PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

(FIRST AID)

Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) SHAHARUDDIN OTHMAN
First Aid Unit
?
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
 PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

 Rawatan sementara waktu yang

diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.
 Variasi nama:
•First Aid
•Bantu Mula
•Pertolongan Cemas
 PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

OBJEKTIF

 Menyelamat nyawa
 Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
 Mengurangkan kesakitan
 Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital
 PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

 Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang

mengancam nyawa
 Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
 PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

 Bertanggungjawab
 Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
 Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
 Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
 Terlatih
 (2)PERALATAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’

11) Kain Kapas
1) Termometer 12) Pin Semat
2) Mangkuk Enamel 13) Elastoplast
3) Ubat Cium 14) Ubat Luka
4) Asprin 15) Papan Tuap
5) Panadol 16) Kain Segitiga
6) Ubat Melepuh 17) Ubat Cuci Mata
7) Kain Pembalut Luka 18) Pembalut Berelastik
8) Kain Tekap 19) Pembalut Pembebat
9) Kapas 20) Pembalut Terbuka
10) Gunting 21) Adesif Lekat Sendiri
 PEMBEBATAN
(3)

& PEMBALUT

 Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka

dan mengawal pendarahan.

 Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu

pembebatan.
 PEMBEBATAN
(3)

& PEMBALUT

PEMBEBATAN
 PEMBEBATAN
(3)

& PEMBALUT

JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga Segi
 Pembalut Lebar
 Pembalut Kecil
 Pembalut Gulung
 PEMBEBATAN
(3)

& PEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga Segi

 PEMBEBATAN
(3)

& PEMBALUT

 Lipatan Tiga Segi

 IKATAN,
4.

BALUTAN & ANDUH

? Ikatan

? Balutan

? Anduh
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

ANDUH
IKATAN
Simpul Sila
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

ANDUH

JENIS BALUTAN LUKA

 Luka Tangan
 Luka Dada
 Luka Bahu
 Luka Peha
 Luka Siku
 Luka Lengan
 Luka Lutut
 Luka Jari
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

ANDUH
 Balutan Luka Tangan

2 3 4
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

ANDUH
 Balutan Luka Tangan
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Tangan ANDUH

1 2

3 4
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Dada ANDUH

Luka di bahagian depan

 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Dada ANDUH

Luka di bahagian belakang

 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan ANDUH

Luka Bahu
1

2 3
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Peha ANDUH

3
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Siku ANDUH

1 2
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Lutut ANDUH

1 2 3
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Lengan ANDUH

1 2
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Balutan Luka Jari ANDUH

3
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

ANDUH

JENIS ANDUH

 Anduh Besar
 Anduh Kecil
 Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
 Anduh Menaik
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Anduh Besar ANDUH

4
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Anduh Menaik ANDUH

1 2 3
 IKATAN, BALUTAN &
(4)

 Pembalut Cincin ANDUH

1 2 3
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

JENIS-JENIS LUKA CARA RAWATAN

1) Luka Terhiris
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

2) Luka Terkoyak
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

4) Luka Lebam

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

5) Luka Kena Tembak

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA MENAHAN DARAH
CARA RAWATAN
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

6) Luka Kecil CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
7) Luka di Perut

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

8) Luka di Dada CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

PATUKAN ULAR
4.

 Di Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di
mana 37 daripadanya
adalah berbisa.
 Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.
3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

BAHAYA

 Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada

spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.

 Boleh membawa kepada maut.

 Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
KESAN PATUKAN
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

5.

 Terkelar,terbakar dan melecur adalah

sama keadaannya.
 Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecur.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

MELECUR DAN LEBAM

Disebabkan terkena: Simptom:
 Air panas  Kulit melecur dan
 Minyak panas kemerahan
 Wap panas  Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat
 Sakit yang amat sangat
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk
dan selesa.
2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,
jam tangan, dll.
3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.
4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN

1 2
 RENJATAN ELEKTRIK
6.

