Formula Eksponen

Pembolehubah X adalah eksponen. Oleh

itu, graf fungsi ini bukan garis lurus.
Dalam satu barisan lurus, "kadar
perubahan" adalah sama di seluruh
graf.Dalam graf ini, "kadar perubahan"
meningkat atau berkurangan merentasi
graf.


Contoh:
Apabila a> 0 dan b adalah lebih
besar daripada 1, graf akan
meningkatkan (berkembang).

Untuk contoh ini, setiap masa x
meningkat sebanyak 1, y bertambah
dengan faktor 2.



Keadaan seperti itu dipanggil
Pertumbuhan Eksponen.


Contoh:
Apabila> 0 dan b itu antara 0 dan 1,
graf akan berkurangan (reput)

Untuk contoh ini, setiap masa x
meningkat sebanyak 1, y
berkurangan kepada separuh
daripada nilai sebelumnya.



Keadaan seperti itu dipanggil
Pereputan Eksponen.

Model Pertumbuhan Populasi
Contoh: Populasi bakteria atau haiwan
Pembolehubah:
t = masa (pembolehubah dimanipulasi)
P= bilangan dalam sesuatu populasi (pembolehubah
bergerakbalas)
Kadar pertumbuhan populasi:

k =pemalar perkadaran
Pertumbuhan Populasi
Populasi = 0
P(t) > 0
Jadi, k > 0
Oleh itu P(t) > 0
Populasi akan sentiasa meningkat, maka
dP/dt akan bertambah banyak.
Kesimpulannya, kadar pertumbuhan
meningkat apabila populasi bertambah.
and
For k > 0, k is the growth
constant or rate of growth
For k < 0, k is the decay
constant or rate of decline
Exponential
amount at time t amount initially
growth or decay constant
time
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
A0 = kuantiti awal (pemalar arbitrari)
t = masa
A (t) = kuantiti selepas masa t
k = pemalar (analogi kepada pereputan malar)
ex = fungsi eksponen (e adalah asas logaritma asli)
A(t) = A
0
e
kt
(Pertumbuhan Eksponen)

A(t) = A
0
e
-kt
(Pereputan Eksponen)
k > 0 (lengkungan pertumbuhan)
k < 0 (lengkungan pereputan)
Prinsip Pertumbuhan Semulajadi
Prinsip Pereputan Semulajadi
Population Growth
kP
dt
dP
=
Populasi bertumbuh pada kadar yang berkadaran dengan saiz
penduduk :
k
dt
dP
P
=
1
atau
rate growth relative
size population
rate growth
k =

=
Population Growth Formula


t=tahun, k = 0.02, Populasi semasa t(0)= P
Populasi bertumbuh pada kadar relatif 2%
setahun.


P(t) = P e
e y t y = ) (
0
kt
0
0
0.02 t
Example 1; Find the relative rate
Year Population (millions)
1900 1650
1910 1750
1920 1860
1930 2070
1940 2300
1950 2560
1960 3040
1970 3710
1980 4450
1990 5280
2000 6080
kP
dt
dP
= P (0) = 1650
Pereputan Eksponen
Radiocarbon Dating
All living things
contain Carbon 14.
When they die, the
C-14 begins to
decay. We can
determine how
long something
has been dead by
the amount of C-
14 left.
In 1940 a group of boys walking in the woods near the
village of Lascaux in France suddenly realized their dog
was missing. They soon found him in a hole too deep for
him to climb out. One of the boys was lowered into the
hole to rescue the dog and stumbled upon one of the
greatest archaeological discoveries of all time. What he
discovered was a cave whose walls were covered with
drawings of wild horses, cattle and a fierce-looking beast
resembling a modern bull. In addition, the cave contained
the charcoal remains of a small fire, and
from these remains scientists were able to
determine that the cave was occupied 15,000
years ago.
Charcoal left from the
logs contains Carbon-14
So assuming the paintings were made at the time of the
fire in the cave, they are approximately 15,000 years old.
By chemical analysis it has been determined that
the amount of C-14 remaining in the samples of
the Lascaux charcoal was 15% of the amount
such trees would contain when living. The half-
life of C-14 is approximately 5600 years.
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
Divide both sides by A
o

000123776 . 0 ~ k
o
A 15 . 0
Take the ln of both sides
kt
e ln 15 . 0 ln =
Divide both sides by k
327 , 15
000123776 . 0
15 . 0 ln
~

= t
By chemical analysis it has been determined that
the amount of C-14 remaining in the samples of
the Lascaux charcoal was 15% of the amount
such trees would contain when living. The half-
life of C-14 is approximately 5600 years.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes
for 1/2 the initial amount to decay.
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
( )
( )
o
k
o
A e A A
2
1
5600
5600
= =
Solve this equation for k.
First divide both sides by A
o

( )
2
1
ln ln
5600
=
k
e
Take the ln of both sides
Divide by 5600 to find k
000123776 . 0
5600
2
1
ln
~ = k
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
Youll need to determine the k
value by using info that tells you
after a certain time it was a certain
amount and subbing these values
in for t and A.
500
800
(1)
500 500
Now we know k we are ready to answer questions
about the bacteria.
k
e ln
5
8
ln =
|
.
|

\
|
47000363 . 0 ~ k
Notice the k is positive this time
since this is exponential growth
instead of decay.
A culture of bacteria obeys the law of uninhibited
growth. If 500 bacteria are present initially and there are
800 after 1 hour, how many will be present in the culture
after 5 hours? How long is it until there are 20,000
bacteria?
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
Punch buttons in your
calculator using the k
value we already
found.
47000363 . 0 ~ k
500
(5)
(5)
5243 ~
( )
kt
o
e A t A =
500
20,000
Solve for t
500 500
kt
e ln 40 ln =
hrs 8 . 7
47000363 . 0
40 ln
~ = t
A culture of bacteria obeys the law of uninhibited growth. If
500 bacteria are present initially and there are 800 after 1
hour, how many will be present in the culture after 5 hours?
How long is it until there are 20,000 bacteria?