REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN

Andriani
Dept. Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler
FK UNTAN
 EKSPRESI GEN

- Dari keseluruhan genom, ekspresi sebuah gen berlangsung

pada suatu waktu saat diperlukan
- Keseimbangan jumlah protein dalam sel diatur oleh
mekanisme :
1. Transkripsi
2. Posttranscriptional modification of mRNA
3. Messenger RNA degradation
4. Protein synthesis (translation)
5. Posttranslational modification of proteins
6. Protein targeting and transport
7. Protein degradation
 EKSPRESI GEN
• Housekeeping gene : jumlah konstan dalam
sel
• Regulated gene expression : jumlah bisa
meningkat dan menurun tergantung sinyal
INDUKSI (Positive Regulation)→ proses
peningkatan ekspresi
REPRESI (Negative Regulation) → penurunan
ekspresi
Dobel negative ~ INDUKSI
DOGMA SENTRAL
DNA

RNA

Protein
REGULASI GEN PADA PROKARIOTA
• Model mempelajari regulasi ekspresi pada E.
Coli
• Bakteri mensintesis enzim berdasarkan nutrisi
pada lingkungannya
• Selain glukosa dan laktosa, juga memerlukan
aa triptofan
• Ketika E. Coli berada pada medium triptofan,
akan diabsorbsi
• Jika triptofan (-) , sintesis
• OPERON :
- Situs promotor : tempat melekatnya RNA
polymerase dan awal transkripsi
- Daerah terbentuknya repressor
• Operator berada pada DNA diantara promotor dan
gen struktural yang akan di transkripsi
 OPERON TRIPTOFAN
• Aa triptofan dikode 5 gen struktural
• RNA polimerase terikat pada promotor (pada
permulaan gen pertama)
• Mekanisme on-off
 OPERON LAC
• Selain aa, E. Coli mencerna gula laktosa pada
lingkungan (jacques Monod dan Francois
Jacob)
• E. Coli mengekspresikan beta galaktosidase
untuk mencerna laktosa

Lac Z gene
• Pengaturan ekspresi Beta galaktosidase
dilakukan oleh protein regulator : repressor
• Represor terikat pada gen Lac Z pada daerah
antara promotor dan start kodon gen
struktural : operator
•
• Dalam keadaan normal (tanpa laktosa)
repressor menduduki operator : OFF
• Dalam keadaan laktosa (+), repressor
mengikat laktosa, : ON
 REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN PADA
EUKARIOTA
prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Respond Regulate

Short term Long term

Immediate environtment (external) Homeostasis(internal)

Survival of individual cell Needs of whole organism

Regulation in eukaryote
can be regulated
at four distinct levels.
 INTRONS AND EXONS
• Eukaryotic DNA differs from prokaryotic
DNA it that the coding sequences along
the gene are interspersed with
noncoding sequences
• The coding sequences are called
– EXONS
• The non coding sequences are called
– INTRONS
 INTRONS AND EXONS
• After the initial transcript is produced
the introns are spliced out to form the
completed message ready for
translation

• Introns can be very large and numerous,

so some genes are much bigger than the
final processed mRNA
 INTRONS AND EXONS
• Muscular dystrophy

• DMD gene is about 2.5 million base

pairs long
• Has more than 70 introns
• The final mRNA is only about 17,000
base pairs long
 RNA Splicing

• Provides a point where the expression of a gene

can be controlled
• Exons can be spliced together in different ways
• This allows a variety of different polypeptides to
be assembled from the same gene
• Alternate splicing is common in insects and
vertebrates, where 2 or 3 different proteins are
produced from one gene
MODIFIKASI KROMATIN

- Modifikasi melalui aa
yang terdapat pada
protein histon
- Metilasi DNA : pada
GC Rich sequence
ASETILASI PROTEIN HISTON
 Cis-acting element

cis-acting element
structural gene
GCGC CAAT TATA
exon intron exon

start
TATA box (Hogness box)

enhancer CAAT box

GC box
 DNA BENDING PROTEIN
• Zinc fingers
• B- zip protein
• Helix turn helix
• Helix loop helix
MODIFIKASI POST TRANSKRIPSI