Cardiac
arrest
Aritmia
Infark Miokard
Akut
Angina
Pectoris
What’s Angina Pectoris????
Jantung berusaha
menggunakan jalur
1. Sindrom koroner lain non oksigen untuk
Angina Pectoris
akut tetap mendapatkan
(nyeri dada)
2. Emosi energi (mekanisme
3. Aktifitas fisik anaerob)
4. Hipertensi
Peningkatan
derajat Menghasilkan
keasaman otot produk sisa
jantung asam laktat
supplies the posterior
interventricular septum
• The left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX) coronary arteries arise at the left main coronary
artery bifurcation; they supply the anterior LV, the bulk of the interventricular septum (anterior two thirds), the
apex, and the lateral and posterior LV walls
• The right coronary artery (RCA) generally supplies the right ventricle (RV), the posterior third of the
interventricular septum, the inferior wall (diaphragmatic surface) of the left ventricle (LV), and a portion of the
posterior wall of the LV (by means of the posterior descending branch)
• Therefore, obstruction of the RCA commonly affects the sinus node and the AV node, resulting in bradycardia,
with or without heart block. RCA occlusion frequently manifests with sinus bradycardia, AV block, RV myocardial
infarction, and/or inferoposterior myocardial infarction (of the LV).
• Acute myocardial infarction, reperfusion type. In this case, the infarct
is diffusely hemorrhagic. There is a rupture track through the center
of this posterior left ventricular transmural infarct. The mechanism of
death was hemopericardium.
ECG
• Non modified
– Usia >55 thn
– Laki-laki
– Wanita menopause (> 65 thn)
– Etnik (Afrika & Asia)
– Genetik
• Pendukung
– DM
– Stress
Signs and Symptoms AMI
Chest discomfort, Typical chest pain in acute myocardial
chest pain infarction has the following
characteristics:
Malaise
Intense and unremitting for 30-60
Fatigue minutes
Retrosternal and often radiates up to
the neck, shoulder, and jaw and
down to the ulnar aspect of the left
arm
Usually described as a substernal
pressure sensation that also may be
characterized as squeezing, aching,
burning, or even sharp
Epigastric symptoms, with a feeling
of indigestion or of fullness and gas
Signs and Symptoms (cont)
The patient’s vital signs may demonstrate the following in
myocardial infarction:
• The patient’s heart rate is often increased secondary to
sympathoadrenal discharge
• The pulse may be irregular because of ventricular ectopy, an
accelerated idioventricular rhythm, ventricular tachycardia,
atrial fibrillation or flutter, or other supraventricular arrhythmias;
bradyarrhythmias may be present
• In general, the patient's blood pressure is initially elevated
because of peripheral arterial vasoconstriction resulting from an
adrenergic response to pain and ventricular dysfunction
• However, with right ventricular myocardial infarction or severe
left ventricular dysfunction, hypotension is seen
• The respiratory rate may be increased in response to
pulmonary congestion or anxiety
• Coughing, wheezing, and the production of frothy sputum may
occur
• Fever is usually present within 24-48 hours, with the
temperature curve generally parallel to the time course of
elevations of creatine kinase (CK) levels in the blood. Body
temperature may occasionally exceed 102°F (38,8C)
Diagnosis
Laboratory studies
Laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction include the following:
Cardiac biomarkers/enzymes: The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)
guidelines on unstable angina/NSTEMI (non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) recommend that in
patients with suspected myocardial infarction, cardiac biomarkers should be measured at presentation
Troponin levels: Troponin is a contractile protein that normally is not found in serum; it is released only when
myocardial necrosis occurs
Creatine kinase (CK) levels: CK-MB levels increase within 3-12 hours of the onset of chest pain, reach peak values
within 24 hours, and return to baseline after 48-72 hours
Myoglobin levels: Myoglobin is released more rapidly from infarcted myocardium than is troponin; urine myoglobin
levels rise within 1-4 hours from the onset of chest pain
Complete blood count
Chemistry profile (glucose, cholesterol, trigliserida, HDL, BUN, Asam urat, SGOT-PT, Albumin, Globulin)
Lipid profile
C-reactive protein and other inflammation markers
Electrocardiography
The ECG is the most important tool in the initial evaluation and triage of patients in whom an acute coronary
syndrome (ACS), such as myocardial infarction, is suspected. It is confirmatory of the diagnosis in approximately
80% of cases.
