TERMINOLOGI KEDOKTERAN

Sistem Respirasi

Dr. Hadi Ismono., dr. M.Kes.

Widi Astuti, drg., M.Kes.
 SISTEM RESPIRASI
 Fungsi utama  menyediakan O2 untuk
sel tubuh  untuk melakukan
metabolisme dan mengeluarkan CO2
(hasil dari metabolisme).
 Sistem respirasi selalu berkaitan dengan
sistem kardiovaskuler untuk melakukan
fungsinya.
 Pertukaran gas antara udara bebas
dengan darah  berlangsung di paru.
 Pleura  membungkus paru dan bagian
dalam rongga dada.
 Pleural space  tempat untuk cairan
antara 2 layer pleura.
 SISTEM PERNAPASAN ATAS
 Udara masuk ke hidung 
dihangatkan, disaring, dan
dilembabkan  oleh rambut
dan membran mukus di
dalam rongga hidung.
 Silia  rambut mikroskopis
untuk menyapu kotoran dan
material asing yg masuk
kedalam tenggorokan.
 Reseptor indera pencium 
conchae (konka)
 SISTEM PERNAPASAN ATAS

Pharinx

Laring
Nasof Orof
ofarin
aring aring g
 SISTEM PERNAPASAN ATAS
 Udara masuk melalui ke dalam trakea,
tabungnya diperkuat dengan cincin
yang berbentuk C tulang rawan.
 Di bagian atas trakea adalah laring,
yang mengandung pita suara. Laring
dibentuk oleh sembilan kartilago, yang
paling menonjol di antaranya adalah
kartilago tiroid yang membentuk
"jakun.“
 Pembukaan antara pita suara adalah
glotis. Tulang rawan berbentuk daun
kecil di bagian atas laring disebut
epiglotis. Ketika seseorang menelan,
epiglotis meliputi pembukaan laring
dan membantu untuk mencegah
pangan dari memasuki saluran
pernapasan.
 SISTEM PERNAFASAN BAWAH DAN
PARU
 Pada ujung bawah, trakea
terbagi menjadi dua batang
bronkus utama yang masuk ke
paru-paru. Bronkus kanan
lebih pendek dan lebih luas;
itu terbagi menjadi tiga
bronkus sekunder yang masuk
tiga lobus dari paru-paru
kanan. Kiri membagi menjadi
dua cabang yang memasok
dua lobus dari paru-paru kiri.
SISTEM PERNAFASAN BAWAH DAN
PARU
 SISTEM PERNAFASAN BAWAH DAN
PARU
 Bagian terkecil dari bronkus
disebut, bronkiolus, membawa
udara ke dalam kantung-kantung
udara mikroskopis, alveoli, di
mana gas dipertukarkan antara
paru-paru dan darah. Ini adalah
melalui dinding yang ultra tipis
alveoli dan kapiler sekitarnya
bahwa oksigen berdifusi ke dalam
darah dan karbon dioksida
berdifusi keluar dari darah yang
akan dihembuskan oleh paru-paru.
 ISTILAH CONTOH ARTI
Rhin (o) Rhinitis Radang selaput lendir
hidung hidung, timbul karena
ada selesma, flu
karena alergi
Laring(o) Laryngospasm Kejang pada otot-otot
Larynx pangkal tengorokan
akibat menyempitnya
jalan nafas (kejang
laring)
Trache(o) Tracheoctomy Pembedahan trakea,
Trachea / Tracheostomy biasanya pasang an
windpipe kanul
Bronch(o) Bronchoscopy Melihat kedalam
bronchus
Pne(u), Tachypnea, Nafas cepat
-pnea dyspnea,
apnea
Pulmo Pulmo Batuk darah
(paru) hemoptysis
-ptysis
-plasty Rhinoplasty Operasi perbaikan
hidung
 Istilah yang Berkaitan
dengan Keadaan Patologis
 Hemothorax (Hemo = darah; Thorax
= dada)
Kelainan dimana terdapat dada
didalam rongga pleura

 Pneumoconiosis (Pneum(o) = paru-

paru; con(i) = debu; Osis = keadaan
tidak normal)
Terdapat partikel – partikel didalam
paru

 Epistaxis (Epi = diatas ; staxis =

menetes)
Keadaan keluar dari hidung

 Emphysema Pulmonalis
(Emphysema = Menggelembung ;
pulm(o) = paru-paru
Kelainan karena volume udara
didalam paru-paru bertambah
 Istilah yang Berhubungan dengan :
Prosedur, Tindakan Dan Keahlian
 Pulmonologist (Pulm(o) = paru-
paru ; logist)
Dokter yang ahli dalam penyakit
paru-paru