 Renjatan elektrik boleh

menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turut
menemui maut.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

 Matikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
 Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
 Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,
pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
 Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
 Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan
terbakar.
 Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

PATAH & TERSELIUH

7.

 Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak .

 Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau
tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang
tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,
tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

JENIS-JENIS PATAH CARA RAWATAN

1 Patah tebu 2 Patah kayu muda

 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

JENIS-JENIS PATAH CARA RAWATAN

3
Patah riuk 4 Patah melarat
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM
 Lebam dan bengkak
 Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
 Terluka atau berubah bentuk
 Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
 Sakit
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Preparation
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Lifting
 TERCEKIK
8.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN
LEMAS DI AIR
9.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
 Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,
periksa pernafasan dan nadi.
 Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.
 Jika perlu lakukan CPR.
 KERACUNAN
10.

 Apa-apa bahan jika

dimasukkan ke
dalam kuantiti yang
mencukupi boleh
mengakibatkan
kemudaratan.
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

PUNCA KERACUNAN
 Mulut – makan, minum
 Paru-paru – sedut gas/asap
 Suntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarum
 Kulit – semburan racun perosak
 JENIS KEMALANGAN &
(5)

CARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.
(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

Melalui 3 cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson
 PEMULIHAN
Holger Neilson
(6)
1 PERNAFASAN
 PEMULIHAN
(6)
2
Holger Neilson PERNAFASAN
 Rescue Breathing
 Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious
victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
 CPR (on adults & large children)
(see handout)
 Giving chest compressions.
 Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.
 Position left hand on top of the right hand.
 Position shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2
inches.
 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
 After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
 RICE Treatment
 Rest
 For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injuries.
 Ice
 Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
 Compression
 Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too
tight!
 Elevation
 Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling
and drain blood and fluid from the area.
 AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
 What is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to
the victim. This shock, called defibrillation,
may help the heart to reestablish an effective
rhythm of its own.
 AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
 How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,
the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's
heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to
stand clear of the victim and to press the shock
button.
 AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
 AED’s are required to be in most large public
buildings.
 Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
 Splints
 A material or device used to protect and
immobilize a body part.
 A splint should be used only if it can be
applied without hurting the victim.
 Two Types of Splints
 Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
sheets, or bandages.
 Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.
 Appling Splints…
 Attempt to splint the injury in the position you
find it.
 Make sure it is not too tight!
 On Fractured Bones
 Must include the joint above and below the injured
bone.
 On Injured Joints
 Must include the bone above and below the
injured joint.
 Slings
 Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an
inured arm for support.
 Example: Triangular Bandage
Treatments for Common
Injuries
 Types Bleeding Wounds
 Bruise
 Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under
the skin.
 Incision
 Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a
razor, scissors, broken glass.
 Laceration
 Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.
 Types Bleeding Wounds
 Abrasion
 AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping
away the skin.
 Avulsion
 Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.
 Puncture
 Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin.
 The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
 Controlling Bleeding
 What is the procedure for controlling bleeding
that we covered last class?
 Shock
 Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the
body tissues.
 Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow
breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
 What is the treatment for shock that we
covered last class?
 Fractures
 Is a break or crack in a bone.
 Two Types
 Open Fracture
 There is also a break in the skin.
 Closed Fracture
 There is no break in the skin.
 Treatment
 Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
apply ice.
 Dislocations
 Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
 Treatment
 Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply
a cold compress.
 Never try and set a dislocation!
 Sprains and Strains
 Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
and soft tissue around a joint caused by
undue stretching.
 Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
 Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the
legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
sweating.
 Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
 Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the
body’s inability to regulate its temperature.
 Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body
that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so
that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
 Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,
and groin.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often
the tissues of the extremities.
 Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
 Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.
 Treatment – move the victim to a warm
environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their
head with blankets.