Hearing outline

• Anatomy
– Outer, middle, inner
• hearing
• Transmission of sound waves
• Hair cells and transduction
• Cochlea and canals/ducts
• Pitch and loudness
• auditory cortical processing
 Pendengaran
Telinga terdapat reseptor untuk 2 modalitas sensorik :
1. Pendengaran
2. Keseimbangan

Pendengaran : persepsi saraf mengenai energi suara

• Suara ditentukan :
– Frekuensi
– Intensitas (kepekakan atau kekuatan)
– Kualitas suara atau warna nada
• Rangsangan pada pendengaran adalah Mekanoreseptor :
telinga memberikan respon terhadap getaran mekanik
( gelombang suara ) yang terdapat diudara
Gelombang suara : perubahan tekanan dan regangan dari molekul
udara yang disebabkan oleh bergetarnya suatu benda.
• Kecepatan suara : 344 m / s
• Kerasnya suara tergantung pada amplitudo ( besarnya getaran)
• Tinggi nada tergantung pada frekuensi dari suatu gelombang.
• Kerasnya (intensitas) suara dinyatakan dengan :

Tekanan suara
Desibel : 1/10 x 2 log tekanan
Tekanan standar suara
• tekanan standar suara : 0,000204 dyne / cm 2 = 0 desibel
Sound: source and propagation.  The source of sound is a vibrating object. (a) A tuning fork is struck on the left with a
mallet. Its tines move to the right, compressing the air molecules in that region. (The tine movement is shown on the right
side only and is exaggerated.) Then the tines move in the opposite direction, compressing the air there and leaving a
rarefied area to the right side of the tuning fork. (b) In this way, sound waves, consisting of alternate areas of compression
and rarefaction, are set up and radiate outward in all directions from the sound source. (c) The sound wave may be depicted
as a sine wave. The peaks of the wave represent areas of high pressure (compressed areas), and the troughs represent areas
of low pressure (rarefied areas). For any tone, the distance between two corresponding points on the wave (two crests or
two troughs) is called the wavelength. The height (amplitude) of the crests is related to the energy, or intensity, of the sound
wave.
 Hearing
• Pitch (tone) of sound
– Depends on frequency of air waves
• Intensity (loudness)
– Depends on amplitude of air waves
• Timbre (quality)
– Determined by overtones
• Nada :
– Ditentukan frekuensi getaran. Makin tinggi
frekuensi →nada makin tinggi
– Telinga manusia mendeteksi gelombang suara
dengan frekuensi 20-20.000 siklus perdetik, paling
peka 1.000-4.000 siklus perdetik

• Intensitas :
– Bergantung pada amplitudo gelombang suara
– Makin besar amplitudo → makin keras suara
– Satuan intensitas : dB
 – Telinga manusia dapat mendeteksi intensitas
suara dalam rentang luas : dari suara bisikan
terhalus sampai suara jet lepas landas yang
memekakan
– Suara yang lebih kuat dari 100 dB dapat merusak
organ sensorik dikoklea

• Kualitas suara/warna nada ( timbre ) :

– Bergantung pada nada tambahan
– Perbedaan yang khas pada manusia
Anatomy of the Ear

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
• Komponen penting pada mekanisme
pendengaran :
– Telinga luar, tengah ,dalam
– Pusat pendengaran
• Telinga luar dan tengah menyalurkan
gelombang suara dari udara ke telinga dalam
yang berisi cairan
• Telinga dalam berisi 2 sistem sensorik :
– Koklea : reseptor untuk gelombang suara
– Aparatus vestibular : keseimbangan
 Enlarged view of the middle and internal ear. Notice that the semicircular
canals, vestibule, and cochlea of the internal ear form the bony labyrinth.
 Anatomy of the Ear
• Three main regions:
– External (outer) ear- auricle or pinna, external
auditory canal, and tympanic membrane.
Ceruminous glands-
– Middle ear- auditory ossicles: malleus, incus and
stapes.
Auditory (eustachian) tube.
– Internal (inner) ear- Labyrinth: bony and
membranous. Bony labyrinth- perilymph and
membranous labyrinth- endolymph. Oval window
and round window- membranous regions.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Telinga Luar :
– Pinna (daun telinga / auricula)
– Meatus auditorius externus
– Canalis auditorius externus
– kelenjar sebasea dan serumen
– Membran tympani