 Bronchoscopy (Bronch(o) = saluran

udara diparu-paru; scopy =
pemeriksaan dengan melihat)
Pemeriksaan yang menggunakan
alat fiberoptic untuk melihat
trachea, bronchus serta cabangnya

 Thoracocentesis (Thorac(o) = dada;

centesis = tusukan)
Tindakan menusukkan jarum
kedinding dada untuk mengambil
cairan pleura
 PROSES PERNAFASAN

 Perpindahan udara kedalam

maupun keluar paru  ventilasi.
Dua proses  inspirasi &
ekspirasi.
 Dimulai dari prhenic nerve (saraf
frenikus) merangsang diafragma
untuk kontraksi  ada
penurunan tekanan  udara
ditarik ke dalam paru  otot
interkonstal antara tulang rususk
juga membantu dalam inspirasi
dengan menarik tl. Rusuk.
 Saat ekspirasi diafragma
relaksasi  ukurang rongga
dada menyempit  udara keluar
 TRANSPORT GAS
 Oksigen dalam darah diikat oleh Hb dalam sel
darah merah. Oksigen dilepaskan ke sel-sel yang
memerlukan.
 Karbondiksida biasnya dibentuk menjadi asam
 jumlah karbondioksida yang dihembuskan
mempengaruhi tingkat keasaman darah.
1. Jika terlalu banyak karbondioksida yang
dihembuskan  basa  hiperventilasi.
2. Jika terlalu sedikit karbondioksida yang
dihembuskan  asam  hipoventilasi.
 KEY TERMS
 adenoids (ad'eh‑noyds) = Jaringan limfatik yg terletak di
nasofaring, amandel faringa
 alveolus (al‑ve'o‑lus) (pl. alveoli) = Salah satu dari jutaan kantung
udara kecil di dalam paru, tempat pertukaran gas antara udara
bebas dan darah dalam respirasi
 bronchiole (brong'ke‑ole) = salah satu subdivisi kecil dari tabung
bronkial
 bronchus (brong'kus) (pl. bronchi) = salah satu jalur udara yg lebih
besar di paru, dimulai dari 2 cabang dari trakea.
 carbon dioxide (CO2) =Suatu gas yang dihasilkan oleh
metabolisme energi dalam sel dan dihembuskan melalui paru-paru
 diaphragm (di'ah fram) = otot di bawah paru yang kontraksi selama
inspirasi
 epiglottis (ep‑ih‑glot'is) = Sebuah tulang rawan berbentuk daun
yang menutupi laring selama menelan untuk mencegah makanan
masuk trakea
 KEY TERMS
 glottis (glot'is) = pembukaan antara pita suara
 larynx (lar'inks) = bagian terbesar dari ujung trakea yang terdapat vocal
cords lung salah satu dari 2 organ spon berbentuk kerucut yg terdapat
dalam thorax (jakun)
 mediastinum (me‑de‑as‑ti'num) = Ruang dan organ antara paru-paru
oksigen (O2) gas yang dibutuhkan oleh sel untuk melepaskan energi dari
makanan dalam metabolism
 pharynx (far'inks) = tenggorokan; sebuah jalan umum untuk makanan
memasuki esophagus dan udara yang masuk laring
 phrenic (fren'ik) nerve = Saraf saraf yang mengaktifkan diafragma (root
phrenic/o means "phrenic nerve")
 trachea (tra'ke‑ah) = The lorong udara yang memanjang dari laring ke
bronkus
 turbinate bones Proyeksi tulang dalam rongga hidung yang mengandung
reseptor untuk indera penciuman; juga disebut conchae (kon'ke)
 ventilation Gerakan udara masuk dan keluar dari paru-paru
 
SUFFIXES PERTAINING TO
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
AND RESPIRATION
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION
‑pnea breathing Eupnea easy, normal
u‑pne'ah breathing
‑oxia level of Hypoxia decreased
oxygen hi‑pok'se‑ah oxygen in the
tissues
‑capnia level of Hypercapnia Excess
carbondio hi‑per‑kap'ne carbondioxide
xide ‑ah in the blood
‑phonic voice dysphonia difficulty in
dis fo'ne‑ah speaking
ROOTS PERTAINING TO
THE RESPIRATORY
PASSAGEWAYS
ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION
Nas/o nose Paranasal near the nose
par‑ah‑na'zal
rhin/o nose Rhinorrhea discharge from
ri‑no‑re'ah the nose
pharyng/ pharynx pharyngeal* pertaining to the
o fah‑rin je‑al pharynx
laryng/o Larynx Laryngoscope endoscope for
lah‑ring'go‑skop examination of
e the larynx
trache/o trachea Tracheotomy incision of the
tra‑ke‑ot'o‑me trachea
bronch/o, bronchus Bronchospasm spasm of the
bronch/i brong'ko‑spazm bronchi
bronchiol bronchiole Bronchiolitis inflammation of
brong‑ke‑o‑li'tis the bronchioles
ROOTS PERTAINING TO THE
LUNGS AND BREATHING
ROOT MEANIN EXAMPLE DEFINITION
G
pleur/o pleura Pleuralgia pain in the
plu‑ral’je‑ah pleura
pneum/ Respiratio Pneumonect excision of
o, N, lung; omy lung tissue
pneumo air, gas Pnu‑mo‑nek't
n/o, o‑me
pneuma
t/o
pulm/o, lungs Pulmonary pertaining to
pulmon/ pul'mo‑ner‑e the lungs
o
spir/o spirometer instrument for
breathing spi‑rom'et‑er measuring
breathing
volumes
 Additional terms

NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

 compliance A measure of how easily the lungs expand under
pressure
 expectoration (ek‑spek‑to‑ra'shun) The act of coughing up material
from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released‑sputum.
 hilum (hi'lum) Also hilus; a depression in an organ where vessels
and nerves enter
 nares (na'reze) (s. naris) The external openings of the nose; the
nostrils
 nasal septum The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two
parts (root sept/o means "septum")
 sinus A cavity or channel. The paranasal sinuses are air‑filled
cavities in the bones of the face and skull that drain into the nasal
cavity. They are named for the bones in which they are located,
such as the sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses.
 Additional terms

 Sputum (spu'tum) The substance released by

coughing or clearing the throat. It may contain a
variety of material from the respiratory tract.
 surfactant (sur‑fak'tant ) A substance that decreases
surface tension within the alveoli and eases
expansion of the lungs
 SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS
 acidosis (as‑ih‑do'sis) Abnormal acidity of body fluids.
Respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high levels of
carbon dioxide in the body.
 alkalosis (al‑kah‑lo'sis) Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids.
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low levels of
carbon dioxide in the body.
 asphyxia (as‑fik'se‑ah) Condition caused by inadequate intake
of oxygen; suffocation (literally, "lack of pulse")
 aspiration The withdrawing of fluid from a cavity by suction;
the accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into
the lungs
 atelectasis (at‑eh‑lek'tah‑sis) incomplete expansion of a lung
or part of a lung; lung collapse; may he present at birth or
caused by obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix
atel/o means "incomplete")
 SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS
 bronchiectasis (brong‑ke‑ek'tah‑sis) Chronic dilation of a bronchus
or bronchi
 Cheyne‑Stokes (chase‑stokes) respiration A repeating cycle of
gradually increased then decreased respiration followed by a
period of apnea; due to depression of the breathing centers of the
nervous system
 cor pulmonale Enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart due
to disease of the lungs or their blood vessels
 coryza (ko‑ri'za ) Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with
profuse nasal discharge
 croup (krupe) A childhood disease characterized by a barking
cough, difficult breathing, and laryngeal spasm
 cyanosis (si‑ah‑no'sis) Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of
oxygen in the blood (adj. cyanotic)
 deviated septum A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical
correction
 SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS
 empyema (em‑pi‑e'mah ) Accumulation of pus in a body cavity,
especially in the pleural spare; pyothorax
 epistaxis (ep‑ih‑stak'sis) Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (G.
staxis means "dripping")
 fremitus (frem'ih‑tus) A vibration, especially as felt through the
chest wall on palpation
 hemoptysis (hemop'tih‑sis) The spitting of blood from the mouth
or respiratory tract (ptysis means "spitting")
 hyperventilation Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase
in the amount of air entering the alveoli
 hypoventilation Decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease
in the amount of air entering the alveoli
 hypoxemia (hi‑pok‑se'me‑ah) Insufficient oxygen in the blood
 pneumothorax Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity;
may result from injury or disease or may be produced artiticially to
collapse a lung
 SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS

 rale (pl. rales) Abnormal chest sound heard when air

enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid;
usually heard during inspiration
 rhonchi (rong'ki) (s. rhonchus) Abnormal chest
sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids;
more noticeable during expiration
 stridor (stri'dor) A harsh, high‑pitched sound caused
by obstruction of an air passageway
 tussis A cough
 wheeze A whistling or sighing sound caused by
narrowing of a respiratory passage
 DISEASES

 asthma (az‘mah) A disease characterized by dyspnea and

wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of
their mucous membranes
 cystic fibrosis An inherited disease that affects the pancreas,
respiratory system, and sweat glands
 emphysema (em-fih‑se‘mah) A chronic pulmonary disease
characterized by en­largement and destruction of the alveoli
 influenza (infu‑en'zah) An acute, contagious respiratory
infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain
 pneumoconiosis (nu‑rno‑ko‑ne‑o'sis) Disease of the respiratory
tract caused by inhalation of dust particles; named more
specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as asbestosis,
anthracosis, silicosis
 pertussis (per‑tus'is) An acute infectious disease characterized
by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough
 DISEASES