Cardiac imaging
For individuals with highly probable or confirmed ACS, a coronary angiogram can be used to definitively diagnose or
rule out coronary artery disease.
Management
Prehospital care
For patients with chest pain, prehospital care includes the following:
• Intravenous access, supplemental oxygen, pulse oximetry
• Immediate administration of aspirin en route
• Nitroglycerin for active chest pain, given sublingually or by spray
• Telemetry and prehospital ECG, if available
CABG https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM
PCI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I45kJJoCa6s
Antiplatelet Agent
There is an increased risk of bleeding in cases of emergency coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG)
• Aspirin
– Early administration of aspirin in patients with acute myocardial infarction has
been shown to reduce cardiac mortality rate by 23% in the first month
• Clopidogrel (Plavix)
– Clopidogrel selectively inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP) binding to
platelet receptors and subsequent ADP-mediated activation of glycoprotein
GPIIb/IIIa complex, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.
– Clopidogrel may have a positive influence on several hemorrhagic parameters
and may exert protection against atherosclerosis, not only through inhibition
of platelet function but also through changes in the hemorrhagic profile.
– This agent has been shown to decrease cardiovascular death, myocardial
infarction, and stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ie, unstable
angina, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction)
• Vorapaxar (Zontivity)
– Vorapaxar reversibly inhibits protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) which is
expressed on platelets, but its long half-life makes it effectively irreversible. It
is indicated to reduce thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a
history of MI or with peripheral arterial disease. It is not used as
monotherapy, but added to aspirin and/or clopidogrel
• Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
– Ticagrelor and its major metabolite reversibly interact with the platelet P2Y12
ADP-receptor to prevent signal transduction and platelet activation. This agent
is indicated to reduce the rate of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients
with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)—that is, unstable angina, non-ST
elevation MI (NSTEMI), or ST-elevation MI (STEMI). Ticagrelor also reduces the
rate of stent thrombosis in patients who have undergone stent placement for
treatment of ACS, and it is indicated in patients with a history of MI more than
1 year previously. Patients can be transitioned from clopidogrel to ticagrelor
without interruption of antiplatelet effect.
Vasodilator
• Nitrogliserin IV / sublingual
– Nitroglycerin relaxes vascular smooth muscle via
stimulation of intracellular cyclic guanosine
monophosphate production, causing a decrease in blood
pressure. Nitrates are useful for preload reduction and
symptomatic relief but have no apparent impact on
mortality rate in myocardial infarction
Beta-adrenergic blockers
• Metoprolol
– This category of drugs has the potential to suppress ventricular ectopy due to ischemia or excess
catecholamines. In the setting of myocardial ischemia, beta-blockers have antiarrhythmic properties
and reduce myocardial oxygen demand secondary to elevations in heart rate and inotropy
• Esmolol
– Esmolol is a useful drug for patients at risk of experiencing complications from beta-blockers,
particularly reactive airway disease, mild-to-moderate left ventricular dysfunction, and peripheral
vascular disease. Its short half-life of 8 minutes allows for titration to desired effect, with the ability
to stop quickly if necessary
• Atenolol
– Used to treat hypertension. Selectively blocks beta1-receptors with little or no effect on beta 2 types.
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents affect blood pressure via multiple mechanisms. Actions include
negative chronotropic effect that decreases heart rate at rest and after exercise, negative inotropic
effect that decreases cardiac output, reduction of sympathetic outflow from the CNS, and
suppression of renin release from the kidneys. Used to improve and preserve hemodynamic status
by acting on myocardial contractility, reducing congestion, and decreasing myocardial energy
expenditure.
– Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce inotropic state of left ventricle, decrease diastolic dysfunction, and
increase LV compliance, thereby reducing pressure gradient across LV outflow tract. Decreases
myocardial oxygen consumption, thereby reducing myocardial ischemia potential. Decreases heart
rate, thus reducing myocardial oxygen consumption and reducing myocardial ischemia potential.
