RAGAM DAN PROSEDUR

PENELITIAN TINDAKAN

Tritjahjo Danny Soesilo

Satya Wacana University Press

2019

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 Katalog Dalam Terbitan

001.42
Soesilo, Tritjahjo Danny
Ragam dan Prosedur Penelitian Tindakan / Tritjahjo Danny Soesilo.--
.-- Salatiga : Satya Wacana University Press, 2019.
ix, 166p. ; 23 cm.

ISBN 978-602-5881-54-1

1. Research--Methodology I. Title

All rights reserved. Save Exception stated by the law, no part of this
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for which should be addressed to author.

Diterbitkan oleh:
Satya Wacana University Press
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
Jl. Diponegoro 52-60 Salatiga
Telp. (0298) 321212 Ext. 229, Fax. (0298) 311995

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 KATA PENGANTAR

Dalam dunia pendidikan tersedia sangat banyak jenis

penelitian yang dapat dilakukan oleh para mahasiswa maupun
dosen. Saat ini cukup berkembang dalam kegiatan pendidikan, dan
menjadi kebutuhan guru yakni berupa penelitian tindakan,
khususnya penelitian tindakan kelas. Di samping itu, masih ada jenis
penelitian lain yang tergolong penelitian tindakan yakni penelitian
eksperimen, penelitian pengembangan.
Setiap peneliti dalam dunia pendidikan perlu mengkaji dan
memahami mengenai ciri-ciri serta prosedur dari setiap jenis
penelitian. Setiap jenis penelitian memiliki ciri-ciri dan prosedur
yang harus dilalui, meskipun terdapat prosedur umum penelitian
yang hampir sama. Tanpa memahami ciri-ciri dan prosedur
tersebut, peneliti dapat menemui langkah yang kurang tepat dalam
melakukan kegiatan penelitiannya.
Berdasar kebutuhan tersebut, penulis menyusun buku
berjudul Ragam dan Prosedur Penelitian Tindakan agar memberi
gambaran mengenai ragam penelitian tindakan beserta ciri-ciri
masing-masing penelitian tersebut kepada para peneliti khususnya
pada mahasiswa (calon guru) maupun guru. Selain itu, diharapkan
buku ini dapat membekali para calon peneliti mengenai prosedur-
prosedur dari beragam penelitian tindakan.
Masukan yang bersifat konstruktif sangat diharapkan oleh
penulis; sehingga dapat melengkapi isi dan memberi ‘warna’ dalam
buku ini. Semangat untuk meneliti!

Salatiga, 25 Oktober 2019

Peneliti

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 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................... iii

DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................ ix

Bab 1. KARAKTERISTIK PENELITIAN TINDAKAN ............................... 1

A. Hakekat Penelitian ...................................................................... 2
B. Penelitian Tindakan: Suatu Kebutuhan....................................... 4
C. Kekhaswan Penelitian Tindakan .................................................. 6
Tugas 1. .......................................................................................... 13

Bab 2. IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH DAN TUJUAN PENELITIAN

TINDAKAN ...................................................................................... 15
A. Gambaran Umum tahap Penelitian ......................................... 16
B. Identifikasi Permasalahan ....................................................... 19
1. Pemahaman tentang Masalah Penelitian ............................ 20
2. Cara Identifikasi Masalah ..................................................... 22
C. Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................... 27
Tugas 2. .......................................................................................... 30

Bab 3. VARIABEL PENELITIAN ........................................................ 31

A. Macam-macam Variabel ........................................................... 32
1. Variabel Bebas.................................................................... 32
2. Variabel Terikat .................................................................. 33
3. Variabel Kontrol ................................................................. 35
4. Variabel Antara .................................................................. 36
5. Variabel Moderator............................................................ 37
6. Kovariabel........................................................................... 37
B. Cara Menentukan Variabel Penelitian ....................................... 38
Tugas 3 ........................................................................................... 40

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Bab 4. LANDASAN TEORI DAN KERANGKA BERPIKIR .................... 41
A. Menyusun Landasan Teori ......................................................... 41
B. Macam Sumber Informasi.......................................................... 44
C. Menyusun Kerangka Berpikir ..................................................... 46
Tugas 4 ........................................................................................... 47

Bab 5. HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN ........................................................ 49

A. Macam Hipotesis ...................................................................... 50
1. Hipotesis Tanpa Arah (Dua Arah) ......................................... 50
2. Hipotesis Searah .................................................................... 51
B. Cara Menyusun Hipotesis .......................................................... 51
C. Pembuktian Hipotesis ................................................................ 53
Tugas 5 ........................................................................................... 56

Bab 6. INSTRUMEN PENELITIAN..................................................... 57

A. Penyusunan Instrumen Penelitian ............................................. 57
B. Analisis Data ............................................................................... 68
Tugas 6 ........................................................................................... 70

Bab 7. SUBJEK PENELITIAN ............................................................. 71

A. Populasi Penelitian..................................................................... 71
B. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel dalam Penelitian Tindakan .......... 75
a. Quota Sampling ............................................................... 77
b. Purposive Sampling .......................................................... 78
c. Insidental atau ”Asal ketemu” ......................................... 79
d. ”Snow Balling” .................................................................. 80
Tugas 7 ........................................................................................... 81