Auricle (Pinna)
• Outer funnel-like structure
• Collects sound waves traveling
through air and directs them into
the external auditory meatus
• Aids in localization
• Amplifies sound approx. 5-6 dB
Saluran telinga luar :
 Panjang sekitar 2,5 cm , berbentuk S
 Terdapat rambut-rambut halus dan
kelenjar yang menghasilkan
serumen
 Rambut dan serumen : mencegah
benda asing masuk kedalam saluran
telinga
 Fungsi menyalurkan gelombang
suara ke telinga tengah
 Allows air to warm before reaching
TM
 Isolates TM from physical damage
The Middle Ear and the Auditory
Ossicles

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Tympanic Membrane

• Semitransparent thin membrane

covered by a thin layer of skin on
the outer surface and by mucous
membrane on the inside
• Oval margin, cone-shaped with
apex directed inward toward the
malleus
• Forms boundary between outer
and middle ear
• Vibrates in response to sound
waves
• Changes acoustical energy into
mechanical energy
• Telinga tengah :
Terdiri : 1. Tulang-tulang pendengaran
(Osikula):Maleus, incus, stapes
2. Otot-otot pendengaran : M. tensor
timpani dan M. stapedius
– Fungsi Osikula : mempermudah pemindahan gerak
getaran membran timpani kecairan telinga dalam
• Tulang yang menempel pada membran timpani adalah :
Maleus
• Tulang yang berhubungan dengan telinga dalam: Stapes
– Fungsi otot-otot pendengaran :
Melindungi telinga dari suara yang keras
 The Ossicles
– Malleus, Incus, Stapes
– Stapes
• Smallest bone in the body
• Footplate inserts in oval window
on medial wall
– Tiny ligaments attach these bones to
the wall of the tympanic cavity
– Covered by mucous membrane
– Bridge the eardrum and inner ear,
transmitting vibrations between these
parts
– Ligaments hold the stapes to an
opening in the wall of the tympanic
cavity, called the oval window, that
leads to the inner ear
– Amplify (increase force of)
vibrations as they pass from eardrum
to oval window. Vibrations are
concentrated as the move from a
relatively larger surface area to a
smaller area
• Tuba Eustachius :
– Menghubungkan telinga tengah ke faring
– Dalam keadaan normal : tertutup, dapat dibuka :
menelan, mengunyah, menguap
– berfungsi mengatur tekanan supaya sama
 Eustachian Tube (AKA: “The Equalizer”)
• Mucous-lined, connects middle ear
cavity to nasopharynx
• Helps maintain equal air pressure
on both sides of the eardrum,
which is necessary for normal
hearing (this function is noticeable
when you hear a popping sound
during rapid changes in altitude)
• Normally closed, opens under
certain conditions
• Children “grow out of” most
middle ear problems as this tube
lengthens and becomes more
vertical
• Mucous membrane infections of
the throat may spread through
these tubes and cause middle ear
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed infection
 Stapedius Muscle
• Attaches to stapes
• Contracts in response to loud sounds; (the Acoustic
Reflex)
• Changes stapes mode of vibration; makes it less
efficient and reduce loudness perceived
• Built-in earplugs!
• Absent acoustic reflex could signal
conductive loss or marked sensorineural loss
• Penghantaran suara dari telinga luar ke telinga dalam
memerlukan tekanan yang besar hal ini disebabkan karena :
– Perbedaan media antara keduanya :
• telinga luar media udara,
• telinga dalam media : cairan

• 2 Mekanisme untuk memperbesar tekanan:

– Tulang pendengaran sebagai pengungkit
– Luas permukaan membran timpani lebih besar dibandingkan
foramen ovale

• Kedua hal tersebut meningkatkan gaya pada foramen ovale

sebesar 20X lipat
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
 The Internal Ear
• Three parts: the semicircular canals, the
vestibule (both contain receptors for
equilibrium) and the cochlea (contains
receptors for hearing).
• Semicircular canals: anterior, posterior and
lateral.
Ampulla-
• Vestibule consists of two sacs: utricle and
saccule.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Internal Ear

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Membranous labyrinth of the internal ear.  The membranous labyrinth (blue), is
shown in relation to the chambers of the bony labyrinth (orange). The sensory organs
for hearing [spiral organ (of Corti)] and equilibrium (maculae and cristae ampullares)
are also shown.
Semicircular Canals, Vestibule and
Cochlea

