Wind : the natural form of air movement; usually but not always the
movement is horizontal.
21 Juni
23.5 LU
garis lintang
Cancer
23 September
21 Maret 21 Maret
23.5 LS
Garis lintang
21 Desember Copricorn
Lingkungan hidup
Ekosistem
Landscape
Cahaya matahari berlimpah
Kondisi berawan (overcast sky)
Curah Hujan, kelembaban tinggi
Architecture without architect
Urban context
• Air Quality
• Menyediakan udara segar dalam ruangan
demi kesehatan penghuninya
(mengurangi kadar polusi dalam udara ruang)
• Thermal Comfort
• Membantu menciptakan kenyamanan thermal
bagi penghuninya (thermal comfort)
• Membantu proses pendinginan bangunan
secara pasif (alamiah) à kenyamanan
didalam bangunan
• Energy Conservation
• Mencegah heat gain dan mempercepat heat loss
à Menghemat energi yang terpakai untuk bangunan
Pola pergerakan udara disuatu lokasi
dipengaruhi oleh :
Aliran udara yang mengenai bangunan tinggi yang massif, beberapa bagian akan
terpantul naik ke atap dan beberapa bagian akan terpantul kebawah. Kenaiakan
kecepatan angin akan berdampak pada bangunan yang lebih rendah yang berada
di bawahnya.
Akan tetapi apabila bangunan yaang lebih tinggi tersebut dapat menyerap angin
maka efek tersebut dapat berkurang
Karakteristik aliran udara di permukaan
bumi:
Lapisan pembatas atmosferik (Atmospheric Boundary Layer - ABL):
Lapisan udara yang menyelimuti permukaan bumi yang
berpengaruh pada terjadinya angin disuatu lokasi. terdapat mulai
dari permukaan tanah sd kira-kira 2000 m (biasanya dihitung hingga
4 – 5 kali dari ketinggian bangunan yang tertinggi disuatu kota).
Secara umum ABL ini dibagi menjadi dua:
• Aliran udara di lapisan bebas (free flow layer)
à tidak ada efek gesekan (friction) dengan permukaan bumi
à aliran udara bersifat lurus bebas (laminar flow)
• Aliran udara di lapisan terbatas (boundary layer)
à adanya efek gesekan (drag force)
à aliran bersifat acak,
tidak berpola (turbulent flow)
Atmospheric Boundary Layer
• The atmospheric boundary layer is a layer of air covering the earth,
the thickness of which is determined by the height at which surface
friction no longer affects the general flow of wind. Air in motion can
be divided into “main free flow”, where viscosity (fluid friction)
plays negligible part, and “boundary layer flow” where fluid friction
is influential. The boundary layer is always close to earth surface.
The rough surface of the earth exerts upon the moving air a
horizontal drag force. The effect of the drag force is to retard wind
flow. Within this layer of air, motion is generally gusty or
“turbulent”, with the wind changing speed and direction rapidly. As
a result, the wind speed varies from zero at ground surface and
increases with height until it reaches a point where the wind speed
no longer increases with height. Several factors affect this motion:
temperature, surface roughness, and distance from the earth
[Davenport 1972, UC Davis 1999].
Wind Speed Scale
Wind Speed at 10 m height
m/s knots Beaufort Wind
Scale
0.0-0.4 0.0-0.9 0 Calm
0.4-1.8 0.9-3.5 1 Light
1.8-3.6 3.5-7.0 2
3.6-5.8 7-11 3
5.8-8.5 11-17 4 Moderate
8.5-11 17-22 5 Fresh
11-14 22-28 6 Strong
14-17 28-34 7
17-21 34-41 8 Gale
21-25 41-48 9
25-29 48-56 10 Strong Gale
29-34 56-65 11
>34 >65 12 Hurricane
Wind Speeds
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 0.5144 m/s = 1.852 km/h = 1.125 mph
• Roughness and Wind Shear
High above ground level, at a height of about 1 kilometre, the wind is hardly
influenced by the surface of the earth at all. In the lower layers of the
atmosphere, however, wind speeds are affected by the friction against the
surface of the earth.
• Roughness
In general, the more pronounced the roughness of the earth's surface, the
more the wind will be slowed down. Forests and large cities obviously slow
the wind down considerably, while concrete runways in airports will only
slow the wind down a little. Water surfaces are even smoother than concrete
runways, and will have even less influence on the wind, while long grass and
shrubs and bushes will slow the wind down considerably.
Roughness Classes and
Roughness Lengths Table 6-10
Terrain Classification in Terms of Effective
Surface Roughness Length, ZO
In the wind industry, people usually refer to
roughness classes or roughness lengths,
when they evaluate wind conditions in a
landscape. A high roughness class of 3 to Terrain Description ZO (m)
4 refers to landscapes with many trees
and buildings, while a sea surface is in
roughness class 0. Open sea, fetch at least 5km 0.0002
The term roughness length is really the Regular large obstacle coverage (suburb, 0.50 -
distance above ground level where the forest) 1.0
wind speed theoretically should be zero.
• Wind Shear Formula (logarithmic wind profile)
The wind speed at a certain height above ground level is:
In the above example, assume we know that the wind is blowing at 7.7 m/s at 20 m height.
We wish to know the wind speed at 60 m height both on the aircraft runways and the
downtown. If the roughness length of runways 0.1 m and downtown 0.5, then V?
In the above example, assume we know that the wind is blowing at 7.7 m/s at 20 m height.
We wish to know the wind speed at 5 m height both on the aircraft runways and the downtown.
If the roughness length of runways 0.1 m and downtown 0.5, then V?
• Vh = Vbl(h/hbl)φ , m/s
Vh = wind speed at height h above ground level. (m/s)
vbl = wind speed on top of boundary layer. (m/s)
h = measurement height. (m)
hbl = height of boundary layer. (m)
φ = exponent of average wind speed.
2. Turbulance
Efek Pergerakaan Udara – komposisi masa
Konsep wind tunnel sebagai pengarah aliran udara dan lebih tepat digunakan
pada ruang-ruang terbuka. Angin yang dialirkan ke area yang sempit dari tempat
terbuka yang luas memiliki kecepatan yang lebih tinggi dan tekanan yang lebih
besar sehingga hembusan angin diharapkan menjangkau ke daerah yang lebih
jauh.
1. Main stream
2. Wind shadowing
Efek Pergerakaan Udara – komposisi masa
1. Main stream
2. Wind shadowing
Efek Pergerakaan Udara – komposisi masa
1. Main stream
2. Wind shadowing
Efek Pergerakaan Udara – komposisi masa
Bangunan sebaiknya berbentuk persegi panjang, hal ini menguntungkan dalam
penerapan ventilasi silang
Ventilasi: angin – Ukuran bangunan mempengaruhi
Aliran angin
Dimensi, orientasi dan komposisi bangunan akan
mempengaruhi pola aliran dan besar aliran.
Orientasi bangunan diletakkan antara lintasan matahari dan angin. Letak gedung
yang paling menguntungkan apabila memilih arah dari timur ke barat. Bukaan-
bukaan menghadap Selatan dan Utara agar tidak terpapar langsung sinar matahari.
VENTILASI: : geometri bangunan - orientasi