• Amplitude
• M-ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
• Frequency
• M-FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
• Phase
• M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
• Amplitude + Phase
• M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Modulasi QAM adalah sebuah kombinasi dari modulasi ASK dan PSK sedemikian
rupa hingga didapatkan sebuah maximum contrast diantara tiap unit sinyal (bit, dibit,
tribit, dan seterusnya).
Bisa memiliki variasi pergeseran fasa sebanyak x dan variasi amplitudo sebanyak y.
x • y variasi yang dimungkinkan (data rate lebih besar).
Misal, 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM
amplitudo
amplitudo
Contoh :
jumlah pergeseran fasa > jumlah
perubahan amplitudo
Amplitudo
berubah
Fasa berubah
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Tipe konstelasi yang pertama paling baik kinerjanya bila terkena noise.
Ratio fasa dengan amplitudo sesuai ITU-T recommendation.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Modulator 16 QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
De-modulator 16QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Modulator 16 QAM
LUT
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Q Bit Symbol
‘0100’
‘0000’ ‘1100’ ‘1000’
‘1000’ s1=3a+3ai
‘0001’ ‘0101’ ‘1101’ ‘1001’
’1001’ s2=3a+ai
I
a 3a ‘1100’ s3=a+3ai
‘0011’ ‘0111’ ‘1111’ ‘1011’
‘1101’ s4=a+ai
‘0010’ ‘0110’ ‘1110’ ‘1010’
16-QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
I
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation Q
I
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
16-QAM Constellation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
0 -3
-0.5 -4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
2 2
Quadrature
0
0
-1
-2
-2
-4 -3
-4
-6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-5
-5 0 5
In-Phase
2
2
1
Quadrature
0 0 Noisenya
-1 besar.
-2
-2 Pada proses
-4 -3
deteksi di
-4
penerima
-6 terjadi
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 -5
-5 0 5 banyak
In-Phase
kesalahan
Sinyal 16 QAM, SNR = 4 dB deteksi.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
5
Sinyal 16 QAM, SNR = 4 dB
0
V
-5
-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t
Noisenya besar.
Sinyal 16 QAM + Noise Pada proses deteksi di
10
penerima terjadi
5 banyak kesalahan
0
deteksi.
V
-5
-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
10
Sinyal 64 QAM, SNR = 4 dB
0
V
-10
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t
Sinyal 64 QAM + Noise
Noisenya besar.
20 Pada proses deteksi di
10
penerima terjadi
banyak kesalahan
0 deteksi.
V
-10
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
• Often referred to as linear as they require linear amplification.
• More bandwidth-efficient, but more susceptible to noise.
• For M = 4, 16QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification.
16 PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points,
and is therefore more affected by noise.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Karena setiap simbol berisi b buah bit, maka energi tiap bit adalah,
Energi bit atau simbol rata-rata untuk sebuah konstelasi dapat dihitung
sebagai nilai rata-rata semua simbol.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Bandwidth Efficiency
Maka ;
30
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Bit - Baud
Contoh :
Contoh :
Berapa bit rate untuk sebuah 1000-baud sinyal 16-QAM.
Hitung baud rate untuk sebuah sinyal 64 QAM dengan rate 72,000-bps.
Quadrature
0 0
-1
-0.5
-2
-1
-3
-1.5
-4
-5 -2
-5 0 5 -2 -1 0 1 2
In-Phase In-Phase
Modulasi Digital
Quadrature
A
0 0
-1
-0.5
-2
-1
-3
-1.5
-4
-5 -2
-5 0 5 -2 -1 0 1 2
In-Phase In-Phase
Modulasi Digital