as a solvent?
Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 4: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut (rujuk silang m.s. 195 – 198).
Compulsory Experiment 4: Factors affecting the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes (cross-reference pp. 195 – 198).

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Tarikh:

5.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pelarut organik (Pelarut bukan air)
Organic solvents
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 112


Nyatakan jenis pelarut organik berdasarkan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian. TP2
State the types of organic solvents according to their uses in daily life.

Turpentin Aseton Alkohol Eter Kerosin


Turpentine Aceton Alcohol Ether Kerosene

(a) (b) (c)

Alkohol/Alcohol Kerosin/Kerosene Turpentin/Turpentine

BAB
• Penyediaan syelek • Minyak lampu • Mencairkan cat
Preparation of shellac Lamp oil Diluting paints

(d) (e) (f)


5

Alkohol/Alcohol Aseton/Aceton Aseton/Aceton


• Penyediaan kosmetik • Menanggalkan varnis • Penyediaan lakuer untuk
seperti minyak wangi kuku dan gincu perabot kayu
Preparation of cosmetics Removing nail varnish and Preparation of lacquer for
such as perfume lipstick wooden furniture

(g) (h) (i)

Turpentin/Kerosin
Turpentine/Kerosene Alkohol/Alcohol Eter/Ether
• Menanggalkan kotoran cat • Melarutkan iodin untuk • Pengekstrakan minyak
Paint remover menghasilkan larutan dan lemak seperti dalam
iodin sebagai antiseptik makanan kucing
Dissolving iodine to Extraction of oil and fat
produce iodine solution as like in cat food
an antiseptic

Galeri Info
fo
t "MLPIPMCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOLPUPSBOLMPSPmMEBOEBLXBULFLBMQBEBQBQBOUVMJT
Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board.
Praktis t "NJMBTFUBUKVHBCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOHJODVEBOWBSOJTLVLV
Kendiri Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish.

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Standard Kandungan
5.3 Pembersihan dan pembekalan air Tarikh:

5.9 EKSPERIMEN Kaedah pembersihan air PBD


INKUIRI Water purification methods Penemuan
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 113 – 115
Tujuan Mengkaji pelbagai kaedah pembersihan air
To study various water purification methods

Bahan dan Air kolam, air klorin, bikar, corong turas, termometer, kaki retort dan penyepit, kertas
Radas turas, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig,
penyumbat berlubang, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, mikroskop
Pond water, chlorine water, beaker, filter funnel, thermometer, retort stand and clamp, filter
paper, glass rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, stopper with
a hole, cover slip, glass slide, microscope

Prosedur
Penurasan/Filtration Pendidihan/Boiling

Kertas turas
Filter paper
Air kolam
BAB

Kaki retort
Pond water Retort stand Air kolam
Pond water
Corong turas

5 Filter funnel
Baki
Residue Panaskan
Heat

Hasil turasan
Filtrate

Penyulingan/Distillation Pengklorinan/Chlorination

Termometer
Thermometer Air keluar Kondenser Liebig
Water out Liebig condenser
Air klorin
Chlorine water
Air kolam
Pond water
Air masuk
Serpihan Water in Air
porselin
Water
Porcelain
chips
Panaskan
Heat Air suling
Distilled water

1 Sediakan radas-radas di atas untuk membersihkan air kolam.


Set up the apparatus above to purify pond water.
2 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang air yang dikumpulkan di dalam bikar.
Record your observations on the water collected in the beaker.
3 Titiskan setitik air yang dikumpul di atas sisip kaca.
Place one drop of water collected on a glass slide.
4 Tutup dengan penutup kaca dan perhatikannya melalui mikroskop.
Cover it with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope.
5 Bincang bersama guru anda tentang kehadiran bahan terlarut.
Discuss with your teacher about the presence of dissolved substances.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 4: Audit air di rumah atau sekolah (rujuk silang m.s. 183).
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 4: Water audit at home and school (cross-reference p. 184).

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