– During IV administration, carefully monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG
• Beta bloker adalah obat yang memblok reseptor beta atau
menghambat efek adrenergik (epineprin & norepineprin)
• Beta bloker menghambat aktivitas saraf simpatis dari SSP
(sistem saraf pusat), yaitu dengan menghambat efek adrenergik
pada jantung sehingga kontraktilitas dan frekuansi denyut
jantung menurun
• Beta Bloker menghambat pelepasan renin menurunkan
pembentukan angiotensin II, sekresi aldosteron, serta retensi
air&natrium menurunkan volume darah mengurangi
preload beban jantung menurun tekanan darah menurun
Penghambat RAAS
(System Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron)
• Terdiri dari:
– Angiotensin Converting Enzym inhibitor atau ACE inhibitor (Captopril)
– Angiotensin receptor blocker atau Antagonis AT-II (Losartan)
Alergi
Hipotensi
Analgesic
Pain control is essential to quality patient care. Analgesics ensure patient
comfort, promote pulmonary toilet, and have sedating properties, which are
beneficial for patients who experience pain
HIPOLIPIDEMIK
Tujuan terapi:
• Mencegah penyakit aterosklerotik
• Mencegah infark ulang / serangan ulang
Obat hipolipidemik:
1. Penghambat absorpsi lemak
2. Inhibitor sintesis kolesterol
3. Probukol
4. Asam nikotinat/niasin
5. Derivat asam fibrat
6. Lain-lain: neomisin, sitosterol, orlistat
1. Penghambat absorpsi lemak
• Kolestiramin dan Kolestipol mengikat asam empedu dalam
usus halus, dan dikeluarkan melalui tinja asam empedu
dalam plasma menurun hati distimulasi lagi untuk
mensintesis asam empedu dengan bahan kolesterol
kolesterol menurun
Tanpa asam empedu, kolesterol tidak dapat diserap
• Efek samping:
• Kembung
• Obstipasi
• Resorpsi vitamin A, D, E, K berkurang
2. Inhibitor sintesis kolesterol
• Golongan “statin” • Efek samping:
– Simvastatin – Nyeri otot
– Lovastatin – Defisiensi koenzim Q10
– Pravastatin
– Fluvastatin
– Atorvastatin
• Mekanisme: menurunkan sintesis
kolesterol endogen dalam hati
• Statin juga menaikkan HDL (lemak
baik)
3. Probukal
• Obat antilipidemia yang memiliki sifat antioksidan dalam
menghambat aterosklerosis.
• Obat ini tidak terlalu disarankan karena justru menurunkan
kadar HDL lebih besar daripada LDL.
4. Asam nikotinat (Niasin)
• Menurunkan LDL dan VLDL (Very-low-density lipoprotein), dan
menaikkan HDL
• Efek samping:
– Flushing
– Gangguan saluran cerna
– Pruritus
– Hepatotoksik
5. Derivat Asam Fibrat
4 mekanisme kerja obat golongan fibrat:
1. Meningkatkan lipolisis
2. Meningkatkan asupan asam lemak hati dan menurunkan produksi
trigliserida hati
3. Meningkatkan asupan LDL oleh reseptor LDL
4. Menstimulasi transport kolesterol balik sehingga meningkatkan HDL
Sediaan obat:
• Simfibrat (Cholesolvin)
• Fenofibrat (Lipanthyl)
• Bezafibrat (Bezalip)
• Gemfibrozil (Lopid, Lipozil)
Efek samping :
1. Efek Gastrointestinal : Gangguan pencernaan
ringan
2. Litiasis : Pembentukan batu empedu
3. Keganasan Kematian
4. Otot : Miositis ( peradangan otot polos )
Contoh di pasaran :
1. Gemfibrozil ( Gevilon )
2. Klofibrat ( Clofibrat STADA 500 )
3. Bezafibrat ( Cedur )
4. Etofibrat ( LipoMerz )
5. Fenofibrat ( Normalip )
OBAT GAGAL JANTUNG
(GLIKOSIDA JANTUNG)
• Tujuan pengobatan :
Contoh : Digoxin
Efek samping :
Total AV Blok
Keracunan digitalis
DIURETIK
• Mekanisme kerja:
– Menurunkan voleme cairan ekstra seluler
– Menurunkan preload
• Contoh : Lasix
• Efek samping:
– Ggn elektrolit
– Impotensi
DOBUTAMIN
• Mekanisme kerja:
– Meningkatkan curah jantung dengan memperbaiki
Kontraktilitas.