Bab 8. DATA DAN SKALA DATA ...................................................... 83

A. Jenis Data ................................................................................... 83
1. Data berdasar Cara Pengumpulannya................................... 84
a. Data Primer ....................................................................... 84
b. Data Sekunder .................................................................. 84
2. Data berdasar Wujudnya....................................................... 85

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 a. Data Kualitatif ................................................................... 85
b. Data Kuantitatif ................................................................ 86
B. Skala Pengukuran Data ............................................................. 87
1. Skala Nominal ........................................................................ 87
2. Skala Ordinal .......................................................................... 88
3. Skala Interval ......................................................................... 89
4. Skala Rasio ............................................................................. 89
Tugas 8 ........................................................................................... 90

Bab 9. PENELITIAN TINDAKAN KELAS............................................. 91

A. Ruang Lingkup Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ........................ 93
1. Pemahaman tentang PTK ...................................................... 93
2. Identifikasi Masalah dalam PTK............................................. 94
3. Tujuan PTK ............................................................................ 95
a. Tujuan Utama PTK ............................................................ 96
b. Tujuan Penyerta PTK ........................................................ 97
4. Kekhasan PTK ........................................................................ 99
B. Bentuk-bentuk PTK ................................................................. 102
1. Guru sebagai Peneliti ..................................................... 102
2. Penelitian Tindakan Kolaboratif ..................................... 104
3. Simultan-Terintegrasi ..................................................... 105
4. Administrasi Sosial Eksperimental .................................. 106
C. Tahap Rancangan PTK .............................................................. 108
1. Tahap Persiapan atau Rancangan................................... 111
2. Tahap Implementasi dan Observasi .............................. 116
3. Tahap Refleksi dan Evaluasi ........................................... 117
D. Rancangan PTK ........................................................................ 119
1. Rancangan PTK Model Sistem ....................................... 119
2. Rancangan PTK Model Proses ........................................ 121
E. Hipotesis Tindakan .................................................................. 122
Tugas 9 ......................................................................................... 124

Bab 10. Penelitian Eksperimen .................................................... 125

A. Jenis Penelitian Eksperimen .................................................... 125
1. Pra-Eksperimen .............................................................. 126

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 2. Eksperimen Murni .......................................................... 127
3. Eksperimen Semu ........................................................... 129
B. Prosedur Penelitian Eksperimen dalam Bidang Pendidikan
............................................................................................ 130
1. Mengidentifikasi Masalah Konkrit ................................. 131
2. Memiliki Treatment yang Jelas ...................................... 132
3. Mengelompokan Subjek Penelitian Secara Random...... 133
4. Menyusun Desain Rancangan Eksperimen .................... 135
a. Rancangan pra-eksperimen ....................................... 136
b. Rancangan Ekperimen Semu ..................................... 137
5. Melakukan Uji Hipotesis .......................................................... 140
a. Interprestasi Hasil .......................................................... 141
b. Hipotesis Diterima atau Ditolak...................................... 142
Tugas 10 ....................................................................................... 146

Bab 11. PENELITIAN PENGEMBANGAN ....................................... 147

A. Komponen Utama Metode Penelitian Pengembangan .......... 147
1. Model Pengembangan ....................................................... 148
2. Prosedur Penelitian Pengembangan .................................. 149
3. Uji Coba Model atau Produk ............................................... 154
a. Uji ahli atau validasi ........................................................ 155
1) Group discussion ........................................................ 155
2) Teknik Delphi ............................................................. 156
b. Uji Terbatas..................................................................... 158
c. Uji-lapangan (field testing).............................................. 158
B. Subjek Uji Coba ........................................................................ 159
C. Data dan Teknik Pengumpulan Data ....................................... 159
D. Teknik Analisis Data ................................................................. 161
E. Penyajian Hasil Pengembangan .............................................. 162
Tugas 11 ....................................................................................... 163

DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................... 165

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Perbedaan antara Angket dengan Skala Psikologis ......... 67

Tabel 2. Contoh Peran Peneliti selama PTK Kolaboratif
“Penggunaan Alat Peraga IPA Kelas V SD”..................... 108
Tabel 3. Mean dan Standar Deviasi Harga Diri Siswa kelas VIII G
SMP Negeri 1 Bringin Kabupaten Semarang Tahun Ajaran
2010/2011 ...................................................................... 134
Tabel 4. Mann-Whitney Pre Test Harga Diri Siswa Kelas VII G SMP
Negeri 1 Bringin Kabupaten Semarang Tahun Ajaran
2010/2011 ...................................................................... 136
Tabel 5. Sebaran Post Test Harga Diri Siswa Berdasar Kelompok
Eksperimen dan Kelompok Kontrol ............................... 144
Tabel 6. Hasil Uji Man Whitney Post Test Kelompok Eksperimen
dan Kelompok Kontrol ................................................... 145

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Tahap-tahap Penelitian ................................................ 17

Gambar 2. Tahap-tahap Penyusunan Instrumen ........................... 58
Gambar 3. Rancangan Penelitian Tindakan Model Sistem ......... 121
Gambar 4. Rancangan PTK Model Proses ................................... 122
Gambar 5. Rancangan Pra-Eksperimen ....................................... 136
Gambar 6. Rancangan Eksperimen Semu ................................... 138

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