 pleurisy (plu'ris‑e) Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis

 pneumonia (nu‑mo'ne‑ah) Inflammation of the lungs caused
by infectious organisms or chemical irritants; may involve
one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia) or the
bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia); pneumonitis
 respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (hyaline
membrane disease) A respiratory condition of unknown
cause seen most often in premature newborns; involves a
lack of surfactant in the alveoli
 tuberculosis (tu‑ber‑ku‑lo'sis) An infectious disease caused by
the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; often
involves the lungs but pray involve other parts of the body as
well
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT*

 adenoidectomy Surgical removal of the adenoids

 aerosol therapy Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray
form
 extubation Removal of a previously inserted tube
 intubation Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the
larynx or trachea for entrance of air
 lung scan (scintiscan) Study based on the accumulation of
radioactive isotopes in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures
ventilation following inhalation of radio­active material. A perfusion
scan measures blood supply to the lungs following injection of
radioactive material.
 plethysmograph (pleh‑thiz'mo‑graf) An instrument that measures
changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration
 pneumotachometer (nu‑mo‑tak‑om'eh‑ter) A device for measuring
expired air flow or pressure changes
* See Table 10‑1 for a list of volumes used in pulmonary function tests.
 TABLE 10‑1. VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES (SUMS OF VOLUMES)
USED IN PULMONARV FUNCTION TESTS

VOLUME OR CAPACITY DEFINITION

 tidal volume (TV) amount of air breathed into or out of the lungs
in quiet, relaxed breathing
 residual volume (RV) amount of air that remains in the lungs after
maximum exhalation
 expiratory reserve volume amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal
(ERV) exhalation
 inspiratory reserve volume amount of air that can be inhaled above a normal
(IRV) inspiration
 total lung capacity (TLC) total amount of air that can be contained in the
lungs after maximum inhalation
 inspiratory capacity (IC) amount of air that can be inhaled after normal
exhalation
 vital capacity (VC) amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs
by maximum exhalation following maximum
inhalation
 functional residual capacity amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal
(FRC) exhalation
 Abbreviations

 ABG arterial blood gas CPAP continuous positive airway pressure

 AFB acid fast bacillus (usually FEV forced expiratory volume
Mycobacterium tuberculosis) IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing
 ARDS adult (acute) respiratory IPPV intermittent positive pressure
distress syndrome; shock lung ventilation
 ARF acute respiratory failure LLL left lower lobe (of lung)
 COPD (COLD) chronic obstruc- RLL right lower lobe (of lung)
tive pulmonary (lung) disease RML right middle lobe (of lung)
 LUL left upper lobe (of lung) RUL right upper lobe lof lung)
 MEFR maximal expiratory flow SIDS sudden infant death syndrome
rate T&A tonsils and adenoids; tonsillectomy
 MMFR maximum midexpira and adenoidectomy
tory flow rate TGV (VTG) thoracic gas volume
 PC02 arterial partial pressure URI upper respiratory infection
of carbon dioxide
 PO2 arterial partial pressure of oxygen
 PEEP positive end‑expiratory pressure
 
 ْ َ‫َف َم ْن يُ ِر ِد الل َّ ُه أ َ ْن يَ ْه ِديَ ُه يَ ْش َر ْح َص ْد َر ُه لِل ْ ِإ ْسل َا ِم ۖ َو َم ْن يُ ِر ْد أ َ ْن يُ ِضل َّ ُه ي‬
‫ج َع ْل َص ْد َر ُه َض ِيّقًا‬
َ ُ ‫ين ل َا يُ ْؤ ِمن‬
‫ون‬ َ ‫عل َى ال َّ ِذ‬ َ ‫الر ْج َس‬ّ ِ ‫ج َع ُلالل َّ ُه‬ ْ َ‫الس َما ِء ۚ ك َ َٰذ ِل َك ي‬ َّ ‫َح َر ًجا ك َأَن ّ ََما يَ َّص َّع ُد ِفي‬

Artinya:
Barangsiapa yang Allah menghendaki akan memberikan kepadanya
petunjuk, niscaya Dia melapangkan dadanya untuk (memeluk agama)
Islam. Dan barangsiapa yang dikehendaki Allah kesesatannya, niscaya
Allah menjadikan dadanya sesak lagi sempit, seolah-olah ia sedang
mendaki langit. Begitulah Allah menimpakan siksa kepada orang-orang
yang tidak beriman. (6: 125)