– Menurunkan resistensi perifer
• Efek samping :
– Takikardia
– Mual
– Sakit kepala
NUTRITION
for IMA
• Sebuah evidence menyatakan bahwa pada beberapa kasus metabolisme seluler yang
tidak efisien, dibandingkan ketersediaan oksigen dan nutrien dalam darah, merupakan
suatu faktor penentu yang penting bagaimana patologi jantung akan berkembang.
koenzim Q10, carnitine, dan vitamin B (nutrien yang berperan dalam sintesis ATP)
Gaby, 2010
• Defisiensi nutrisi, selain meningkatkan kerentanan miokard,
mungkin juga menyebabkan penurunan kejadian yang
dapat mengakibatkan MI.
• Contoh, defisiensi beberapa nutrien yang bermain peran
dalam sintesis ATP dapat menyebabkan akumulasi ADP di
bawah kondisi peningkatan kebutuhan energi.
• ADP memicu agregasi platelet , yang dapat menimbulkan
vasospasme, inflamasi arteri, dan trombosis.
Gaby, 2010
• Pemberian magnesium parenteral pada fase awal IMA
dapat mengurangi kematian
Gaby, 2010
Magnesium: A Cardioprotective Nutrient
• Intervensi:
– Tinjau kadar elektrolit serial
– Tinjau kardiak marker serial
– Berikan oksigenasi
– Minimalkan kebutuhan oksigen: kurangi ansietas, NPO, hilangkan nyeri
– Pertahankan tirah baring
– Pasang akses intravena
– Berikan NTG dan Ca-bloker untuk menurunkan preload dan afterload
– Berikan antidiuretik untuk menurunkan preload
– Pertimbangkan modalitas terapeutik invasif (PBIA, AKTP, terapi trombolitik, pembedahan revaskularisasi)
Penatalaksanaan Px perawatan akut
• Melindungi miokardium / membatasi ukuran infark
– Terapi trombolitik
– Konterpulsasi balon intraortik (PBIA)
– AKTP, intervensi koroner primer (IKP)
– TBAK
• Memperbaiki suplai oksigen miokardium
– Oksigen tambahan
– Inhibitor glikoprotein Iib/IIIa
– Aspirin
– Heparin
– Konterpulsasi PBIA
• Mengurangi kebutuhan oksigen miokardium
– Alat bantu mekanis
– Tirah baring
– Puasa (NPO), diet cair, atau diet lunak
– Agen penyekat B-adrenergik
• Menurunkan preload (kecualli infark ventrikel kanan)
– Morfin sulfat, Nitrogliserin, agen diuretik
• Menurunkan afterload
– Morfin sulfat, nitrogliserin, Ca bloker, ACE inhibitor, konterpulsasi PBIA
• Meningkatkan kontraktilitas
– Inotropik positif (dobutamin, milrinon)
• Mempertahankan stabilitas elektrofisiologis
– Lidokain, amiodaron, B-bloker, Ca-bloker, MgSO4 dan/atau KCl
89
Lokalisasi Dinding ventrikel pada EKG
melihat daerah yang nekrosis
• Anteroseptal : V1-V4
• Anterolateral : V4-V6, I dan aVL
• Anterior ekstensif : V1-V6. I dan aVL
• Anterior terbatas : V3-V5
• Inferior : II, III, dan aVF
• Lateral tinggi : I dan aVL
• Posterior murni : bayangan cermin dari
V1, V2, dan V3 terhadap garis horizontal
90
Referensi Penunjang
• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1559
19-overview
• Gaby, AR. 2010. Nutritional Treatments for
Acute Myocardial Infarction. Alternative
Medicine Review. Vol. 15. No. 2.
(http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/15/
2/113.pdf) Diakses tanggal 30 September
2015.