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomy of the cochlea.  (a) A section through the cochlea (superior half
removed). The area containing the helicotrema is the apex of the cochlea. (b)
Magnified cross-sectional view of one turn of the cochlea, showing the relationship
of the three scalae. The scalae vestibuli and tympani contain perilymph; the cochlear
duct (scala media) contains endolymph. (c) Detailed structure of the spiral organ (of
Corti).
 Cochlea
• Snail-shaped.
• Section through the cochlea shows three
channels: cochlear duct, scala vestibuli and
scala tympani.
• Helicotrema
• Vestibular membrane
• Basilar membrane
• Spiral organ or Organ of Corti- hair cells.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Semicircular Canals, Vestibule and
Cochlea

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Telinga Dalam (Labirin)
• sistem saluran yang tidak beraturan (labirin membranosa) yang
dibatasi labirin tulang
• Membentuk seperti rumah siput ( 2/3 kumparan), terletak
didalam tulang temporalis,disebut koklea )
• Labirin tulang berisi perilimf, Labirin membranosa berisi
endolimf
• Di dalamnya terdapat dua macam alat : pendengaran dan
keseimbangan
• Didalam koklea , dibagi 3 ruangan yang berisi cairan :
• Skala vestibuli
• Skala media
• Skala timpani
• Pintu masuk pada koklea : foramen ovale
• Membrana vestibularis : perbatasan antara skala vestibuli dengan
skala media
• Membrana basilaris mengandung reseptor pendengaran (organ
corti) : sel-sel rambut

– Cochlea (Pendengaran)
– Vestibular Sacs / Vestibulum (Keseimbangan)
• utricle (little pouch) dan saccule (little sack)
– Semicircular canals (Keseimbangan)
 Cochlea

– 2 compartments
• Upper scala vestibuli leads from oval window to apex of the spiral
• Lower scala tympani extends from apex of cochlea to membrane-
covered opening in the wall of the inner ear, called the round
window
– Cochlear duct
• Portion of the membranous labyrinth within the cochlea. Contains
endolymph
• Lies between the 2 bony compartments and ends as a closed sac
at the apex of the cochlea
• Separated from the scala vestibuli by a vestibular membrane
(Reissner’s membrane)
• Separated from scala tympani by a basilar membrane
Hole, Human Anatomy &
Physiology, 10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
 Hair Cells
• Frequency specific
– High pitches= base of cochlea
– Low pitches= apex of cochlea
– Fluid movement causes deflection of
nerve endings
– Nerve impulses (electrical energy) are
generated and sent to the brain
Transmission of Sound Waves
 Physiology of Hearing
• Audible sound range: 20-20,000 Hz.
• Sound waves→ auricle→ external auditory
canal→ tympanic membrane→ malleus→
incus→ stapes→ oval window→ perilymph of
the scala vestibuli→ vestibular membrane→
endolymph in the cochlear duct→ basilar
membrane →hair cells against tectorial
membrane → bending of hair cell stereocilia→
receptor potential→ nerve impulse. Sound
wave → scala tympani→ round window.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Mekanisme pendengaran :
1. Gelombang suara ditangkap pinna,
2. Disalurkan ke membran timpani melalui saluran
telinga luar
3. Membran timpani bergetar
4. Osikula bergetar
5. Foramen ovale bergetar
6. Gerakan cairan didalam koklea
7. Getaran pada membrana basilaris
8. Sel-sel rambut bengkok karena
gerakan membrana basilaris
9. Perubahan potensial aksi ( potensial
reseptor ) di sel-sel reseptor
10. Perubahan kecepatan pembentukan
potensial aksi yang terbentuk pada
saraf auditorius ( saraf VIII)
11. Perambatan potensial aksi kekorteks
auditorius pada lobus temporalis
untuk persepsi suara. Korteks auditif primer
(brodman 41) → korteks auditif asosiasi
( brodman 42 )
 Malleus Incus Stapes vibrating Helicotrema Cochlea
in oval window

Sound waves
Perilymph

3 8 Scala
7 tympani
4
Scala
5 vestibuli
6 Basilar
1 2 9 membrane
External auditory 8
canal Spiral organ
(organ of Corti)
Tectorial membrane
Vestibular membrane
Cochlear duct
Tympanic (contains endolymph)
membrane
Secondary tympanic
membrane vibrating
in round window Middle ear Auditory tube
Coding for the Qualities of Sound:
Frequency (Pitch) Coding
Different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate maximally at
different frequencies
 Sound
Transduction

Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed

Role of Streocilia in Sound
Transduction
• Pusat pendengaran dalam lobus temporalis
korteks serebri

• Pada area 41, 42 dan wernicke

The Auditory Pathway

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Presbiakusis: Keadaan menghilangnya
kemampuan mendengar yang terjadi karena
pertambahan usia
• Hiperakustik
 KESEIMBANGAN
• Aparatus vestibularis :
Organ sensoris yang mendeteksi sensasi
keseimbangan

• Yang mempertahankan keseimbangan :

– Vestibularis
– Penglihatan
– Propioseptif
– Eksteroseptif
 FISIOLOGI
• Informasi keseimbangan tubuh akan
ditangkap oleh reseptor vestibuler, visual dan
propioseptik.
• Dari ketiga jenis reseptor tersebut, reseptor
vestibuler yang punya kontribusi paling besar (
>50% ) disusul kemudian reseptor visual dan
yang paling kecil konstibusinya adalah
propioseptik.
 Equilibrium
• Vestibular apparatus
– In inner ear
– Consists of
• Semicircular canals
– Detect rotational acceleration or deceleration in any direction
• Utricle and saccule
– Detect changes in rate of linear movement in any direction
– Provide information important for determining head position
in relation to gravity
 Equilibrium
• Neural signals generated in response to
mechanical deformation of hair cells by
specific movement of fluid and related
structures
• Vestibular input goes to vestibular nuclei in
brain stem and to cerebellum for use in
maintaining balance and posture, controlling
eye movement, perceiving motion and
orientation
Fig. 6-38a, p. 219
 Physiology of Equilibrium
• Two types of equilibrium:
Static- maintenance of the body position
relative to the force of gravity.
Dynamic- maintenance of body position
(mainly head) in response to rotational
acceleration and deceleration.
• Receptors for equilibrium are hair cells in the
utricle, saccule and semicircular canals and
are collectively called vestibular apparatus.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Keseimbangan dibagi 2 macam:
– Keseimbangan statis /keseimbangan linier :
keseimbangan ini berhubungan dengan gerak kepala
dan badan yang tetap atau lurus. Co : menggerakan
kepala depan –belakang, bangun dari tempat tidur,
naik lift, naik turun tangga, loncat-loncat, berjalan dsb

– Keseimbangan dinamik :keseimbangan ini

berhubungan dengan pergerakan kepala dan badab
terhadap gerakan rotasi, co : kepala diputar
Utricle
(a) Receptor unit
in utricle

Sherwood, Human
Physiology From
Cells to Systems,
6th ed
Location and Structure of Receptors in
the Maculae

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Physiology of Equilibrium continued
• Tilting of the head forward→ sliding of the
otolithic membrane bending the hair
bundles→ receptor potential→ vestibular
branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Utricle
(b) Activation of the utricle by a change in head position
(c) Activation of the utricle by horizontal linear acceleration
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
Keseimbangan dinamis

Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
Equilibrium
Fig. 6-38, p. 219
Fig. 6-38a, p. 219
 Cupula

Hair
cell

Support
cell

Ridge in
ampulla
Hairs of hair cell;
Vestibular kinocilium (red)
nerve fibers and stereocilia (blue)

(Continue to the next slide) Fig. 6-38, p. 219

Location and Structure of the
Semicircular Ducts

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure and Function of the Crista
Ampullaris

Figure 16.22b
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
 Semicircular Ducts
• Crista, a small elevation in the ampulla contain
hair cells and supporting cells.
• Cupula, a mass of gelatinous material covering
the crista.
• Head movement→ semicircular ducts and hair
cells move with it→ hair bundles bend→
receptor potential→ nerve impulses→
vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear
nerve.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cupula in Still Position versus Rotation

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• bila ada gerakan atau perubahan dari kepala
atau tubuh  perpindahan cairan endolimfe
di labirin  hair cells menekuk
• Tekukan hair sel  menyebabkan
permeabilitas membran sel berubah sehingga
ion Kalsium menerobos masuk kedalam sel
(influx)
• Influx Ca  menyebabkan depolarisasi dan
juga merangsang pelepasan NT eksitator
(glutamat)  saraf aferen (vestibularis) 
pusat-pusat keseimbangan di otak .
 Struktur Organ Sensoris lain Yang
Membantu Keseimbangan
• Keseimbangan kerjasama dari mata, otot, dan alat
keseimbangan
• Mata menyampaikan pesan apakah kita berdiri tegak atau
miring
• Otot menyampaikan pesan mengenai posisi badan dan
anggota badan

• Visual info is important. Even if organs of equilibrium are

damaged, a person may be able to maintain normal balance
(eyes open and move slowly)